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Balboa-Bandeira Y, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, García-Guerrero MA, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ojeda N, Peña J. Enhancement of phonemic verbal fluency in multilingual young adults by transcranial random noise stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108882. [PMID: 38599569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on verbal fluency tasks in non-clinical populations. Nevertheless, the reported effects on verbal fluency are inconsistent. In addition, the effect of other techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on verbal fluency enhancement has yet to be studied in healthy multilingual populations. This study aims to explore the effects of tRNS on verbal fluency in healthy multilingual individuals. Fifty healthy multilingual (Spanish, English and Basque) adults were randomly assigned to a tRNS or sham group. Electrodes were placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. All participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks before, during (online assessment) and immediately after (offline assessment) stimulation in three different languages. The results showed significantly better performance by participants who received tRNS in the phonemic verbal fluency tasks in Spanish (in the online and offline assessment) and English (in the offline assessment). No differences between conditions were found in Basque nor semantic verbal fluency. These findings suggests that tRNS on the left prefrontal cortex could help improve phonemic, yet not semantic, fluency in healthy multilingual adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Ojeda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
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152
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Kaufman R, Costa J, Kimani E. Effects of multimodal explanations for autonomous driving on driving performance, cognitive load, expertise, confidence, and trust. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13061. [PMID: 38844766 PMCID: PMC11156640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in autonomous driving provide an opportunity for AI-assisted driving instruction that directly addresses the critical need for human driving improvement. How should an AI instructor convey information to promote learning? In a pre-post experiment (n = 41), we tested the impact of an AI Coach's explanatory communications modeled after performance driving expert instructions. Participants were divided into four (4) groups to assess two (2) dimensions of the AI coach's explanations: information type ('what' and 'why'-type explanations) and presentation modality (auditory and visual). We compare how different explanatory techniques impact driving performance, cognitive load, confidence, expertise, and trust via observational learning. Through interview, we delineate participant learning processes. Results show AI coaching can effectively teach performance driving skills to novices. We find the type and modality of information influences performance outcomes. Differences in how successfully participants learned are attributed to how information directs attention, mitigates uncertainty, and influences overload experienced by participants. Results suggest efficient, modality-appropriate explanations should be opted for when designing effective HMI communications that can instruct without overwhelming. Further, results support the need to align communications with human learning and cognitive processes. We provide eight design implications for future autonomous vehicle HMI and AI coach design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kaufman
- University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jean Costa
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, 94022, USA
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153
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Sprik PJ, Vanderstelt H, Valenti-Hein C, Denton J, Ashton D. Chaplain interventions and outcomes in outpatient settings: a scoping review. J Health Care Chaplain 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38836429 DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2024.2357042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
As chaplaincy is increasingly practiced in outpatient settings, further understanding is needed of what it entails and is accomplishing within this unique context. This scoping review summarizes 42 articles that describe the types of spiritual care interventions and programs offered by chaplains in outpatient settings, and their outcomes. Findings support that chaplaincy is practiced in outpatient settings, especially in palliative care, oncology, and primary care. Interventions are delivered by chaplains as the sole interventionist, and by interdisciplinary teams with chaplain participants. Results show that outpatient chaplain interventions are feasible and acceptable, with positive psychological and spiritual outcomes. More studies with consistent outcome measurements, and structured chaplain interventions are needed to draw further conclusions about the effectiveness of outpatient chaplain interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra J Sprik
- Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Heather Vanderstelt
- Department of Spiritual Care, St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Denton
- Spiritual Health Department, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deadra Ashton
- Department of Spiritual Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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154
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Williams CT, Saini B, Zaidi STR, Kali C, Moujalli G, Castelino R. Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and Uptake in Australian Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:627. [PMID: 38932356 PMCID: PMC11209045 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In January 2021, Australia initiated a national COVID-19 vaccine rollout strategy but faced setbacks, leading to negative press and media controversy, which may have diminished vaccine confidence. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing vaccine confidence in Australian adults (≥18 years of age) following the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine. Conducted at Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, a cross-sectional survey with 1053 respondents gauged vaccine confidence and influencing factors. The results showed overall high confidence (mean score 33/40). Trusted sources included the Australian Department of Health (77.8%), NSW Health (76.7%), and general practitioners (53.7%), while social media was distrusted (5.9%). The motivations for vaccination varied: university-educated individuals prioritised personal health (X2 = 17.81; p < 0.001), while religious and/or older respondents (≥50 years of age) emphasised community (X2 = 11.69; p < 0.001) and family protection (X2 = 17.314; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed use of the Australian Department of Health website as a trusted source of COVID-19 information as the strongest predictor of high confidence (>30; OR 1.43; p = 0.041), while exposure to fake news decreased confidence (OR 0.71; p = 0.025). The study underscores the importance of reliable health information sources in bolstering vaccine confidence and highlights the detrimental effects of misinformation. Promoting awareness of trustworthy health channels is crucial to combat vaccine hesitancy in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bandana Saini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Syed Tabish R. Zaidi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Christina Kali
- Pharmacy Department, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Grace Moujalli
- Pharmacy Department, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Ronald Castelino
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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155
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Siette J, Adam PJ, Harris CB. Acceptability of virtual reality to screen for dementia in older adults. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:493. [PMID: 38840041 PMCID: PMC11151481 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of dementia and cognitive decline is crucial for effective interventions and overall wellbeing. Although virtual reality (VR) tools offer potential advantages to traditional dementia screening tools, there is a lack of knowledge regarding older adults' acceptance of VR tools, as well as the predictors and features influencing their adoption. This study aims to (i) explore older adults' perceptions of the acceptability and usefulness of VR diagnostic tools for dementia, and (ii) identify demographic predictors of adoption and features of VR applications that contribute to future adoption among older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving community-dwelling older adults who completed online questionnaires covering demographics, medical history, technology acceptance, previous usage, and perceived usefulness and barriers to VR adoption. Multiple linear regression was employed to assess relationships between sociodemographic factors, prior technology use, perceived ease, usefulness, and intention to adopt VR-based diagnostic tools. RESULTS Older adults (N = 77, Mage = 73.74, SD = 6.4) were predominantly female and born in English-speaking countries. Perceived usefulness of VR applications and educational attainment emerged as significant predictors of the likelihood to use VR applications for dementia screening. Generally, older adults showed acceptance of VR applications for healthcare and dementia screening. Fully immersive applications were preferred, and older adults were mostly willing to share electronic information from screening with their healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS The field of research on VR applications in healthcare is expanding. Understanding the demographic characteristics of populations that stand to benefit from healthcare innovations is critical for promoting adoption of digital health technologies and mitigating its barriers to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siette
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Patrick J Adam
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Celia B Harris
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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156
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Ferrusola-Pastrana A, Fullerton CL, Meadows SN. Group-based exercise for Parkinson's: a qualitative study of participants and partners' perceptions of an exercise class delivered through a community-university collaboration. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:488. [PMID: 38834963 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-based exercise programmes (CBEPs) offer a practical and viable approach to providing people with Parkinson's disease (PwP) the opportunity to exercise as an ancillary therapeutic benefit to pharmacological management. This study explores the perceptions of exercising participants (PwP) and non-participating partners involved in an exercise class delivered through a community-university partnership. METHODS Two separate focus group discussions were conducted: one with class participants (PwP: n = 7, H&Y scale I to III), and the other with non-participating partners of PwP (n = 4). RESULTS Thematic analysis of the data identified that a range of physical, psychological and social factors were perceived to influence engagement: (1) actively taking control, (2) exercise is medicine for the mind and body, and (3) a community working together to promote exercise for parkinson's. Participants and partners felt that the support from the group, including the instructors and student volunteers, empowered and supported PwP to proactively self-manage their health, enjoy exercise in an inclusive group setting, and develop strong social connections with others in the local Parkinson's community. Support to exercise from healthcare professionals was identified as both an enabler and barrier to participation. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the significance of a community-university partnership as a complementary therapeutic approach for PwP. It also provides critical reflections on its sustainability, including implications for how exercise is considered as medicine for PwP. Additionally, it offers practical recommendations to galvanise community participation and provide inclusive and viable exercise opportunities for PwP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrusola-Pastrana
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Salt, Spain
| | - Christopher L Fullerton
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 7LA, UK.
| | - Stephen N Meadows
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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157
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Frick P, Kendeou P, Schüler A. Knowledge revision processes during reading: How pictures influence the activation of outdated information. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01586-9. [PMID: 38831159 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Outdated information (i.e., information that is not or no longer accurate) continues to be automatically activated during reading and can hinder learning processes. Thus, it is important to understand which factors influence the activation of outdated information and, therefore, knowledge revision processes. In three online experiments, we investigated how illustrating updated or outdated information via pictures influences the activation of outdated information. In Experiments 1 (N = 421) and 2 (N = 422), we varied whether participants read texts containing outdated information that was later updated (outdated text) or texts containing only updated information (consistent text). In addition, the updated information was or was not illustrated by a picture. In Experiment 3 (N = 441), participants read outdated texts, and we varied whether the outdated, the updated, or no information was illustrated. In all experiments, we measured reading times for a target sentence referring to the updated information and the sentence following the target sentence. Results showed that target sentences' reading times were faster for illustrated than for non-illustrated texts (Experiments 1 and 2). Moreover, reading times were longer when the outdated information was illustrated than when the updated information was illustrated (Experiment 3). These results suggest that pictures overall facilitate cognitive processes during reading, but their content matters: Pictures showing the updated information had a greater impact on reading times than pictures showing the outdated information. The results extend existing theories on knowledge revision but also reading comprehension, by demonstrating how pictures might influence cognitive processes during reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Frick
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Panayiota Kendeou
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne Schüler
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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158
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Tancreda G, Ravera S, Panfoli I. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential: Bioactive Molecules and Dietary Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis Management. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5595-5613. [PMID: 38921006 PMCID: PMC11202103 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the etiology of which is still unclear. Its hallmarks are inflammation and axonal damage. As a disease primarily impacting younger individuals, the social cost of MS is high. It has been proposed that environmental factors, smoking, and dietary habits acting on a genetic susceptibility play a role in MS. Recent studies indicate that diet can significantly influence the onset and progression of MS. This review delves into the impact of natural bioactive molecules on MS development and explores the dietary interventions that hold promise in managing the disease. Dietary patterns, including ketogenic and Mediterranean diets, are discussed. Theories about the potential mechanistic associations beneath the noted effects are also proposed. Several dietary components and patterns demonstrated the potential for a significant impact on MS. However, extensive prospective clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the role of natural bioactive molecules as disease modifiers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tancreda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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159
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Wi D, Ransom JC, Flynn DM, Steffen AD, Park C, Burke LA, Doorenbos AZ. Role of Pain Catastrophizing in the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain in Different Subgroups: An Exploratory Secondary Data Analysis Using Finite Mixture Models. Mil Med 2024:usae288. [PMID: 38829170 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Providing effective treatment for debilitating chronic pain is a challenge among many populations including military service members. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain (CBT-CP) is a leading psychological pain treatment. Pain catastrophizing is a pivotal mediator of pain-related outcomes. The purpose of this study was (1) to identify patient subgroups who differ in response to CBT-CP and (2) to explore the characteristics that define these patient subgroups. The overall goal was to obtain a better understanding of factors that may influence response to CBT-CP. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of 149 U.S. active duty service members with chronic pain. Participants underwent group-based CBT-CP for 6 weeks and completed pre- and posttreatment assessments. Finite mixture models were employed to identify subgroups in treatment response, with pain impact score as the primary outcome measure. RESULTS We identified two classes of nearly equal size with distinct pain impact responses. One class reported improved pain impact scores following CBT-CP. This improvement was significantly associated with lower (better) baseline depression scores and greater improvement in posttreatment pain catastrophizing. In contrast, the other class reported slightly worse mean pain impact scores following CBT-CP treatment; this response was not related to baseline depression or change in pain catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that a sizable proportion of individuals with chronic pain may not respond to group-based CBT-CP and may require a more individualized treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Wi
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Ransom
- Physical Performance Service Line, Interdisciplinary Pain Management Center, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA
| | - Diane M Flynn
- Physical Performance Service Line, Interdisciplinary Pain Management Center, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA
| | - Alana D Steffen
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chang Park
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa A Burke
- Office of Research Facilitation, College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ardith Z Doorenbos
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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160
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Heiskanen MA, Nevalainen J, Pahkala K, Juonala M, Hutri N, Kähönen M, Jokinen E, Laitinen TP, Tossavainen P, Taittonen L, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Rovio SP. Change in cognitive performance during seven-year follow-up in midlife is associated with sex, age, and education - The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12466-2. [PMID: 38824491 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex, age, and education are associated with the level of cognitive performance. We investigated whether these factors modulate the change in cognitive performance in midlife by leveraging the longitudinal data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). METHODS Participants of the YFS cohort performed a computer-based Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) in 2011 and 2018 (n = 1671, age 41-56 years in 2018). Overall cognitive performance and domains representing learning and memory, working memory, reaction time, and information processing were extracted by common principal component analysis from the longitudinal cognitive data. Linear models adjusted for baseline cognitive performance were used to study the association of sex, age, and education with changes in overall cognitive performance and in the cognitive domains. RESULTS Cognitive performance decreased in all domains (overall cognition -0.56 SD, p < 0.001; working memory -0.81 SD, p < 0.001; learning and memory -0.70 SD, p < 0.001; reaction time -0.06 SD, p = 0.019; information processing -0.03 SD, p = 0.016). The decrease in working memory and information processing was greater in females compared to males. Cognitive performance decreased more in older participants in all domains. Education alleviated the decrease in cognitive performance in all domains except reaction time. The beneficial effect of education was greater for males. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the natural course of aging-related changes in cognitive performance in midlife, the critical time window for early prevention of clinical cognitive decline. These findings provide a reference for studies focusing on determinants of pathological cognitive decline deviating from normal changes in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Heiskanen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Tossavainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena Taittonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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161
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Gao Y, Liu J, Liu X, Wang Y, Qiu S. Dimensions of family stress and repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: Examining the interactive effects of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106804. [PMID: 38636157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive non-suicidal self-injury (R-NSSI) in adolescence represents a significant risk factor for suicide. Although exposure to family stress is robustly associated with the risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), studies have not examined the potential mechanisms linking different forms of family stress and R-NSSI. OBJECTIVE This study examined how unique dimensions of family stress (threat and deprivation) relate to R-NSSI via interactions between impulsivity and emotion dysregulation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The current sample included 3801 middle-school adolescents (42.2 % girls, Mage = 13.21 years). METHODS We conducted a two-wave study with 6-month intervals. Participants completed self-report measures assessing family stress, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and NSSI. RESULTS Moderate mediation analyses showed that threat was indirectly associated with NSSI frequency through the interaction of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in the R-NSSI group and indirectly through impulsivity in the occasional NSSI (O-NSSI) group. Deprivation did not predict subsequent NSSI frequency in either group. CONCLUSIONS These findings lend empirical support to dimensional models of adversity and suggest that adolescents who experience threat-related family stress may have greater impulsivity and are more likely to report R-NSSI in the context of emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemiao Gao
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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162
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Mofakhami M, Counil E, Pailhé A. Telework, working conditions, health and wellbeing during the Covid crisis: A gendered analysis. Soc Sci Med 2024; 350:116919. [PMID: 38728975 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telework was massively adopted during the COVID-19 crisis. Related changes in working conditions may have affected women's and men's health differently due to the gendered division of work. Our study aimed to assess the gendered association of telework with physical and mental health outcomes one year after the onset of the pandemic and to determine whether the pathways of working conditions underlying these associations are gender-related. METHODS We compared pre-pandemic and Covid-crisis work contexts using a large representative sample of French employees surveyed in early 2021. We identified potential work-related mediators of the relationship between telework and well-being, i.e., change in autonomy, low support, work overload, digital issues, atypical working time, meaning at work, and work-life balance, and used multiple-matching and adjusting for confounders. RESULTS All things being equal, the health and well-being of teleworkers were, on average, less favourable than that of on-site workers, with little gender differences. The selected working conditions mediated a substantial part of the relationship, indicating that important pathways were captured, such as meaning at work. These pathways partly differed between women and men. In particular, in new teleworkers, the largest contributions came from digital issues for women, and from low support at work and work overload for men. CONCLUSION People who teleworked during the pandemic were at higher odds of deterioration of health and well-being than onsite workers. Health patterns were similar among male and female teleworkers; however, the pathways differed. These negative effects may yet have been absorbed once the government pandemic response became less stringent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malo Mofakhami
- Centre d'économie Paris Nord (CEPN) - UMR CNRS 7234, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), Campus Condorcet, 12-16 Rue des Fillettes, 93300, Aubervilliers, France.
| | - Emilie Counil
- Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Campus Condorcet, 9, Cours des Humanités - CS 50004, 93322, Aubervilliers Cedex, France.
| | - Ariane Pailhé
- Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Campus Condorcet, 9, Cours des Humanités - CS 50004, 93322, Aubervilliers Cedex, France.
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Laukka P, Månsson KNT, Cortes DS, Manzouri A, Frick A, Fredborg W, Fischer H. Neural correlates of individual differences in multimodal emotion recognition ability. Cortex 2024; 175:1-11. [PMID: 38691922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported substantial variability in emotion recognition ability (ERA) - an important social skill - but possible neural underpinnings for such individual differences are not well understood. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated neural responses during emotion recognition in young adults (N = 49) who were selected for inclusion based on their performance (high or low) during previous testing of ERA. Participants were asked to judge brief video recordings in a forced-choice emotion recognition task, wherein stimuli were presented in visual, auditory and multimodal (audiovisual) blocks. Emotion recognition rates during brain scanning confirmed that individuals with high (vs low) ERA received higher accuracy for all presentation blocks. fMRI-analyses focused on key regions of interest (ROIs) involved in the processing of multimodal emotion expressions, based on previous meta-analyses. In neural response to emotional stimuli contrasted with neutral stimuli, individuals with high (vs low) ERA showed higher activation in the following ROIs during the multimodal condition: right middle superior temporal gyrus (mSTG), right posterior superior temporal sulcus (PSTS), and right inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Overall, results suggest that individual variability in ERA may be reflected across several stages of decisional processing, including extraction (mSTG), integration (PSTS) and evaluation (IFC) of emotional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristoffer N T Månsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana S Cortes
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amirhossein Manzouri
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William Fredborg
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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164
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Bushuven S, Bentele M, Bentele S, Trifunovic-Koenig M, Lederle S, Gerber B, Bansbach J, Friebel J, Ganter J, Nachtigall I, Scheithauer S. Hand hygiene in emergencies: Multiprofessional perceptions from a mixed methods based online survey in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES ADVANCES 2024; 6:100207. [PMID: 38783870 PMCID: PMC11111829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite high vulnerability to infection, hand disinfection compliance in emergencies is low. This is regularly justified as the disinfection procedure delays life support, and instead, wearing disposable gloves is preferred. Simulation studies showed higher achievable compliance than detected in real-life situations. This study aimed to explore healthcare providers' attitudes toward hand disinfection and using gloves in emergencies. Methods We conducted an anonymous online survey in Germany on the attitude and subjective behavior in the five moments of hand hygiene in a closed environment and an open convenience sampling survey. Statistics included paired student's t-tests corrected for multiple testing. For qualitative analysis, we employed a single-coder approach. Results In 400 participants, we detected low priority of WHO-1 (before touching a patient) and WHO-2 (before clean/aseptic procedure) hand hygiene moments, despite knowing the risks of omission of hand disinfection. For all moments, self-assessment exceeded the assessment of colleagues (p < 0.001). For WHO-3, we detected a lower disinfection priority for wearing gloves compared to contaminated bare hands. Qualitative analyses revealed five themes: basic conditions, didactic implementations, cognitive load, and uncertainty about feasibility and efficacy. Discussion Considering bias, the study's subjective nature, the unknown role of emergency-related infections contributing to hospital-acquired infections, and different experiences of healthcare providers, we conclude that hand disinfection before emergencies is de-prioritized and justified by the emergency situation regardless of the objective feasibility. Conclusion This study reveals subjective and objective barriers to implementation of WHO-1 and WHO-2 moments of hand disinfection to be further evaluated and addressed in educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bushuven
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Infection Control and Infection Prevention, Hegau-Jugendwerk Gailingen, Health Care Association District of Constance, Germany
- Institute for Medical Education, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Bentele
- Training Center for Emergency Medicine (NOTIS e.V), Engen, Germany
- Institute for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine, and Pain Therapy, Hegau Bodensee Hospital Singen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bentele
- Training Center for Emergency Medicine (NOTIS e.V), Engen, Germany
- Department for Emergency Medicine, University-Hospital Augsburg, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Lederle
- St Johns Ambulance, Local Association Singen am Hohentwiel, Singen, Germany
| | - Bianka Gerber
- Institute for Infection Control and Infection Prevention, Hegau-Jugendwerk Gailingen, Health Care Association District of Constance, Germany
| | - Joachim Bansbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Friebel
- Emergency Medical Services Department, Berlin Fire and Rescue Service, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC),Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Ganter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irit Nachtigall
- Helios, Region East Infectious Diseases and Antibiotic Stewardship and Medical School Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Scheithauer
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
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165
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Prince JB, Davis HL, Tan J, Muller-Townsend K, Markovic S, Lewis DMG, Hastie B, Thompson MB, Drummond PD, Fujiyama H, Sohrabi HR. Cognitive and neuroscientific perspectives of healthy ageing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105649. [PMID: 38579902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
With dementia incidence projected to escalate significantly within the next 25 years, the United Nations declared 2021-2030 the Decade of Healthy Ageing, emphasising cognition as a crucial element. As a leading discipline in cognition and ageing research, psychology is well-equipped to offer insights for translational research, clinical practice, and policy-making. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on age-related changes in cognition and psychological health. We discuss cognitive changes during ageing, including (a) heterogeneity in the rate, trajectory, and characteristics of decline experienced by older adults, (b) the role of cognitive reserve in age-related cognitive decline, and (c) the potential for cognitive training to slow this decline. We also examine ageing and cognition through multiple theoretical perspectives. We highlight critical unresolved issues, such as the disparate implications of subjective versus objective measures of cognitive decline and the insufficient evaluation of cognitive training programs. We suggest future research directions, and emphasise interdisciplinary collaboration to create a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that modulate cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Prince
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
| | - Helen L Davis
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Tan
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Katrina Muller-Townsend
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Discipline of Psychology, Counselling and Criminology, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | - David M G Lewis
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | | | - Matthew B Thompson
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
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166
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Chukwuma OV, Ezeani EI, Fatoye EO, Benjamin J, Okobi OE, Nwume CG, Egberuare EN. A Systematic Review of the Effect of Stigmatization on Psychiatric Illness Outcomes. Cureus 2024; 16:e62642. [PMID: 39036187 PMCID: PMC11258934 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of individuals with psychiatric disorders face dual challenges such as managing the symptoms and disabilities of their conditions and enduring stigma arising from misconceptions about mental illness. This stigma denies them quality-of-life opportunities, such as access to satisfactory healthcare services, better employment, safer housing, and social affiliations. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of stigmatization on psychiatric illness outcomes, particularly its influence on treatment adherence, treatment-seeking behavior, and care outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of 39 studies published between 2010 and 2024, focusing on the effects of stigmatization on psychiatric illness outcomes. The review utilized robust methodology following Cochrane guidance and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, including studies from 2010 to 2024 obtained from databases such as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies, with most studies rated as moderate to high quality. The findings indicate that stigma in psychiatric illness is closely associated with several factors, including illness duration (mean effect size = 0.42, p < 0.05), frequency of clinic visits (mean reduction = 2.3 visits/year), and diagnosis of psychotic disorders (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.20-2.65). Stigma manifests through misinformation, prejudice, and discrimination, leading to significant barriers to accessing and adhering to psychiatric treatment, thereby worsening health outcomes. It leads to delays in accessing healthcare, poor adherence to medication and follow-up, and negative psychiatric health outcomes, including disempowerment, reduced self-efficacy, increased psychiatric symptoms, and decreased quality of life. Also, stigma extends to caregivers and healthcare professionals, complicating care delivery. This review highlights the need for effective interventions and strategies to address stigma, emphasizing the importance of educational interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of public stigma. Understanding the multifaceted nature of stigma is crucial for developing targeted approaches to improve psychiatric care outcomes and ensure better mental health services for individuals with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther I Ezeani
- Family Medicine, Indiana Regional Medical Center (IRMC), Indiana, USA
- Primary Care, Lifebridge Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Janet Benjamin
- Internal Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, USA
| | - Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Miami, USA
- Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | - Chuka G Nwume
- Family Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, NGA
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167
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Gajula R, Yeshala V, Gogikar N, Kotha R. NICU Graduates and Psychosocial Problems in Childhood: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62900. [PMID: 39040746 PMCID: PMC11261996 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review analyzes the research evidence on the psychosocial risks faced by graduates of Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) during childhood. NICUs hold enormous value in uniting preterm or critically ill infants and their families; however, excess NICU exposure affects infants in numerous negative psychosocial ways. Developmental, behavioral, emotional, and social issues faced by NICU graduates are the focus of this systematic review, which aims to summarize the available evidence from published literature. It points to the incidence of such problems and how they emerged, and it insists on the importance of early detection, complex interference, and constant assistance to children and their families dealing with such issues. The review uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to assess methodological quality and includes data from various electronic databases. This review emphasizes the concurrent applications of family-centered care, early neurodevelopmental screens, and specialized intervention strategies and also, explains the different types of childhood psychosocial problems in NICU graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gajula
- Paediatrics, Government Medical College, Siddipet, Siddipet, IND
| | | | | | - Rakesh Kotha
- Neonatology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, IND
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168
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Liu J, Cao Q, Huo Y. Cell phone distraction behavior of young pedestrians: evidence from China. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:216-224. [PMID: 38174698 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell phone use while walking escalates pedestrian safety risks, particularly among students, given their heavy reliance on these devices. Psychological factors wield significant influence on individual behavior, particularly among adolescents who navigate a blend of rational and social-reactive pathways in decision-making. Therefore, this paper employs the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to scrutinize psychological determinants of students' cell phone use while walking, drawing on data from 368 valid samples. Structural equation modeling (SEM) dissects the impact of psychological constructs on this behavior, highlighting the significance of both the social response and reasoning pathways within PWM. The study comprehensively analyzes direct, indirect, and overall effects of exogenous variables on behavioral intention and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongwen Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Huo
- Transportation Institute, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Mathematical Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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169
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Fischer R, Bailey Y, Shankar M, Safaeinili N, Karl JA, Daly A, Johnson FN, Winter T, Arahanga-Doyle H, Fox R, Abubakar A, Zulman DM. Cultural challenges for adapting behavioral intervention frameworks: A critical examination from a cultural psychology perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102425. [PMID: 38614022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the bias and equivalence framework to highlight how concepts, methods, and tools from cultural psychology can contribute to successful cultural adaptation and implementation of behavioral interventions. To situate our contribution, we provide a review of recent cultural adaptation research and existing frameworks. We identified 68 different frameworks that have been cited when reporting cultural adaptations and highlight three major adaptation dimensions that can be used to differentiate adaptations. Regarding effectiveness, we found an average effect size of zr = 0.24 (95%CI 0.20, 0.29) in 24 meta-analyses published since 2014, but also substantive differences across domains and unclear effects of the extent of cultural adaptations. To advance cultural adaptation efforts, we outline a framework that integrates key steps from previous cultural adaptation frameworks and highlight how cultural bias and equivalence considerations in conjunction with community engagement help a) in the diagnosis of behavioral or psychological problems, b) identification of possible interventions, c) the selection of specific mechanisms of behavior change, d) the specification and documentation of dose effects and thresholds for diagnosis, e) entry and exit points within intervention programs, and f) cost-benefit-sustainability discussions. We provide guiding questions that may help researchers when adapting interventions to novel cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Fischer
- Institute D'Or for Research and Education, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | | | - Megha Shankar
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Nadia Safaeinili
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, USA
| | - Johannes A Karl
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam Daly
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Taylor Winter
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - Ririwai Fox
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya & Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Donna Michelle Zulman
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health at Stanford University & Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i) at VA Palo Alto, USA
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170
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Aguilar-Mediavilla E, Sanchez-Azanza VA, Valera-Pozo M, Sureda-García I, Adrover-Roig D. The informant matters: Differences in bullying victim categorization rates assessed with self- and peer-reports in children with developmental language disorder and reading difficulties. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 149:104747. [PMID: 38678876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Reading Difficulties (RD) can show more peer relation problems depending on the informant. AIMS (1) To explore bullying victims' categorization, evaluated by self- and peer-reports, in children with DLD and RD; and (2) to assess agreement rates between informants. METHOD AND PROCEDURES Victimization was assessed using a self-report (EBIP-Q) and a peer-report sociogram (CESC) in a sample of 83 participants (9-12 years; 10.5 ± 1.1 years), comprising of DLD (n = 19), RD (n = 32), and Control (n = 32) groups. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS We found a higher frequency of the rejected sociometric profile in the DLD and RD groups, a higher peer-reported victimization in the DLD group, and more severe self-reported victimization in the DLD and RD groups. Odds of being classified as victimized were higher for self-report except in the DLD group. Informants' agreement was high using the most restrictive EBIP-Q criterion (7 points) for both the Control and the RD groups, being non-significant for the DLD group regardless of the criteria used. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We found a higher victimization risk in children with language difficulties, although self-assessment seems to under-detect children with DLD according to the agreement rates, pointing out the need to combine assessments and informants. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD?: Several studies have shown that children with DLD or RD obtain higher scores of victimization and score lower on several scales of social skills with continuous data. Although continuous analyses are usual in research, professional decisions are usually based on cut-off criteria more than how high or low a score is in contrast to another group. This is one of the first works that analyses victimization following the cut-off criteria of self and peer assessments that professionals used in the school settings in children with DLD and RD. Our results will raise awareness among school professionals based on the evidence about the high risk of victimization, especially in children with DLD, and the implications of selecting between several measures of victimization, in this group of children. We think that our results would help to better detect and prevent bullying in schools for children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Aguilar-Mediavilla
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Victor A Sanchez-Azanza
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Mario Valera-Pozo
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sureda-García
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Daniel Adrover-Roig
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.
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171
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Tu SP, Garcia B, Zhu X, Sewell D, Mishra V, Matin K, Dow A. Patient care in complex Sociotechnological ecosystems and learning health systems. Learn Health Syst 2024; 8:e10427. [PMID: 38883874 PMCID: PMC11176594 DOI: 10.1002/lrh2.10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The learning health system (LHS) model was proposed to provide real-time, bi-directional flow of learning using data captured in health information technology systems to deliver rapid learning in healthcare delivery. As highlighted by the landmark National Academy of Medicine report "Crossing the Quality Chasm," the U.S. healthcare delivery industry represents complex adaptive systems, and there is an urgent need to develop innovative methods to identify efficient team structures by harnessing real-world care delivery data found in the electronic health record (EHR). We offer a discussion surrounding the complexities of team communication and how solutions may be guided by theories such as the Multiteam System (MTS) framework and the Multitheoretical Multilevel Framework of Communication Networks. To advance healthcare delivery science and promote LHSs, our team has been building a new line of research using EHR data to study MTS in the complex real world of cancer care delivery. We are developing new network metrics to study MTSs and will be analyzing the impact of EHR communication network structures on patient outcomes. As this research leads to patient care delivery interventions/tools, healthcare leaders and healthcare professionals can effectively use health IT data to implement the most evidence-based collaboration approaches in order to achieve the optimal LHS and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ping Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine University of California, Davis Sacramento California USA
| | - Brittany Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine University of California, Davis Sacramento California USA
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Health Policy and Management University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Daniel Sewell
- Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Vimal Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine University of California, Davis Sacramento California USA
| | - Khalid Matin
- Department of Internal Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Alan Dow
- Department of Internal Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
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172
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Saywell I, Foreman L, Child B, Phillips-Hughes AL, Collins-Praino L, Baetu I. Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105672. [PMID: 38608829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, the relationships between cognitive reserve and different cognitive abilities, as well as motor outcomes, are still poorly understood in these conditions. Additionally, it is unclear whether the reported effects are confounded by medication. This review analysed studies investigating the relationship between cognitive reserve and clinical outcomes in these α-synucleinopathy cohorts, identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, psycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. 85 records, containing 176 cognition and 31 motor function effect sizes, were pooled using multilevel meta-analysis. There was a significant, positive association between higher cognitive reserve and both better cognition and motor function. Cognition effect sizes differed by disease subtype, cognitive reserve measure, and outcome type; however, no moderators significantly impacted motor function. Review findings highlight the clinical implications of cognitive reserve and importance of engaging in reserve-building behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Saywell
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Lauren Foreman
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Brittany Child
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | | | | | - Irina Baetu
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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173
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Cao X, Liu X. Self-esteem as a predictor of anxiety and academic self-efficacy among Chinese university students: a cross-lagged analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 43:19628-19638. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-024-05781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
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174
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Lloyd-Esenkaya V, Russell AJ, St Clair MC. Zoti's Social Toolkit: Developing and piloting novel animated tasks to assess emotional understanding and conflict resolution skills in childhood. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 42:187-214. [PMID: 38323720 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Current methods used to investigate emotional inference and conflict resolution knowledge are limited in their suitability for use with children with language disorders due to a reliance on language processing. This is problematic, as nearly 8% of the population are estimated to have developmental language disorder (DLD). In this paper, we present 'Zoti's Social Toolkit', a set of animated scenarios that can be used to assess emotion inferencing and conflict resolution knowledge. All animated scenarios contain interpersonal situations centred around a gender-neutral alien named Zoti. Four studies investigated the face and construct validity of the stimuli. The final stimulus set can be used with children, who may or may not have language difficulties and is openly available for use in research.
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175
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Abbas A, Ekowati D, Suhariadi F, Anwar A. Human Capital Creation: A Collective Psychological, Social, Organizational and Religious Perspective. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:2168-2200. [PMID: 36109469 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Psychological, social, cultural, emotional, and organizational perspectives consistently highlight human capital's importance in the literature. We argue that the collective view of different capitals with self-notion is essential for establishing impression, image, and self-esteem. According to the review findings, religious capital could predict context-specific psychological, cultural, social, emotional, and organizational capital. This acknowledgment can assist academics in better understanding how religion, social psychology, and other capitals co-create value in human capital development. This study includes several possible future paths and notes remarkable qualities that can enhance human capital value development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Abbas
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ekowati
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Fendy Suhariadi
- Department of Psychology & Head of Doctoral Program in Human Resources Development - Post Graduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aisha Anwar
- Govt Viqar-Un-Nisa Post Gradute College for Women, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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176
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Gilbert A, Carnell S, Lok B, Miles A. Using Virtual Patients to Support Empathy Training in Health Care Education: An Exploratory Study. Simul Healthc 2024; 19:151-157. [PMID: 37639216 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Empathy is essential for effective patient care. Yet, research shows suboptimal empathy in patient-practitioner interactions. Intelligent virtual patient simulations may offer an effective educational tool for empathy training. This observational study explored the quality of speech pathology of students' empathy responses in virtual patient simulations. METHODS Using the 7-point Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS), we examined 72 students' empathic communication during a 12-week virtual patient interview series as part of their standard curriculum across 4 cohorts (a total of 388 empathic responses). The ECCS data were tallied and graphically displayed. We compared year groups (cohorts from 2015 to 2018), changes over semester, and differences between virtual patients. RESULTS Median ECCS scores were 4 of a maximum of 6 (interquartile range, 3) across all interviews. Most students (89%) scored between a level 2 (implicit recognition) and level 5 (confirmation) with only a few responses scoring at the lowest 2 levels of empathy (0: denial, 0.5%; 1: automatic recognition, 2%) or the highest level of empathy (6: shared feeling or experience, 9%). Students consistently acknowledged patients' feelings and often offered an action, solution, or reassurance. However, shared feelings or experiences were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS Although virtual patient simulations do not replace experiential learning such as simulation, standardized patients, and clinical practicum, they offer a safe environment to practice skills. This article provides support for designing larger controlled clinical trials and provides insights for educators on how to design virtual patient empathic opportunities of varying complexity for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Gilbert
- From the University of Auckland (A.G., A.M.), Auckland, New Zealand; University of Florida (S.C., B.L.), Gainesville, FL; and University of Central Florida (S.C.), Orlando, FL
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177
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Yu Y, Cui X, Du J, Wilson A, Xu S, Wang Y. Linear and curvilinear association of pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with different subgroups of childhood trauma. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:491-499. [PMID: 38508458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety is a common symptom that occurs after exposure to childhood trauma (CT), and pain tolerance is a protective factor against social anxiety in generic populations with CT. However, few studies have investigated whether and how this association varies across different CT subgroups. Thus, this study aimed to investigate (1) the effects of pain tolerance on social anxiety symptoms among youth with different subgroups of CT; (2) the nonlinear relationship between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among different CT categories. METHODS In this study, 15,682 college or university students with experiences of CT were identified in a large sample and divided into five CT subgroups. Linear and quadratic regression models were conducted to explore the association between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with different CT subgroups. RESULTS The results of model revealed a linear relationship between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with most CT subgroups. Notably, an inverted U-shaped curve was found between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms in youth with emotional abuse. Social anxiety symptoms increased gradually with pain tolerance scores between 0 and 16, and then sharply decreased when scores reached above 16. LIMITATIONS Limited by self-report measurements, the results of this study focused only on perceived pain tolerance and ignored behavioral pain tolerance. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of assessing pain tolerance thresholds in youth with emotional abuse and improving pain tolerance to prevent social anxiety symptoms in youth with different subgroups of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Du
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shicun Xu
- Northeast Asian Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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178
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Gauer JL, Mustapha T, Violato C. Race and Gender Bias in Clerkship Grading. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2024; 36:304-311. [PMID: 37334710 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2224789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Existing literature, as well as anecdotal evidence, suggests that tiered clinical grading systems may display systematic demographic biases. This study aimed to investigate these potential inequities in-depth. Specifically, this study attempted to address the following gaps in the literature: (1) studying grades actually assigned to students (as opposed to self-reported ones), (2) using longitudinal data over an 8-year period, providing stability of data, (3) analyzing three important, potentially confounding covariates, (4) using a comprehensive multivariate statistical design, and (5) investigating not just the main effects of gender and race, but also their potential interaction. Approach: Participants included 1,905 graduates (985 women, 51.7%) who received the Doctor of Medicine degree between 2014 and 2021. Most of the participants were white (n = 1,310, 68.8%) and about one-fifth were nonwhite (n = 397, 20.8%). There were no reported race data for 10.4% (n = 198). To explore potential differential grading, a two-way multivariate analysis of covariance was employed to examine the impact of race and gender on grades in eight required clerkships, adjusting for prior academic performance. Findings: There were two significant main effects, race and gender, but no interaction effect between gender and race. Women received higher grades on average on all eight clerkships, and white students received higher grades on average on four of the eight clerkships (Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynecology). These relationships held even when accounting for prior performance covariates. Insights: These findings provide additional evidence that tiered grading systems may be subject to systematic demographic biases. It is difficult to tease apart the contributions of various factors to the observed differences in gender and race on clerkship grades, and the interactions that produce these biases may be quite complex. The simplest solution to cut through the tangled web of grading biases may be to move away from a tiered grading system altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Gauer
- Office of Medical Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Taj Mustapha
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Office of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claudio Violato
- Department of Medicine, Office of Assessment and Evaluation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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179
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Park SM, Lee JY, Choi JS, Jung HY. A prospective study on EEG default mode network associated with subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder following sexual assault. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:181-191. [PMID: 38642455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women who have recently experienced sexual assault, by examining psychological and neurophysiological factors using a prospective design with resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity. The study enrolled 33 women who had been recently traumatized by sexual assault and conducted assessments within a month of the trauma. These survivors were evaluated for PTSD three months later and were classified into two groups: PTSD positive (n = 12) and PTSD negative (n = 21). They were compared to two control groups comprising women who had not experienced any extremely traumatic events: 25 with depression and 25 healthy controls. The evaluation focused on resting-state EEG functional connectivity within default mode network (DMN) using small-worldness (SW), based on graph theory. We also assessed self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, anger, and executive functions. The findings indicated that survivors who developed PTSD three months post-trauma exhibited higher anxiety levels and reduced DMN SW in the beta 3 frequency, compared to those who did not develop PTSD. Contrary to expectations, survivors without PTSD showed decreased executive functioning and lower prefrontal centrality compared to those with PTSD. This study underscores the importance of early assessment and intervention for sexual assault survivors at risk of developing PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Park
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Hannam University, Daejoen, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Yeon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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180
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Pina I, Gilfellon L, Webster S, Henderson EJ, Oliver EJ. 'Severe mental illness': Uses of this term in physical health support policy, primary care practice, and academic discourses in the United Kingdom. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 5:100314. [PMID: 38910841 PMCID: PMC11188150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The term severe mental illness (SMI) is often used in academic work, primary care practice, and policy, acknowledging the health disparities experienced by, and need for improved support for, this population. However, here we draw from the varied experiences of our authorship team to reflect on some problematic operationalisations of the term SMI and its usage, specifically in policy, primary care practice, and academic discourses in England and the UK. Benefits of the SMI label in accessing specialised services are evident but, in this commentary, we start a discussion on its necessity and unintended consequences for wider health support. We focus on physical health support specifically. We hope that this commentary encourages dialogue among practitioners, researchers, stakeholders and commissioners concerning wider uses of the term SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pina
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Emily J. Oliver
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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181
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Chou STY, Sutherland R, McCabe P. A systematic scoping review of the literacy skills of children with childhood apraxia of speech: Recommendations for best practice and further research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 26:346-366. [PMID: 38973309 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2363935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the literacy skills of children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) or effective methods for teaching them to read. This systematic scoping review aimed to synthesise what is known about this issue. METHOD Nine databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Included articles were categorised by study design, quality, and confidence of CAS diagnosis. RESULT Twenty-three articles were included, 17 described literacy skills of children with CAS and six trialled literacy interventions. Children with CAS had early skills deficits that manifest as literacy difficulties in the later school years and beyond. They frequently had poorer outcomes compared with both typical readers and children with other speech disorders. Both the extent of literacy impairment and responsiveness to intervention appear to be related to the severity of speech impairment. Four literacy interventions for children with CAS were identified. CONCLUSIONS Children with CAS are at high risk of literacy difficulty and may require early literacy intervention to help them attain academic success. Further research is warranted to determine the longer-term literacy outcomes of children with CAS, appropriate means of assessment, and whether a systematic synthetic phonics approach is an effective form of literacy instruction for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tzy Yun Chou
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sutherland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Patricia McCabe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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182
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Rief W, Asmundson GJG, Bryant RA, Clark DM, Ehlers A, Holmes EA, McNally RJ, Neufeld CB, Wilhelm S, Jaroszewski AC, Berg M, Haberkamp A, Hofmann SG. The future of psychological treatments: The Marburg Declaration. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102417. [PMID: 38688158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Although psychological treatments are broadly recognized as evidence-based interventions for various mental disorders, challenges remain. For example, a substantial proportion of patients receiving such treatments do not fully recover, and many obstacles hinder the dissemination, implementation, and training of psychological treatments. These problems require those in our field to rethink some of our basic models of mental disorders and their treatments, and question how research and practice in clinical psychology should progress. To answer these questions, a group of experts of clinical psychology convened at a Think-Tank in Marburg, Germany, in August 2022 to review the evidence and analyze barriers for current and future developments. After this event, an overview of the current state-of-the-art was drafted and suggestions for improvements and specific recommendations for research and practice were integrated. Recommendations arising from our meeting cover further improving psychological interventions through translational approaches, improving clinical research methodology, bridging the gap between more nomothetic (group-oriented) studies and idiographic (person-centered) decisions, using network approaches in addition to selecting single mechanisms to embrace the complexity of clinical reality, making use of scalable digital options for assessments and interventions, improving the training and education of future psychotherapists, and accepting the societal responsibilities that clinical psychology has in improving national and global health care. The objective of the Marburg Declaration is to stimulate a significant change regarding our understanding of mental disorders and their treatments, with the aim to trigger a new era of evidence-based psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Rief
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Group, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Richard A Bryant
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Clark
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK
| | - Anke Ehlers
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Carmem B Neufeld
- University of São Paulo, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Adam C Jaroszewski
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Max Berg
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Group, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anke Haberkamp
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Group, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Translational Clinical Psychology Group, Marburg, Germany
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183
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Lu H. Promises and pitfalls of #Relapse narratives in Destigmatization: The mediating role of emotions. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 19:100551. [PMID: 38764723 PMCID: PMC11101745 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The disclosure of recovery journeys on social media by individuals with substance use is a growing trend, but its impact on public attitudes toward stigmatized groups is not well-understood. To address this gap, an experiment was conducted with 1,438 U.S. adults who viewed a series of Instagram posts about a person's recovery journey. Participants were randomly assigned to view posts that either included a relapse episode or not. Structural equation modeling was used for data analyses. The results revealed that presenting a relapse narrative increased feelings of compassion, anger, and pity. In addition, mediation analyses provided evidence supporting the role these emotions played in mediating the effects of a relapse narrative on stigma beliefs and desire for social distance. These findings prompt a reevaluation of digital storytelling practices in health communication strategies, aiming for a balanced representation that can effectively reduce stigma and promote community support for those navigating substance use recovery. It is recommended to incorporate the study's insights into educational content, therapeutic interventions, and policy formulations to foster a more supportive and understanding environment for individuals in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lu
- Department of Communication and Media, University of Michigan, 5389 North Quad, 105 South State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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184
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Schram A, Bonne NL, Henriksen TB, Paltved C, Hertel NT, Lindhard MS. Simulation-based team training for healthcare professionals in pediatric departments: study protocol for a nonrandomized controlled trial. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:607. [PMID: 38824537 PMCID: PMC11143636 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare systems worldwide face challenges related to patient safety, quality of care, and interprofessional collaboration. Simulation-based team training has emerged as a promising approach to address some of these challenges by providing healthcare professionals with a controlled and safe environment to enhance their teamwork and communication skills. The purpose of this study protocol is to describe an intervention using simulation-based team training in pediatric departments. METHODS Using a parallel-group, non-randomized controlled trial design, a simulation-based team training intervention will be implemented across four pediatric departments in Denmark. Another four pediatric departments will serve as controls. The intervention implies that healthcare professionals engage in simulation-based team training at a higher quantity and frequency than they did previously. Development of the intervention occurred from April 2022 to April 2023. Implementation of the intervention occurs from April 2023 to April 2024. Evaluation of the intervention is planned from April 2024 to April 2025. All simulation activity both before and during the intervention will be registered, making it possible to compare outcomes across time periods (before versus after) and across groups (intervention versus control). To evaluate the effects of the intervention, we will conduct four analyses. Analysis 1 investigates if simulation-based team training is related to sick leave among healthcare professionals. Analysis 2 explores if the simulation intervention has an impact on patient safety culture. Analysis 3 examines if simulation-based team training is associated with the treatment of critically ill newborns. Finally, Analysis 4 conducts a cost-benefit analysis, highlighting the potential return on investment. DISCUSSION The implemented simulation-based team training intervention can be defined as a complex intervention. Following the Medical Research Council framework and guidelines, the intervention in this project encompasses feasibility assessment, planning of intervention, implementation of intervention, and rigorous data analysis. Furthermore, the project emphasizes practical considerations such as stakeholder collaboration, facilitator training, and equipment management. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered as a clinical trial on clinicaltrials.gov, with the identifier NCT06064045.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schram
- Corporate HR, MidtSim, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - N L Bonne
- Corporate HR, MidtSim, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T B Henriksen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Paltved
- Corporate HR, MidtSim, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N T Hertel
- HC Andersen Childrens Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - M S Lindhard
- Corporate HR, MidtSim, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Randers, Randers, Denmark
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185
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Crawford MT, Maymon C, Miles NL, Blackburne K, Tooley M, Grimshaw GM. Emotion in motion: perceiving fear in the behaviour of individuals from minimal motion capture displays. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:451-462. [PMID: 38354068 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2300748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The ability to quickly and accurately recognise emotional states is adaptive for numerous social functions. Although body movements are a potentially crucial cue for inferring emotions, few studies have studied the perception of body movements made in naturalistic emotional states. The current research focuses on the use of body movement information in the perception of fear expressed by targets in a virtual heights paradigm. Across three studies, participants made judgments about the emotional states of others based on motion-capture body movement recordings of those individuals actively engaged in walking a virtual plank at ground-level or 80 stories above a city street. Results indicated that participants were reliably able to differentiate between height and non-height conditions (Studies 1 & 2), were more likely to spontaneously describe target behaviour in the height condition as fearful (Study 2) and their fear estimates were highly calibrated with the fear ratings from the targets (Studies 1-3). Findings show that VR height scenarios can induce fearful behaviour and that people can perceive fear in minimal representations of body movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Crawford
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Maymon
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicola L Miles
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Katie Blackburne
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Tooley
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gina M Grimshaw
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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186
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Graetz DE, Velasquez T, Chitsike I, Halalsheh H, Cáceres-Serrano A, Fuentes L, Chokwenda N, Matsikidze E, Ferrara G, Bilbeisi T, Williams A, Bhakta N, Jeha S, Rodriguez Galindo C, Mack JW, Santana VM. Stigma in Pediatric Cancer: An Exploratory Study of Osteosarcoma and Retinoblastoma in Guatemala, Jordan, and Zimbabwe. JCO Glob Oncol 2024; 10:e2400017. [PMID: 38905576 PMCID: PMC11191872 DOI: 10.1200/go.24.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stigma is an understudied barrier to health care acceptance in pediatric oncology. We sought to explore the stigma experience, including its impact on cancer treatment decision making, and identify strategies to mitigate stigma for patients with osteosarcoma and retinoblastoma in Guatemala, Jordan, and Zimbabwe. METHODS Participants included caregivers, adolescent patients (age 12-19 years), and health care clinicians. A semistructured interview guide based on The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework (HSDF) was adapted for use at each site. Interviews were conducted in English, Spanish, Arabic, or Shona, audio-recorded, translated, and transcribed. Thematic analysis focused on stigma practices, experiences, outcomes, drivers, mitigators, and interventions. RESULTS We conducted 56 interviews (28 caregivers, 19 health care clinicians, nine patients; 20 in Guatemala, 21 in Jordan, 15 in Zimbabwe). Major themes were organized into categories used to adapt the HSDF to global pediatric cancer care. Themes were described similarly across all sites, ages, and diagnoses, with specific cultural nuances noted. Pediatric cancer stigma was depicted as an isolating and emotional experience beginning at diagnosis and including internalized and associative stigma. Stigma affected decision making and contributed to negative outcomes including delayed diagnosis, treatment abandonment, regret, and psychosocial fragility. Overcoming stigma led to positive outcomes including resilience, treatment adherence, pride, and advocacy. Identified stigma drivers and mitigators were linked to potential interventions. CONCLUSION Participants describe a shared stigma experience that transcends geography, cultural context, age, and diagnosis. Stigma manifestations have the potential to impact medical decision making and affect long-term psychological outcomes. Stigma assessment tools and interventions aimed at stigma mitigation including educational initiatives and support groups specific to pediatric cancer should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thelma Velasquez
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Inam Chitsike
- University of Zimbabwe and Parirenyatwa Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Lucia Fuentes
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Nester Chokwenda
- University of Zimbabwe and Parirenyatwa Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Edith Matsikidze
- University of Zimbabwe and Parirenyatwa Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gia Ferrara
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Sima Jeha
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jennifer W. Mack
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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187
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Nguyen ML, Wong D, Barson E, Staunton E, Fisher CA. Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes-related foot complications: A cohort study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:1017-1038. [PMID: 38932904 PMCID: PMC11196439 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective Mild-moderate cognitive impairment has been identified in general diabetes, and early evidence indicates cognitive reductions may be more pronounced in those with diabetes-related foot complications (DRFC). Cognitive difficulties may impede treatment engagement and self-management. This requires further explication to optimise patient care and outcomes. The current study aimed to characterise cognitive function in people with DRFC using comprehensive cognitive measures. Method This cross-sectional cohort study recruited 80 adult participants (M age = 63.38, SD = 11.40, range = 30 - 89) from the Royal Melbourne Hospital Diabetic Foot Unit in Victoria, Australia, all with DRFC. Each completed a comprehensive cognitive battery (memory, attention, executive functions) and scores were calculated using age-matched population norms, where available. Results On the majority of tasks, DRFC participants performed significantly worse than age-matched norms, with the largest decrements seen in inhibition control, verbal memory, verbal abstract reasoning and working memory. Small to moderate reductions were also seen in visual learning, verbal fluency, processing speed and premorbid functioning. Demographic (lower education, male gender) and clinical factors (higher HbA1c, macrovascular and microvascular disease, longer diabetes duration) were associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Conclusions Marked reductions in cognitive functioning were found in individuals with DRFC, predominantly in the domains of verbal memory and executive functioning. Lower education, male gender and indicators of diabetes severity, such as vascular disease, are associated with heightened risk for poorer cognitive functioning. As DRFCs are a serious complication with devastating outcomes if not successfully managed, cognitive barriers to self-management must be addressed to optimise treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01381-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Loan Nguyen
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Dana Wong
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Elizabeth Barson
- Psychosocial Oncology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Grattan Street, Parkville Victoria, 3052 Australia
| | - Eva Staunton
- Allied Health – Podiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville Victoria, 3052 Australia
| | - Caroline A. Fisher
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
- Allied Health – Psychology, 4 North, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville Victoria, 3052 Australia
- The Melbourne Clinic, 130 Church St, Richmond Victorian, 3121 Australia
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188
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Grogans SE, Hur J, Barstead MG, Anderson AS, Islam S, Kim HC, Kuhn M, Tillman RM, Fox AS, Smith JF, DeYoung KA, Shackman AJ. Neuroticism/negative emotionality is associated with increased reactivity to uncertain threat in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, not the amygdala. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.09.527767. [PMID: 36798350 PMCID: PMC9934698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality (N/NE)-the tendency to experience anxiety, fear, and other negative emotions-is a fundamental dimension of temperament with profound consequences for health, wealth, and wellbeing. Elevated N/NE is associated with a panoply of adverse outcomes, from reduced socioeconomic attainment to psychiatric illness. Animal research suggests that N/NE reflects heightened reactivity to uncertain threat in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), but the relevance of these discoveries to humans has remained unclear. Here we used a novel combination of psychometric, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging approaches to rigorously test this hypothesis in an ethnoracially diverse, sex-balanced sample of 220 emerging adults selectively recruited to encompass a broad spectrum of N/NE. Cross-validated robust-regression analyses demonstrated that N/NE is preferentially associated with heightened BST activation during the uncertain anticipation of a genuinely distressing threat (aversive multimodal stimulation), whereas N/NE was unrelated to BST activation during certain-threat anticipation, Ce activation during either type of threat anticipation, or BST/Ce reactivity to threat-related faces. It is often assumed that different threat paradigms are interchangeable assays of individual differences in brain function, yet this has rarely been tested. Our results revealed negligible associations between BST/Ce reactivity to the anticipation of threat and the presentation of threat-related faces, indicating that the two tasks are non-fungible. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing emotional traits and disorders; for guiding the design and interpretation of biobank and other neuroimaging studies of psychiatric risk, disease, and treatment; and for informing mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Grogans
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Allegra S. Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240 USA
| | - Samiha Islam
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Hyung Cho Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Manuel Kuhn
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | | | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Kathryn A. DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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189
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Brossette B, Lefèvre É, Beyersmann E, Cavalli E, Grainger J, Lété B. Phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition: Complementary routes during learning to read. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 242:105877. [PMID: 38367346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
We examined the reliance on phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition strategies in developing and skilled readers of French. A lexical decision experiment was conducted where the critical stimuli were four types of nonwords, all derived from the same base word, such as the French word visage (face) in the following examples: (a) pseudo-homophone (PsH) nonwords (e.g., visaje), (b) orthographic controls for PsH nonwords (e.g., visape), (c) pseudo-morphemic (PsM) nonwords (e.g., visageable), and (d) orthographic controls for PsM nonwords (e.g., visagealle, where alle is not a suffix in French). Responses to PsH and PsM nonwords and their controls were studied in three groups of school children (Grades 1, 2, and 5) and one group of skilled adult readers. PsH interference effects (i.e., more errors to PsH nonwords than to the corresponding controls) decreased during reading acquisition to become nonsignificant in skilled readers. Interestingly, the opposite pattern was seen in PsM interference effects (also measured in terms of accuracy), which were already significant in Grade 1 and increased during reading development to reach their maximum in skilled readers. These results point toward opposing learning trajectories in the use of phonological and morphological information when learning to silently read for meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Brossette
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LPL, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Aix-Marseille University, Pôle Pilote AMPIRIC, 13013 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, ILCB, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Élise Lefèvre
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Beyersmann
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Eddy Cavalli
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Aix-Marseille University, Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, ILCB, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS, and Aix-Marseille University, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Lété
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
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190
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Ghaleh RJ, Mohsenipouya H, Hosseinnataj A, Al‐Mamun F, Mamun MA. Job satisfaction and the role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: A cross-sectional study among Iranian nurses. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2215. [PMID: 38881516 PMCID: PMC11180991 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to investigate the relationship between nurses' self-efficacy and self-esteem, and their job satisfaction. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted. METHODS Employing a random sampling method that included 234 nurses from three hospitals in Iran enrolled. This study utilized the General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Coppersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation analyses, and linear regression were employed for data analysis. RESULTS The mean self-efficacy score for nurses was 26.73 ± 5.62 (out of 40), while self-esteem and job satisfaction scored 37.13 ± 6.87 (out of 50) and 68.27 ± 12.65 (out of 100), respectively. Significant correlations were found between self-efficacy, self-esteem, and job satisfaction. Moreover, self-esteem and the age group >40 years were identified as important predictors of nurses' job satisfaction. This study highlights the influential role of self-esteem in determining nurses' job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Mohsenipouya
- Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of NursingMazandaran University of Medical SciencesBehshahrIran
| | - Abolfazl Hosseinnataj
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of HealthMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Firoj Al‐Mamun
- CHINTA Research BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Public Health and InformaticsJahangirnagar UniversityDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of South AsiaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Public Health and InformaticsJahangirnagar UniversityDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of South AsiaDhakaBangladesh
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191
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Ahmed SM, Saber AF, Naif AA, Hamad AH, Ahmed SK, Abdullah AY, Qurbani K, Hussein S. Exploring Young Adults' Reluctance to Engage With Psychiatric Hospitals in Erbil, Iraq: Identifying Barriers to Psychiatric Care. Cureus 2024; 16:e62164. [PMID: 38993398 PMCID: PMC11238745 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In Erbil, Iraq, the reluctance of young adults to engage with psychiatric services is influenced by a complex array of barriers, including stigma-related, attitudinal, and instrumental factors that hinder effective mental healthcare access. This study aimed to identify these specific barriers to accessing psychiatric care among young adults in Erbil. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study utilized a cross-sectional online survey conducted between April 5th and May 1st, 2024. Data collection was carried out through purposive sampling and involved a comprehensive questionnaire. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before they started the survey, which collected demographic data and utilized the Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation (BACE v3) tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used for categorical data, while the mean and standard deviation characterized continuous variables. Chi-square tests, including Fisher's exact test and odds ratio (OR), were used to analyze categorical data, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 407 participants were enrolled in the study. The study highlighted several barriers to mental health care. Stigma-related barriers were significant, with participants fearing being seen as weak (mean score = 2.14, SD = 0.96) and concerns about being labeled "crazy" (mean score = 1.80, SD = 1.19). Regarding attitudinal barriers, there was a notable preference for dealing with issues independently (mean score = 2.04, SD = 0.98) and a tendency toward resolving problems without professional help (mean score = 1.88, SD = 0.98). Additionally, instrumental barriers were identified, including the rare availability of culturally diverse mental health professionals (mean score = 1.78, SD = 1.09) and practical difficulties such as arranging transportation to appointments (mean score = 0.61, SD = 0.87). CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that young adults in Erbil face significant stigma and attitudinal and instrumental barriers to accessing psychiatric care. In response to these findings, it is recommended for the government to prioritize mental health awareness, actively destigmatize mental health issues, and improve service accessibility to foster a supportive care environment. Additionally, mental health professionals and educational institutions should collaborate to provide targeted support programs and resources for young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangar M Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tishk International University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Abdulmalik F Saber
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Ahmed A Naif
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Abdulqader H Hamad
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Sirwan K Ahmed
- College of Nursing, University of Raparin, Sulaymaniyah, IRQ
| | - Ammar Y Abdullah
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Karzan Qurbani
- Department of Biology, University of Raparin, Sulaymaniyah, IRQ
| | - Safin Hussein
- Department of Biology, University of Raparin, Sulaymaniyah, IRQ
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192
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Seff I, Bennouna C, Gillespie A, Ali A, Allaf C, Wessells M, Stark L. Meaning-focused coping as a cultural process: A mixed quantitative and PhotoVoice study of adolescents with Arab backgrounds overcoming stigma and harassment. Soc Sci Med 2024; 350:116921. [PMID: 38723586 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Poor mental health among U.S. adolescents has reach epidemic proportions, with those from the Middle East and North African region exhibiting increased risk for distress and suicide ideation. This mixed-methods study analyzes quantitative data from first- and second-generation Arab adolescents (n = 171) and qualitative data from a participatory study conducted with 11 adolescents of the same population to understand the role of cultural resources in coping. Drawing on the Intersectional Theory of Cultural Repertoires in Health, we show that: 1) cultural resources underlie meaning-making throughout coping; 2) coping strategies are inseparable from the influence of peer and familial relationships, as dictated through the social norms and other cultural resources; 3) collectively held repertoires of coping can promote belonging, affirm identity, and protect against discrimination; and 4) the outcomes of coping strategies, and the culturally informed meaning individuals make of these outcomes, influence their future coping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seff
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis/Washington DC/Chicago, USA.
| | - Cyril Bennouna
- Brown University, Department of Political Science, Providence/Denver, USA.
| | - Alli Gillespie
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis/Washington DC/Chicago, USA.
| | - Ali Ali
- School of Social Work, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Michael Wessells
- Columbia University, Program on Forced Migration and Health, New York City, USA.
| | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis/Washington DC/Chicago, USA.
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193
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Fruchart E, Rulence-Pâques P. Mapping Risk Judgment and Risk Taking in Mountain Hiking: An Information Integration Approach. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:897-919. [PMID: 38485663 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241239119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Risk analysis is essential for promoting hiking-based tourism. Our objective in the present study was to map 395 mountain hikers' positions on risk judgment and risk taking, according to how they integrated three antecedent factors of confidence (environment, team, and self). For integrating information, people can develop an additive rule whereby they apply the same weight to all information or use interaction rules (i.e., conjunctive or disjunctive), to give different weights to information. In the questionnaire our participants completed, there were eight scenarios that combined the three confidence antecedent factors as information cues. We applied cluster analysis, repeated-measures analyses of variance, chi-square tests, and bivariate correlation analyses to the questionnaire results to identify three participant risk positions. In the first risk position (cluster 1), participants used a disjunctive integration rule for both risk judgment and risk taking. In the second risk position (Clusters 2 and 4), they used an additive integration rule for risk judgment while they used a disjunctive integration rule for risk taking. In the third risk position (cluster 3), they used an additive integration rule for both risk judgment and risk taking. In each risk position, confidence in the three antecedent factors (environment, team, and self) negatively affected risk judgment and positively affected risk taking. We found the compositions of the clusters to be related to the participants' sex, and we discuss various advantages of applying information integration for mountain hiking practitioners and promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fruchart
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Font-Romeu, France
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194
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Kozyreva A, Lorenz-Spreen P, Herzog SM, Ecker UKH, Lewandowsky S, Hertwig R, Ali A, Bak-Coleman J, Barzilai S, Basol M, Berinsky AJ, Betsch C, Cook J, Fazio LK, Geers M, Guess AM, Huang H, Larreguy H, Maertens R, Panizza F, Pennycook G, Rand DG, Rathje S, Reifler J, Schmid P, Smith M, Swire-Thompson B, Szewach P, van der Linden S, Wineburg S. Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1044-1052. [PMID: 38740990 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kozyreva
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philipp Lorenz-Spreen
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M Herzog
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ullrich K H Ecker
- School of Psychological Science & Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Joe Bak-Coleman
- Craig Newmark Center, School of Journalism, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarit Barzilai
- Department of Learning and Instructional Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Melisa Basol
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam J Berinsky
- Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia Betsch
- Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Cook
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa K Fazio
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Geers
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew M Guess
- Department of Politics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Horacio Larreguy
- Departments of Economics and Political Science, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rakoen Maertens
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Reifler
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Smith
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Paula Szewach
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sam Wineburg
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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195
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B Dowdell E, Lamade RV, Lee AF, Schuler A, Prentky RA. Problematic Behaviors and Predicting Online Risk Behaviors in High School Students. J Sch Nurs 2024; 40:316-328. [PMID: 35440221 DOI: 10.1177/10598405221091481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent behavior now occurs offline and online. Frequently studied and treated independently, the relationship between offline problem behaviors and online risk taking is not well understood. This study asked whether there are any problematic behaviors predictive of online risk taking by high school students. Using a 2009 dataset of 2,077 high school students grades 9-12, five areas of offline problematic behaviors were examined: Academic problems, anxiety, behavioral wrongdoing, bullying, and social-emotional. Nine binary results were classified as online risk: Sexting, online harassment (perpetrating and experiencing), visiting sex sites, talking about sex, receiving sexual pictures, meeting offline, anything sexual happened, feeling nervous or uncomfortable. Behavioral wrongdoing (fighting, school suspension, trouble with police, theft), emerged as a significant predictor appearing in all nine models, followed by bullying experience (bully or victim) in six models. Identifying common problem behaviors that predict online risk taking are key components in developing strategies to promote adolescent health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Dowdell
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Raina V Lamade
- University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Austin F Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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196
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Yoshino S, Law WHC, Koike S. Parent-Child Associations in COVID-19-Related Preventive Behaviors and Efficacy Expectations: A One-Year Longitudinal Survey. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:1146-1155. [PMID: 38493392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is necessary to identify the variables that explain the variance in preventive behaviors against COVID-19 to increase adolescents' engagement in these behaviors. We focused on efficacy expectations of preventive behaviors and their associations within families. This study examined the associations between efficacy expectations and preventive behaviors, and between adolescents and their parents in terms of efficacy expectations and preventive behaviors. METHODS A cross-lagged panel model was employed to analyze 281 parent-child pairs consisting of 245 children (118 girls, mean age = 17.4 years), 277 mothers (median age = 49.3 years), and 211 fathers (median age = 51.5 years). Participants completed the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection Scale at baseline (October 2020 to April 2021) and one-year follow-up to assess efficacy expectations and preventive behaviors for sanitization, contact, and hoarding factors. RESULTS Efficacy expectations of preventive behaviors at baseline were positively associated with preventive behaviors at one-year follow-up regarding the sanitization and contact factors. Additionally, for parents, efficacy expectations of preventive behaviors at baseline were positively associated with subsequent preventive behaviors regarding the hoarding factor. Parental efficacy expectation scores for contact at baseline were positively associated with their children's scores at one-year follow-up. DISCUSSION The findings highlight the association between parental efficacy expectations at an initial time point and adolescents' efficacy expectations at one-year follow-up toward COVID-19 preventive measures, particularly contact-related behaviors. These insights can inform public health interventions targeting individual expectations and parental involvement to promote effective preventive practices during future health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yoshino
- Faculty of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinju-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wai Him Crystal Law
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan; University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan; The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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197
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Amian JG, Fernandez-Portero C, de la Bella R, Arenilla-Villalba MJ, López-Lluch G, Alarcon D. Cognitive Reserve and Frontotemporal Disorders: Exploring the Relationship Between Education, Physical Activity, and Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:720-736. [PMID: 38523555 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241241358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR) proxies, such as education, physical activity (PA), and cognitive dysfunction (CD) in the presence or absence of frontotemporal disorders (FTD). Previous research has suggested that education and PA may delay the onset of CD and reduce the risk of developing dementia. However, it remains unclear whether these CR proxies can protect against CD when FTD is present. We aimed to explore this relationship and determine whether sustained CR may be evident regardless of FTD. We recruited 149 older adults (aged 65-99 years) from community centers where they were voluntarily participating in leisure activities. We used bioelectrical impedance to measure their body composition, and we administered the International PA Questionnaire and the Mini-Mental State Examination to measure their PA and cognitive function, respectively. We used the Frontal Assessment Battery to screen for frontotemporal dementia. Our results showed that people with FTD were older, had lower education, and engaged in less PA, relative to other participants. Regression models revealed that age, education, and PA were significant predictors of FTD. More specifically, FTD was negatively associated with cognitive functioning, and there were significant interaction effects between FTD and education and PA. PA and education were significant predictors of cognitive functioning, and, when values for PA and education were high, they offset the effects of FTD on cognitive function. These findings support impressions that PA and years of education provide an insulating or compensatory effect on cognitive functioning in older adults with executive dysfunction or frontotemporal dementia, highlighting the importance of encouraging both pursuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue G Amian
- Department of Social Anthropology, Psychology and Public Health, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Portero
- Department of Social Anthropology, Psychology and Public Health, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío de la Bella
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, U729), IICS-Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Alarcon
- Department of Social Anthropology, Psychology and Public Health, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Nielsen MW, Pedersen JV, Larregue J. Getting ahead in the social sciences: How parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2024; 75:322-346. [PMID: 38549173 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
How do parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement? While extensive research examines the causes of gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, we know much less about the factors that constrain women's advancement in the social sciences. Combining detailed career- and administrative register data on 976 Danish social scientists in Business and Management, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology (5703 person-years) that obtained a PhD degree between 2000 and 2015, we estimate gender differences in attainment of senior research positions and parse out how publication outputs, parenthood and parental leave contribute to these differences. Our approach is advantageous over previous longitudinal studies in that we track the careers and publication outputs of graduates from the outset of their PhD education and match this data with time-sensitive information on each individual's publication activities and family situation. In discrete time-event history models, we observe a ∼24 per cent female disadvantage in advancement likelihoods within the first 7 years after PhD graduation, with gender differences increasing over the observation period. A decomposition indicates that variations in publishing, parenthood and parental leave account for ∼ 40 per cent of the gender gap in career advancement, suggesting that other factors, including recruitment disparities, asymmetries in social capital and experiences of unequal treatment at work, may also constrain women's careers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Vognstoft Pedersen
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Evaluation Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien Larregue
- Department of Sociology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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199
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Li CJ, Anthony LE, Nagata T, Cheng Y, Lin RT. Effect of Government Guidelines and Corporate Governance on Telework Adoption and Occupational Health Measures in Taiwanese-Listed Companies. Saf Health Work 2024; 15:164-171. [PMID: 39035800 PMCID: PMC11255928 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Telework adoption in Taiwan has surged because of government guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the disclosure practices of Taiwanese-listed companies, assessing their adherence to government telework guidelines and their correlation with corporate governance, focusing on occupational health measures. Methods We conducted a guideline-adherent cohort analysis of the 2020 and 2021 sustainability reports of 295 Taiwanese-listed companies. We assessed their disclosure of corporate measures for teleworking in alignment with two government guidelines, specifically occupational health measures. Using the McNemar test and general estimating equation analysis, we compared the 2020 and 2021 responses and examined their associations with corporate governance rankings. Results Telework adoption increased significantly from 2020 to 2021, with 68% of companies reporting new work modes. The mentioning of government guidelines also increased to 67% by 2021. Companies with higher governance rankings were more likely to adopt online occupational health measures, including occupational health services (RR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.41-2.94; p < 0.001) and mental health promotion activities (RR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.06-3.82; p = 0.032), than those with low rankings. Although on-site and online occupational health services increased, home workspace assessments did not. Conclusion Our findings highlight significant upward trends in the disclosure of telework measures following the issuance of government guidelines. Corporate governance is significantly associated with the implementation of occupational health measures. Amid the evolution of teleworking, both government guidelines and corporate governance have become essential for shaping work arrangements and ensuring workforce well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Louise E. Anthony
- International Master Program for Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tomohisa Nagata
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yawen Cheng
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ro-Ting Lin
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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200
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Suárez-Llevat C, Jiménez-Gómez B, Ruiz-Núñez C, Fernández-Quijano I, Rodriguez-González EM, de la Torre-Domingo C, Herrera-Peco I. Social networks use in the context of Schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1255073. [PMID: 38881547 PMCID: PMC11177301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1255073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a persistent mental health condition that, while presenting challenges, underscores the dynamic nature of cognitive functions and encourages a unique perspective on how individuals engage with their surroundings. Social networks, as a means of communication of great importance at the present time, are for this type of people a way of interacting with their environment with a high level of security. The aim is to find out how schizophrenia is dealt with in different social networks and to differentiate between different types of articles dealing with the use of Facebook, X (former Twitter), YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and Weibo. A total of 45 articles to i) Social networks used, ii) Country of analyzed users, iii) age of the users analyzed, iv) focus of the analyzed manuscript (mental health literacy, stigmatization, detection of patterns associated with schizophrenia, and Harmful substance use). It was observed that 45.45% of the studies analyzed were conducted in the USA population, followed by UK and China (13.64%). The most analyzed social networks were those based on audiovisual communication (60%). Furthermore, the two main foci addressed in these articles were: stigmatization of schizophrenia with 16 articles (35.55%), following by the prediction of schizophrenia-detecting patterns with 15 articles (33.33%) and the use of social networks to stigmatize people with schizophrenia (38%) and only 14 articles (31.11%) were focused on mental health literacy. Likewise, it was found that there is great potential in the use of the analysis of the content generated, as possible predictors of the presence of this disease, which would allow rapid detection and intervention for psychosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Suárez-Llevat
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- School for Doctoral Studies and Research in Biomedicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Nursing, Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Núñez
- Program in Biomedicine, Translational Research and New Health Technologies, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Iván Herrera-Peco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Spain
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