Dietary fats as regulators of neutrophil plasticity: an update on molecular mechanisms

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Contemporary guidelines for the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases focus on the control of dietary fat intake, because of their adverse metabolic effects. Moreover, fats alter innate immune defenses, by eliciting pro-inflammatory epigenetic mechanisms on the long-living hematopoietic cell progenitors which, in the bone marrow, mainly give rise to short-living neutrophils. Nevertheless, the heterogenicity of fats and the complexity of the biology of neutrophils pose challenges in the understanding on how this class of nutrients could contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases via specific molecular mechanisms activating the inflammatory response.

RECENT FINDINGS

The knowledge on the biology of neutrophils is expanding and there are now different cellular networks orchestrating site-specific reprogramming of these cells to optimize the responses against pathogens. The innate immune competence of neutrophil is altered in response to high fat diet and contributes to the development of metabolic alterations, although the precise mechanisms are still poorly understood.

SUMMARY

Defining the different molecular mechanisms involved in the fat-neutrophil crosstalk will help to reconcile the sparse data about the interaction of dietary fats with neutrophils and to tailor strategies to target neutrophils in the context of cardio-metabolic diseases.

HMGA2-mediated glutamine metabolism is required for Cd-induced cell growth and cell migration

Cadmium (Cd) exposure significantly increases the risk of lung cancer. The demand for glutamine is increasing in cancers, including lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of glutamine metabolism in Cd-induced cell growth and migration. Firstly, we found that 2 μM Cd-treatment up-regulated the expression of ASCT2 (alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2) and ASNS (asparagine synthetase) while downregulating mitochondrial glutaminase GLS1 in A549 cells. The same results were obtained in male BALB/c mice treated with 0.5 and 1 mg Cd/kg body weight. Subsequently, both glutamine deprivation and transfection with siASCT2 revealed that glutamine played a role in Cd-induced cell growth and migration. Furthermore, using 4-PBA (5 mM), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Tm (0.1 μg/ml), an inducer of ER stress, siHMGA2, and over-expressing HMGA2 plasmids we demonstrated that ER stress/HMGA2 axis was involved in inducing ASCT2 and ASNS, while inhibiting GLS1. Additionally, the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay using an HMGA2 antibody revealed the direct binding of the HMGA2 to the promoter sequences of the ASCT2, ASNS, and GLS1 genes. Finally, dual luciferase reporter assay determined that HMGA2 increased the transcription of ASCT2 and ASNS while inhibiting the transcription of GLS1. Overall, we found that ER stress-induced HMGA2 controls glutamine metabolism by transcriptional regulation of ASCT2, ASNS and GLS1 to accelerate cell growth and migration during exposure to Cd at low concentrations. This study innovatively revealed the mechanism of Cd-induced cell growth which offers a fresh perspective on preventing Cd toxicity through glutamine metabolism.

Micronutrient Deficiencies in Older Adults in Latin America: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

The population in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) has experienced a major demographic transition with increased numbers of older adults (OA). This change brings opportunities in the public health sector to implement health prevention interventions and delay the onset of geriatric syndromes. Micronutrients play an important role in the maintenance of biological function which contributes to longevity. Micronutrient deficiencies (MD) in OA increase the risk for onset of chronic comorbidities and geriatric syndromes.

AIM

To review and summarize the existing data on micronutrient status in OA in the LAC region and discuss the gaps and challenges in public health approaches to address deficiencies.

METHODS

Literature review in Medline for records describing nutritional biomarkers in older adults (≥ 60y) from community dwelling and population-based studies in LAC.

RESULTS

Few countries (including Chile, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Mexico) have documented one or more nutritional deficiencies for OA in national health surveys, however across the entire region, evidence of micronutrient levels is scarce. Some surveys have documented a high prevalence and large heterogeneity in the prevalence of vitamin D followed by B12 deficiency, being the 2 MDs most studied due their effects on cognition, frailty, and bone mineral density in the OA population. Other MD including C, E, A, copper, zinc, iron, and selenium have also been reported.

CONCLUSION

Information on the micronutrient status in OA from LAC is poorly documented. Research and capacity building initiatives in the region are crucial to develop tailored strategies that address the specific nutritional needs and challenges faced by the ageing population in Latin America.

Selenoprotein P increases upon selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation and is associated with telomere length, quality of life and reduced inflammation and mortality

BACKGROUND

Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) transports selenium to extrahepatic tissues and is a biomarker of selenium status. Low soil selenium leads to low dietary selenium intake. A consequence is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate clinical aspects associated with SELENOP deficiency, including biomarkers of inflammation, quality of life, and mortality within 12 years, and the effect of dietary selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on SELENOP.

METHODS

SELENOP was determined at inclusion and after four years of supplementation in 403 elderly community-living participants low in selenium receiving selenium yeast (200 μg/day) and coenzyme Q10 (200 mg/day), or placebo. Pre-intervention, the average serum selenium level was 67 μg/L. T-tests, repeated measures of variance, Cox proportional regressions analyses, Kaplan-Meier graphs and ANCOVA analyses were applied. Associations with biomarkers of inflammation, telomere length, quality of life and mortality were investigated. Benchmark modelling was used to determine the serum selenium concentration at which the saturation levels of SELENOP and GPx3 was achieved. Comparison with GPx3 and serum selenium to identify increased mortality risk was performed, and the effect of supplementation on SELENOP levels were evaluated.

RESULTS

Inverse associations were observed between the level of SELENOP at inclusion and biomarkers for inflammation. At follow-up, shorter telomere lengths were seen in those with low levels of SELENOP at inclusion, whereas high levels of SELENOP were associated with better quality of life and decreased mortality. SELENOP had increased prognostic power compared to GPx3 and selenium. Saturation of SELENOP was achieved at a serum selenium level of 146 μg/L, and for GPx3 at 99 μg/L. Supplementation induced higher levels of SELENOP.

CONCLUSION

Significant associations between SELENOP and inflammation, length of telomeres, quality of life, and mortality were observed. Thus, selenium supplementation improved SELENOP expression, thereby facilitating systemic selenium bioavailability and resulting in the observed positive health effects.

The developmental pattern related to fatty acid uptake and oxidation in the yolk sac membrane and jejunum during embryogenesis in Muscovy duck

This study aimed to investigate the developmental change of body growth and gene expression related to fatty acid uptake and oxidation in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and jejunum during embryogenesis in Muscovy ducks. The weights of embryos and yolk sac (YS) (5 embryos per replicate, n = 6) were recorded on embryonic days (E)16, E19, E22, E25, E28, E31, and the day of hatch (DOH). The fat and fatty acid contents in YSM, jejunal histology, and gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism in YSM and jejunum were determined in each sampling time. Among the nonlinear models, the maximum growth is estimated at 2.83 (E22.5), 2.67 (E22.1), and 2.60 (E21.3) g/d using logistic, Gompertz, and Von Bertalanffy models, respectively. The weight of YS, and ether extract-free YS as well as the amounts of fat and fatty acids in YS decreased (P < 0.05) linearly, whereas the villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth, and musculature thickness in jejunum increased (P < 0.05) linearly during embryogenesis. The mRNA expression of CD36, SLC27A4, and FABP1 related to fatty acid uptake as well as the mRNA and protein expressions of PPARα and CPT1 related to fatty acid oxidation increased in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) in both YS and jejunum, and the maximum values were achieved during E25 to E28. In conclusion, the maximum growth rate of Muscovy duck embryos was estimated at 2.60 to 2.83 g/d on E21.3 to E23.5, while the accumulations of lipid and fatty acid in YS were decreased in association with the increased absorptive area of morphological structures in jejunum. The gene and protein expression involved in fatty acid metabolism displayed a similar enhancement pattern between YSM and jejunum during E25 to E28, suggesting that fatty acid utilization could be strengthened to meet the energy demand for embryonic development.

Mechanistic perspective on the actions of vitamin a in autism spectrum disorder etiology

Vitamin A (VA) has many functions in the body, some of which are key for the development and functioning of the nervous system, while some others might indirectly influence neural function. Both hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis A can lead to clinical manifestations of concern for individuals and for general global health. Scientific evidence on the link between VA and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing, with some clinical studies and accumulating results obtained from basic research using cellular and animal models. Remarkably, it has been shown that VA deficiency can exacerbate autistic symptomatology. In turn, VA supplementation has been shown to be able to improve autistic symptomatology in selected groups of individuals with ASD. However, it is important to recognize that ASD is a highly heterogeneous condition. Therefore, it is important to clarify how and when VA supplementation can be of benefit for affected individuals. Here we delve into the relationship between VA and ASD, discussing clinical observations and mechanistic insights obtained from research on selected autistic syndromes and laboratory models to advance in defining how the VA signaling pathway can be exploited for treatment of ASD.

Biosynthesis of vitamin B3 and NAD+: incubating HepG2 cells with the alkaloid myosmine

BACKGROUND

In the kynurenine pathway, it is reported that the essential amino acid tryptophan forms nicotinic acid (NA, vitamin B3) in biological systems. This pathway is part of the de novo pathway to perform nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. Additionally, biosynthesis of NAD+ via the Preiss-Handler pathway involves NA and its analogue nicotinamide, both designated as niacin. Previous attempts were successful in converting myosmine (MYO) by organic synthesis to NA, and the assumption was that the alkaloid MYO, which is taken in from food, can be converted into NA by biological oxidation.

RESULT

Incubation of HepG2 cells with MYO yielded NA. Moreover, a significant increase of NAD+ compared with the control has been found.

CONCLUSION

Hence, MYO could be assumed to be the hitherto unknown origin of an alternative NA biosynthesis additionally influencing NAD+ biosynthesis positively. This novel MYO pathway may open new perspectives to improve knowledge and relevance of NA and NAD+ biosynthesis and bioactivation in cells and, moreover, in food staples, food, and diet. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Crystal structure of the iron-sulfur cluster transfer protein ApbC from Escherichia coli

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous and are necessary to sustain basic life processes. The intracellular Fe-S clusters do not form spontaneously and many proteins are required for their biosynthesis and delivery. The bacterial P-loop NTPase family protein ApbC participates in Fe-S cluster assembly and transfers the cluster into apoproteins, with the Walker A motif and CxxC motif being essential for functionality of ApbC in Fe-S protein biogenesis. However, the structural basis underlying the ApbC activity and the motifs' role remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of Escherichia coli ApbC at 2.8 Å resolution. The dimeric structure is in a W shape and the active site is located in the 2-fold center. The function of the motifs can be annotated by structural analyses. ApbC has an additional N-terminal domain that differs from other P-loop NTPases, possibly conferring its inherent specificity in vivo.

Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates and lipids integrate into a complex metabolic network that is essential to maintain homeostasis. In insects, as in most metazoans, dietary carbohydrates are taken up as monosaccharides whose excess is toxic, even at relatively low concentrations. To cope with this toxicity, monosaccharides are stored either as glycogen or neutral lipids, the latter constituting a quasi-unlimited energy store. Breakdown of these stores in response to energy demand depends on insect species and on several physiological parameters. In this chapter, we review the multiple metabolic pathways and strategies linking carbohydrates and lipids that insects utilize to respond to nutrient availability, food scarcity or physiological activities.

Potentially toxic metals in Northeast Ethiopian agricultural soils: implications for Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) production and human health

Exposure to heavy metal-contaminated vegetables, irrigation water and agricultural soil is one of the most challenging environmental issues worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the health effects of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) including Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Co from agricultural soil, irrigation water, and tomato plants collected from the Abuarie irrigation site, Northeast Ethiopia. The samples were digested using acid digestion method, and its concentration was quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The concentrations of PTMs in the soil, tomato, and irrigation water samples ranged from 49,020 ± 275 (Fe) to 11.85 ± 0.44 (Cd), 170 ± 1.98 (Fe) to 0.29 ± 0.006 (Cd) mg kg-1, and 0.24 ± 0.003 (Fe) to 0.025 ± 0.005 (Ni) mg L-1 , respectively. The results revealed Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr in soil, all metals in tomato, and Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb in irrigation water sample were above the World Health Organization threshold values. Moreover, the separate and cumulative exposure to farm soil, irrigation water, and consumption of tomato were investigated using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values, respectively. The results revealed that individual exposure to each sample type did not have a significant impact on health (HQ < 1). However, simultaneous exposure to all of the sample types (soil, tomato and irrigation water) at the same time had a high likelihood of affecting health (HI > 1). The total carcinogenic concentrations of Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were greater than 1 × 10-4, revealing that farmers have a high probability of developing cancer during their lifetime. Minimizing simultaneous exposure to soil, tomato, and irrigated water for local people is highly recommended to prevent the risk of PTMs.

Ceramide microdomains: the major influencers of the sphingolipid media platform

Like 'influencers' who achieve fame and power through social media, ceramides are low abundance members of communication platforms that have a mighty impact on their surroundings. Ceramide microdomains form within sphingolipid-laden lipid rafts that confer detergent resistance to cell membranes and serve as important signaling hubs. In cells exposed to excessive amounts of saturated fatty acids (e.g. in obesity), the abundance of ceramide-rich microdomains within these rafts increases, leading to concomitant alterations in cellular metabolism and survival that contribute to cardiometabolic disease. In this mini-review, we discuss the evidence supporting the formation of these ceramide microdomains and describe the spectrum of harmful ceramide-driven metabolic actions under the context of an evolutionary theory. Moreover, we discuss the proximal 'followers' of these ceramide media stars that account for the diverse intracellular actions that allow them to influence obesity-linked disease.

Gut microbiota metabolically mediate intestinal helminth infection in zebrafish

Intestinal helminth parasite (IHP) infection induces alterations in the composition of microbial communities across vertebrates, although how gut microbiota may facilitate or hinder parasite infection remains poorly defined. In this work, we utilized a zebrafish model to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota, gut metabolites, and IHP infection. We found that extreme disparity in zebrafish parasite infection burden is linked to the composition of the gut microbiome and that changes in the gut microbiome are associated with variation in a class of endogenously produced signaling compounds, N-acylethanolamines, that are known to be involved in parasite infection. Using a statistical mediation analysis, we uncovered a set of gut microbes whose relative abundance explains the association between gut metabolites and infection outcomes. Experimental investigation of one of the compounds in this analysis reveals salicylaldehyde, which is putatively produced by the gut microbe Pelomonas, as a potent anthelmintic with activity against Pseudocapillaria tomentosa egg hatching, both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of the gut microbiome as a mediating agent in parasitic infection and highlight specific gut metabolites as tools for the advancement of novel therapeutic interventions against IHP infection.

IMPORTANCE

Intestinal helminth parasites (IHPs) impact human health globally and interfere with animal health and agricultural productivity. While anthelmintics are critical to controlling parasite infections, their efficacy is increasingly compromised by drug resistance. Recent investigations suggest the gut microbiome might mediate helminth infection dynamics. So, identifying how gut microbes interact with parasites could yield new therapeutic targets for infection prevention and management. We conducted a study using a zebrafish model of parasitic infection to identify routes by which gut microbes might impact helminth infection outcomes. Our research linked the gut microbiome to both parasite infection and to metabolites in the gut to understand how microbes could alter parasite infection. We identified a metabolite in the gut, salicylaldehyde, that is putatively produced by a gut microbe and that inhibits parasitic egg growth. Our results also point to a class of compounds, N-acyl-ethanolamines, which are affected by changes in the gut microbiome and are linked to parasite infection. Collectively, our results indicate the gut microbiome may be a source of novel anthelmintics that can be harnessed to control IHPs.

Intergenerational association of DNA methylation between parents and offspring

Early patterning of DNA methylation (DNAm) may play an important role in later disease development. To better understand intergenerational epigenetic inheritance, we investigated the correlation between DNAm in blood in mother-newborn and in father-newborn pairs in the Isle of Wight (IoW) birth cohort. For parent-newborn pairs (n = 48), offspring DNAm was measured in cord blood and the parent's DNAm in whole blood. Mothers' DNAm was analyzed at birth (Guthrie card), age 18, early and late pregnancy respectively, and fathers' DNAm was measured during the mother's pregnancy. Linear regressions were applied to assess the intergenerational correlation of parental DNAm with that of offspring. Among various pairs of mother-newborn and father-newborn DNAm, the pairs where the mothers' DNAm was measured at age 18 years exhibited the highest number of CpGs with significant intergenerational correlation in DNAm, with 1829 CpGs (0.54%) of the 338,526 CpGs studied (FDR < 0.05). Amongst these 1829 CpGs, 986 (54%) are known quantitative trait loci (QTL) for CpG methylation (methQTL). When the mother's DNAm was assessed at early pregnancy, the number of CpGs showing intergenerational correlation was the smallest (384 CpGs, 0.11%). The second smallest number of such CpGs (559 CpGs, 0.17%) was found when investigating DNAm in offspring cord blood and father pairs. The low proportions of intergenerationally correlated CpGs suggest that epigenetic inheritance is limited.

Development and Evaluation of Reconstructed Nanovesicles from Turmeric for Multifaceted Obesity Intervention

The escalating prevalence of obesity poses significant health challenges due to its direct association with various diseases. Most existing medications, such as appetite suppressants and fat absorption inhibitors, suffer from limited effectiveness and undesirable side effects. Here, inspired by the versatile metabolic effects of turmeric, we developed a naturally derived nanoformulation of "Reconstructed Turmeric-derived Nanovesicles (Rec-tNVs)" for obesity treatment. Employing quantitative nanoflow cytometry, a four-orders-of-magnitude increase in curcumin content (∼108 molecules per particle) was identified in individual Rec-tNVs compared to their ultracentrifugation-isolated counterparts. Rec-tNVs, featuring highly aggregated curcumin arrangements and other coencapsulated bioactive compounds, demonstrated a dose-dependent lipid-lowering effect in mature 3T3-L1 cells by promoting lipolysis, suppressing lipogenesis, inducing adipocyte browning, and triggering apoptosis after internalization via multiple pathways. In vivo experiments revealed that Rec-tNVs alleviated obesity more effectively than free curcumin and achieved weight reductions of 18.68 and 14.56% through intragastric and subcutaneous delivery, respectively, in high-fat-diet mouse models over a four-week treatment period. These effects were attributed to targeted actions on adipose tissues and systemic impacts on metabolism and gut microbiota composition. Overall, this study underscores the multifaceted antiobesity efficacy of Rec-tNVs, and offers a promising paradigm for developing plant-derived nanovesicle-based therapeutics.

White adipose tissue remodeling in Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) with white-nose syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal wildlife disease of bats that has caused precipitous declines in certain Nearctic bat species. A key driver of mortality is premature exhaustion of fat reserves, primarily white adipose tissue (WAT), that bats rely on to meet their metabolic needs during winter. However, the pathophysiological and metabolic effects of WNS have remained ill-defined. To elucidate metabolic mechanisms associated with WNS mortality, we infected a WNS susceptible species, the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), with Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) and collected WAT biopsies for histology and targeted lipidomics. These results were compared to the WNS-resistant Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus). A similar distribution in broad lipid class was observed in both species, with total WAT primarily consisting of triacylglycerides. Baseline differences in WAT chemical composition between species showed that higher glycerophospholipids (GPs) levels in E. fuscus were dominated by unsaturated or monounsaturated moieties and n-6 (18:2, 20:2, 20:3, 20:4) fatty acids. Conversely, higher GP levels in M. lucifugus WAT were primarily compounds containing n-3 (20:5 and 22:5) fatty acids. Following Pd-infection, we found that perturbation to WAT reserves occurs in M. lucifugus, but not in the resistant E. fuscus. A total of 66 GPs (primarily glycerophosphocholines and glycerophosphoethanolamines) were higher in Pd-infected M. lucifugus, indicating perturbation to the WAT structural component. In addition to changes in lipid chemistry, smaller adipocyte sizes and increased extracellular matrix deposition was observed in Pd-infected M. lucifugus. This is the first study to describe WAT GP composition of bats with different susceptibilities to WNS and highlights that recovery from WNS may require repair from adipose remodeling in addition to replenishing depot fat during spring emergence.

Regulatory effect of β-glucan secreted by Rhizobium pusense on triglyceride metabolism and their relationships with the modulation of intestinal microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet

The present study investigated the regulatory effects of β-glucan secreted by Rhizobium pusense (RPG) on triglyceride metabolism and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. The results indicated that supplementation with RPG significantly reduced body weight gain, blood glucose levels, and the tissue index of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Conversely, it increased the tissue index of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Furthermore, RPG supplementation effectively decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum. Regarding its influence on the triglyceride (TG) mechanism, RPG decreased TG levels in both serum and liver, while elevating TG levels in feces. Moreover, it moderated the composition of gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet, particularly altering functionally relevant intestinal microbial phylotypes, leading to enhanced levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces. Additionally, RPG treatment regulated the mRNA and protein levels of genes responsible for TG metabolism in the AMPK pathway, indicating an impact on TG synthesis and excretion in the liver. Pearson's correlation network analysis demonstrated strong correlations between key microbial phylotypes responsive to RPG intervention and parameters associated with TG metabolic disorders. SCFA levels were also found to correlate with the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in TG metabolism. Finally, lipidomics analyses were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of RPG intervention (glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway) and to identify potential lipid biomarkers, such as TG (18:2/20:4/22:6), TG (18:1/20:4/22:6), TG (20:1/18:1/22:4), PC (17:0/20:4), TG (18:1/20:4/22:5), PC (22:4/22:6), PC (20:0/22:6), PC (20:0e/20:4), DG (18:3e/18:2), DG (10:0/18:2), DG (18:2/14:2), TG (10:0/18:2/20:4), TG (16:1/14:3/18:2) and TG (16:0/14:2/22:6). Overall, our results suggest that RPG could activate the hepatic AMPK signaling pathway by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites through gut-liver crosstalk to exert a lipid-lowering effect in mice fed a high-fat diet and improve obesity.

Advances and challenges in serine in the central nervous system: physicochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology

Neurological disorders are the primary cause of human disability and mortality globally, however, current medications slightly alleviate some symptoms of degenerative diseases. Serine is an important amino acid for the brain function and involved in a variety of biosynthetic pathways and signal transduction processes. The imbalance of serine metabolism is associated with neurodegeneration, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Altered activities of serine metabolizing enzymes and accumulation of serine metabolites affect the survival and function of nerve cells. Abnormal serine levels are observed in animal models with neurological diseases, but not all human studies, therefore, the maintenance of serine homeostasis is a potentially therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. To date, physiological and pharmacological roles of serine in neurological diseases have not been systemically recapitulated, and the association between serine and neurological diseases is controversial. In this review, we summarize physicochemical properties of serine, biological processes of serine in the brain (source, biotransformation, and transport), and the application of serine in neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. Here, we highlight physicochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potentials of serine in the prevention and treatment of neurological dysfunction. Our work provides valuable hints for future investigation that will lead to a comprehensive understanding of serine and its metabolism in cellular physiology and pharmacology. Although broad by necessity, the review helps researchers to understand great potentials of serine in the prevention and treatment of neurological dysfunction.

Distinct biophysiological effects of Ramadan fasting and traditional intermittent fasting on markers of body fat storage. A real-life study

BACKGROUND

Ramadan Intermittent fasting (RIF) exerts beneficial metabolic effects and improves gastrointestinal motility. However, a comparison between RIF and the traditional 16-hours intermittent fasting (16IF), a strategy for weight loss, is lacking.

METHODS

A total of 34 subjects (median age 32.5 years, range 18-63 years; median BMI 24.5 Kg m-1², range 18.6-37.6 Kg m-1²) were assigned to RIF (N = 18) or 16IF (N = 16) for 30 days. We measured variations in anthropometric measures (BMI, waist, and abdominal circumference), serum insulin, glucose, cortisol, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), body fat composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), and the ultrasonographic measurements of liver steatosis (Hepatorenal index, HRI) and thickness of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) fats.

RESULTS

At baseline, BMI, rates of liver steatosis and distribution of normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects were comparable between the two groups. Body weight significantly decreased at the end of fasting in both RIF (-4.2 % vs baseline, P = 0.002) and 16IF (-2.1 % vs baseline, P = 0.002). Waist and abdominal circumferences significantly decreased only in RIF as well as the amount of body fat. In subjects with liver steatosis, SAT and VAT significantly decreased following RIF, but not 16h-IF, as well as the ultrasonographic HRI.

CONCLUSION

Both 16IF and RIF are able, during 1-month, to reduce body weight. However, RIF but not 16IF also generates marked beneficial effects in terms of reduced subcutaneous fat and liver steatosis. Further studies urge to verify the effects of different models of IF in weight-cycling and long-term management of obesity and related dysmetabolic conditions, such as ectopic fat over-storage.

Low expression of thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 contributes to brain susceptibility to thiamine deficiency

Thiamine deficiency is a well-known risk factor for the development of severe encephalopathy, such as Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome, but the underlying mechanism is still mysterious. This study aims to investigate the expression levels of thiamine metabolism genes in different tissues and their impact on brain susceptibility to thiamine deficiency. The mRNA and protein levels of four genes known to be associated with thiamine metabolism: thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (Tpk), Solute carrier family 19 member 2 (Slc19a2), Slc19a3, and Slc25a19, in the brain, kidney, and liver of mice were examined. Thiamine diphosphate (TDP) levels were measured in these tissues. Mice were subjected to dietary thiamine deprivation plus pyrithiamine (PTD), a specific TPK inhibitor, or pyrithiamine alone to observe the reduction in TDP and associated pathological changes. TPK mRNA and protein expression levels were lowest in the brain compared to the kidney and liver. Correspondingly, TDP levels were also lowest in the brain. Mice treated with PTD or pyrithiamine alone showed an initial reduction in brain TDP levels, followed by reductions in the liver and kidney. PTD treatment caused significant neuron loss, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier disruption, whereas dietary thiamine deprivation alone did not. TPK expression level is the best indicator of thiamine metabolism status. Low TPK expression in the brain appears likely to contribute to brain susceptibility to thiamine deficiency, underscoring a critical role of TPK in maintaining cerebral thiamine metabolism and preventing thiamine deficiency-related brain lesions.

The consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with adiposity, but not with metabolic indicators in a prospective cohort study of Chilean preschool children

BACKGROUND

Increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been identified as a risk factor for obesity and various diseases, primarily in adults. Nonetheless, research in children is limited, especially regarding longitudinal studies with metabolic outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between consumption of UPF, adiposity, and metabolic indicators in Chilean preschool children.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective analysis of 962 children enrolled in the Food and Environment Chilean Cohort (FECHIC). Dietary data were collected in 2016 at age 4 years with 24-h recalls. All reported foods and beverages were classified according to the NOVA food classification, and the usual consumption of UPF in calories and grams was estimated using the Multiple Source Method. Adiposity (z-score of body mass index [BMI z-score], waist circumference [WC], and fat mass [in kg and percentage]) and metabolic indicators (fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and cholesterol fractions) were measured in 2018, at the age of 6 years. Linear regression models ((0) crude, (1) adjusted for covariables, and (2) adjusted for covariables plus total caloric intake) were used to evaluate the association between UPF and outcomes. All models included inverse probability weights to account for the loss to the follow-up.

RESULTS

At 4 years, usual consumption of UPF represented 48% of the total calories and 39% of the total food and beverages grams. In models adjusted for covariables plus caloric intake, we found a positive association between UPF and BMI z-score (for 100 kcal and 100 g, respectively: b = 0.24 [95%CI 0.16-0.33]; b = 0.21 [95%CI 0.10-0.31]), WC in cm (b = 0.89 [95%CI 0.41-1.37]; b = 0.86 [95%CI 0.32-1.40]), log-fat mass in kg b = 0.06 [95%CI 0.03-0.09]; b = 0.04 [95%CI 0.01-0.07]), and log-percentage fat mass (b = 0.03 [95%CI 0.01-0.04]; b = 0.02 [95%CI 0.003-0.04]), but no association with metabolic indicators.

CONCLUSIONS

In this sample of Chilean preschoolers, we observed that higher consumption of UPF was associated with adiposity indicators 2 years later, but not with metabolic outcomes. Longer follow-up might help clarify the natural history of UPF consumption and metabolic risks in children.

Synthesis of 2-Amino-2-deoxy Sugars via Boron-Catalyzed Coupling of Glycosyl Fluorides and Silyl Ether Acceptors

Although aminosugars are important components in a variety of bioactive molecules, their stereoselective formation is made challenging by the Lewis basic nature of amino substituents. Additionally, the use of N-acyl protecting groups is often problematic due to the competing formation of oxazolines during the glycosylation of 2-aminosugar derivatives. Herein, we report a boron-catalyzed strategy utilizing silyl ether glycosyl acceptors and 2-aminosugar donors that employs the 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) protecting group for the C2 amino functionality in glycosyl fluorides. This modification allows for operationally simple room-temperature glycosylations and features a rapid reaction profile that addresses some of the limitations in the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxy sugar-containing glycosides. Tailoring the order of reactivity of the silyl acceptors enables one-pot iterative glycosylations, thus streamlining the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides while allowing fewer intermediates and purification steps.

Self-reported anticipated harm from drinking water across 141 countries

Perceptions of drinking water safety shape numerous health-related behaviors and attitudes, including water use and valuation, but they are not typically measured. We therefore characterize self-reported anticipated harm from drinking water in 141 countries using nationally representative survey data from the World Risk Poll (n = 148,585 individuals) and identify national- and individual-level predictors. We find that more than half (52.3%) of adults across sampled countries anticipate serious harm from drinking water in the next two years. The prevalence of self-reported anticipated harm is higher among women (relative to men), urban (relative to rural) residents, individuals with self-reported financial difficulties (relative to those getting by on their present income), and individuals with more years of education. In a country-level multivariable model, the percentage of the population reporting recent harm from drinking water, percentage of deaths attributable to unsafe water, and perceptions of public-sector corruption are associated with the prevalence of self-reported anticipated harm. Consideration of users' perspectives, particularly with respect to trust in the safety and governance of water services, is critical for promoting effective water resource management and ensuring the use, safety, and sustainability of water services.

A novel HMGA2/MPC-1/mTOR signaling pathway promotes cell growth via facilitating Cr (VI)-induced glycolysis

Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 1 (MPC1) is localized on mitochondrial outer membrane to mediate the transport of pyruvate from cytosol to mitochondria. It is also well known to act as a tumor suppressor. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) contamination poses a global challenge due to its high toxicity and carcinogenesis. This research was intended to probe the potential mechanism of MPC1 in the effect of Cr (VI)-induced carcinogenesis. First, Cr (VI)-treatments decreased the expression of MPC1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of MPC1 inhibited Cr (VI)-induced glycolysis and migration in A549 cells. Then, high mobility group A2 (HMGA2) protein strongly suppressed the transcription of MPC1 by binding to its promoter, and HMGA2/MPC1 axis played an important role in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis and cell migration. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress made a great effect on the interaction between HMGA2 and MPC1. Finally, the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) was determined to mediate MPC1-regulated OXPHOS, aerobic glycolysis and cell migration. Collectively, our data revealed a novel HMGA2/MPC-1/mTOR signaling pathway to promote cell growth via facilitating the metabolism reprogramming from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis, which might be a potential therapy for cancers.

Channelrhodopsins with distinct chromophores and binding patterns

Channelrhodopsins are popular optogenetic tools in neuroscience, but remain poorly understood mechanistically. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and H. catenoides kalium channelrhodopsin (KCR1). We show that ChR2 recruits an endogenous N-retinylidene-PE-like molecule to a previously unidentified lateral retinal binding pocket, exhibiting a reduced light response in HEK293 cells. In contrast, H. catenoides kalium channelrhodopsin (KCR1) binds an endogenous retinal in its canonical retinal binding pocket under identical condition. However, exogenous ATR reduces the photocurrent magnitude of wild type KCR1 and also inhibits its leaky mutant C110T. Our results uncover diverse retinal chromophores with distinct binding patterns for channelrhodopsins in mammalian cells, which may further inspire next generation optogenetics for complex tasks such as cell fate control.

The association between dietary habits and self-care behavior of pregnant women with pregnancy complications

Pregnancy as a sensitive period has a critical effect on the mother and infant's life. It is well understood that dietary habits and mother awareness can improve health status and prevent pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and nausea and vomiting. The current study was conducted to investigate the association between dietary habits and self-care behaviors with pregnancy complications. This cross-sectional study was conducted across 300 pregnant women in their third trimester referred to healthcare centers and Yas hospital in Tehran, Iran. Dietary habits and self-care behaviors were assessed by valid and reliable questionnaires. Dietary intake and physical activity were evaluated using valid and reliable Food Frequency Questionnaires and Pregnancy Physical Activity questionnaires, respectively. Women with self-care behaviors had a lower rate of pre-eclampsia (P = 0.9). Regarding food habits, pregnant women who ate their meals faster had a non-significantly higher rate of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Pregnant women who consumed red meat on a daily frequency had a significantly higher rate of nausea and vomiting (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.05-3.28, P = 0.03). Also, there was a significant positive association between the mother's pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia [(OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.03-3.98, P = 0.03) and (OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.12-16.0, P = 0.03) respectively]. There was no significant association between pregnant women's dietary habits and GDM and pre-eclampsia. However, pregnant women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity had increased odds of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia significantly.

RARB associated with MSI, affects progression and prognosis of gastric cancer

Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been widely acknowledged as an important factor regulating tumor intrinsic biological behavior and affecting the survival of gastric cancer patients. Here, we firstly identified the RARB as a gene associated with MSI gastric cancer. RARB was downregulated in human gastric cancer tissues compared to paired paracancerous tissues, Knockdown of RARB accelerated the proliferation, invasion and migration of cancer cells in vitro. Mechanismly, RARB knockdown promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of gastric cancer. However, RARBLow patients exhibited better survival compared to RARBHigh patients. Further study revealed that RARB expression was inversely correlated with MSI status and immune infiltrates in vivo. Thus, RARB may be a potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Longitudinal associations of plasma amino acid levels with recovery from malarial coma

BACKGROUND

Disordered amino acid metabolism is observed in cerebral malaria (CM). This study sought to determine whether abnormal amino acid concentrations were associated with level of consciousness in children recovering from coma. Twenty-one amino acids and coma scores were quantified longitudinally and the data were analysed for associations.

METHODS

In a prospective observational study, 42 children with CM were enrolled. Amino acid levels were measured at entry and at frequent intervals thereafter and consciousness was assessed by Blantyre Coma Scores (BCS). Thirty-six healthy children served as controls for in-country normal amino acid ranges. Logistic regression was employed using a generalized linear mixed-effects model to assess associations between out-of-range amino acid levels and BCS.

RESULTS

At entry 16/21 amino acid levels were out-of-range. Longitudinal analysis revealed 10/21 out-of-range amino acids were significantly associated with BCS. Elevated phenylalanine levels showed the highest association with low BCS. This finding held when out-of-normal-range data were analysed at each sampling time.

CONCLUSION

Longitudinal data is provided for associations between abnormal amino acid levels and recovery from CM. Of 10 amino acids significantly associated with BCS, elevated phenylalanine may be a surrogate for impaired clearance of ether lipid mediators of inflammation and may contribute to CM pathogenesis.

STING is crucial for the survival of RUNX1::RUNX1T1 leukemia cells

Even though acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with a RUNX1::RUNX1T1 (AE) fusion have a relatively favorable prognosis, approximately 50% relapse within 2.5 years and develop resistance to subsequent chemotherapy [1]. It is therefore imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets for AE leukemia to improve outcomes. In this study, we unveil that targeting STING effectively suppresses the growth of AE leukemia cells. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of STING lead to the diminish of AE leukemia cells. Importantly, in a mouse primary AE leukemia model, STING deletion significantly attenuates leukemogenesis and prolongs the animals' lifespan. Blocking the downstream inflammatory pathway of STING yields similar effects to STING inhibition in AE leukemia cells, highlighting the pivotal role of STING-dependent inflammatory responses in sustaining the survival of AE leukemia cells. Moreover, through a genome-wide CRISPR screen, we identified fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) as a non-canonical factor downstream of STING inhibition that mediates cell death. Inhibition of STING releases FADS2 activity, consequently inducing the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and triggering lipid peroxidation-associated cell death [2]. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical function of STING in the survival of AE-positive AML cells and suggest STING to be a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in these patients.

COPZ1 regulates ferroptosis through NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis, a type of autophagy-dependent cell death, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study aimed to investigate the involvement of coatomer protein complex I subunit zeta 1 (COPZ1) in ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in LUAD.

METHODS

Publicly available human LUAD sample data were obtained from the TCGA database to analyze the association of COPZ1 expression with LUAD grade and patient survival. Clinical samples of LUAD and para-carcinoma tissues were collected. COPZ1-deficient LUAD cell model and xenograft model were established. These models were analyzed to evaluate tumor growth, lipid peroxidation levels, mitochondrial structure, autophagy activation, and iron metabolism.

RESULTS

High expression of COPZ1 was indicative of malignancy and poor overall survival. Clinical LUAD tissues showed increased COPZ1 expression and decreased nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) expression. COPZ1 knockdown inhibited xenograft tumor growth and induced apoptosis. COPZ1 knockdown elevated the levels of ROS, Fe2+ and lipid peroxidation. COPZ1 knockdown also caused mitochondrial shrinkage. Liproxstatin-1, deferoxamine, and z-VAD-FMK reversed the effects of COPZ1 knockdown on LUAD cell proliferation and ferroptosis. Furthermore, COPZ1 was directly bound to NCOA4. COPZ1 knockdown restricted FTH1 expression and promoted NCOA4 and LC3 expression. NCOA4 knockdown reversed the regulation of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial structure induced by COPZ1 knockdown. COPZ1 knockdown induced the translocation of ferritin to lysosomes for degradation, whereas NCOA4 knockdown disrupted this process.

CONCLUSION

This study provides novel evidence that COPZ1 regulates NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and ferroptosis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of LUAD.

Microbiota and B-1 B cell repertoire development in mice

Microbiota-derived antigens play a critical role in the development of both the mucosal and systemic B cell repertoires; however, how glycan epitopes promote B cell repertoire selection is only recently being understood. The production of glycan-derived antigens by individual microbes within a host can be dynamic and influenced by interactions within other members of microbial communities, the composition of diet, and host-derived contents, including those of the mucosal immune system. The size and complexity of the emerging neonatal B cell repertoire are paralleled by the acquisition of a diverse microbiota from maternal and environmental sources, which is now appreciated to exert long-lasting influences on the nascent B cell repertoire.

FoxO transcription factors regulate urea cycle through Ass1

When amino acids are plentiful in the diet, the liver upregulates most enzymes responsible for amino acid degradation. In particular, the activity of urea cycle enzymes increases in response to high-protein diets to facilitate the excretion of excess nitrogen. KLF15 has been established as a critical regulator of amino acid catabolism including ureagenesis and we have recently identified FoxO transcription factors as an important upstream regulator of KLF15 in the liver. Therefore, we explored the role of FoxOs in amino acid metabolism under high-protein diet. Our findings revealed that the concentrations of two urea cycle-related amino acids, arginine and ornithine, were significantly altered by FoxOs knockdown. Additionally, using KLF15 knockout mice and an in vivo Ad-luc analytical system, we confirmed that FoxOs directly regulate hepatic Ass1 expression under high-protein intake independently from KLF15. Moreover, ChIP analysis showed that the high-protein diet increased FoxOs DNA binding without altering the nuclear protein amount. Therefore, FoxOs play a direct role in regulating ureagenesis via a KLF15-independent pathway in response to high-protein intake.

Enhancement of weak signals by applying a suppression method to high-intense methyl and methylene signals of lipids in NMR spectroscopy

Lipids play crucial roles in human biology, serving as energy stores, cell membranes, hormone production, and signaling molecules. Accordingly, their study under lipidomics has advanced the study of living organisms. 1-Dimensional (D) and 2D NMR methods, particularly 1D 1H and 2D 1H-1H Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), are commonly used in lipidomics for quantification and structural identification. However, these NMR methods suffer from low sensitivity, especially in cases of low concentrated molecules such as protons attached to hydroxy, esters, aliphatic, or aromatic unsaturated carbons. Such molecules are common in complex mixtures such as dairy products and plant oils. On the other hand, lipids have highly populated fractions of methyl and methylene groups that result in intense peaks that overwhelm lower peaks and cause inhomogeneities in 2D TOCSY spectra. In this study, we applied a method of suppression to suppress these intense peaks of methyl and methylene groups to detect weaker peaks. The suppression method was investigated on samples of cheese, butter, a mixture of lipids, coconut oil, and olive oil. A significant improvement in peak sensitivity and visibility of cross-peaks was observed, leading to enhanced comparative quantification and structural identification of a greater number of lipids. Additionally, the enhanced sensitivity reduced the time required for the qualitative and comparative quantification of other lipid compounds and components. This, in turn, enables faster and more reliable structural identification and comparative quantification of a greater number of lipids. Additionally, it reduces the time required for the qualitative, and comparative quantification due to the enhancement of sensitivity.

GLP-1 mimetics and diabetic ketoacidosis: possible interactions and clinical consequences

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious diabetes-related consequence that occurs in type 1 diabetes and less commonly in type 2 diabetes and is a major cause of death. It results from the metabolic consequences due to a lack of insulin secretion or impaired insulin activity in diabetes leading to dysregulated pathophysiologic pathways resulting in excessive ketone body formation. While ketone bodies are physiologic molecules, their high levels reduce the physiological pH of the blood and induce ketoacidosis, leading to increasing metabolic dysfunction. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics are a class of recently developed diabetes therapy that do not lead to hypoglycemic, but some reports have suggested a relationship between GLP-1 mimetics and ketogenesis. To clarify the possible interactions between GLP-1 mimetics and ketogenesis in diabetes, this review was undertaken to collate and interpret the literature.

Comparative analysis of Scarb1 and Cd36 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Implications for DHA uptake

The polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly influences fish growth and lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by which DHA is transported and exerts its effects remains unclear. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) is essential for maintaining cellular cholesterol levels and regulating the immune system in mammals, as well as facilitating the uptake of fatty acids (FAs). Another class B scavenger receptor, cluster-determinant 36 (CD36), is involved in promoting the uptake and transport of long-chain fatty acids. However, the molecular characteristics of the grass carp scarb1 gene have not yet been reported, and the potential role of Scarb1 and Cd36 in mediating DHA transport and metabolism remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Scarb1 and Cd36 on DHA transport. Initially, grass carp scarb1-1 and scarb1-2 were cloned. Predictions were made regarding their structural characteristics, including number and presence of transmembrane domains and glycosylation sites. Furthermore, gene structure analysis revealed that scarb1-1 has two additional exons in the 3'-region compared to scarb1-2. The multiple sequence alignment indicated that Scarb1 exhibits conserved motifs and amino acid residues across vertebrates. mRNA expression of scarb1-1 was the highest in the intestine, while scarb1-2 was highest expressed in adipose tissue, with both having lower expression levels in muscle tissue. Scarb1-1 was primarily localized on the cell membrane, whereas Scarb1-2 was found in both the cell membrane and cytoplasm. After overexpression of grass carp Scarb1-1, Scarb1-2, and Cd36 in HEK 293 T cells, DHA incubation showed that only Cd36 significantly increased cellular DHA relative content, suggesting a potential role of Cd36 in DHA transport. These findings will serve as a basis for further research on fatty acid transport in fish.

TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination of SQSTM1/p62 abolishes its Ser403 phosphorylation and enhances palmitic acid cytotoxicity

Long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulation and oxidative toxicity is a major cause for several pathological conditions. The mechanisms underlying FFA cytotoxicity remain elusive. Here we show that palmitic acid (PA), the most abundant FFA in the circulation, induces S403 phosphorylation of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and its aggregation, which sequesters KEAP1 and activates the non-canonical SQSTM1-KEAP1-NFE2L2 antioxidant pathway. The PA-induced SQSTM1 S403 phosphorylation and aggregation are dependent on SQSTM1 K7-D69 hydrogen bond formation and dimerization in the Phox and Bem1 (PB1) domain, which facilitates the recruitment of TBK1 that phosphorylates SQSTM1 S403. The ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM21 ubiquitinates SQSTM1 at the K7 residue and abolishes the PB1 dimerization, S403 phosphorylation, and SQSTM1 aggregation. TRIM21 is oxidized at C92, C111, and C114 to form disulfide bonds that lead to its oligomerization and decreased E3 activity. Mutagenizing the three C residues to S (3CS) abolishes TRIM21 oligomerization and increases its E3 activity. TRIM21 ablation leads to decreased SQSTM1 K7 ubiquitination, hence elevated SQSTM1 S403 phosphorylation and aggregation, which confers protection against PA-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Therefore, TRIM21 is a negative regulator of SQSTM1 phosphorylation, aggregation, and the antioxidant sequestration function. TRIM21 is oxidized to reduce its E3 activity that helps enhance the SQSTM1-KEAP1-NFE2L2 antioxidant pathway. Inhibition of TRIM21 May be a viable strategy to protect tissues from lipotoxicity resulting from long-chain FFAs.

L-Tryptophan-based pyrene conjugate for intracellular zinc-guided excimer emission and controlled nano-assembly

This article describes intracellular zinc-induced excimer emission and tuning of self-assembly from L-tryptophan-pyrene conjugate (1). The zinc-guided excimer formation is due to the interaction of the pyrene moiety in an excited state. AFM studies show the structural modification in the supramolecular nano-assembly of 1 from dome-shaped to porous surface after complexation with zinc ions. Further, the interaction of 1 with Zn(II) ion is also studied using DFT, Job's plot, NMR titration and HRMS. The results of Zn(II) ion determination in natural water samples and RAW 264.7 cells demonstrate the practical utility of 1.

ATF family members as therapeutic targets in cancer: From mechanisms to pharmacological interventions

The activating transcription factor (ATF)/ cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) family represents a large group of basic zone leucine zip (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) with a variety of physiological functions, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, amino acid stress, heat stress, oxidative stress, integrated stress response (ISR) and thus inducing cell survival or apoptosis. Interestingly, ATF family has been increasingly implicated in autophagy and ferroptosis in recent years. Thus, the ATF family is important for homeostasis and its dysregulation may promote disease progression including cancer. Current therapeutic approaches to modulate the ATF family include direct modulators, upstream modulators, post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulators. This review summarizes the structural domain and the PTMs feature of the ATF/CREB family and comprehensively explores the molecular regulatory mechanisms. On this basis, their pathways affecting proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance in various types of cancer cells are sorted out and discussed. We then systematically summarize the status of the therapeutic applications of existing ATF family modulators and finally look forward to the future prospect of clinical applications in the treatment of tumors by modulating the ATF family.

Discovery of BI-9787, a potent zwitterionic ketohexokinase inhibitor with oral bioavailability

Fructose metabolism by ketohexokinase (KHK) is implicated in a variety of metabolic disorders. KHK inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The first small-molecule KHK-inhibitors have entered clinical trials, but it remains unclear if systemic inhibition of KHK by small-molecules will eventually benefit patients. Here we report the discovery of BI-9787, a potent, zwitterionic KHK inhibitor characterized by high permeability and favorable oral rat pharmacokinetics. BI-9787 was identified by optimizing chemical starting points generated via a ligand-based virtual screening of Boehringer's virtual library of synthetically accessible compounds (BICLAIM). It serves as a high-quality in vitro and in vivo tool compound for investigating the role of fructose metabolism in disease.

Exploring factors influencing late evening eating and barriers and enablers to changing to earlier eating patterns in adults with overweight and obesity

Late evening eating is a potential risk factor for overconsumption and weight gain. However, there is limited qualitative research investigating the complex factors that influence late evening eating in adults living with obesity. Identifying the factors that influence late evening eating can inform interventions to reduce late evening eating and associated health risks. Therefore, this study aimed to: i) explore factors that contribute to eating late, and ii) apply the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model to understand the barriers and enablers to changing to earlier food intake timings in UK adults who report eating late. Semi-structured interviews with seventeen participants [32.47 ± 6.65 years; 34.68 ± 7.10 kg/m2; 71% female (n = 12); 41% White (n = 7)] investigated reasons for late evening eating and the potential barriers and enablers to changing to earlier eating patterns. Thematic analysis identified four main contributors to late evening eating: 1) internal signals (e.g., feeling hungry in the evening); 2) external and situational factors (e.g., work schedules and the food-rich environment); 3) social factors (e.g., interactions with family) and 4) behavioural and emotional factors (e.g., personal preferences and negative feelings in the evening). Time constraints and work schedules were identified as main barriers to changing to earlier eating patterns. Whereas, having high motivation (e.g., contentment with eating earlier in the evening) and interpersonal support were identified as main enablers to eating earlier. This study provides in-depth insights into the psychological, social, and environmental factors contributing to late evening eating. The findings highlight potential targets for future interventions to facilitate earlier eating times in individuals at risk of overweight and obesity.

A cost-effective method for the sensitive detection of levofloxacin using a 3D composite electrode composed of nail polish, graphite and aluminium oxide

The potential impact on human health and the environment has spurred significant interest in detecting and quantifying pharmaceutical compounds across various matrices, from environmental to biological samples. Here, we present an electrochemical approach for determining levofloxacin in drug, synthetic urine, water, and breast milk samples. An affordable sensor was constructed using 3D printing and composite material based on nail polish, graphite, and aluminum oxide. The conductive composite material was characterized spectroscopically, electrochemically, and by imaging techniques. Subsequently, an electrochemical method based on square wave voltammetry was optimized and applied. The method exhibited good sensitivity (5.11 ± 0.0912 μA L μmol-1 cm-2) and enhanced stability (RSD = 7.2%), with electrochemical responses correlating with the concentration of levofloxacin in the samples tested, yielding recovery values in the range of 98 to 111%. The developed method demonstrated a robust linear working range from 2 to 100 μmol L-1 and a nanomolar detection limit of 128 nmol L-1, rendering it suitable for quantitative analysis. The sensor also shows promise as a platform for the sensitive detection of pharmaceutical compounds, contributing to greater safety and sustainability in these domains.

Chemically synthesized osteocalcin alleviates NAFLD via the AMPK-FOXO1/BCL6-CD36 pathway

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease worldwide. Osteocalcin plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of chemically synthesized osteocalcin (csOCN) in ameliorating NAFLD. We demonstrated for the first time that csOCN attenuates lipid accumulation in the liver and hepatocytes by modulating CD36 protein expression. In addition, we found that the expression of p-AMPK, FOXO1 and BCL6 decreased and the expression of CD36 increased after OA/PA induction compared to the control group, and these effects were reversed by the addition of csOCN. In contrast, the therapeutic effect of csOCN was inhibited by the addition of AMPK inhibitors and BCL6 inhibitors. This finding suggested that csOCN regulates CD36 expression via the AMPK-FOXO1/BCL6 axis. In NAFLD mice, oral administration of csOCN also activated the AMPK pathway and reduced CD36 expression. Molecular docking revealed that osteocalcin has a docking site with CD36. Compared to oleic acid and palmitic acid, osteocalcin bound more strongly to CD36. Laser confocal microscopy results showed that osteocalcin colocalized with CD36 at the cell membrane. In conclusion, we demonstrated the regulatory role of csOCN in fatty acid uptake pathways for the first time; it regulates CD36 expression via the AMPK-FOXO1/BCL6 axis to reduce fatty acid uptake, and it affects fatty acid transport by may directly binding to CD36. There are indications that csOCN has potential as a CD36-targeted drug for the treatment of NAFLD.

Mouse brain contains age-dependent extraparenchymal granular structures and astrocytes, both reactive to natural IgM antibodies, linked to the fissura magna

BACKGROUND

Mouse brains can contain specific polyglucosan aggregates known as Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)-granules. Generated in astrocytes, these granules increase with age and exhibit neo-epitopes of carbohydrate nature that are recognized by natural IgM antibodies (IgMs). The existence of neoepitopes on PAS granules suggests the presence of neoepitopes in other brain structures, and this is investigated here. To this end, brain sections from SAMP8 and ICR-CD1 mice were examined at different ages.

RESULTS

We have identified two novel structures that, apart from PAS granules, are recognized by natural IgMs. On one side, IgM reactive (IgM+) granular structures which are placed in the longitudinal fissure, the quadrigeminal cistern, and a region that extends from the quadrigeminal cistern to the interpeduncular cistern. This last region, located between the telencephalon and both the mesencephalon and diencephalon, is designated henceforth as the fissura magna, as it is indeed a fissure and the largest in the brain. As all these regions are extraparenchymal (EP), the IgM+ granules found in these zones have been named EP granules. These EP granules are mainly associated with fibroblasts and are not stained with PAS. On the other side, some IgM+ astrocytes have been found in the glia limitans, near the above-mentioned fissures. Remarkably, EP granules are more prevalent at younger ages, while the number of IgM+ astrocytes increases with age, similarly to the already described evolution of PAS granules.

CONCLUSIONS

The present work reports the presence of two brain-related structures that, apart from PAS granules, contain neo-epitopes of carbohydrate nature, namely EP granules and IgM+ astrocytes. We suggest that EP granules, associated to fibroblasts, may be part of a physiological function in brain clearance or brain-CSF immune surveillance, while both PAS granules and IgM+ astrocytes may be related to the increasing accumulation of harmful materials that occurs with age and linked to brain protective mechanisms. Moreover, the specific localisation of these EP granules and IgM+ astrocytes suggest the importance of the fissura magna in these brain-related cleaning and immune functions. The overall results reinforce the possible link between the fissura magna and the functioning of the glymphatic system.

Clinical management of eye diseases: carotenoids and their nanoformulations as choice of therapeutics

Eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), impose a substantial health cost on a worldwide scale. Carotenoids have emerged as intriguing candidates for pharmacological treatment of various disorders. Their therapeutic effectiveness, however, is hindered by poor solubility and vulnerability to degradation. Nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles, provide a transformational way to overcome these limits. This review explores the pharmacological potential of carotenoids, namely lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin, to treat several ocular disorders. The main emphasis is on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, which help to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress, crucial factors in the development of AMD and DR. The review evaluates the significant benefits of nano-formulated carotenoids, such as improved bioavailability, higher cellular absorption, precise administration to particular ocular tissues, and greater biostability, which make them superior to conventional carotenoids. Some clinical studies on the beneficial properties of carotenoids in eye diseases are discussed. Furthermore, safety and regulatory concerns are also taken into account. Ultimately, carotenoids, especially when created in their nano form, have significant potential for safeguarding eyesight and enhancing the overall well-being of several individuals afflicted with vision-endangering eye diseases.

β-Hydroxybutyrate enhances astrocyte glutamate uptake through EAAT1 expression regulation

β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) has been reported to exert neuroprotective functions and is considered a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Numerous studies have revealed BHB's multifaceted roles, including anti-senescence, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. While BHB is known to alter neuronal metabolism and function, its effects on astrocytes remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted transcriptome sequencing analysis to identify differentially expressed genes induced by BHB in astrocytes and found that the gene Solute carrier family 1 member 3 (Slc1a3), encoding the glutamate transporter EAAT1, was significantly upregulated by BHB treatment. Cellular and animal-based experiments confirmed an increase in EAAT1 protein expression in primary astrocytes and the hippocampus of mice treated with BHB. This upregulation may be due to the activation of the Ca2+/CAMKII pathway by BHB. Furthermore, BHB improved astrocytes' glutamate uptake and partially restored neuronal viability impaired by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity when astrocytes were functionalized. Our results suggest that BHB may alleviate neuronal damage caused by excessive glutamate by enhancing the glutamate absorption and uptake capacity of astrocytes. This study proposes a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of BHB and reinforces its beneficial impact on the central nervous system (CNS).

Metabolic interactions of host-gut microbiota: New possibilities for the precise diagnosis and therapeutic discovery of gastrointestinal cancer in the future-A review

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer continues to pose a significant global health challenge. Recent advances in our understanding of the complex relationship between the host and gut microbiota have shed light on the critical role of metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis and progression of GI cancer. In this study, we examined how microbiota interact with the host to influence signalling pathways that impact the formation of GI tumours. Additionally, we investigated the potential therapeutic approach of manipulating GI microbiota for use in clinical settings. Revealing the complex molecular exchanges between the host and gut microbiota facilitates a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive cancer development. Metabolic interactions hold promise for the identification of microbial signatures or metabolic pathways associated with specific stages of cancer. Hence, this study provides potential strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and management of GI cancers to improve patient outcomes.

Serine and glycine physiology reversibly modulate retinal and peripheral nerve function

Metabolic homeostasis is maintained by redundant pathways to ensure adequate nutrient supply during fasting and other stresses. These pathways are regulated locally in tissues and systemically via the liver, kidney, and circulation. Here, we characterize how serine, glycine, and one-carbon (SGOC) metabolism fluxes across the eye, liver, and kidney sustain retinal amino acid levels and function. Individuals with macular telangiectasia (MacTel), an age-related retinal disease with reduced circulating serine and glycine, carrying deleterious alleles in SGOC metabolic enzymes exhibit an exaggerated reduction in circulating serine. A Phgdh+/- mouse model of this haploinsufficiency experiences accelerated retinal defects upon dietary serine/glycine restriction, highlighting how otherwise silent haploinsufficiencies can impact retinal health. We demonstrate that serine-associated retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy are reversible, as both are restored in mice upon serine supplementation. These data provide molecular insights into the genetic and metabolic drivers of neuro-retinal dysfunction while highlighting therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this pathogenesis.

Mitochondrial serine catabolism safeguards maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool in homeostasis and injury

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) employ a very unique metabolic pattern to maintain themselves, while the spectrum of their metabolic adaptations remains incompletely understood. Here, we uncover a distinct and heterogeneous serine metabolism within HSCs and identify mouse HSCs as a serine auxotroph whose maintenance relies on exogenous serine and the ensuing mitochondrial serine catabolism driven by the hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2)-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) axis. Mitochondrial serine catabolism primarily feeds NAD(P)H generation to maintain redox balance and thereby diminishes ferroptosis susceptibility of HSCs. Dietary serine deficiency, or genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the SHMT2-MTHFD2 axis, increases ferroptosis susceptibility of HSCs, leading to impaired maintenance of the HSC pool. Moreover, exogenous serine protects HSCs from irradiation-induced myelosuppressive injury by fueling mitochondrial serine catabolism to mitigate ferroptosis. These findings reframe the canonical view of serine from a nonessential amino acid to an essential niche metabolite for HSC pool maintenance.

Interneurons in the CA1 stratum oriens expressing αTTP may play a role in the delayed-ageing Pol μ mouse model

Neurodegeneration associated with ageing is closely linked to oxidative stress (OS) and disrupted calcium homeostasis. Some areas of the brain, like the hippocampus - particularly the CA1 region - have shown a high susceptibility to age-related changes, displaying early signs of pathology and neuronal loss. Antioxidants such as α-tocopherol (αT) have been effective in mitigating the impact of OS during ageing. αT homeostasis is primarily regulated by the α-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP), which is widely distributed throughout the brain - where it plays a crucial role in maintaining αT levels within neuronal cells. This study investigates the distribution of αTTP in the hippocampus of 4- and 24-month-old Pol μ knockout mice (Pol μ-/-), a delayed-ageing model, and the wild type (Pol μ+/+). We also examine the colocalisation in the stratum oriens (st.or) of CA1 region with the primary interneuron populations expressing calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) (calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR)). Our findings reveal that αTTP immunoreactivity (-IR) in the st.or of Pol μ mice is significantly reduced. The density of PV-expressing interneurons (INs) increased in aged mice in both Pol μ genotypes (Pol μ-/- and Pol μ+/+), although the density of PV-positive INs was lower in the aged Pol μ-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. By contrast, CR- and CB-positive INs in Pol μ mice remained unchanged during ageing. Furthermore, double immunohistochemistry reveals the colocalisation of αTTP with CBPs in INs of the CA1 st.or. Our study also shows that the PV/αTTP-positive IN population remains unchanged in all groups. A significant decrease of CB/αTTP-positive INs in young Pol μ-/- mice has been detected, as well as a significant increase in CR/αTTP-IR in older Pol μ-/- animals. These results suggest that the differential expression of αTTP and CBPs could have a crucial effect in aiding the survival and maintenance of the different IN populations in the CA1 st.or, and their coexpression could contribute to the enhancement of their resistance to OS-related damage and neurodegeneration associated with ageing.

Connecting the dots: investigating the link between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic influences in metabolomic alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for around 90% of all oral cancers and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Despite progress in managing OSCC, the overall prognosis remains poor, with a survival rate of around 50-60%, largely due to tumor size and recurrence. The challenges of late-stage diagnosis and limitations in current methods emphasize the urgent need for less invasive techniques to enable early detection and treatment, crucial for improving outcomes in this aggressive form of oral cancer. Research is currently aimed at unraveling tumor-specific metabolite profiles to identify candidate biomarkers as well as discover underlying pathways involved in the onset and progression of cancer that could be used as new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Metabolomics is an advanced technological approach to identify metabolites in different sample types (biological fluids and tissues). Since OSCC promotes metabolic reprogramming influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including tobacco and alcohol consumption, and viral infections, the identification of distinct metabolites through screening may aid in the diagnosis of this condition. Moreover, studies have shown the use of metabolites during the catalysis of epigenetic modification, indicating a link between epigenetics and metabolism. In this review, we will focus on the link between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic influences in metabolomic alterations in OSCC. In addition, we will discuss therapeutic targets of tumor metabolism, which may prevent oral tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.

Head-neck cooling effects on central and peripheral fatigue, motor accuracy, and blood markers of stress in men with multiple sclerosis and healthy men: A randomized crossover study

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate whether head and neck cooling (at 18 °C next to the skin) and fatiguing submaximal exercise at a thermoneutral ambient temperature can induce peripheral and central responses in healthy men and those with multiple sclerosis (MS).

METHODS

A local head-neck cooling (at 18 °C next to the skin) intervention in men with a relapsing-remitting form of MS (n = 18; age 30.9 ± 8.1 years) and healthy men (n = 22; age 26.7 ± 5.9 years) was assessed. Men in both groups performed 100 intermittent isometric knee extensions with 5 s contractions and 20 s of rest. The primary variables were measured before exercise, after 50 and 100 repetitions, and 1 h after recovery. The central activation ratio, maximal voluntary contraction, electrically induced force, electromyography, contractile properties, blood markers, muscle temperature, and perception of effort were measured.

RESULTS

Compared with noncooled conditions, head and neck cooling increased the central capacity to activate exercising muscles but resulted in greater exercise-induced peripheral fatigue in men with MS (p < 0.05). Local cooling did not affect motor accuracy or the amplitude of electromyography signals; however, these factors were related to the intensity of the motor task (p > 0.05). The changes in central and peripheral fatigability induced by local cooling during submaximal exercise were more pronounced in men with MS than in healthy men (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Head and neck cooling enhances central activation of muscles during exercise, leading to improved exercise performance compared with noncooled conditions in men with MS.