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Yu Z, Jiang N, Su W, Zhuo Y. Necroptosis: A Novel Pathway in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701564. [PMID: 34322024 PMCID: PMC8311004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the nervous system that is expected to play a significant role in neurological diseases. Necroptosis is a kind of necrosis that triggers innate immune responses by rupturing dead cells and releasing intracellular components; it can be caused by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-4 agonists, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), certain microbial infections, and T cell receptors. Necroptosis signaling is modulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 when the activity of caspase-8 becomes compromised. Activated death receptors (DRs) cause the activation of RIPK1 and the RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent formation of an RIPK1-RIPK3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is complex II. RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL, ultimately leading to necrosis through plasma membrane disruption and cell lysis. Current studies suggest that necroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Inhibitors of necroptosis, such as necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and stable variant of Nec (Nec-1s), have been proven to be effective in many neurological diseases. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the mechanism underlying necroptosis and the important role that necroptosis plays in neuroinflammatory diseases. Overall, this article shows a potential therapeutic strategy in which targeting necroptotic factors may improve the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a terrible disease which results in the dysfunction and structural damage of brain tissues. Growing evidence implies that miR-455-5p is implicated in the regulation of pathogenesis of several diseases. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of miR-455-5p in cerebral I/R injury and the regulatory mechanism. We established a vitro model by inducing SH-SY5Y and PC-12 cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. The experimental cerebral I/R rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion operation. The findings indicated that miR-455-5p expression was downregulated in oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation induced cells and I/R rat model. In addition, miR-455-5p upregulation inhibited SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and cerebral damage, whereas miR-455-5p silencing promoted SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and cerebral damage. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter assay corroborated that miR-455-5p could bind with feline mcDonough sarcoma-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mRNA. However, the role of FLT3 in cerebral I/R injury was rarely investigated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that FTL3 expression was negatively regulated by miR-455-5p. FTL3 upregulation reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-455-5p upregulation on PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis. Therefore, our study verified that miR-455-5p improved cerebral I/R injury by targeting FLT3, which suggests a potential new target for the prevention of cerebral I/R injury.
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A Clinical-Radiomics Nomogram for Functional Outcome Predictions in Ischemic Stroke. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:819-832. [PMID: 34170502 PMCID: PMC8571444 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Effective and prompt prognostic evaluation is vital for determining the appropriate management strategy. Radiomics is an emerging noninvasive method used to identify the quantitative imaging indicators for predicting important clinical outcomes. This study was conducted to investigate and validate a radiomics nomogram for predicting ischemic stroke prognosis using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). METHODS A total of 598 consecutive patients with subacute infarction confirmed by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), from January 2018 to December 2019, were retrospectively assessed. They were assigned to the good (mRS ≤ 2) and poor (mRS > 2) functional outcome groups, respectively. Then, 399 patients examined by MR scanner 1 and 199 patients scanned by MR scanner 2 were assigned to the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Infarction lesions underwent manual segmentation on DWI, extracting 402 radiomic features. A radiomics nomogram encompassing patient characteristics and the radiomics signature was built using a multivariate logistic regression model. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated in the training and validation cohorts. Ultimately, decision curve analysis was implemented to assess the clinical value of the nomogram. The performance of infarction lesion volume was also evaluated using univariate analysis. RESULTS Stroke lesion volume showed moderate performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.678. The radiomics signature, including 11 radiomics features, exhibited good prediction performance. The radiomics nomogram, encompassing clinical characteristics (age, hemorrhage, and 24 h National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score) and the radiomics signature, presented good discriminatory potential in the training cohort [AUC = 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.86], which was validated in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.73; 95% CI 0.63-0.82). In addition, it demonstrated good calibration in the training (p = 0.55) and validation (p = 0.21) cohorts. Decision curve analysis confirmed the clinical value of this nomogram. CONCLUSION This novel noninvasive clinical-radiomics nomogram shows good performance in predicting ischemic stroke prognosis.
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Hammarlund ME, Darsalia V, Mjörnstedt F, Pattanaik B, Mallard C, Rocha-Ferreira E, Patrone C, Johansson M. The selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist AR-R17779 does not affect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210736. [PMID: 34008839 PMCID: PMC8200656 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in stroke-induced brain injury. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) can modulate immune responses in both the periphery and the brain. The aims of the present study were to investigate α7nAChR expression in different brain regions and evaluate the potential effect of the selective α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 on ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to evaluate the absolute expression of the gene encoding α7nAChR (Chrna7) in hippocampus, striatum, thalamus and cortex in adult, naïve mice. Mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery were treated with α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 (12 mg/kg) or saline once daily for 5 days. Infarct size and microglial activation 7 days after tMCAO were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Chrna7 expression was found in all analyzed brain regions in naïve mice with the highest expression in cortex and hippocampus. At sacrifice, white blood cell count was significantly decreased in AR-R17779 treated mice compared with saline controls in the sham groups, although, no effect was seen in the tMCAO groups. Brain injury and microglial activation were evident 7 days after tMCAO. However, no difference was found between mice treated with saline or AR-R17779. In conclusion, α7nAChR expression varies in different brain regions and, despite a decrease in white blood cells in sham mice receiving AR-R17779, this compound does not affect stroke-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Hammarlund
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Mjörnstedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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155
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Ponsaerts L, Alders L, Schepers M, de Oliveira RMW, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T, Bronckaers A. Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Inhibition of cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to the Rescue. Biomedicines 2021; 9:703. [PMID: 34206420 PMCID: PMC8301462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a thromboembolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, with the impaired blood flow triggering neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal damage. Both the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages) in the acute ischemic stroke phase and the adaptive immune system (e.g., T cells, B cells) in the chronic phase contribute to this neuroinflammatory process. Considering that the available therapeutic strategies are insufficiently successful, there is an urgent need for novel treatment options. It has been shown that increasing cAMP levels lowers neuroinflammation. By inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs), i.e., PDE4, 7, and 8, neuroinflammation can be tempered through elevating cAMP levels and, thereby, this can induce an improved functional recovery. This review discusses recent preclinical findings, clinical implications, and future perspectives of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition as a novel research interest for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In particular, PDE4 inhibition has been extensively studied, and is promising for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation following a stroke, whereas PDE7 and 8 inhibition more target the T cell component. In addition, more targeted PDE4 gene inhibition, or combined PDE4 and PDE7 or 8 inhibition, requires more extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ponsaerts
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Lotte Alders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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156
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Yoshida Y, Takagi T, Kuramoto Y, Tatebayashi K, Shirakawa M, Yamahara K, Doe N, Yoshimura S. Intravenous Administration of Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Subacute Phase of Cerebral Infarction in a Mouse Model Ameliorates Neurological Disturbance by Suppressing Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Apoptosis via Immunomodulation. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211024183. [PMID: 34144647 PMCID: PMC8216398 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211024183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain infarction. Cell therapy offers a novel therapeutic option due to its effect on immunomodulatory effects. Amniotic stem cells, in particular, show promise owing to their low immunogenicity, tumorigenicity, and easy availability from amniotic membranes discarded following birth. We have successfully isolated and expanded human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of hAMSCs on neurological deficits after brain infarction as well as their immunomodulatory effects in a mouse model in order to understand their mechanisms of action. One day after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO), hAMSCs were intravenously administered. RT-qPCR for TNFα, iNOS, MMP2, and MMP9, immunofluorescence staining for iNOS and CD11b/c, and a TUNEL assay were performed 8 days following MCAO. An Evans Blue assay and behavioral tests were performed 2 days and several months following MCAO, respectively. The results suggest that the neurological deficits caused by cerebral infarction are improved in dose-dependent manner by the administration of hAMSCs. The mechanism appears to be through a reduction in disruption of the blood brain barrier and apoptosis in the peri-infarct region through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the M2-to-M1 phenotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoji Kuramoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tatebayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, 12818, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Laboratory of Psychology, General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, 12818Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Sadek B, Jha NK, Kaabi JA, Ojha S. A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111639. [PMID: 34091179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), a conserved physiological system emerged as a novel pharmacological target for its significant role and potential therapeutic benefits ranging from neurological diseases to cancer. Among both, CB1 and CB2R types, CB2R have received attention for its pharmacological effects as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiapoptotic that can be achieved without causing psychotropic adverse effects through CB1R. The ligands activate CB2R are of endogenous, synthetic and plant origin. In recent years, β-caryophyllene (BCP), a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene in cannabis as well as non-cannabis plants, has received attention due to its selective agonist property on CB2R. BCP has been well studied in a variety of pathological conditions mediating CB2R selective agonist property. The focus of the present manuscript is to represent the CB2R selective agonist mediated pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic potential of BCP. The present narrative review summarizes insights into the CB2R-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of BCP such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, chemopreventive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulator. The available evidences suggest that BCP, can be an important candidate of plant origin endowed with CB2R selective properties that may provide a pharmacological rationale for its pharmacotherapeutic application and pharmaceutical development like a drug. Additionally, given the wide availability in edible plants and dietary use, with safety, and no toxicity, BCP can be promoted as a nutraceutical and functional food for general health and well-being. Further, studies are needed to explore pharmacological and pharmaceutical opportunities for therapeutic and preventive applications of use of BCP in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Juma Al Kaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Baicalin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Via the AMPK Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Inflammation 2021; 44:2091-2105. [PMID: 34080089 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin has been reported to have ameliorative effects on nerve-induced hypoxic ischemia injury; however, its role in the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammatory response during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion remains unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in baicalin alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, we investigated the AMPK signaling pathway which regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity. SD rats were treated with baicalin at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, after middle cerebral artery occlusion at 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h (MCAO/R). MCAO/R treatment significantly increased cerebral infarct volume, changed the ultrastructure of nerve cells, and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, manifesting as significantly increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Our results demonstrated that baicalin treatment effectively reversed these phenomena in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of NLRP3 expression was found to promote the neuroprotective effects of baicalin on cortical neurons. Furthermore, baicalin remarkably increased the expression of p-AMPK following oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome was also increased when the AMPK pathway was blocked by compound C. Taken together, our findings reveal that baicalin reduces the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and consequently inhibits cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway.
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159
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Hong SI, Kim JS, Bae HJ, Kim WY. C-reactive Protein for Stroke Detection in the Emergency Department in Patients With Dizziness Without Neurological Deficits. Front Neurol 2021; 12:662510. [PMID: 34135849 PMCID: PMC8200534 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.662510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke diagnosis can be challenging in patients with dizziness without neurologic deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) for identifying acute stroke in such patients. Methods: Data from adult patients (>18 years) admitted to the emergency department from August 2019 to February 2020 were evaluated. The study subjects were 1,188 patients presenting with dizziness without neurological deficits whose serum CRP level was measured within 2 h of arriving at the emergency department and who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. The relationship between CRP and acute stroke was analyzed using univariable and multivariable models. Results: Acute stroke was detected in 53 (4.4%) patients (40 with brain infarction, 10 with vertebrobasilar insufficiency, 2 with intracerebral hemorrhage, and 1 with subarachnoid hemorrhage). The CRP levels did not differ significantly between the acute stroke and non-stroke groups [0.10 (0.10–0.31) vs. 0.10 (0.10–0.16), P = 0.074]. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of CRP for acute stroke was not statistically significant (0.567, P = 0.101). On multivariable analysis, the following variables were associated with acute stroke: age (odds ratio [OR], 1.041; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.011–1.071), history of cerebrovascular accidents (OR, 1.823; 95% CI, 1.068–3.110), white blood cell count (OR, 1.126; 95% CI, 1.017–1.248), and hemoglobin (OR, 1.316; 95% CI, 1.056–1.640). However, CRP (P = 0.183) was not associated with acute stroke. Conclusion: Serum CRP levels do not have significant discriminative value for identifying acute stroke in patients with dizziness without definite neurologic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-In Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - June-Sung Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Jun Bae
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Young Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Bai R, Lang Y, Shao J, Deng Y, Refuhati R, Cui L. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Cerebrovascular Diseases Pathology and Possible Therapeutic Targets. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211018100. [PMID: 34053242 PMCID: PMC8168029 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211018100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are pathological conditions involving impaired blood flow in the brain, primarily including ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage. The nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex and a vital component of the immune system. Emerging evidence has indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in cerebrovascular diseases. The function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases remains an interesting field of research. In this review, we first summarised the pathological mechanism of cerebrovascular diseases and the pathological mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome in aggravating atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular diseases. Second, we outlined signalling pathways through which the NLRP3 inflammasome participates in aggravating or mitigating cerebrovascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), ROS/thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and purinergic receptor-7 (P2X7R) signalling pathways can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome; activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can aggravate cerebrovascular diseases by mediating apoptosis and pyroptosis. Autophagy/mitochondrial autophagy, nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), interferon (IFN)-β, sirtuin (SIRT), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) reportedly alleviate cerebrovascular diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Finally, we explored specific inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome based on the two-step activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which can be developed as new drugs to treat cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Bai
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Reyisha Refuhati
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Song YS, Lee SH, Jung JH, Song IH, Park HS, Moon BS, Kim SE, Lee BC. TSPO Expression Modulatory Effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor in the Ischemic Stroke Rat Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061350. [PMID: 34072449 PMCID: PMC8227181 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed in vivo PET imaging with 3-[18F]F-CP118,954 (1) for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and [18F]fluoromethyl-PBR28-d2 (2) for translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) to investigate the inflammatory brain response after stroke. Imaging studies were performed in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) Sprague-Dawley rat model for a period of three weeks. The percentage injected dose per tissue weight (%ID/g) of striatum of 1, and cortex of 2 were obtained, respectively. To trace the sequential inflammatory responses, AChE imaging of 1 was done on post-MCAO day 2, after giving cold PK-11195 for 1 day, and TSPO imaging of 2 was carried out on post-MCAO day 11, after giving donepezil for 10 days. AChE activity in the MCAO-lesioned side were significantly higher than that of the contralateral side on day one, and TSPO activity was highest on day 11. TSPO inhibitor, PK-11195 did not affect AChE activity on day two, while AChE inhibitor, donepezil significantly lowered TSPO binding on day 12. Our study demonstrates that AChE level is elevated in the early course of brain ischemia as a trigger for the inflammatory response, and TSPO level is elevated persistently throughout the post-ischemic injury in the brain. Also, the AChE inhibitor may be able to inhibit or delay neurotoxic inflammatory responses and serve as a beneficial treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.E.K.); (B.C.L.); Tel.: +82-31-787-7671 (S.E.K.); +82-31-787-2956 (B.C.L.)
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.E.K.); (B.C.L.); Tel.: +82-31-787-7671 (S.E.K.); +82-31-787-2956 (B.C.L.)
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Kuo TT, Wang V, Wu JS, Chen YH, Tseng KY. Post-stroke Delivery of Valproic Acid Promotes Functional Recovery and Differentially Modifies Responses of Peri-Infarct Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:639145. [PMID: 34122007 PMCID: PMC8194695 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.639145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific role of peri-infarct microglia and the timing of its morphological changes following ischemic stroke are not well understood. Valproic acid (VPA) can protect against ischemic damage and promote recovery. In this study, we first determined whether a single dose of VPA after stroke could decrease infarction area or improve functional recovery. Next, we investigated the number and morphological characteristic of peri-infarct microglia at different time points and elucidated the mechanism of microglial response by VPA treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo) for 90 min, followed by reperfusion. Some received a single injection of VPA (200 mg/kg) 90 min after the induction of ischemia, while vehicle-treated animals underwent the same procedure with physiological saline. Infarction volume was calculated at 48 h after reperfusion, and neurological symptoms were evaluated. VPA didn’t significantly reduce infarct volume but did ameliorate neurological deficit at least partially compared with vehicle. Meanwhile, VPA reduced dMCAo-induced elevation of IL-6 at 24 h post-stroke and significantly decreased the number of CD11b-positive microglia within peri-infarct cortex at 7 days. Morphological analysis revealed that VPA therapy leads to higher fractal dimensions, smaller soma size and lower circularity index of CD11b-positive cells within peri-infarct cortex at both 2 and 7 days, suggesting that VPA has core effects on microglial morphology. The modulation of microglia morphology caused by VPA might involve HDAC inhibition-mediated suppression of galectin-3 production. Furthermore, qPCR analysis of CD11b-positive cells at 3 days post-stroke suggested that VPA could partially enhance M2 subset polarization of microglia in peri-infarct cortex. Analysis of VPA-induced changes to gene expressions at 3 days post-stroke implies that these alternations of the biomarkers and microglial responses are implicated in the upregulation of wound healing, collagen trimmer, and extracellular matrix genes within peri-infarct cortex. Our results are the first to show that a low dose of VPA promotes short-term functional recovery but does not alter infarct volume. The decreases in the expression of both IL-6 and galectin-3 might influence the morphological characteristics and transcriptional profiles of microglia and extracellular matrix remodeling, which could contribute to the improved recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Tai Kuo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vicki Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Wu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yin Tseng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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163
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Khan MM, Badruddeen, Mujahid M, Akhtar J, Khan MI, Ahmad U. An Overview of Stroke: Mechanism, In vivo Experimental Models Thereof, and Neuroprotective Agents. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:860-877. [PMID: 32552641 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200617133903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the causes of death and disability globally. Brain attack is because of the acute presentation of stroke, which highlights the requirement for decisive action to treat it. OBJECTIVE The mechanism and in-vivo experimental models of stroke with various neuroprotective agents are highlighted in this review. METHOD The damaging mechanisms may proceed by rapid, nonspecific cell lysis (necrosis) or by the active form of cell death (apoptosis or necroptosis), depending upon the duration and severity and of the ischemic insult. RESULTS Identification of injury mediators and pathways in a variety of experimental animal models of global cerebral ischemia has directed to explore the target-specific cytoprotective strategies, which are critical to clinical brain injury outcomes. CONCLUSION The injury mechanism, available encouraging medicaments thereof, and outcomes of natural and modern medicines for ischemia have been summarized. In spite of available therapeutic agents (thrombolytics, calcium channel blockers, NMDA receptor antagonists and antioxidants), there is a need for an ideal drug for strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Muazzam Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Mujahid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Usama Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li C, Li J, Loreno EG, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Lu X, Sun H. Chronic Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Attenuates Post-Ischemic Inflammation via PPARγ in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105121. [PMID: 34066125 PMCID: PMC8150922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability in adults. Recently, we found that light alcohol consumption (LAC) suppresses post-ischemic inflammatory response, which plays an important role in ischemic brain damage. Our goal was to determine the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in the anti-inflammatory effect of LAC against transient focal cerebral ischemia. In in vivo study, male C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and endothelial-specific conditional PPARγ knockout mice were gavage fed with 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol or volume-matched water daily for 8 weeks. From the 7th week, 3 mg/kg/day GW9662 (a selective PPARγ antagonist) was intraperitoneally given for two weeks. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and adhesion molecules, neutrophil infiltration, and microglial activation in the cerebral cortex before and following a 90 min unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24 h reperfusion were evaluated. In in vitro study, the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on expression of PPARγ and MnSOD in C57BL/6J mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMVECs) was measured. PPARγ and MnSOD were significantly upregulated in the cerebral cortex of ethanol-fed WT mice and low-concentration ethanol-exposed C57BL/6J MBMVECs. GW9662 significantly inhibited alcohol-induced upregulation of MnSOD. Eight-week ethanol feeding significantly reduced cerebral I/R injury and alleviated the post-ischemic inflammatory response (upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, microglial activation, and neutrophil infiltration). Treatment with GW9662 and endothelial-specific conditional knockout of PPARγ did not alter cerebral I/R injury and the inflammatory response in the control mice but abolish the neuroprotective effect in ethanol-fed mice. In addition, GW9662 and endothelial-specific conditional knockout of PPARγ diminished the inhibitory effect of LAC on the post-ischemic expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil infiltration. Our findings suggest that LAC may protect against cerebral I/R injury by suppressing the post-ischemic inflammation via activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Ethyn G. Loreno
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA;
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (C.L.); (J.L.); (E.G.L.); (S.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(318)-675-4566; Fax: +1-(318)-675-5889
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165
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Zamanian M, Kujawska M, Zadeh MN, Hassanshahi A, Ramezanpour S, Kamiab Z, Bazmandegan G. Carvacrol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review Article. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:942-953. [PMID: 33970850 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210506185042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. METHOD The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: "Carvacrol" [Title] AND "neuroprotective (neuroprotection)" [Title] OR "stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. RESULTS A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marjan Nikbakht Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ramezanpour
- Shohada Hospital, Bandar Gaz, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan,Iran
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166
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Shabanizadeh A, Rahmani MR, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Asadi F, Arababadi MK. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Potential Therapeutic Cell Therapy to Reduce Brain Stroke Side Effects. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105668. [PMID: 33631477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the gold standard treatment for ischemic stroke in the time window of 3-4.5 hours after the onset of symptoms. However, tPA administration is associated with inflammation and neurotoxic effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-based therapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy to control different inflammatory conditions. This project was designed to examine the protective role of MSC administration alone or in combination with royal jelly (RJ) five hours after stroke onset. The mice model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established and put to six groups, including intact (healthy mice without stroke), control (untreated stroke), treated with mouse MSC (mMSC), Sup (conditioned medium), RJ and combination of mMSC and RJ (mMSC/RJ). Thereafter, behavioral functions, serum and brain (in both infarcted and non-infarcted tissues) levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) the sizes of brain infarction have been determined in the groups. Administration of mMSC and mMSC/RJ significantly improved the behavioral functions when compared to the controls. mMSC, RJ and mMSC/RJ significantly decreased the infarcted volumes. RJ and mMSC/RJ, but not mMSC, significantly decreased the brain edema. The infarction increased the serum levels of the cytokines, except TNF-α, and treatment with mMSC, Sup and RJ reduced serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. mMSC reduced IL-1β in the non-infarcted brain tissue. To conclude, data revealed that using mMSC/RJ combination significantly reduced stroke side effects, including brain edema and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suggested that combination therapy of MSCs with RJ may be considered as an effective stroke therapeutic strategy.
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167
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Ashafaq M, Intakhab Alam M, Khan A, Islam F, Khuwaja G, Hussain S, Ali R, Alshahrani S, Antar Makeen H, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Islam F. Nanoparticles of resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemic stroke in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107494. [PMID: 33676175 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a nutraceutical compound that has exciting pharmacological potential in different diseases, including stroke. Due to its low bioavailability, the efficacy of resveratrol is minimal. Hence, the present study is aimed to synthesize and characterize nanoparticles of resveratrol (NR) followed by evaluating the neuroprotective role and elucidate the mechanism of NR in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Wistar rats (280-300 g) were pretreated with various doses (125 µg, 250 µg, and NR 500 µg; once daily, i.p.) of NR or vehicle (nanostructured lipid carriers) for 10 days. MCAO was performed for 2 h followed by reperfusion of 22 h. After 24 h of MCAO, animals were tested for the neurological outcome and were sacrificed for the analysis of infarct volume, oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. NR-treated rats showed a substantial reduction in infarction compared to saline controls in parallel with improved motor and cognitive function. Further, NR pretreatment ameliorated oxidative stress markers and attenuated activities of antioxidant enzymes and Na+ K+ ATPase. The enhanced activities of caspases -3 and -9 and cytokines: interleukin-1β, and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ) in the MCAO group were significantly protected with the treatment of 500 µg of NR. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition by NR has therapeutic potential in the ischemic stroke model. Further investigations into the therapeutic efficacy and post-treatment protocols are needed to confirm whether NR treatment could be a promising candidate for a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Intakhab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Central Lab, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Antar Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Substance Research Abuse Center, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Adly Sadik N, Ahmed Rashed L, Ahmed Abd-El Mawla M. Circulating miR-155 and JAK2/STAT3 Axis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients and Its Relation to Post-Ischemic Inflammation and Associated Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1469-1484. [PMID: 33911894 PMCID: PMC8071708 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s295939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Micro RNAs and their target genes recently have been identified to play a crucial role in the molecular pathogenesis of post-stroke ischemic cellular injury, which elucidates their new role in ischemic stroke diagnosis and therapy”. Thus, we evaluated the relative serum expression of miR-155, an inflammatory micro RNA, and the mRNAs (JAK2/STAT3) in acute ischemic stroke patients and its associations with the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and different stroke risk factors. Subjects and Methods The relative expression of serum miR-155 and mRNAs (JAK2/STAT3) was assessed using RT-PCR, serum TNF-α was measured using ELIZA in 46 acute ischemic stroke patients and 50 control subjects. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the specificity and sensitivity of circulating miR-155, JAK2/STAT3 as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke. Results Circulating miR-155, JAK2/STAT3 were significantly up-regulated among stroke patients (8.5, 2.9, 4.2 fold respectively, P<0.001) with significant increase in TNF-α (263.8 ± 10.7 pg/mL, P <0.001). MiR-155, JAK2/STAT3 were positively correlated with TNF-α. MiR-155, JAK2/STAT3 were significantly increased in stroke patients and associated with risk factors such as hypertension, carotid atherosclerosis, and atrial fibrillation. Our study revealed that miR-155 has diagnostic accuracy for acute ischemic stroke where AUC=0.9, (P<0.001). Conclusion The elevated expressions of circulating miR-155, JAK2/STAT3, and TNF-α in acute ischemic stroke patients could trigger post-stroke cellular inflammation. MiR-155 could be used as potential inflammatory biomarker for acute ischemic stroke. However, further clinical studies are still needed to determine the exact role of miRNAs and different signal transduction expressions in the stage of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Adly Sadik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Neuroprotective Effects of Salicin in a Gerbil Model of Transient Forebrain Ischemia by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Activating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040629. [PMID: 33924188 PMCID: PMC8074613 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicin is a major natural compound of willow bark and displays diverse beneficial biological properties, such as antioxidant activity. However, little information available for the neuroprotective potential of salicin against ischemic brain injury has been reported. Thus, this study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective potential of salicin against ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury and its mechanisms in the hippocampus using a gerbil model of 5-min transient ischemia (TI) in the forebrain, in which a massive loss (death) of pyramidal neurons cells occurred in the subfield Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) among the hippocampal subregions (CA1-3) at 5 days after TI. To examine neuroprotection by salicin, gerbils were pretreated with salicin alone or together with LY294002, which is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, once daily for 3 days before TI. Treatment with 20 mg/kg of salicin significantly protected CA1 pyramidal neurons against the ischemic injury. Treatment with 20 mg/kg of salicin significantly reduced the TI-induced increase in superoxide anion generation and lipid peroxidation in the CA1 pyramidal neurons after TI. The treatment also reinstated the TI-induced decrease in superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the CA1 pyramidal cells after TI. Moreover, salicin treatment significantly elevated the levels of phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), which is a major downstream target of PI3K, in the ischemic CA1. Notably, the neuroprotective effect of salicin was abolished by LY294002. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate that salicin protects against ischemic brain injury by attenuating oxidative stress and activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
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170
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Tian T, Cao L, He C, Ye Q, Liang R, You W, Zhang H, Wu J, Ye J, Tannous BA, Gao J. Targeted delivery of neural progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles for anti-inflammation after cerebral ischemia. Theranostics 2021; 11:6507-6521. [PMID: 33995671 PMCID: PMC8120222 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a major cause of death, and anti-inflammatory strategies hold great promise for preventing major brain injury during reperfusion. In the past decade, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel therapeutic effectors in immune modulation. However, the intravenous delivery of EVs into the ischemic brain remains a challenge due to poor targeting of unmodified EVs, and the costs of large-scale production of stem cell-derived EVs hinder their clinical application. Methods: EVs were isolated from a human neural progenitor cell line, and their anti-inflammatory effects were verified in vitro. To attach targeting ligands onto EVs, we generated a recombinant fusion protein containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-4C peptide (ACDCRGDCFC) fused to the phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding domains of lactadherin (C1C2), which readily self-associates onto the EV membrane. Subsequently, in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model, the RGD-C1C2-bound EVs (RGD-EV) were intravenously injected through the tail vein, followed by fluorescence imaging and assessment of proinflammatory cytokines expression and microglia activation. Results: The neural progenitor cell-derived EVs showed intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. The RGD-EV targeted the lesion region of the ischemic brain after intravenous administration, and resulted in a strong suppression of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed a set of 7 miRNAs packaged in the EVs inhibited MAPK, an inflammation related pathway. Conclusion: These results point to a rapid and easy strategy to produce targeting EVs and suggest a potential therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Pallesen JS, Narayanan D, Tran KT, Solbak SMØ, Marseglia G, Sørensen LME, Høj LJ, Munafò F, Carmona RMC, Garcia AD, Desu HL, Brambilla R, Johansen TN, Popowicz GM, Sattler M, Gajhede M, Bach A. Deconstructing Noncovalent Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) Inhibitors into Fragments to Reconstruct New Potent Compounds. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4623-4661. [PMID: 33818106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is a potential therapeutic strategy to control diseases involving oxidative stress. Here, six classes of known small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors were dissected into 77 fragments in a fragment-based deconstruction reconstruction (FBDR) study and tested in four orthogonal assays. This gave 17 fragment hits of which six were shown by X-ray crystallography to bind in the Keap1 Kelch binding pocket. Two hits were merged into compound 8 with a 220-380-fold stronger affinity (Ki = 16 μM) relative to the parent fragments. Systematic optimization resulted in several novel analogues with Ki values of 0.04-0.5 μM, binding modes determined by X-ray crystallography, and enhanced microsomal stability. This demonstrates how FBDR can be used to find new fragment hits, elucidate important ligand-protein interactions, and identify new potent inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim T Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Marseglia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Louis M E Sørensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars J Høj
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Munafò
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosa M C Carmona
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony D Garcia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, Rennes Cedex 7 35708, France
| | - Haritha L Desu
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tommy N Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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172
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Wang SD, Fu YY, Han XY, Yong ZJ, Li Q, Hu Z, Liu ZG. Hyperbaric Oxygen Preconditioning Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Energy Metabolism Disturbance. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:866-877. [PMID: 33453006 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is considered a safe and feasible method that to provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke. However, the therapy mechanisms of HBO have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the mechanism underlying the protective effect of HBO preconditioning (HBO-PC) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was related to inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis and energy metabolism disorder. To test this hypothesis, an ischemic stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HBO-PC involved five consecutive days of pretreatment before MCAO. In additional experiments, X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) shRNA and NC plasmids were intraventricularly injected into rat brains after MCAO (2 h). After 24 h, all rats underwent motor function evaluation, which was assessed by modified Garcia scores. TTC staining for the cerebral infarct and cerebral edema, and TUNEL staining for cell apoptosis, were also analyzed. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidative enzymes in rat brains were detected, as well as mitochondrial complex enzyme activities, ATP levels, and Na+/K+ ATPase activity. Western blot was used to detect apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, cyc-c, XIAP, and SMAC. HBO-PC remarkably reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological deficits. Furthermore, HBO-PC alleviated oxidative stress and regulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Moreover, HBO-PC inhibited the decrease in ATP levels, mitochondrial complex enzyme activities, and Na+/K+ ATPase activity to maintain stable energy metabolism. XIAP knockdown weakened the protective effect of HBO, whereas SMAC knockdown strengthened its protective effect. The effects of HBO-PC can be attributed to inhibition of ischemia/hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and energy metabolism disturbance. The action of HBO-PC is related to the XIAP and SMAC signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Da Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Ying-Ying Fu
- Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China.
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173
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Unzeta M, Hernàndez-Guillamon M, Sun P, Solé M. SSAO/VAP-1 in Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073365. [PMID: 33805974 PMCID: PMC8036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or primary amine oxidase (PrAO), is a deaminating enzyme highly expressed in vessels that generates harmful products as a result of its enzymatic activity. As a multifunctional enzyme, it is also involved in inflammation through its ability to bind and promote the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is present in different systemic and cerebral diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These pathologies show important affectations on cerebral vessels, together with increased SSAO levels. This review summarizes the main roles of SSAO/VAP-1 in human physiology and pathophysiology and discusses the mechanisms by which it can affect the onset and progression of both stroke and AD. As there is an evident interrelationship between stroke and AD, basically through the vascular system dysfunction, the possibility that SSAO/VAP-1 could be involved in the transition between these two pathologies is suggested. Hence, its inhibition is proposed to be an interesting therapeutical approach to the brain damage induced in these both cerebral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Auònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mar Hernàndez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-896-766
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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174
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Yonesi M, Garcia-Nieto M, Guinea GV, Panetsos F, Pérez-Rigueiro J, González-Nieto D. Silk Fibroin: An Ancient Material for Repairing the Injured Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:429. [PMID: 33806846 PMCID: PMC8004633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk refers to a family of natural fibers spun by several species of invertebrates such as spiders and silkworms. In particular, silkworm silk, the silk spun by Bombyx mori larvae, has been primarily used in the textile industry and in clinical settings as a main component of sutures for tissue repairing and wound ligation. The biocompatibility, remarkable mechanical performance, controllable degradation, and the possibility of producing silk-based materials in several formats, have laid the basic principles that have triggered and extended the use of this material in regenerative medicine. The field of neural soft tissue engineering is not an exception, as it has taken advantage of the properties of silk to promote neuronal growth and nerve guidance. In addition, silk has notable intrinsic properties and the by-products derived from its degradation show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Finally, this material can be employed for the controlled release of factors and drugs, as well as for the encapsulation and implantation of exogenous stem and progenitor cells with therapeutic capacity. In this article, we review the state of the art on manufacturing methodologies and properties of fiber-based and non-fiber-based formats, as well as the application of silk-based biomaterials to neuroprotect and regenerate the damaged nervous system. We review previous studies that strategically have used silk to enhance therapeutics dealing with highly prevalent central and peripheral disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and peripheral trauma. Finally, we discuss previous research focused on the modification of this biomaterial, through biofunctionalization techniques and/or the creation of novel composite formulations, that aim to transform silk, beyond its natural performance, into more efficient silk-based-polymers towards the clinical arena of neuroprotection and regeneration in nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Yonesi
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (M.Y.); (G.V.G.)
- Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (M.Y.); (G.V.G.)
- Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (M.Y.); (G.V.G.)
- Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (M.Y.); (G.V.G.)
- Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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175
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Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Vaidya B, Abbruscato T. Repurposing metformin to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2021; 274:119343. [PMID: 33716063 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for major central nervous system (CNS) disorders. More specifically, aging can be inked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) because of its deteriorating impact on neurovascular unit (NVU). Metformin, a first line FDA-approved anti-diabetic drug, has gained increasing interest among researchers for its role in improving aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, numerous studies have illustrated metformin's role in ischemic stroke, a cerebrovascular disorder in which the NVU becomes dysfunctional which can lead to permanent life-threatening disabilities. Considering metformin's beneficial preclinical actions on various disorders, and the drug's role in alleviating severity of these conditions through involvement in commonly characterized cellular pathways, we discuss the potential of metformin as a suitable drug candidate for repurposing in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
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176
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Tan L, Liu L, Yao J, Piao C. miR-145-5p attenuates inflammatory response and apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting (NADPH) oxidase homolog 1. Exp Anim 2021; 70:311-321. [PMID: 33658472 PMCID: PMC8390312 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common complication following reperfusion therapy that involves a series of immune or apoptotic reactions. Studies have revealed the potential roles of miRNAs in I/R injury. Herein, we established a myocardial I/R model in rats and a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in H9c2 cells and investigated the effect of miR-145-5p on myocardial I/R injury. After 3 h or 24 h of reperfusion, left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS) were obviously decreased, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was increased. Meanwhile, I/R induced an increase in myocardial infarction area. Moreover, a decrease in miR-145-5p and increase in (NADPH) oxidase homolog 1 (NOH-1) were observed following I/R injury. With this in mind, we performed a luciferase reporter assay and demonstrated that miR-145-5p directly bound to NOH-1 3' untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, miR-145-5p mimics decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) stimulation. Upregulation of miR-145-5p increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis accompanied by downregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and upregulation of Bcl2. In addition, miR-145-5p overexpression increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content under OGD/R stress. Notably, NOH-1 could significantly abrogate the above effects, suggesting that it is involved in miR-145-5p-regulated I/R injury. In summary, our findings indicated that miR-145-5p/NOH-1 has a protective effect on myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
| | - Chenghao Piao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, 20 Beijiu Road, Shenyang 110002, P.R. China
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177
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Khan H, Singh A, Thapa K, Garg N, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Therapeutic modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway in cerebral ischemic injury. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147399. [PMID: 33662337 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury may leads to morbidity and mortality in patients. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has been believed to work in association with its downstream targets, other receptors, and pathways that may offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic effects, neuroprotective role in neuronal excitotoxicity. This review elaborates the mechanistic interventions of the PI3K pathway in cerebral ischemic injury in context to nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulation, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling (HIF-1), growth factors, Endothelial NOS (eNOS) proinflammatory cytokines, Erythropoietin (EPO), Phosphatase and tensin homologous protein of chromosome 10 gene (PTEN) signaling, NF-κB/Notch signaling, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway. Evidences showing the activation of PI3K inhibits apoptotic pathway, which results in its neuroprotective effect in ischemic injury. Despite discussing the therapeutic role of the PI3K pathway in treating cerebral ischemic injury, the review also enlighten the selective modulation of PI3K pathway with activators and inhibitors which may provide promising results in clinical and preclinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Anjali Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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178
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Go V, Sarikaya D, Zhou Y, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance myelin maintenance after cortical injury in aged rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 2021; 337:113540. [PMID: 33264634 PMCID: PMC7946396 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical injury, such as stroke, causes neurotoxic cascades that lead to rapid death and/or damage to neurons and glia. Axonal and myelin damage in particular, are critical factors that lead to neuronal dysfunction and impair recovery of function after injury. These factors can be exacerbated in the aged brain where white matter damage is prevalent. Therapies that can ameliorate myelin damage and promote repair by targeting oligodendroglia, the cells that produce and maintain myelin, may facilitate recovery after injury, especially in the aged brain where these processes are already compromised. We previously reported that a novel therapeutic, Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), administered intravenously at both 24 h and 14 days after cortical injury, reduced microgliosis (Go et al. 2019), reduced neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020), and improved motor recovery (Moore et al. 2019) in aged female rhesus monkeys. Here, we evaluated the effect of MSC-EV treatment on changes in oligodendrocyte maturation and associated myelin markers in the sublesional white matter using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, stereology, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. Compared to vehicle control monkeys, EV-treated monkeys showed a reduction in the density of damaged oligodendrocytes. Further, EV-treatment was associated with enhanced myelin maintenance, evidenced by upregulation of myelin-related genes and increases in actively myelinating oligodendrocytes in sublesional white matter. These changes in myelination correlate with the rate of motor recovery, suggesting that improved myelin maintenance facilitates this recovery. Overall, our results suggest that EVs act on oligodendrocytes to support myelination and improves functional recovery after injury in the aged brain. SIGNIFICANCE: We previously reported that EVs facilitate recovery of function after cortical injury in the aged monkey brain, while also reducing neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020) and microgliosis (Go et al. 2019). However, the effect of injury and EVs on oligodendrocytes and myelination has not been characterized in the primate brain (Dewar et al. 1999; Sozmen et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2013). In the present study, we assessed changes in myelination after cortical injury in aged monkeys. Our results show, for the first time, that MSC-EVs support recovery of function after cortical injury by enhancing myelin maintenance in the aged primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Go
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Deniz Sarikaya
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States; Department of Physics, Oakland University, United States
| | - Seth P Finklestein
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Stemetix, Inc., United States
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
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179
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Phytochemicals as regulators of microglia/macrophages activation in cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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180
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Targeting the Autonomic Nervous System for Risk Stratification, Outcome Prediction and Neuromodulation in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052357. [PMID: 33652990 PMCID: PMC7956667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a worldwide major cause of mortality and disability and has high costs in terms of health-related quality of life and expectancy as well as of social healthcare resources. In recent years, starting from the bidirectional relationship between autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and acute ischemic stroke (AIS), researchers have identified prognostic factors for risk stratification, prognosis of mid-term outcomes and response to recanalization therapy. In particular, the evaluation of the ANS function through the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) appears to be a promising non-invasive and reliable tool for the management of patients with AIS. Furthermore, preclinical molecular studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of stroke damage have shown an extensive overlap with the activity of the vagus nerve. Evidence from the application of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on animal models of AIS and on patients with chronic ischemic stroke has highlighted the surprising therapeutic possibilities of neuromodulation. Preclinical molecular studies highlighted that the neuroprotective action of VNS results from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Given the proven safety of non-invasive VNS in the subacute phase, the ease of its use and its possible beneficial effect in hemorrhagic stroke as well, human studies with transcutaneous VNS should be less challenging than protocols that involve invasive VNS and could be the proof of concept that neuromodulation represents the very first therapeutic approach in the ultra-early management of stroke.
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181
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Park DJ, Kang JB, Shah FA, Koh PO. Quercetin attenuates the reduction of parvalbumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:9. [PMID: 33632310 PMCID: PMC7905853 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium is a critical factor involved in modulation of essential cellular functions. Parvalbumin is a calcium buffering protein that regulates intracellular calcium concentrations. It prevents rises in calcium concentrations and inhibits apoptotic processes during ischemic injury. Quercetin exerts potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects during brain ischemia. We investigated whether quercetin can regulate parvalbumin expression in cerebral ischemia and glutamate toxicity-induced neuronal cell death. Adult male rats were treated with vehicle or quercetin (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cerebral cortical tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. We used various techniques including Western blot, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining to elucidate the changes of parvalbumin expression. Results Quercetin ameliorated MCAO-induced neurological deficits and behavioral changes. Moreover, quercetin prevented MCAO-induced a decrease in parvalbumin expression. Conclusions These findings suggest that quercetin exerts a neuroprotective effect through regulation of parvalbumin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Fawad-Ali Shah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea.
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Xu Y, Chen W, Chen Z, Huang M, Yang F, Zhang Y. Mechanism of Action of Xiaoyao San in Treatment of Ischemic Stroke is Related to Anti-Apoptosis and Activation of PI3K/Akt Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:753-767. [PMID: 33654381 PMCID: PMC7910098 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s280217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation Xiaoyao San (XYS) has a good clinical effect in treating ischemic stroke (IS). We explored the mechanism and material basis of XYS in IS treatment. METHODS Network pharmacology was used to construct a network of XYS components and IS targets. R software was used to analyze the biological process and pathway analysis of the targets of XYS in IS treatment. In vitro, a model of apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) was established to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of XYS and its influence on the expression of apoptotic protein-related genes. The affinity between the potentially active compounds in XYS and apoptotic proteins was evaluated by molecular docking. RESULTS XYS was shown to have 136 chemical components that exert potential anti-IS activity by acting on 175 proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that apoptosis and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway were the main signaling pathways of XYS. In vitro experiments showed that XYS could improve the effect of OGD/R on PC12-cell activity (EC50 = 0.43 mg/mL) and inhibit apoptosis. The main mechanisms were related to the improvement of oxidative stress and regulation of apoptosis-related gene expression. Molecular docking showed that C22, C102 and other components in XYS had a strong affinity with apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSION Network pharmacology, in vitro experiments, and molecular docking were used, for the first time, to study the material basis and molecular mechanism of XYS in IS treatment from the perspective of multiple targets and multiple pathways. We provided a new approach for the future study of TCM formulations in the treatment of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyin Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeran Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ChengduSichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
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183
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Peng Q, Hou J, Wang S, Zhou F, E Y, Wang W, Huang T, Wang M, Huang S, Zhou J, Chen N, Zhang Y. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein-albumin ratio predicts symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke patients. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:47. [PMID: 33522912 PMCID: PMC7849085 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 10% of patients would develop symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) after endovascular therapy. The aim of our study was to explore the ability of hypersensitive C-reactive protein-albumin ratio (HAR) in predicting sICH after endovascular therapy. Methods From April 2016 to December 2018, 334 consecutive patients with anterior circulation infarction undergoing endovascular therapy were enrolled in our study. sICH was defined using Heidelberg bleeding classification after endovascular therapy. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the potential risk factors of sICH after endovascular therapy. We used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and nomogram analysis to assess the overall discriminative ability of the HAR in predicting sICH after endovascular therapy. Results Among these 334 patients enrolled, 37 (11.1%) patients with anterior circulation infarction were identified with sICH after endovascular therapy. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with higher levels of HAR may be inclined to develop sICH (odds ratio, 10.994; 95% confidence interval, 4.567–26.463; P = 0.001). This association remained significant even after adjustment for potential confounders. Also, a cutoff value of 0.526× 10− 3 for HAR was detected in predicting sICH (area under curve, 0.763). Furthermore, nomogram analysis also suggested that HAR was an indicator of sICH (c-index was 0.890, P< 0.001). Conclusions This study showed that high levels of HAR could predict sICH after endovascular therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02066-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jiankang Hou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Yan E
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China.
| | - Nihong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China. .,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingdong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China.
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184
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Vedam-Mai V. Harnessing the immune system for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147308. [PMID: 33524380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for Parkinson's disease (PD) typically aim to replace dopamine, and hence only provide symptomatic relief. However, in the long run, this approach alone loses its efficacy as it is associated with debilitating side effects. Hence there is an unmet clinical need for addressing levodopa resistant symptoms, and an urgency to develop therapies that can halt or prevent the course of PD. The premise that α-syn can transmit from cell-to-cell in a prion like manner has opened up the possibility for the use of immunotherapy in PD. There is evidence for inflammation in PD as is evidenced by microglial activation, as well as the involvement of the peripheral immune system in PD, and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate dopaminergic degeneration as seen in animal models of the disease. However, mechanisms that link the immune system with PD are not clear, and the sequence of immune responses with respect to PD are still unknown. Nevertheless, our present knowledge offers avenues for the development of immune-based therapies for PD. In order to successfully employ such strategies, we must comprehend the state of the peripheral immune system during the course of PD. This review describes the developments in the field of both active and passive immunotherapies in the treatment of PD, and highlights the crucial need for future research for clarifying the role of inflammation and immunity in this debilitating disease.
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185
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Filippenkov IB, Dergunova LV, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. Neuroprotective Effects of Peptides in the Brain: Transcriptome Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:279-287. [PMID: 32564732 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of studying the action mechanisms of drugs based on natural regulatory peptides is commonly recognized. Particular attention is paid to the peptide drugs that contribute to the restoration of brain functions after acute cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), which for many years continues to be one of the main problems and threats to human health. However, molecular genetic changes in the brain in response to ischemia, as well as the mechanisms of protective effects of peptides, have not been sufficiently studied. This limits the use of neuroprotective peptides and makes it difficult to develop new, more efficient drugs with targeted action on brain functions. Transcriptome analysis is a promising approach for studying the mechanisms of the damaging effects of cerebral ischemia and neuroprotective action of peptide drugs. Beside investigating the role of mRNAs in protein synthesis, the development of new neuroprotection strategies requires studying the involvement of regulatory RNAs in ischemia. Of greatest interest are microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are expressed predominantly in the brain. CircRNAs can interact with miRNAs and diminish their activity, thereby inhibiting miRNA-mediated repression of mRNAs. It has become apparent that analysis of the circRNA/miRNA/mRNA system is essential for deciphering the mechanisms of brain damage and repair. Here, we present the results of studies on the ischemia-induced changes in the activity of genes and peptide-mediated alterations in the transcriptome profiles in experimental ischemia and formulate the basic principles of peptide regulation in the ischemia-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Filippenkov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - L V Dergunova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - S A Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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186
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Yang J, Wang Z, Liu X, Lu P. Modulation of vascular integrity and neuroinflammation by peroxiredoxin 4 following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Microvasc Res 2021; 135:104144. [PMID: 33515567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with oxidative stress playing a key role in the injury mechanism of thrombolytic therapy. There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress damages endothelial cells (ECs), degrades tight junction proteins (TJs), and contributes to increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. It has been demonstrated that the breakdown of BBB could increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. And an episode of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) also initiates oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory processes in ECs, which further promotes BBB disruption and the progression of brain injury. Previous studies have revealed that antioxidants could inhibit ROS generation and attenuate BBB disruption after cerebral I/R. Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is a member of the antioxidant enzymes family (Prx1-6) and has been characterized to be an efficient H2O2 scavenger. It should be noted that Prx4 may be directly involved in the protection of ECs from the effects of ROS and function in ECs as a membrane-associated peroxidase. This paper reviewed the implication of Prx4 on vascular integrity and neuroinflammation following a cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Zairan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pengchao Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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187
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Hu D, Ding C, Jiang X, Xiao J, Li C, Zhang L, Li T, Ji Y, Peng Y, Luo X, Sheng L, Wang Q, Wu H. Elevated Levels of Inflammation Markers Predict Poor Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients After Intravenous Thrombolysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105587. [PMID: 33450606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is associated with the occurrence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammatory biomarkers and the short-term clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 208 AIS patients treated with IVT were enrolled in this retrospective study. Blood tests of inflammatory biomarkers, including the leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, were conducted within 24 h after IVT. The primary outcome was decent functional recovery (DFR) [modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of 0-2] at 3 months. The secondary outcomes included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and 3-month mortality. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and 3-month clinical outcomes. RESULTS At 3 months follow-up, 113 (62.2%) patients achieved DFR. As compared to patients with DFR, patients without DFR had higher leukocyte counts (8.5 ± 2.4 × 109/L versus 6.9 ± 1.7 × 109/L, P=0.000), neutrophil counts (6.1 ± 2.3 × 109/L versus 4.6±1.7 × 109/L, P=0.000) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (4.6 ± 2.4 versus 3.3 ± 1.9, P=0.000). After adjusting for the stroke subtype, severity of stroke, and medical history, the leukocyte count and neutrophil count remained significantly correlated with non-DFR (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.488; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.247-1.776; P=0.000 and adjusted OR 1.522; 95% CI, 1.269-1.826; P=0.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers are independently associated with poor outcomes at 3 months in AIS patients treated with IVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caixia Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lankun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Luo
- Shenzhen Dapeng New District Nan'ao People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingmei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Haoxin Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu F, Lu Z, Li Z, Wang S, Zhuang L, Hong M, Huang K. Electroacupuncture Improves Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Enhancing the EPO-JAK2-STAT5 Pathway in Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2489-2498. [PMID: 34354356 PMCID: PMC8331202 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s316136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinically, electroacupuncture (EA) improves cerebral ischemic injury, but its mechanism remains unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm the protective effects of EA on focal cerebral ischemia (FCI)-induced injury and the possible mechanism. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats served as the FCI model and were divided into the sham, model, EA, AG490 and EA+AG490 groups. Rats in the EA and EA+AG490 groups were acupunctured at the Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) acupoints, and those in the AG490 and EA+AG490 groups were administered an intracerebroventricular injection of AG490 (a Janus-tyrosine kinase-2 (JAK-2) phosphorylation inhibitor). Neurological deficits and morphological changes in the ischemic cortex were observed through neurological deficit scoring and HE staining, respectively, and neuronal apoptosis was examined using the TUNEL assay. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe neuronal ultrastructure, and HIF-1α, erythropoietin (EPO), phosphorylated (p)-JAK2, p-STAT5, HSP70, Bax and Bcl-2 expression was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS FCI model rats showed obvious neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis compared with sham rats. EA alleviated FCI-induced neurological deficits, improved neuronal ultrastructure, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and induced HIF-1α, EPO, p-JAK2, p-STAT5, HSP70 and Bcl-2 expression in a time-dependent manner. In contrast, AG490 treatment impaired the effects of EA on neurological deficits, neuronal apoptosis and HIF-1α, EPO, p-JAK2, p-STAT5, HSP70, Bax and Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION EA at GV20 and GV14 could improve neurological deficits and reduce neuronal apoptosis, thereby improving FCI-induced injury, which may be related to enhancing the EPO-JAK2-STAT5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shichao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Shichao Wang Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.16 Jichang Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510405, People's republic of ChinaTel +86020-36591357 Email
| | - Lixing Zhuang
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Hong
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangbai Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kangbai Huang Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.12 Jichang Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510405, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86020-36585261 Email
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Tsintou M, Dalamagkas K, Moore TL, Rathi Y, Kubicki M, Rosene DL, Makris N. The use of hydrogel-delivered extracellular vesicles in recovery of motor function in stroke: a testable experimental hypothesis for clinical translation including behavioral and neuroimaging assessment approaches. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:605-613. [PMID: 33063708 PMCID: PMC8067932 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering, nanotechnology and neuroregeneration are diverse biomedical disciplines that have been working together in recent decades to solve the complex problems linked to central nervous system (CNS) repair. It is known that the CNS demonstrates a very limited regenerative capacity because of a microenvironment that impedes effective regenerative processes, making development of CNS therapeutics challenging. Given the high prevalence of CNS conditions such as stroke that damage the brain and place a severe burden on afflicted individuals and on society, it is of utmost significance to explore the optimum methodologies for finding treatments that could be applied to humans for restoration of function to pre-injury levels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as exosomes, when derived from mesenchymal stem cells, are one of the most promising approaches that have been attempted thus far, as EVs deliver factors that stimulate recovery by acting at the nanoscale level on intercellular communication while avoiding the risks linked to stem cell transplantation. At the same time, advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have offered the potential of using hydrogels as bio-scaffolds in order to provide the stroma required for neural repair to occur, as well as the release of biomolecules facilitating or inducing the reparative processes. This review introduces a novel experimental hypothesis regarding the benefits that could be offered if EVs were to be combined with biocompatible injectable hydrogels. The rationale behind this hypothesis is presented, analyzing how a hydrogel might prolong the retention of EVs and maximize the localized benefit to the brain. This sustained delivery of EVs would be coupled with essential guidance cues and structural support from the hydrogel until neural tissue remodeling and regeneration occur. Finally, the importance of including non-human primate models in the clinical translation pipeline, as well as the added benefit of multi-modal neuroimaging analysis to establish non-invasive, in vivo, quantifiable imaging-based biomarkers for CNS repair are discussed, aiming for more effective and safe clinical translation of such regenerative therapies to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Tsintou
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Services, Center for Neural Systems Investigations, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; University College of London Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Center for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriakos Dalamagkas
- University College of London Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Center for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research Memorial Hermann Research Center, The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Services, Center for Neural Systems Investigations, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Services, Center for Neural Systems Investigations, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Services, Center for Neural Systems Investigations, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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190
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Yuan S, Zhang T. Boeravinone B Protects Brain against Cerebral Ichemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats: Possible Role of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:927-936. [PMID: 34193669 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and secondary injury. Boeravinone B (BB) proofed their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect, but their neuroprotective effects still unknown. In this experimental study, we explore the neuro-protective effect of Boeravinone B on the ischemia/reperfusion and explore the possible mechanism. Male Wistar rats were used for the current experimental study. First induces natural I/R injury in rats and treated with BB and nifedipine, respectively. Rats were subjected to ischemia after 6 consecutive days by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO). Neurological score, biochemical, antioxidant, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory parameters were estimated in the serum and brain tissue. BB treatment significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed neuronal injury, dose-dependently decreased the cerebral water content. BB treatment altered the pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant and inflammatory mediators in the serum and brain tissue. BB regulated the expression of glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), taurine (Tau), aspartic acid (Asp) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enhanced the activity of Na+, K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase. BB significantly (p < 0.001) reduced antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reductase (GR); inflammatory cytokines include interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β); inflammatory mediators include prostaglandin (PGE2), nuclear kappa factor B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. In this study, we have found that Boeravinone B exhibited protection against cerebral I/R by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai People's Hospital
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai People's Hospital
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191
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Zhang B, Shen J, Zhong Z, Zhang L. PKM2 Aggravates Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Neuroinflammation via TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 Signaling Pathway. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:29-37. [PMID: 33744886 DOI: 10.1159/000509710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the leading cause of ischemic stroke. Pyruvate Kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2), as a critical glycolytic enzyme during glycolysis, is involved in neuronal apoptosis in rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. This study focused on functional investigation and potential molecular mechanism toward PKM2 in cerebral I/R injury. METHODS Cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo or oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of PKM2 in I/R injury models. The effects of PKM2 on I/R injury were determined via triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and evaluation of neurological deficits. Cell Counting Kit-8 was employed to detect cell viability, and ELISA was conducted to detect pro-inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanism involved in regulation of PKM2 on I/R injury was investigated via ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS PKM2 was upregulated after cerebral I/R injury. Knockdown of PKM2 alleviated MCAO-induced infarction and neurological dysfunction. Moreover, PKM2 knockdown also alleviated OGD/R-induced neuronal cell injury and inflammatory response. Mechanistically, PKM2 knockdown-induced neuroprotection was accompanied by inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), reflected by inactivation of TLR4/MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88)/TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of PKM2 attenuated cerebral I/R injury through HMGB1-mediated TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 expression change, providing a potential target for cerebral I/R injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
| | - Zhiyue Zhong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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192
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Nian K, Harding IC, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Ischemic Stroke and Its Regulation by Endothelial Mechanotransduction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:605398. [PMID: 33424628 PMCID: PMC7793645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality in the United States, often contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB along with its supportive cells, collectively referred to as the “neurovascular unit,” is the brain’s multicellular microvasculature that bi-directionally regulates the transport of blood, ions, oxygen, and cells from the circulation into the brain. It is thus vital for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. BBB disruption, which is associated with the altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB transporters, is believed to exacerbate brain injury caused by ischemic stroke and limits the therapeutic potential of current clinical therapies, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial mechanobiology, the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, helps regulate function of the peripheral vasculature and may similarly maintain BBB integrity. For example, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a glycoprotein-proteoglycan layer extending into the lumen of bloods vessel, is abundantly expressed on endothelial cells of the BBB and has been shown to regulate BBB permeability. In this review, we will focus on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB damage after ischemic stroke, highlighting current and potential future novel pharmacological strategies for BBB protection and recovery. Finally, we will address the current knowledge of endothelial mechanotransduction in BBB maintenance, specifically focusing on a potential role of the endothelial GCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Nian
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Development, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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193
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Gychka SG, Shults NV, Nikolaienko SI, Marcocci L, Sariipek NE, Rybka V, Malysheva TA, Dibrova VA, Suzuki YJ, Gavrish AS. Vasa Vasorum Lumen Narrowing in Brain Vascular Hyalinosis in Systemic Hypertension Patients Who Died of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249611. [PMID: 33348552 PMCID: PMC7767198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death among patients with systemic hypertension. The narrowing of the lumen of the brain vasculature contributes to the increased incidence of stroke. While hyalinosis represents the major pathological lesions contributing to vascular lumen narrowing and stroke, the pathogenic mechanism of brain vascular hyalinosis has not been well characterized. Thus, the present study examined the postmortem brain vasculature of human patients who died of ischemic stroke due to systemic hypertension. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry showed the occurrence of brain vascular hyalinosis with infiltrated plasma proteins along with the narrowing of the vasa vasorum and oxidative stress. Transmission electron microscopy revealed endothelial cell bulge protrusion into the vasa vasorum lumen and the occurrence of endocytosis in the vasa vasorum endothelium. The treatment of cultured microvascular endothelial cells with adrenaline also promoted the formation of the bulge as well as endocytic vesicles. The siRNA knockdown of sortin nexin-9 (a mediator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis) inhibited adrenaline-induced endothelial cell bulge formation. Adrenaline promoted protein-protein interactions between sortin nexin-9 and neural Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (a regulator of actin polymerization). Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats also exhibited lesions indicative of brain vascular hyalinosis, the endothelial cell protrusion into the lumen of the vasa vasorum, and endocytosis in vasa vasorum endothelial cells. We propose that endocytosis-dependent endothelial cell bulge protrusion narrows the vasa vasorum, resulting in ischemic oxidative damage to cerebral vessels, the formation of hyalinosis, the occurrence of ischemic stroke, and death in systemic hypertension patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy G. Gychka
- Department of Pathological Anatomy N2, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.I.N.); (V.A.D.); (A.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (Y.J.S.); Tel.: +1-202-687-8090 (Y.J.S.)
| | - Nataliia V. Shults
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (N.V.S.); (N.E.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Sofia I. Nikolaienko
- Department of Pathological Anatomy N2, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.I.N.); (V.A.D.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nurefsan E. Sariipek
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (N.V.S.); (N.E.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Vladyslava Rybka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (N.V.S.); (N.E.S.); (V.R.)
| | - Tatiana A. Malysheva
- Department of Neuropathomorphology, Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Vyacheslav A. Dibrova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy N2, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.I.N.); (V.A.D.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (N.V.S.); (N.E.S.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (Y.J.S.); Tel.: +1-202-687-8090 (Y.J.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Gavrish
- Department of Pathological Anatomy N2, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.I.N.); (V.A.D.); (A.S.G.)
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194
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He JQ, Sussman ES, Steinberg GK. Revisiting Stem Cell-Based Clinical Trials for Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:575990. [PMID: 33381020 PMCID: PMC7767918 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.575990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability, significantly reducing mobility in almost half of the affected patients aged 65 years and older. There are currently no proven neurorestorative treatments for chronic stroke. To address the complex problem of restoring function in ischemic brain tissue, stem cell transplantation-based therapies have emerged as potential restorative therapies. Aligning with the major cell types found within the ischemic brain, stem-cell-based clinical trials for ischemic stroke have fallen under three broad cell lineages: hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and neural. In this review article, we will discuss the scientific rationale for transplanting cells from each of these lineages and provide an overview of published and ongoing trials using this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Q He
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eric S Sussman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, United States
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195
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Tan J, Luo J, Meng C, Jiang N, Cao J, Zhao J. Syringin exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of cerebral ischemia through the FOXO3a/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107268. [PMID: 33316740 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Syringin (SYR) is an active substance isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus plants, and possesses anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its effects on cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the underlying molecular events, are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SYR in a rat model of cerebral ischemia and address the related molecular mechanism. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model (MCAO) was used to simulate ischemic injury. SYR treatment clearly reduced the infarct volume, decreased cerebral water content, improved the neurological score, and attenuated neuronal death. Moreover, SYR decreased the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MPO, promoted FOXO3a phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. FOXO3a knockdown by RNA interference significantly prevented SYR-induced inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Confocal microscopy revealed that SYR reduced NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, and FOXO3a silencing reversed this effect. Finally, immunofluorescence and CO-IP experiments showed that SYR promoted the interaction between FOXO3a and NF-κB. In conclusion, SYR exerted a protective effect against brain I/R injury by reducing the inflammation accompanying cerebral ischemia. This effect was mediated by the FOXO3a /NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchang Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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196
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Zhao SC, Heng X, Ya-Ping W, Di L, Wen-Qian W, Ling-Song M, Chu ZH, Xu Y. CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01882. [PMID: 33067924 PMCID: PMC7749562 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how the CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway modulates poststroke inflammation and advances our knowledge of immune responses to ischemia insults in stroke. METHODS Focal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in mice for 90 min, and mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 7 days of reperfusion. CD200, CD200R1, iNOS, and Arg-1 expression in ischemic brains was assessed by Western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to examine the expression of CD200 on neurons and CD200R1 on infiltrating lymphocytes. The severity of neurobehavioral deficits was evaluated by neurological deficit scores (NDS) and infarction volume estimated by TTC staining. To study the relationship between CD200/CD200R1 expression and the diversity of the neuroinflammatory response in stroke, CD200Fc (CD200R1 agonist) was subcutaneously injected at onset, at 1 day and 2 days after MCAO operation, and the brains were collected for detection at 3 days after MCAO/R (reperfusion). RESULTS CD200 expression on neurons increased at 1 day and then decreased at 3 days after MCAO/R, and the expression of CD200R1 on lymphocytes showed an opposite temporal pattern as tested by IHC. The WB results showed that CD200/CD200R1 variance exhibited a similar pattern of IHC results, and the level of iNOS peaked at 1 day and then decreased gradually, but Arg-1 increased with time after MCAO/R in ischemic brains. After CD200Fc injection, CD200R1 expression significantly increased, and CD200Fc promoted Arg-1 but inhibited iNOS expression. The infarct volume and NDS of the group treated with CD200Fc were significantly smaller than those of the IgG2a-treated group. CONCLUSIONS The CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Stimulation of CD200R1 by CD200Fc promotes the anti-inflammatory response and alleviates ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Cai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu Heng
- Department of Neurology, Zhu Madian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wang Ya-Ping
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Luan Di
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Wu Wen-Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ma Ling-Song
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhao-Hu Chu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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197
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Hao T, Yang Y, Li N, Mi Y, Zhang G, Song J, Liang Y, Xiao J, Zhou D, He D, Hou Y. Inflammatory mechanism of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury with treatment of stepharine in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153353. [PMID: 33007731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown that microglia-induced neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Stepharine, one of the alkaloids extracted from Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, exhibited strong inhibitory effect on microglial overactivation. However, it is not known whether it has the potential to prevent ischemic stroke. METHODS The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of stepharine were investigated in vivo and in vitro, using a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells, respectively. RESULTS In vivo, stepharine (500 μg/kg) suppressed neurological deficits scores, brain water content and cerebral infarct volume induced by MCAO. Moreover, stepharine (500 μg/kg) inhibited NeuN+ cells loss and Iba-1+ cells increase in the MCAO ischemic cortex. In vitro, stepharine (10, 30 μM) substantially inhibited nitric oxide release as well as the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators [inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β] in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. LPS-induced increase of TLR4 expression, IκBα phosphorylation, and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was inhibited by stepharine (10, 30 μM). Molecular docking analysis showed that stepharine directly interacted with TLR4. SPR assay further confirmed that stepharine could bind to the TLR4/MD2 complex. Meanwhile, stepharine exhibited neuroprotective effects on SH-SY5Y cells cultured with LPS-treated conditioned medium. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated for the first time that stepharine improved the outcomes in MCAO rats, reduced neuronal loss, and suppressed microglial overactivation via the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that stepharine might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Hao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Mi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Guijie Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Junyu Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiao Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dakuo He
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China.
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198
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Li L, Li Y, Miao C, Liu Y, Liu R. Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (CVP) regulates neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the p38MAPK signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1168. [PMID: 33241017 PMCID: PMC7576014 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the regulation of herbal polysaccharide, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (CVP), on neuronal apoptosis in a rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) model. We also intend to explore the mechanisms and effectiveness of CVP in the treatment of neuronal apoptosis in CIRI rats, including neurological function, cerebral infarction volume, inflammatory factors, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway as well as its downstream protein cleaved-Caspase-3. Methods A CIRI model was established in rats using the Longa method of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological function scores and cerebral infarction volumes were measured in CIRI rats. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were used to measure neuronal apoptosis in CIRI rats. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in CIRI rats were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A western blot assay was used to measure the protein expression levels of p38MAPK, phospho-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK), Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved-Caspase-3 in brain tissue of CIRI rats. Results CVP can effectively improve the neurological function of rats after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of CIRI. It can also improve the behavioral test, reduce the cerebral infarction volume and inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells in CIRI rats. The protein expression levels of p-p38MAPK and cleaved-Caspase-3 exhibited a decreasing trend following CVP administration. Conclusions CVP can significantly reduce the pathological characteristics of CIRI in rats and inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells around the lesions. The mechanism of its effectiveness is related to inhibiting the activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Clinical Medical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Miao
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
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199
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Feng L, Han CX, Cao SY, Zhang HM, Wu GY. Deficits in motor and cognitive functions in an adult mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia induced stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20646. [PMID: 33244072 PMCID: PMC7692481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes cause devastating brain damage and functional deficits with few treatments available. Previous studies have shown that the ischemia-hypoxia rapidly induces clinically similar thrombosis and neuronal loss, but any resulting behavioral changes are largely unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate motor and cognitive deficits in adult HI mice. Following a previously established procedure, HI mouse models were induced by first ligating the right common carotid artery and followed by hypoxia. Histological data showed significant long-term neuronal losses and reactive glial cells in the ipsilateral striatum and hippocampus of the HI mice. Whereas the open field test and the rotarod test could not reliably distinguish between the sham and HI mice, in the tapered beam and wire-hanging tests, the HI mice showed short-term and long-term deficits, as evidenced by the increased number of foot faults and decreased hanging time respectively. In cognitive tests, the HI mice swam longer distances and needed more time to find the platform in the Morris water maze test and showed shorter freezing time in fear contextual tests after fear training. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that adult HI mice have motor and cognitive deficits and could be useful models for preclinical stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chun-Xia Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shu-Yu Cao
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - He-Ming Zhang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Gang-Yi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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200
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Voelz C, Habib P, Köberlein S, Beyer C, Slowik A. Alteration of miRNA Biogenesis Regulating Proteins in the Human Microglial Cell Line HMC-3 After Ischemic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1535-1549. [PMID: 33210205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding sequences that control apoptosis, proliferation, and neuroinflammatory pathways in microglia cells. The expression of distinct miRNAs is altered after ischemia in the brain. Only minor information is available about the biogenesis and maturation of miRNAs after ischemia. We aimed at examining the impact of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced stress on the expression of miRNA regulating proteins such as DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, DICER, TARBP2, and AGO2 in the cultured human microglial cell line HMC-3 (human microglial cell line clone 3). OGD duration of 2.5 h or H2O2 stimulation at a concentration of 100 μM for 24 h resulted in a marked increase of the hypoxia sensor hypoxia-inducible factor1-α in HMC-3 cells. These treatments also led to an upregulation of DROSHA, DICER1, and AGO2 detected by semiquantitative real-time PCR (qrtPCR). XPO5 and TARBP2 were only upregulated after stimulation with H2O2, while DGCR8 responded only to OGD. We found elevated DICER1, DROSHA, and AGO2 protein levels by western blot and immunohistochemistry staining. Interestingly, the latter also exposed a colocalization of AGO2 with stress granules (G3BP1) after OGD. Our data indicate that DICER, DROSHA, and AGO2 are induced in microglial cells under hypoxia-like conditions. It might be speculated that their inductions might increase the miRNA synthesis rate. Future studies should investigate this correlation to determine which miRNAs are preferably expressed by microglia cells after ischemia and which functions they could exert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Voelz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Köberlein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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