151
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Zhang I, Lépine P, Han C, Lacalle-Aurioles M, Chen CXQ, Haag R, Durcan TM, Maysinger D. Nanotherapeutic Modulation of Human Neural Cells and Glioblastoma in Organoids and Monocultures. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112434. [PMID: 33171886 PMCID: PMC7695149 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes in the brain are orchestrated by microglia and astrocytes in response to activators such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, danger-associated molecular patterns and some nanostructures. Microglia are the primary immune responders in the brain and initiate responses amplified by astrocytes through intercellular signaling. Intercellular communication between neural cells can be studied in cerebral organoids, co-cultures or in vivo. We used human cerebral organoids and glioblastoma co-cultures to study glia modulation by dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS). dPGS is an extensively studied nanostructure with inherent anti-inflammatory properties. Under inflammatory conditions, lipocalin-2 levels in astrocytes are markedly increased and indirectly enhanced by soluble factors released from hyperactive microglia. dPGS is an effective anti-inflammatory modulator of these markers. Our results show that dPGS can enter neural cells in cerebral organoids and glial cells in monocultures in a time-dependent manner. dPGS markedly reduces lipocalin-2 abundance in the neural cells. Glioblastoma tumoroids of astrocytic origin respond to activated microglia with enhanced invasiveness, whereas conditioned media from dPGS-treated microglia reduce tumoroid invasiveness. Considering that many nanostructures have only been tested in cancer cells and rodent models, experiments in human 3D cerebral organoids and co-cultures are complementary in vitro models to evaluate nanotherapeutics in the pre-clinical setting. Thoroughly characterized organoids and standardized procedures for their preparation are prerequisites to gain information of translational value in nanomedicine. This study provides data for a well-characterized dendrimer (dPGS) that modulates the activation state of human microglia implicated in brain tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Paula Lépine
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Chanshuai Han
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - María Lacalle-Aurioles
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Carol X.-Q. Chen
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-398-1264
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152
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Wu PH, Onodera Y, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Shimizu S, Shirato H, Nam JM. Lysosomal trafficking mediated by Arl8b and BORC promotes invasion of cancer cells that survive radiation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:620. [PMID: 33110168 PMCID: PMC7591908 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced invasiveness, a critical determinant of metastasis and poor prognosis, has been observed in cancer cells that survive cancer therapy, including radiotherapy. Here, we show that invasiveness in radiation-surviving cancer cells is associated with alterations in lysosomal exocytosis caused by the enhanced activation of Arl8b, a small GTPase that regulates lysosomal trafficking. The binding of Arl8b with its effector, SKIP, is increased after radiation through regulation of BORC-subunits. Knockdown of Arl8b or BORC-subunits decreases lysosomal exocytosis and the invasiveness of radiation-surviving cells. Notably, high expression of ARL8B and BORC-subunit genes is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Sp1, an ATM-regulated transcription factor, is found to increase BORC-subunit genes expression after radiation. In vivo experiments show that ablation of Arl8b decreases IR-induced invasive tumor growth and distant metastasis. These findings suggest that BORC-Arl8b-mediated lysosomal trafficking is a target for improving radiotherapy by inhibiting invasive tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsiu Wu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shinichi Shimizu
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Radiation Medical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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153
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Overhoff M, De Bruyckere E, Kononenko NL. Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:263-296. [PMID: 32964462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane-derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double-membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non-neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post-mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell-specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre-synaptic terminal and the long-distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type-specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elodie De Bruyckere
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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154
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Edwards-Jorquera SS, Bosveld F, Bellaïche YA, Lennon-Duménil AM, Glavic Á. Trpml controls actomyosin contractility and couples migration to phagocytosis in fly macrophages. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133603. [PMID: 31940424 PMCID: PMC7055000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes use their actomyosin cytoskeleton to migrate as well as to probe their environment by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis. Although migration and extracellular material uptake have been shown to be coupled in some immune cells, the mechanisms involved in such coupling are largely unknown. By combining time-lapse imaging with genetics, we here identify the lysosomal Ca2+ channel Trpml as an essential player in the coupling of cell locomotion and phagocytosis in hemocytes, the Drosophila macrophage-like immune cells. Trpml is needed for both hemocyte migration and phagocytic processing at distinct subcellular localizations: Trpml regulates hemocyte migration by controlling actomyosin contractility at the cell rear, whereas its role in phagocytic processing lies near the phagocytic cup in a myosin-independent fashion. We further highlight that Vamp7 also regulates phagocytic processing and locomotion but uses pathways distinct from those of Trpml. Our results suggest that multiple mechanisms may have emerged during evolution to couple phagocytic processing to cell migration and facilitate space exploration by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3215, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U934, Paris, France
| | - Yohanns A Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3215, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U934, Paris, France
| | - Ana-María Lennon-Duménil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932 Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Álvaro Glavic
- Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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155
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Amitriptyline interferes with autophagy-mediated clearance of protein aggregates via inhibiting autophagosome maturation in neuronal cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:874. [PMID: 33070168 PMCID: PMC7568721 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant commonly prescribed for major depressive disorders, as well as depressive symptoms associated with various neurological disorders. A possible correlation between the use of tricyclic antidepressants and the occurrence of Parkinson's disease has been reported, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. The accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates has been suggested to cause cellular toxicity and has been implicated in the common pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we examined the effect of amitriptyline on protein clearance and its relevant mechanisms in neuronal cells. Amitriptyline exacerbated the accumulation of abnormal aggregates in both in vitro neuronal cells and in vivo mice brain by interfering with the (1) formation of aggresome-like aggregates and (2) autophagy-mediated clearance of aggregates. Amitriptyline upregulated LC3B-II, but LC3B-II levels did not increase further in the presence of NH4Cl, which suggests that amitriptyline inhibited autophagic flux rather than autophagy induction. Amitriptyline interfered with the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome through the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and Beclin 1 acetylation, and regulated lysosome positioning by increasing the interaction between proteins Arl8, SKIP, and kinesin. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that amitriptyline interferes with autophagic flux by regulating the autophagosome maturation during autophagy in neuronal cells. The present study could provide neurobiological clue for the possible correlation between the amitriptyline use and the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
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156
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Adnan G, Rubikaite A, Khan M, Reber M, Suetterlin P, Hindges R, Drescher U. The GTPase Arl8B Plays a Principle Role in the Positioning of Interstitial Axon Branches by Spatially Controlling Autophagosome and Lysosome Location. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8103-8118. [PMID: 32917789 PMCID: PMC7574663 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1759-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial axon branching is an essential step during the establishment of neuronal connectivity. However, the exact mechanisms on how the number and position of branches are determined are still not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of Arl8B, an adaptor molecule between lysosomes and kinesins. In chick retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), downregulation of Arl8B reduces axon branch density and shifts their location more proximally, while Arl8B overexpression leads to increased density and more distal positions of branches. These alterations correlate with changes in the location and density of lysosomes and autophagosomes along the axon shaft. Diminishing autophagy directly by knock-down of atg7, a key autophagy gene, reduces branch density, while induction of autophagy by rapamycin increases axon branching, indicating that autophagy plays a prominent role in axon branch formation. In vivo, local inactivation of autophagy in the retina using a mouse conditional knock-out approach disturbs retino-collicular map formation which is dependent on the formation of interstitial axon branches. These data suggest that Arl8B plays a principal role in the positioning of axon branches by spatially controlling autophagy, thus directly controlling formation of neural connectivity in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of interstitial axonal branches plays a prominent role in numerous places of the developing brain during neural circuit establishment. We show here that the GTPase Arl8B controls density and location of interstitial axon branches, and at the same time controls also density and location of the autophagy machinery. Upregulation or downregulation of autophagy in vitro promotes or inhibits axon branching. Local disruption of autophagy in vivo disturbs retino-collicular mapping. Our data suggest that Arl8B controls axon branching by controlling locally autophagy. This work is one of the first reports showing a role of autophagy during early neural circuit development and suggests that autophagy in general plays a much more prominent role during brain development than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Adnan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Aine Rubikaite
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Moqadisa Khan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Reber
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Philip Suetterlin
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Drescher
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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157
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Lv W, Champion JA. Demonstration of intracellular trafficking, cytosolic bioavailability, and target manipulation of an antibody delivery platform. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 32:102315. [PMID: 33065253 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular antibody delivery into live cells has significant implications for research and therapeutic applications. However, many delivery systems lack potency due to low uptake and/or endosomal entrapment and understanding of intracellular delivery processes is lacking. Herein, we studied the cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking and targeting of antibodies using our previously developed Hex antibody nanocarrier. We demonstrated Hex-antibodies were internalized through multiple endocytic routes into lysosomes and provide evidence of endo/lysosomal disruption and Hex-antibody release to the cytosol. Cytosolic antibodies retained their bioactivity for at least 24 h. Functional effect of Hex delivered anti-STAT3 antibodies was evidenced by inhibition of nuclear translocation of cytosolic transcription factor STAT3. This study has generated understanding of key steps in the Hex intracellular antibody delivery system and will facilitate the development of effective cytosolic antibody delivery and applications in both the therapeutic and research domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Julie A Champion
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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158
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Schuster IS, Andoniou CE. NKG7 - regulating endosomal pathways? Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:802-804. [PMID: 33016375 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ng et al. have identified NKG7 as a regulator of inflammation in response to diverse immunological challenges. While NKG7 was required for the degranulation of cytotoxic cells, additional defects including reduced expansion and trafficking of CD8 T cells, and altered antigen presentation, were noted in NKG7-deficient mice. The precise mechanism by which NKG7 mediates its effects has not been resolved but may involve regulation of endosomal vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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159
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Zhu SY, Yao RQ, Li YX, Zhao PY, Ren C, Du XH, Yao YM. Lysosomal quality control of cell fate: a novel therapeutic target for human diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:817. [PMID: 32999282 PMCID: PMC7528093 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, lysosomes are digestive centers where biological macromolecules are degraded by phagocytosis and autophagy, thereby maintaining cellular self-renewal capacity and energy supply. Lysosomes also serve as signaling hubs to monitor the intracellular levels of nutrients and energy by acting as platforms for the assembly of multiple signaling pathways, such as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The structural integrity and functional balance of lysosomes are essential for cell function and viability. In fact, lysosomal damage not only disrupts intracellular clearance but also results in the leakage of multiple contents, which pose great threats to the cell by triggering cell death pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. The collapse of lysosomal homeostasis is reportedly critical for the pathogenesis and development of various diseases, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Lysosomal quality control (LQC), comprising lysosomal repair, lysophagy, and lysosomal regeneration, is rapidly initiated in response to lysosomal damage to maintain lysosomal structural integrity and functional homeostasis. LQC may be a novel but pivotal target for disease treatment because of its indispensable role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Zhu
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yue Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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160
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Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. The Cell Biology of Tau Secretion. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:569818. [PMID: 33071756 PMCID: PMC7539664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.569818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive accumulation and spread of misfolded tau protein in the nervous system is the hallmark of tauopathies, progressive neurodegenerative diseases with only symptomatic treatments available. A growing body of evidence suggests that spreading of tau pathology can occur via cell-to-cell transfer involving secretion and internalization of pathological forms of tau protein followed by templated misfolding of normal tau in recipient cells. Several studies have addressed the cell biological mechanisms of tau secretion. It now appears that instead of a single mechanism, cells can secrete tau via three coexisting pathways: (1) translocation through the plasma membrane; (2) membranous organelles-based secretion; and (3) ectosomal shedding. The relative importance of these pathways in the secretion of normal and pathological tau is still elusive, though. Moreover, glial cells contribute to tau propagation, and the involvement of different cell types, as well as different secretion pathways, complicates the understanding of prion-like propagation of tauopathy. One of the important regulators of tau secretion in neuronal activity, but its mechanistic connection to tau secretion remains unclear and may involve all three secretion pathways of tau. This review article summarizes recent advancements in the field of tau secretion with an emphasis on cell biological aspects of the secretion process and discusses the role of neuronal activity and glial cells in the spread of pathological forms of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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161
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Sainani SR, Pansare PA, Rode K, Bhalchim V, Doke R, Desai S. Emendation of autophagic dysfuction in neurological disorders: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:466-482. [PMID: 32924706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1822356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders have been continuously contributing to the global disease burden and affect millions of people worldwide. Researchers strive hard to extract out the ultimate cure and serve for the betterment of the society, and yet the treatments available provide only symptomatic relief. Aging and abnormal mutations seem to be the major culprits responsible for neurotoxicity and neuronal death. One of the major causes of these neurological disorders that has been paid utmost attention recently, is Autophagic Dysfunction. AIM The aim of the study was to understand the autophagic process, its impairment in neurological disorders and targeting the impairments as a therapeutic option for the said disorders. METHODS For the purpose of review, we carried out an extensive literature study to excerpt the series of steps involved in autophagy and to understand the mechanism of autophagic impairment occurring in a range of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, Depression, Schizophrenia, Autism etc. The review also involved the exploration of certain molecules that can help in triggering the compromised autophagic members. RESULTS We found that, a number of genes, proteins, receptors and transcription factors interplay to bring about autophagy and plethora of neurological disorders are associated with the diminished expression of one or more autophagic member leading to inhibition of autophagy. CONCLUSION Autophagy is a significant process for the removal of misfolded, abnormal, damaged protein aggregates and nonfunctional cell organelles in order to suppress neurodegeneration. Therefore, triggering autophagy could serve as an important therapeutic target to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani R Sainani
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Prajakta A Pansare
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Ketki Rode
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Vrushali Bhalchim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Rohit Doke
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Shivani Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
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162
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Dozio V, Daali Y, Desmeules J, Sanchez JC. Deep proteomics and phosphoproteomics reveal novel biological pathways perturbed by morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in human astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2020; 100:220-236. [PMID: 32954564 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance and hyperalgesia associated with chronic exposure to morphine are major limitations in the clinical management of chronic pain. At a cellular level, neuronal signaling can in part account for these undesired side effects, but unknown mechanisms mediated by central nervous system glial cells are likely also involved. Here we applied data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to perform a deep proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of how human astrocytes responds to opioid stimulation. We unveil time- and dose-dependent effects induced by morphine and its major active metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide that converging on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. We also find that especially longer exposure to M3G leads to significant dysregulation of biological pathways linked to extracellular matrix organization, antigen presentation, cell adhesion, and glutamate homeostasis, which are crucial for neuron- and leukocyte-astrocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Dozio
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Cares, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Cares, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
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163
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Nourbakhsh F, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Boosting the autophagy-lysosomal pathway by phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2360-2281. [PMID: 32894821 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells, which has basic pattern recognition for nutrient-dependent signal transduction. In Alzheimer's disease, the already declining autophagy-lysosomal function is exacerbated by an increased need for clearance of damaged proteins and organelles in aged cells. Recent evidence suggests that numerous diseases are linked to impaired autophagy upstream of lysosomes. In this way, a comprehensive survey on the pathophysiology of the disease seems necessary. Hence, in the first section of this review, we will discuss the ultimate findings in lysosomal signaling functions and how they affect cellular metabolism and trafficking under neurodegenerative conditions, specifically Alzheimer's disease. In the second section, we focus on how natural products and their derivatives are involved in the regulation of inflammation and lysosomal dysfunction pathways, including how these should be considered a crucial target for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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164
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Li W, Zhang S, Yang G. Dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1505. [PMID: 32865347 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles are membrane-bound and biochemically distinct compartments constructed to serve specialized functions in eukaryotic cells. Through extensive interactions, they form networks to coordinate and integrate their specialized functions for cell physiology. A fundamental property of these organelle networks is that they constantly undergo dynamic organization via membrane fusion and fission to remodel their internal connections and to mediate direct material exchange between compartments. The dynamic organization not only enables them to serve critical physiological functions adaptively but also differentiates them from many other biological networks such as gene regulatory networks and cell signaling networks. This review examines this fundamental property of the organelle networks from a systems point of view. The focus is exclusively on homotypic networks formed by mitochondria, lysosomes, endosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. First, key mechanisms that drive the dynamic organization of these networks are summarized. Then, several distinct organizational properties of these networks are highlighted. Next, spatial properties of the dynamic organization of these networks are emphasized, and their functional implications are examined. Finally, some representative molecular machineries that mediate the dynamic organization of these networks are surveyed. Overall, the dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks is emerging as a fundamental and unifying paradigm in the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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165
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Chen X, Geiger JD. Janus sword actions of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109706. [PMID: 32629149 PMCID: PMC7333634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been thrust into our everyday vernacular because some believe, based on very limited basic and clinical data, that they might be helpful in preventing and/or lessening the severity of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, lacking is a temperance in enthusiasm for their possible use as well as sufficient perspective on their effects and side-effects. CQ and HCQ have well-known properties of being diprotic weak bases that preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles (endolysosomes and Golgi apparatus) and neutralize luminal pH of acidic organelles. These primary actions of CQ and HCQ are responsible for their anti-malarial effects; malaria parasites rely on acidic digestive vacuoles for survival. Similarly, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi by CQ and HCQ may block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) integration into host cells because SARS-CoV-2 may require an acidic environment for its entry and for its ability to bud and infect bystander cells. Further, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi may underly the immunosuppressive effects of these two drugs. However, modern cell biology studies have shown clearly that de-acidification results in profound changes in the structure, function and cellular positioning of endolysosomes and Golgi, in signaling between these organelles and other subcellular organelles, and in fundamental cellular functions. Thus, studying the possible therapeutic effects of CQ and HCQ against COVID-19 must occur concurrent with studies of the extent to which these drugs affect organellar and cell biology. When comprehensively examined, a better understanding of the Janus sword actions of these and other drugs might yield better decisions and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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166
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Farfel-Becker T, Roney JC, Cheng XT, Li S, Cuddy SR, Sheng ZH. Neuronal Soma-Derived Degradative Lysosomes Are Continuously Delivered to Distal Axons to Maintain Local Degradation Capacity. Cell Rep 2020; 28:51-64.e4. [PMID: 31269450 PMCID: PMC6696943 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons face the challenge of maintaining cellular homeostasis through lysosomal degradation. While enzymatically active degradative lysosomes are enriched in the soma, their axonal trafficking and positioning and impact on axonal physiology remain elusive. Here, we characterized axon-targeted delivery of degradative lysosomes by applying fluorescent probes that selectively label active forms of lysosomal cathepsins D, B, L, and GCase. By time-lapse imaging of cortical neurons in microfluidic devices and standard dishes, we reveal that soma-derived degradative lysosomes rapidly influx into distal axons and target to autophagosomes and Parkinson disease-related α-synuclein cargos for local degradation. Impairing lysosome axonal delivery induces an aberrant accumulation of autophagosomes and α-synuclein cargos in distal axons. Our study demonstrates that the axon is an active compartment for local degradation and reveals fundamental aspects of axonal lysosomal delivery and maintenance. Our work establishes a foundation for investigations into axonal lysosome trafficking and functionality in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Sean R Cuddy
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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167
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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Petrov AM, Pikuleva IA. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin reduces retinal cholesterol in wild-type and Cyp27a1 -/- Cyp46a1 -/- mice with deficiency in the oxysterol production. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3220-3234. [PMID: 32698250 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is an FDA approved vehicle for drug delivery and an efficient cholesterol-lowering agent. HPCD was proposed to lower tissue cholesterol via multiple mechanisms including those mediated by oxysterols. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 are the major oxysterol-producing enzymes in the retina that convert cholesterol to 27- and 24-hydroxycholesterol, respectively. We investigated whether HPCD treatments affected the retina of wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice that do not produce the major retinal oxysterols. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HPCD administration was either by i.p., p.o. or s.c. Delivery to the retina was confirmed by angiography using the fluorescently labelled HPCD. Effects on the levels of retinal sterols, mRNA and proteins were evaluated by GC-MS, qRT-PCR and label-free approach, respectively. KEY RESULTS In both wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice, HPCD crossed the blood-retinal barrier when delivered i.p. and lowered the retinal cholesterol content when administered p.o. and s.c. In both genotypes, oral HPCD treatment affected the expression of cholesterol-related genes as well as the proteins involved in endocytosis, lysosomal function and lipid homeostasis. Mechanistically, liver X receptors and the altered expression of Lipe (hormone-sensitive lipase), Nceh1 (neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1) and NLTP (non-specific lipid-transfer protein) could mediate some of the HPCD effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HPCD treatment altered retinal cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential therapeutic approach for the reduction of drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits, cholesterol-rich lesions and hallmarks of age-related macular degeneration. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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168
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Zhang X, Li Q, Sun Y, Chen L, Wang J, Liang L. Chondroitin sulfate from sturgeon bone protects rat chondrocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage by maintaining cellular homeostasis through enhanced autophagy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2761-2768. [PMID: 32763392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that treatment with chondroitin sulfate from sturgeon bone (CSSB) promoted anti-apoptotic activity in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated chondrocytes and had a protective effect on mitochondria. It is known that cells can repair damaged mitochondria through autophagy, thus inhibiting the development of apoptosis. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that CSSB treatment may inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis via regulation of autophagy. We observed the mitochondrial morphology of chondrocytes treated with different doses of CSSB, and confirmed that CSSB did not affect cell activity or cause damage to mitochondria. When compared with H2O2 treatment alone, CSSB treatment increased the clearance and repair of damaged mitochondria and promoted fusion of damaged mitochondria and lysosomes. CSSB treatment also increased the number of autolysosomes. However, these events could be blocked in chondrocytes pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, resulting in a decreased level of autophagy and increased apoptosis. These results suggest that CSSB treatment helps maintain intracellular homeostasis and prevent injury in chondrocytes treated with H2O2 by increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China; Department of anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yingjiao Sun
- Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Lishuang Liang
- Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China.
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169
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Choi SI, Woo JH, Kim EK. Lysosomal dysfunction of corneal fibroblasts underlies the pathogenesis of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 and can be rescued by TFEB. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10343-10355. [PMID: 32667742 PMCID: PMC7521267 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is the most common form of transforming growth factor β‐induced (TGFBI) gene‐linked corneal dystrophy and is pathologically characterized by the corneal deposition of mutant‐TGFBIp. The defective autophagic degradation of pathogenic mutant‐TGFBIp has been shown in GCD2; however, its exact mechanisms are unknown. To address this, we investigated lysosomal functions using corneal fibroblasts. Levels of cathepsins K and L (CTSK and CTSL) were significantly decreased in GCD2 cells, but of cathepsins B and D (CTSB and CTSD) did not change. The maturation of the pro‐enzymes to their active forms (CTSB, CTSK and CTSL) was inhibited in GCD2 cells. CTSL enzymes directly degraded both LC3 (autophagosomes marker) and mutant‐TGFBIp. Exogenous CTSL expression dramatically reduced mutant‐TGFBIp in GCD2 cells, but not TGFBIp in WT cells. An increased lysosomal pH and clustered lysosomal perinuclear position were found in GCD2 cells. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) levels were significantly reduced in GCD2 cells, compared to WT. Notably, exogenous TFEB expression improved mutant‐TGFBIp clearance and lysosomal abnormalities in GCD2 cells. Taken together, lysosomal dysfunction in the corneal fibroblasts underlies the pathogenesis of GCD2, and TFEB has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Choi
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Woo
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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170
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Ni H, Xu S, Chen H, Dai Q. Nicotine Modulates CTSS (Cathepsin S) Synthesis and Secretion Through Regulating the Autophagy-Lysosomal Machinery in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2054-2069. [PMID: 32640907 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased CTSS (cathepsin S) has been reported to play a critical role in atherosclerosis progression. Both CTSS synthesis and secretion are essential for exerting its functions. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to CTSS synthesis and secretion in atherosclerosis remain unclear. Approach and Results: In this study, we showed that nicotine activated autophagy and upregulated CTSS expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in atherosclerotic plaques. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining showed that nicotine inhibited the mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) activity, promoted the nuclear translocation of TFEB (transcription factor EB), and upregulated the expression of CTSS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qualificative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and luciferase reporter assay further demonstrated that TFEB directly bound to the CTSS promoter. mTORC1 inhibition by nicotine or rapamycin promoted lysosomal exocytosis and CTSS secretion. Live cell assays and IP-MS (immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry) identified that the interactions involving Rab10 (Rab10, member RAS oncogene family) and mTORC1 control CTSS secretion. Nicotine promoted vascular smooth muscle cell migration by upregulating CTSS, and CTSS inhibition suppressed nicotine-induced atherosclerosis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that nicotine mediates CTSS synthesis and secretion through regulating the autophagy-lysosomal machinery, which offers a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaner Ni
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Hangwei Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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171
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Zhao Q, Gao SM, Wang MC. Molecular Mechanisms of Lysosome and Nucleus Communication. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:978-991. [PMID: 32624271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes transcend the role of degradation stations, acting as key nodes for interorganelle crosstalk and signal transduction. Lysosomes communicate with the nucleus through physical proximity and functional interaction. In response to external and internal stimuli, lysosomes actively adjust their distribution between peripheral and perinuclear regions and modulate lysosome-nucleus signaling pathways; in turn, the nucleus fine-tunes lysosomal biogenesis and functions through transcriptional controls. Changes in coordination between these two essential organelles are associated with metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. In this review, we address recent advances in lysosome-nucleus communication by multi-tiered regulatory mechanisms and discuss how these regulations couple metabolic inputs with organellar motility, cellular signaling, and transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shihong Max Gao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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172
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Banerjee S, Kane PM. Regulation of V-ATPase Activity and Organelle pH by Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Lipids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:510. [PMID: 32656214 PMCID: PMC7324685 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal pH and the distinctive distribution of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids are central identifying features of organelles in all eukaryotic cells that are also critical for organelle function. V-ATPases are conserved proton pumps that populate and acidify multiple organelles of the secretory and the endocytic pathway. Complete loss of V-ATPase activity causes embryonic lethality in higher animals and conditional lethality in yeast, while partial loss of V-ATPase function is associated with multiple disease states. On the other hand, many cancer cells increase their virulence by upregulating V-ATPase expression and activity. The pH of individual organelles is tightly controlled and essential for function, but the mechanisms for compartment-specific pH regulation are not completely understood. There is substantial evidence indicating that the PIP content of membranes influences organelle pH. We present recent evidence that PIPs interact directly with subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase to dictate localization of V-ATPase subpopulations and participate in their regulation. In yeast cells, which have only one set of organelle-specific V-ATPase subunit isoforms, the Golgi-enriched lipid PI(4)P binds to the cytosolic domain of the Golgi-enriched a-subunit isoform Stv1, and loss of PI(4)P binding results in mislocalization of Stv1-containing V-ATPases from the Golgi to the vacuole/lysosome. In contrast, levels of the vacuole/lysosome-enriched signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 affect assembly and activity of V-ATPases containing the Vph1 a-subunit isoform. Mutations in the Vph1 isoform that disrupt the lipid interaction increase sensitivity to stress. These studies have decoded “zip codes” for PIP lipids in the cytosolic N-terminal domain of the a-subunit isoforms of the yeast V-ATPase, and similar interactions between PIP lipids and the V-ATPase subunit isoforms are emerging in higher eukaryotes. In addition to direct effects on the V-ATPase, PIP lipids are also likely to affect organelle pH indirectly, through interactions with other membrane transporters. We discuss direct and indirect effects of PIP lipids on organelle pH, and the functional consequences of the interplay between PIP lipid content and organelle pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Patricia M Kane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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173
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Acidic Compartment Size, Positioning, and Function during Myogenesis and Their Modulation by the Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6404230. [PMID: 32685512 PMCID: PMC7322607 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6404230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and acidic compartments are involved in breaking down of macromolecules, membrane recycling, and regulation of signaling pathways. Here, we analyzed the role of acidic compartments during muscle differentiation and the involvement of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in lysosomal function during myogenesis. Acridine orange was used to localize and quantify acidic cellular compartments in primary cultures of embryonic muscle cells from Gallus gallus. Our results show an increase in acidic compartment size and area, as well as changes in their positioning during the initial steps of myogenesis. The inhibition of lysosomal function by either the chloroquine Lys05 or the downregulation of LAMP-2 with siRNA impaired chick myogenesis, by inhibiting myoblast fusion. Two activators of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, BIO and Wnt3a, were able to rescue the inhibitory effects of Lys05 in myogenesis. These results suggest a new role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the regulation of acidic compartment size, positioning, and function in muscle cells.
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174
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Nair SV, Narendradev ND, Nambiar RP, Kumar R, Srinivasula SM. Naturally occurring and tumor-associated variants of RNF167 promote lysosomal exocytosis and plasma membrane resealing. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239335. [PMID: 32409562 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal exocytosis and resealing of damaged plasma membrane are essential for cellular homeostasis and tumor invasion. However, very little is known of the molecular machinery that regulates these physiological processes. Moreover, no mutations in any of the known regulators of lysosomal exocytosis in primary tumors of patients have been characterized. Here we demonstrate that RNF167-a, a lysosomal-associated ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates lysosomal exocytosis by inducing perinuclear clustering of lysosomes. Importantly, we also characterized a set of novel natural mutations in RNF167-a, which are commonly found in diverse tumor types. We found that RNF167-a-K97N mutant, unlike the wild type, localizes in the cytoplasm and does not promote perinuclear lysosomal clustering. Furthermore, cells expressing RNF167-a-K97N exhibit dispersed lysosomes, increased exocytosis and enhanced plasma membrane repair. Interestingly, these functional features of RNF167-a-K97N were shared with a naturally occurring short version of RNF167 (isoform RNF167-b). In brief, the results presented here reveal a novel role of RNF167-a, as well as its natural variants RNF167-a-K97N and RNF167-b, as an upstream regulator of lysosomal exocytosis and plasma membrane resealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja V Nair
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Nikhil Dev Narendradev
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Rithwik P Nambiar
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivasa M Srinivasula
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
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Larramona-Arcas R, González-Arias C, Perea G, Gutiérrez A, Vitorica J, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL, Pascua-Maestro R, Ganfornina MD, Kara E, Hudry E, Martinez-Vicente M, Vila M, Galea E, Masgrau R. Sex-dependent calcium hyperactivity due to lysosomal-related dysfunction in astrocytes from APOE4 versus APOE3 gene targeted replacement mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:35. [PMID: 32517777 PMCID: PMC7285605 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene exists in three isoforms in humans: APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4. APOE4 causes structural and functional alterations in normal brains, and is the strongest genetic risk factor of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Research on APOE4 has mainly focused on the neuronal damage caused by defective cholesterol transport and exacerbated amyloid-β and Tau pathology. The impact of APOE4 on non-neuronal cell functions has been overlooked. Astrocytes, the main producers of ApoE in the healthy brain, are building blocks of neural circuits, and Ca2+ signaling is the basis of their excitability. Because APOE4 modifies membrane-lipid composition, and lipids regulate Ca2+ channels, we determined whether APOE4 dysregulates Ca2+signaling in astrocytes. METHODS Ca2+ signals were recorded in astrocytes in hippocampal slices from APOE3 and APOE4 gene targeted replacement male and female mice using Ca2+ imaging. Mechanistic analyses were performed in immortalized astrocytes. Ca2+ fluxes were examined with pharmacological tools and Ca2+ probes. APOE3 and APOE4 expression was manipulated with GFP-APOE vectors and APOE siRNA. Lipidomics of lysosomal and whole-membranes were also performed. RESULTS We found potentiation of ATP-elicited Ca2+responses in APOE4 versus APOE3 astrocytes in male, but not female, mice. The immortalized astrocytes modeled the male response, and showed that Ca2+ hyperactivity associated with APOE4 is caused by dysregulation of Ca2+ handling in lysosomal-enriched acidic stores, and is reversed by the expression of APOE3, but not of APOE4, pointing to loss of function due to APOE4 malfunction. Moreover, immortalized APOE4 astrocytes are refractory to control of Ca2+ fluxes by extracellular lipids, and present distinct lipid composition in lysosomal and plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS Immortalized APOE4 versus APOE3 astrocytes present: increased Ca2+ excitability due to lysosome dysregulation, altered membrane lipidomes and intracellular cholesterol distribution, and impaired modulation of Ca2+ responses upon changes in extracellular lipids. Ca2+ hyperactivity associated with APOE4 is found in astrocytes from male, but not female, targeted replacement mice. The study suggests that, independently of Aβ and Tau pathologies, altered astrocyte excitability might contribute to neural-circuit hyperactivity depending on APOE allele, sex and lipids, and supports lysosome-targeted therapies to rescue APOE4 phenotypes in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Larramona-Arcas
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Candela González-Arias
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de El Carmen, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de El Carmen, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Raquel Pascua-Maestro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 43007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 43007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
- Present Address: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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176
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Singhal A, Krystofiak ES, Jerome WG, Song B. 2-Hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin overcomes NPC1 deficiency by enhancing lysosome-ER association and autophagy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8663. [PMID: 32457374 PMCID: PMC7250861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in NPC1 and NPC2 genes that result in an accumulation of cholesterol in lysosomes. The majority of children with NPC die in adolescence. Currently, no FDA-approved therapies exist for NPC and the mechanisms of NPC disease are not fully understood. Our recent study and the reports from other laboratories showed that 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCD) alleviates cholesterol accumulation in NPC1-deficient cells in spite of its low binding affinity for cholesterol. In this study, we explored the cellular changes that are induced upon HPγCD treatment in NPC1 patient-derived fibroblasts. We show that HPγCD treatment increases lysosome-ER association and enhances autophagic activity. Our study indicates that HPγCD induces an activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal functions and autophagy. Lysosome-ER association could potentially function as conduits for cholesterol transport from lysosomes to the ER. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for autophagy in rescuing the cholesterol accumulation in NPC and other degenerative diseases. Collectively, our findings suggest that HPγCD restores cellular homeostasis in NPC1-deficient cells via enhancing lysosomal dynamics and functions. Understanding the mechanisms of HPγCD-induced cellular pathways could contribute to effective NPC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - W Gray Jerome
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
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177
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Birgisdottir ÅB, Johansen T. Autophagy and endocytosis – interconnections and interdependencies. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/10/jcs228114. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Autophagy and endocytosis are membrane-vesicle-based cellular pathways for degradation and recycling of intracellular and extracellular components, respectively. These pathways have a common endpoint at the lysosome, where their cargo is degraded. In addition, the two pathways intersect at different stages during vesicle formation, fusion and trafficking, and share parts of the molecular machinery. Accumulating evidence shows that autophagy is dependent upon endocytosis and vice versa. The emerging joint network of autophagy and endocytosis is of vital importance for cellular metabolism and signaling, and thus also highly relevant in disease settings. In this Review, we will discuss examples of how the autophagy machinery impacts on endocytosis and cell signaling, and highlight how endocytosis regulates the different steps in autophagy in mammalian cells. Finally, we will focus on the interplay of these pathways in the quality control of their common endpoint, the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa B. Birgisdottir
- The Heart and Lung Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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178
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Talreja J, Bauerfeld C, Sendler E, Pique-Regi R, Luca F, Samavati L. Derangement of Metabolic and Lysosomal Gene Profiles in Response to Dexamethasone Treatment in Sarcoidosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:779. [PMID: 32477331 PMCID: PMC7235403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a central role in modulation of inflammation in various diseases, including respiratory diseases such as sarcoidosis. Surprisingly, the specific anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on different myeloid cells especially in macrophages remain poorly understood. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that occurs worldwide and is characterized by granuloma formation in different organs. Alveolar macrophages play a role in sarcoidosis granuloma formation and progressive lung disease. The goal of the present study is to identify the effect of GCs on transcriptomic profiles and the cellular pathways in sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages and their corresponding blood myeloid cells. We determined and compared the whole transcriptional signatures of alveolar macrophages from sarcoidosis patients and blood CD14+ monocytes of the same subjects in response to in vitro treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) via RNA-sequencing. In response to DEX, we identified 2,834 genes that were differentially expressed in AM. Predominant pathways affected were as following: metabolic pathway (FDR = 4.1 × 10−10), lysosome (FDR = 6.3 × 10−9), phagosome (FDR = 3.9 × 10−5). The DEX effect on AMs is associated with metabolic derangements involving glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and lipid metabolisms. In contrast, the top impacted pathways in response to DEX treatment in blood CD14+ monocytes were as following; cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (FDR = 6 × 10−6) and transcriptional misregulation in cancer (FDR = 1 × 10−4). Pathways similarly affected in both cell types were genes involved in lysosomes, cytoskeleton and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. These data suggest that the different effects of DEX on AMs and peripheral blood monocytes are partly dictated by lineage specific transcriptional programs and their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Talreja
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Christian Bauerfeld
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Edward Sendler
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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179
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Song Q, Meng B, Xu H, Mao Z. The emerging roles of vacuolar-type ATPase-dependent Lysosomal acidification in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:17. [PMID: 32393395 PMCID: PMC7212675 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosomes digest extracellular material from the endocytic pathway and intracellular material from the autophagic pathway. This process is performed by the resident hydrolytic enzymes activated by the highly acidic pH within the lysosomal lumen. Lysosome pH gradients are mainly maintained by the vacuolar (H+) ATPase (or V-ATPase), which pumps protons into lysosomal lumen by consuming ATP. Dysfunction of V-ATPase affects lysosomal acidification, which disrupts the clearance of substrates and leads to many disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Main body As a large multi-subunit complex, the V-ATPase is composed of an integral membrane V0 domain involved in proton translocation and a peripheral V1 domain catalyzing ATP hydrolysis. The canonical functions of V-ATPase rely on its H+-pumping ability in multiple vesicle organelles to regulate endocytic traffic, protein processing and degradation, synaptic vesicle loading, and coupled transport. The other non-canonical effects of the V-ATPase that are not readily attributable to its proton-pumping activity include membrane fusion, pH sensing, amino-acid-induced activation of mTORC1, and scaffolding for protein-protein interaction. In response to various stimuli, V-ATPase complex can reversibly dissociate into V1 and V0 domains and thus close ATP-dependent proton transport. Dysregulation of pH and lysosomal dysfunction have been linked to many human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Conclusion V-ATPase complex is a universal proton pump and plays an important role in lysosome acidification in all types of cells. Since V-ATPase dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, further understanding the mechanisms that regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of V-ATPase will reveal molecular details of disease process and help assess V-ATPase or molecules related to its regulation as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haidong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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180
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Trivedi PC, Bartlett JJ, Pulinilkunnil T. Lysosomal Biology and Function: Modern View of Cellular Debris Bin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051131. [PMID: 32375321 PMCID: PMC7290337 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the main proteolytic compartments of mammalian cells comprising of a battery of hydrolases. Lysosomes dispose and recycle extracellular or intracellular macromolecules by fusing with endosomes or autophagosomes through specific waste clearance processes such as chaperone-mediated autophagy or microautophagy. The proteolytic end product is transported out of lysosomes via transporters or vesicular membrane trafficking. Recent studies have demonstrated lysosomes as a signaling node which sense, adapt and respond to changes in substrate metabolism to maintain cellular function. Lysosomal dysfunction not only influence pathways mediating membrane trafficking that culminate in the lysosome but also govern metabolic and signaling processes regulating protein sorting and targeting. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of lysosome in influencing sorting and nutrient signaling. We further present a mechanistic overview of intra-lysosomal processes, along with extra-lysosomal processes, governing lysosomal fusion and fission, exocytosis, positioning and membrane contact site formation. This review compiles existing knowledge in the field of lysosomal biology by describing various lysosomal events necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis facilitating development of therapies maintaining lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi C. Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(506)-636-6973
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181
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Underwood R, Wang B, Carico C, Whitaker RH, Placzek WJ, Yacoubian TA. The GTPase Rab27b regulates the release, autophagic clearance, and toxicity of α-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8005-8016. [PMID: 32350025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) is the primary component of proteinaceous aggregates termed Lewy bodies that pathologically define synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). αsyn is hypothesized to spread through the brain in a prion-like fashion by misfolded protein forming a template for aggregation of endogenous αsyn. The cell-to-cell release and uptake of αsyn are considered important processes for its prion-like spread. Rab27b is one of several GTPases essential to the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and is implicated in protein secretion and clearance, but its role in αsyn spread has yet to be characterized. In this study, we used a paracrine αsyn in vitro neuronal model to test the impact of Rab27b on αsyn release, clearance, and toxicity. shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of Rab27b increased αsyn-mediated paracrine toxicity. Rab27b reduced αsyn release primarily through nonexosomal pathways, but the αsyn released after Rab27b KD was of higher-molecular-weight species, as determined by size-exclusion chromatography. Rab27b KD increased intracellular levels of insoluble αsyn and led to an accumulation of endogenous light chain 3 (LC3)-positive puncta. Rab27b KD also decreased LC3 turnover after treatment with an autophagosome-lysosome fusion inhibitor, chloroquine, indicating that Rab27b KD induces a defect in autophagic flux. Rab27b protein levels were increased in brain lysates obtained from postmortem tissues of individuals with PD and DLB compared with healthy controls. These data indicate a role for Rab27b in the release, clearance, and toxicity of αsyn and, ultimately, in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Underwood
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christine Carico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert H Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William J Placzek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Talene A Yacoubian
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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182
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Petricca S, Flati V, Celenza G, Di Gregorio J, Lizzi AR, Luzi C, Cristiano L, Cinque B, Rossi G, Festuccia C, Iorio R. Tebuconazole and Econazole Act Synergistically in Mediating Mitochondrial Stress, Energy Imbalance, and Sequential Activation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Mouse Sertoli TM4 Cells: Possible Role of AMPK/ULK1 Axis. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:209-223. [PMID: 30698772 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tebuconazole and Econazole are triazole and imidazole fungicides currently used worldwide. Although their reproductive toxicity in mammals has been described, their effect on male reproductive systems has been poorly investigated. As humans may be exposed to different azole compounds simultaneously, the combinational in vitro toxicity of Tebuconazole and Econazole (MIX) in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells was investigated. This study demonstrates that Tebuconazole (40 µM) and Econazole (20 µM) act synergistically in mediating decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and changes in mitochondrial morphology. These events were associated with ATP depletion, cell cycle arrest, and sequential activation of autophagy and apoptosis. Remarkable differences on other parameters such as AMP/ATP ratio and adenylate energy charge were observed. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 leads to enhanced MIX-induced apoptosis suggesting an adaptive cytoprotective function for MIX-modulated autophagy. Finally, a possible role of AMPK/ULK1 axis in mediating adaptive signalling cascades in response to energy stress was hypothesized. Consistently, ULK1 Ser 555 phosphorylation occurred in response to AMPK (Thr 172) activation. In conclusion, Tebuconazole and Econazole combination, at concentrations relevant for dermal and clinical exposure, induces a severe mitochondrial stress in SCs. Consequently, a prolonged exposure may affect the ability of the cells to re-establish homeostasis and trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petricca
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianna Rossi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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183
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Lőrincz P, Juhász G. Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2462-2482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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184
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Qin Y, Ting F, Kim MJ, Strelnikov J, Harmon J, Gao F, Dose A, Teng BB, Alipour MA, Yao Z, Crooke R, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate Regulates Plasma Cholesterol Through LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor Lysosomal Degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1311-1324. [PMID: 32188273 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TMEM55B (transmembrane protein 55B) is a phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2) phosphatase that regulates cellular cholesterol, modulates LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) decay, and lysosome function. We tested the effects of Tmem55b knockdown on plasma lipids in mice and assessed the roles of LDLR lysosomal degradation and change in (PI[4,5]P2) in mediating these effects. Approach and Results: Western diet-fed C57BL/6J mice were treated with antisense oligonucleotides against Tmem55b or a nontargeting control for 3 to 4 weeks. Hepatic Tmem55b transcript and protein levels were reduced by ≈70%, and plasma non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol was increased ≈1.8-fold (P<0.0001). Immunoblot analysis of fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractions revealed enrichment of ApoE-containing particles in the LDL size range. In contrast, Tmem55b knockdown had no effect on plasma cholesterol in Ldlr-/- mice. In primary hepatocytes and liver tissues from Tmem55b knockdown mice, there was decreased LDLR protein. In the hepatocytes, there was increased lysosome staining and increased LDLR-lysosome colocalization. Impairment of lysosome function (incubation with NH4Cl or knockdown of the lysosomal proteins LAMP1 or RAB7) abolished the effect of TMEM55B knockdown on LDLR in HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells. Colocalization of the recycling endosome marker RAB11 (Ras-related protein 11) with LDLR in HepG2 cells was reduced by 50% upon TMEM55B knockdown. Finally, knockdown increased hepatic PI(4,5)P2 levels in vivo and in HepG2 cells, while TMEM55B overexpression in vitro decreased PI(4,5)P2. TMEM55B knockdown decreased, whereas overexpression increased, LDL uptake in HepG2 cells. Notably, the TMEM55B overexpression effect was reversed by incubation with PI(4,5)P2. Conclusions: These findings indicate a role for TMEM55B in regulating plasma cholesterol levels by affecting PI(4,5)P2-mediated LDLR lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Flora Ting
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Mee J Kim
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Jacob Strelnikov
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Joseph Harmon
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Andrea Dose
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (B.-B.T.)
| | - Mohsen Amir Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Marisa W Medina
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
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185
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Kuwahara T, Iwatsubo T. The Emerging Functions of LRRK2 and Rab GTPases in the Endolysosomal System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:227. [PMID: 32256311 PMCID: PMC7095371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the most common causative gene for autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson’s disease, encodes a large protein kinase harboring multiple characteristic domains. LRRK2 phosphorylates a set of Rab GTPases in cells, which is enhanced by the Parkinson-associated LRRK2 mutations. Accumulating evidence suggests that LRRK2 regulates intracellular vesicle trafficking and organelle maintenance including Golgi, endosomes and lysosomes. Furthermore, genetic knockout or inhibition of LRRK2 cause lysosomal abnormalities in rodents and primates, and cells from Parkinson’s patients with LRRK2 mutations also exhibit altered lysosome morphology. Cell biological studies on LRRK2 in a diverse cellular context further strengthen the potential connection between LRRK2 and regulation of the endolysosomal system, part of which is mediated by Rab phosphorylation by LRRK2. We will focus on the latest advances on the role of LRRK2 and Rab in relation to the endolysosomal system, and discuss the possible link to the pathomechanism of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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186
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Bhat OM, Yuan X, Camus S, Salloum FN, Li PL. Abnormal Lysosomal Positioning and Small Extracellular Vesicle Secretion in Arterial Stiffening and Calcification of Mice Lacking Mucolipin 1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1713. [PMID: 32138242 PMCID: PMC7084670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that arterial medial calcification is mediated by abnormal release of exosomes/small extracellular vesicles from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and that small extracellular vesicle (sEV) secretion from cells is associated with lysosome activity. The present study was designed to investigate whether lysosomal expression of mucolipin-1, a product of the mouse Mcoln1 gene, contributes to lysosomal positioning and sEV secretion, thereby leading to arterial medial calcification (AMC) and stiffening. In Mcoln1-/- mice, we found that a high dose of vitamin D (Vit D; 500,000 IU/kg/day) resulted in increased AMC compared to their wild-type littermates, which was accompanied by significant downregulation of SM22-α and upregulation of RUNX2 and osteopontin in the arterial media, indicating a phenotypic switch to osteogenic. It was also shown that significantly decreased co-localization of lysosome marker (Lamp-1) with lysosome coupling marker (Rab 7 and ALG-2) in the aortic wall of Mcoln1-/- mice as compared to their wild-type littermates. Besides, Mcoln1-/- mice showed significant increase in the expression of exosome/ sEV markers, CD63, and annexin-II (AnX2) in the arterial medial wall, accompanied by significantly reduced co-localization of lysosome marker (Lamp-1) with multivesicular body (MVB) marker (VPS16), suggesting a reduction of the lysosome-MVB interactions. In the plasma of Mcoln1-/- mice, the number of sEVs significantly increased as compared to the wild-type littermates. Functionally, pulse wave velocity (PWV), an arterial stiffening indicator, was found significantly increased in Mcoln1-/- mice, and Vit D treatment further enhanced such stiffening. All these data indicate that the Mcoln1 gene deletion in mice leads to abnormal lysosome positioning and increased sEV secretion, which may contribute to the arterial stiffness during the development of AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais M. Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (O.M.B.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (O.M.B.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Sarah Camus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (O.M.B.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Fadi N. Salloum
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA;
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (O.M.B.); (X.Y.); (S.C.)
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187
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030217. [PMID: 32131531 PMCID: PMC7150957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of nanoparticles in various fields have been addressed. Nanomaterials serve as carriers for transporting conventional drugs or proteins through lysosomes to various cellular targets. The basic function of lysosomes is to trigger degradation of proteins and lipids. Understanding of lysosomal functions is essential for enhancing the efficacy of nanoparticles-mediated therapy and reducing the malfunctions of cellular metabolism. The lysosomal function is modulated by the movement of ions through various ion channels. Thus, in this review, we have focused on the recruited ion channels for lysosomal function, to understand the lysosomal modulation through the nanoparticles and its applications. In the future, lysosomal channels-based targets will expand the therapeutic application of nanoparticles-associated drugs.
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188
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Carroll B. Spatial regulation of mTORC1 signalling: Beyond the Rag GTPases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:103-111. [PMID: 32122730 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic (or mammalian) Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. By integrating mitogenic signals, mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of substrates dictates the balance between anabolic, pro-growth and catabolic, recycling processes in the cell. The discovery that amino acids activate mTORC1 by promoting its translocation to the lysosome was a fundamental advance in the understanding of mTORC1 signalling. It has since become clear that the lysosome-cytoplasm shuttling of mTORC1 represents just one layer of spatial control of this signalling pathway. This review will focus on exploring the subcellular localisation of mTORC1 and its regulators to multiple sites within the cell. We will discuss how these spatially distinct regions such as endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and the endosomal pathway co-operate to transduce nutrient availability to mTORC1, allowing for tight control of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Carroll
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8, United Kingdom.
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189
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De Pasquale V, Costanzo M, Siciliano RA, Mazzeo MF, Pistorio V, Bianchi L, Marchese E, Ruoppolo M, Pavone LM, Caterino M. Proteomic Analysis of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB Mouse Brain. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030355. [PMID: 32111039 PMCID: PMC7175334 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB) is an inherited metabolic disease due to deficiency of α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme with subsequent storage of undegraded heparan sulfate (HS). The main clinical manifestations of the disease are profound intellectual disability and neurodegeneration. A label-free quantitative proteomic approach was applied to compare the proteome profile of brains from MPS IIIB and control mice to identify altered neuropathological pathways of MPS IIIB. Proteins were identified through a bottom up analysis and 130 were significantly under-represented and 74 over-represented in MPS IIIB mouse brains compared to wild type (WT). Multiple bioinformatic analyses allowed to identify three major clusters of the differentially abundant proteins: proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation, synaptic vesicle trafficking, and energy metabolism. The proteome profile of NAGLU-/- mouse brain could pave the way for further studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic targets for the MPS IIIB. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD017363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | | | | | - Valeria Pistorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.P.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, 80145 Naples, Italy;
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190
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Kyriakou K, W. Lederer C, Kleanthous M, Drousiotou A, Malekkou A. Acid Ceramidase Depletion Impairs Neuronal Survival and Induces Morphological Defects in Neurites Associated with Altered Gene Transcription and Sphingolipid Content. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1607. [PMID: 32111095 PMCID: PMC7084529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ASAH1 gene encodes acid ceramidase (AC), an enzyme that is implicated in the metabolism of ceramide (Cer). Mutations in the ASAH1 gene cause two different disorders, Farber disease (FD), a rare lysosomal storage disorder, and a rare form of spinal muscular atrophy combined with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (SMA-PME). In the absence of human in vitro neuronal disease models and to gain mechanistic insights into pathological effects of ASAH1 deficiency, we established and characterized a stable ASAH1 knockdown (ASAH1KD) SH-SY5Y cell line. ASAH1KD cells displayed reduced proliferation due to elevated apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest. Distribution of LAMP1-positive lysosomes towards the cell periphery and significantly shortened and less branched neurites upon differentiation, implicate AC for lysosome positioning and neuronal development, respectively. Lipidomic analysis revealed changes in the intracellular levels of distinct sphingolipid species, importantly without Cer accumulation, in line with altered gene transcription within the sphingolipid pathway. Additionally, the transcript levels for Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42), which are key regulators of axonal orientation, neurite branching and lysosome positioning were found to be dysregulated. This study shows the critical role of AC in neurons and suggests how AC depletion leads to defects seen in neuropathology of SMA-PME and FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalia Kyriakou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.K.); (C.W.L.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
- Biochemical Genetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W. Lederer
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.K.); (C.W.L.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
- Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.K.); (C.W.L.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
- Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anthi Drousiotou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.K.); (C.W.L.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
- Biochemical Genetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anna Malekkou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.K.); (C.W.L.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
- Biochemical Genetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
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191
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Podocyte Lysosome Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051559. [PMID: 32106480 PMCID: PMC7084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells covering the outer surface of glomerular capillaries in the kidney. Blood is filtered through the slit diaphragm of podocytes to form urine. The functional and structural integrity of podocytes is essential for the normal function of the kidney. As a membrane-bound organelle, lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of molecules via hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to its degradative properties, recent studies have revealed that lysosomes may serve as a platform mediating cellular signaling in different types of cells. In the last decade, increasing evidence has revealed that the normal function of the lysosome is important for the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis. Podocytes have no ability to proliferate under most pathological conditions; therefore, lysosome-dependent autophagic flux is critical for podocyte survival. In addition, new insights into the pathogenic role of lysosome and associated signaling in podocyte injury and chronic kidney disease have recently emerged. Targeting lysosomal functions or signaling pathways are considered potential therapeutic strategies for some chronic glomerular diseases. This review briefly summarizes current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal function and signaling mechanisms as well as the canonical and noncanonical roles of podocyte lysosome dysfunction in the development of chronic glomerular diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
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192
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Bodakuntla S, Schnitzler A, Villablanca C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Bieche I, Janke C, Magiera MM. Tubulin polyglutamylation is a general traffic-control mechanism in hippocampal neurons. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241802. [PMID: 31932508 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly complex cells that heavily rely on intracellular transport to distribute a range of functionally essential cargoes within the cell. Post-translational modifications of tubulin are emerging as mechanisms for regulating microtubule functions, but their impact on neuronal transport is only marginally understood. Here, we have systematically studied the impact of post-translational polyglutamylation on axonal transport. In cultured hippocampal neurons, deletion of a single deglutamylase, CCP1 (also known as AGTPBP1), is sufficient to induce abnormal accumulation of polyglutamylation, i.e. hyperglutamylation. We next investigated how hyperglutamylation affects axonal transport of a range of functionally different neuronal cargoes: mitochondria, lysosomes, LAMP1 endosomes and BDNF vesicles. Strikingly, we found a reduced motility for all these cargoes, suggesting that polyglutamylation could act as a regulator of cargo transport in neurons. This, together with the recent discovery that hyperglutamylation induces neurodegeneration, makes it likely that perturbed neuronal trafficking could be one of the central molecular causes underlying this novel type of degeneration.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne Schnitzler
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Genetics, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Genetics, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
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193
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Shi X, Yan N, Niu G, Sung SHP, Liu Z, Liu J, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Wang WX, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Tang BZ. In vivo monitoring of tissue regeneration using a ratiometric lysosomal AIE probe. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3152-3163. [PMID: 34122820 PMCID: PMC8157324 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a crucial self-renewal capability involving many complex biological processes. Although transgenic techniques and fluorescence immunohistochemical staining have promoted our understanding of tissue regeneration, simultaneous quantification and visualization of tissue regeneration processes is not easy to achieve. Herein, we developed a simple and quantitative method for the real-time and non-invasive observation of the process of tissue regeneration. The synthesized ratiometric aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) probe exhibits high selectivity and reversibility for pH responses, good ability to map lysosomal pH both in vitro and in vivo, good biocompatibility and excellent photostability. The caudal fin regeneration of a fish model (medaka larvae) was monitored by tracking the lysosomal pH change. It was found that the mean lysosomal pH is reduced during 24-48 hpa to promote the autophagic activity for cell debris degradation. Our research can quantify the changes in mean lysosomal pH and also exhibit its distribution during the caudal fin regeneration. We believe that the AIE-active lysosomal pH probe can also be potentially used for long-term tracking of various lysosome-involved biological processes, such as tracking the stress responses of tissue, tracking the inflammatory responses, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Shi
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Neng Yan
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Guangle Niu
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Simon H P Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Junkai Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H-Y Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institute Hong Kong China
- Centre for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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194
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Centrioles control the capacity, but not the specificity, of cytotoxic T cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4310-4319. [PMID: 32041868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913220117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological synapse formation between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the target cells they aim to destroy is accompanied by reorientation of the CTL centrosome to a position beneath the synaptic membrane. Centrosome polarization is thought to enhance the potency and specificity of killing by driving lytic granule fusion at the synapse and thereby the release of perforin and granzymes toward the target cell. To test this model, we employed a genetic strategy to delete centrioles, the core structural components of the centrosome. Centriole deletion altered microtubule architecture as expected but surprisingly had no effect on lytic granule polarization and directional secretion. Nevertheless, CTLs lacking centrioles did display substantially reduced killing potential, which was associated with defects in both lytic granule biogenesis and synaptic actin remodeling. These results reveal an unexpected role for the intact centrosome in controlling the capacity but not the specificity of cytotoxic killing.
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195
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Suzuki R, Gunarta IK, Boldbaatar J, Erdenebaatar P, Odongoo R, Yoshioka K. Functional role of c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP) in lysosome localization and autophagy. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:35-41. [PMID: 32023558 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are involved in many cellular functions, and in turn lysosomal dysfunction underlies a variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomes are distributed broadly in the cytoplasm and can move throughout the cell in kinesin- and dynein-dependent manners. Although many mechanisms of lysosomal transport have been reported, how lysosomal transport is regulated has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study we analyzed c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP), an adaptor of kinesin and dynein motor proteins, and found that lysosomes were localized toward the cell periphery in JLP knockdown cells, leading to the impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, we performed rescue experiments using wild-type JLP and its various deletion mutants. The results indicated that JLP may regulate lysosome localization and autophagy through interaction of JLP with kinesin-1 heavy chain, but not with dynactin p150Glued or lysosomal transmembrane protein 55b. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of lysosomal trafficking regulation. This study contributes to the understanding of how lysosomes exert their multiple functions, potentially leading to the identification of molecular targets for diseases caused by lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - I Ketut Gunarta
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jambaldorj Boldbaatar
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Purev Erdenebaatar
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ravdandorj Odongoo
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuji Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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196
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Fourriere L, Jimenez AJ, Perez F, Boncompain G. The role of microtubules in secretory protein transport. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/2/jcs237016. [PMID: 31996399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are part of the dynamic cytoskeleton network and composed of tubulin dimers. They are the main tracks used in cells to organize organelle positioning and trafficking of cargos. In this Review, we compile recent findings on the involvement of microtubules in anterograde protein transport. First, we highlight the importance of microtubules in organelle positioning. Second, we discuss the involvement of microtubules within different trafficking steps, in particular between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex, traffic through the Golgi complex itself and in post-Golgi processes. A large number of studies have assessed the involvement of microtubules in transport of cargo from the Golgi complex to the cell surface. We focus here on the role of kinesin motor proteins and protein interactions in post-Golgi transport, as well as the impact of tubulin post-translational modifications. Last, in light of recent findings, we highlight the role microtubules have in exocytosis, the final step of secretory protein transport, occurring close to focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fourriere
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ana Joaquina Jimenez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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197
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Su YT, Cheng YP, Zhang X, Xie XP, Chang YM, Bao JX. Acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide mediates structural remodeling of cerebral artery and small mesenteric artery in simulated weightless rats. Life Sci 2020; 243:117253. [PMID: 31927048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Weightlessness exposure conduces to substantial vascular remodeling, mechanisms behind which remain unclear. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) catalyzed ceramide (Cer) generation accounts for multiple vascular disorders, so the role of it in adjustment of cerebral artery (CA) and small mesenteric artery (MA) was investigated in simulated weightless rats. MAIN METHODS Rats were hindlimb unloaded tail suspended (HU) to simulate the effect of weightlessness. Arterial morphology was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Cer abundance was measured by immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to detect protein content. Apoptosis was detected by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. KEY FINDINGS During 4 weeks of tail suspension, intima-media thickness (IMT) and media cross section area (CSA) were increased gradually in CA but decreased gradually in MA (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells were reduced and enhanced respectively in CA (P < 0.05), while promoted and restrained in MA (P < 0.05). As compared to control, both ASM protein expression and Cer content were lowered in CA and elevated in MA of HU rats (P < 0.05). Permeable Cer incubation reversed the change of apoptosis and proliferation in CA of HU rats, while ASM inhibition recapitulated it in control rats. On the contrary, ASM inhibitors restored the alteration of apoptosis and proliferation in MA of HU. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that by controlling the balance between apoptosis and proliferation, ASM/Cer exerts an important role in structural adaptation of CA and MA to simulated weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Su
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yao-Ping Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xie
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Jun-Xiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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198
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Fang H, Yao S, Chen Q, Liu C, Cai Y, Geng S, Bai Y, Tian Z, Zacharias AL, Takebe T, Chen Y, Guo Z, He W, Diao J. De Novo-Designed Near-Infrared Nanoaggregates for Super-Resolution Monitoring of Lysosomes in Cells, in Whole Organoids, and in Vivo. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14426-14436. [PMID: 31799834 PMCID: PMC7255917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the cleaners of cells, lysosomes play an important role in circulating organic matter within cells, recovering damaged organelles, and removing waste via endocytosis. Because lysosome dysfunction is associated with various diseases-lysosomal storage diseases, inherited diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and even shock-it is vital to monitor the movement of lysosomes in cells and in vivo. To that purpose, a method of optical imaging, super-resolution imaging technology (e.g., SIM and STORM), can overcome the limitations of traditional optical imaging and afford a range of possibilities for fluorescence imaging. However, the short wavelength excitation and easy photobleaching of super-resolution fluorescence probes somewhat problematize super-resolution imaging. As described herein, we designed a low-toxicity, photostable, near-infrared small molecule fluorescence probe HD-Br for use in the super-resolution imaging of lysosomes. The interaction of lysosomes and mitochondria was dynamically traced while using the probe's properties to label the lysosomes. Because the probe has the optimal near-infrared excitation and emission wavelengths, liver organoid 3D imaging and Caenorhabditis elegans imaging were also performed. Altogether, our findings indicate valuable approaches and techniques for super-resolution 3D and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Shankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
| | - Shanshan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Amanda L. Zacharias
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 (Japan)
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
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199
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Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are fat storage organelles integral to energy homeostasis and a wide range of cellular processes. LDs physically and functionally interact with many partner organelles, including the ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Recent findings suggest that the dynamics of LD inter-organelle contacts is in part controlled by LD intracellular motility. LDs can be transported directly by motor proteins along either actin filaments or microtubules, via Kinesin-1, Cytoplasmic Dynein, and type V Myosins. LDs can also be propelled indirectly, by hitchhiking on other organelles, cytoplasmic flows, and potentially actin polymerization. Although the anchors that attach motors to LDs remain elusive, other regulators of LD motility have been identified, ranging from modification of the tracks to motor co-factors to members of the perilipin family of LD proteins. Manipulating these regulatory pathways provides a tool to probe whether altered motility affects organelle contacts and has revealed that LD motility can promote interactions with numerous partners, with profound consequences for metabolism. LD motility can cause dramatic redistribution of LDs between a clustered and a dispersed state, resulting in altered organelle contacts and LD turnover. We propose that LD motility can thus promote switches in the metabolic state of a cell. Finally, LD motility is also important for LD allocation during cell division. In a number of animal embryos, uneven allocation results in a large difference in LD content in distinct daughter cells, suggesting cell-type specific LD needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Kilwein
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - M A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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200
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Kraut RS, Knust E. Changes in endolysosomal organization define a pre-degenerative state in the crumbs mutant Drosophila retina. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220220. [PMID: 31834921 PMCID: PMC6910688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epithelial polarity gene crumbs (crb) lead to retinal degeneration in Drosophila and in humans. The overall morphology of the retina and its deterioration in Drosophila crb mutants has been well-characterized, but the cell biological origin of the degeneration is not well understood. Degenerative conditions in the retina and elsewhere in the nervous system often involve defects in degradative intracellular trafficking pathways. So far, however, effects of crb on the endolysosomal system, or on the spatial organization of these compartments in photoreceptor cells have not been described. We therefore asked whether photoreceptors in crb mutants exhibit alterations in endolysosomal compartments under pre-degenerative conditions, where the retina is still morphologically intact. Data presented here show that, already well before the onset of degeneration, Arl8, Rab7, and Atg8-carrying endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments undergo changes in morphology and positioning with respect to each other in crb mutant retinas. We propose that these changes may be early signs of the degeneration-prone condition in crb retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Kraut
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
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