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Liu L, Panzitt K, Racedo S, Wagner M, Platzer W, Zaufel A, Theiler‐Schwetz V, Obermayer‐Pietsch B, Müller H, Höfler G, Heinemann A, Zollner G, Fickert P. Bile acids increase steroidogenesis in cholemic mice and induce cortisol secretion in adrenocortical H295R cells via S1PR2, ERK and SF-1. Liver Int 2019; 39:2112-2123. [PMID: 30664326 PMCID: PMC6899711 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile acids are now accepted as central signalling molecules for the regulation of glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Adrenal gland cortex cells express the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). We aimed to determine the effects of cholestasis and more specifically of bile acids on cortisol production. METHODS FXR and TGR5 knockout mice and controls were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) feeding to model cholestasis. Human adrenocortical H295R cells were challenged with bile acids for mechanistic studies. RESULTS We found that CBDL and CDCA feeding increased the levels of corticosterone, the rodent equivalent to human cortisol and mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenesis-related enzymes in adrenals independent of FXR and TGR5. Taurine-conjugated CDCA (TCDCA) significantly stimulated cortisol secretion, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in human adrenocortical H295R cells. FXR and TGR5 agonists failed to induce cortisol secretion in H295R cells. S1PR2 inhibition significantly abolished TCDCA-induced cortisol secretion, lowered phosphorylation of ERK and abrogated enhanced transcription of steroidogenesis-related genes in H295R cells. Likewise, siRNA S1PR2 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and cortisol secretion. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) transactivation activity was increased upon TCDCA treatment suggesting that bile acid signalling is linked to SF-1. Treatment with SF-1 inverse agonist AC45594 also reduced TCDCA-induced steroidogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that supraphysiological bile acid levels as observed in cholestasis stimulate steroidogenesis via an S1PR2-ERK-SF-1 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research in Liver MetabolismDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Silvia Racedo
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research in Liver MetabolismDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Platzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | | | - Helmut Müller
- Division of Transplant SurgeryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gerald Höfler
- Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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Vivas W, Leonhardt I, Hünniger K, Häder A, Marolda A, Kurzai O. Multiple Signaling Pathways Involved in Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Are Affected by the Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecule Farnesol. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2959-2969. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wu X, Chien H, van Wolferen ME, Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, Penning LC. Reduced FXR Target Gene Expression in Copper-Laden Livers of COMMD1-Deficient Dogs. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040078. [PMID: 31574998 PMCID: PMC6958483 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD), an autosomal recessive disorder, results in copper accumulation in the liver as a consequence of mutations in the gene ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B). The disease is characterized by chronic hepatitis, eventually resulting in liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have shown that dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NR) by high hepatic copper levels is an important event in the pathogenesis of liver disease in WD. Intracellular trafficking of ATP7B is mediated by COMMD1 and, in Bedlington terriers, a mutation in the COMMD1 gene results in high hepatic copper levels. Here, we demonstrate a reduced Farnesoid X nuclear receptor (FXR)-activity in liver biopsies of COMMD1-deficient dogs with copper toxicosis, a unique large animal model of WD. FXR-induced target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were down-regulated in liver samples from COMMD1-deficient dogs with hepatic copper accumulation. In contrast, the relative mRNA levels of the two CYP-enzymes (reduced by FXR activity) was similar in both groups. These data are in line with the previously observed reduced FXR activity in livers of ATP7B−/− mice and WD patients. Therefore, these data further corroborate on the importance of the COMMD1-deficient dogs as a large animal model for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hsiaotzu Chien
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a bile acid (BA)-activated transcription factor, which is essential for BA homeostasis. FXR and its hepatic and intestinal target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) and fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (Fgf15 in mice, FGF19 in humans), transcriptionally regulate BA synthesis, detoxification, secretion, and absorption in the enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, FXR modulates a large variety of physiological processes, such as lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as the inflammatory response. Targeted deletion of FXR renders mice highly susceptible to cholic acid feeding resulting in cholestatic liver injury, weight loss, and increased mortality. Combined deletion of FXR and SHP spontaneously triggers early-onset intrahepatic cholestasis in mice resembling human progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Reduced expression levels and activity of FXR have been reported in human cholestatic conditions, such as PFIC type 1 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Recently, two pairs of siblings with homozygous FXR truncation or deletion variants were identified. All four children suffered from severe, early-onset PFIC and liver failure leading to death or need for liver transplantation before the age of 2. These findings underscore the central role of FXR as regulator of systemic and hepatic BA levels. Therefore, targeting FXR has been exploited in different animal models of both intrahepatic and obstructive cholestasis, and the first FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has been approved for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Further FXR agonists as well as a FGF19 analogue are currently tested in clinical trials for different cholestatic liver diseases. This chapter will summarize the current knowledge on the role of FXR in cholestasis both in rodent models and in human diseases.
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Abstract
This review provides a historical perspective of bile acids and their receptors as therapeutic targets. Bile acids are atypical steroids generated by the liver from cholesterol and have been used for almost half a century for treating liver and biliary disorders. Since the early 1970s of the last century, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a secondary bile acid and the 7βepimer of CDCA, have been shown effective in promoting the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. However, lack of activity and side effects associated with the use of CDCA, along with the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, have greatly reduced the clinical relevance of this application. At the turn of the century, however, the discovery that bile acids activate specific receptors, along with the discovery that those receptors are placed at the interface of the host and intestinal microbiota regulating physiologically relevant enterohepatic and entero-pancreatic axes, has led to a "bile acid renaissance." Similarly to other steroids, bile acids bind and activate both cell surface and nuclear receptors, including the bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and a G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, known as GPBAR1 (TGR5). Both receptors have been proved druggable, and several highly potent, selective, and nonselective ligands for the two receptors have been discovered in the last two decades. Currently, in addition to obeticholic acid, a semisynthetic derivative of CDCA and the first in class of FXR ligands approved for clinical use, either selective or dual FXR and GPBAR1 ligands, have been developed, and some of them are undergoing pre-approval trials. The effects of FXR and GPBAR1 ligands in different therapeutic area are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Singh AB, Dong B, Kraemer FB, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu J. Farnesoid X Receptor Activation by Obeticholic Acid Elevates Liver Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Expression by mRNA Stabilization and Reduces Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2448-2459. [PMID: 30354208 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective- The objective of this study was to determine whether and how activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) by obeticholic acid (OCA), a clinical FXR agonist, modulates liver low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression under normolipidemic conditions. Approach and Results- Administration of OCA to chow-fed mice increased mRNA and protein levels of LDLR in the liver without affecting the sterol-regulatory element binding protein pathway. Profiling of known LDLR mRNA-binding proteins demonstrated that OCA treatment did not affect expressions of mRNA degradation factors hnRNPD (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D) or ZFP36L1 but increased the expression of Hu antigen R (HuR) an mRNA-stabilizing factor. Furthermore, inducing effects of OCA on LDLR and HuR expression were ablated in Fxr-/- mice. To confirm the post-transcriptional mechanism, we used transgenic mice (albumin-luciferase-untranslated region) that express a human LDLR mRNA 3' untranslated region luciferase reporter gene in the liver. OCA treatment led to significant rises in hepatic bioluminescence signals, Luc-untranslated region chimeric mRNA levels, and endogenous LDLR protein abundance, which were accompanied by elevations of hepatic HuR mRNA and protein levels in OCA-treated transgenic mice. In vitro studies conducted in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells demonstrated that FXR activation by OCA and other agonists elicited the same inducing effect on LDLR expression as in the liver of normolipidemic mice. Furthermore, depletion of HuR in HepG2 cells by short interfering RNA transfection abolished the inducing effect of OCA on LDLR expression. Conclusions- Our study is the first to demonstrate that FXR activation increases LDLR expression in liver tissue by a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism involving LDLR mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bahadur Singh
- From the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (A.B.S., B.D., F.B.K., J.L.)
| | - Bin Dong
- From the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (A.B.S., B.D., F.B.K., J.L.)
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- From the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (A.B.S., B.D., F.B.K., J.L.).,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.B.K.)
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown (Y.X., Y.Z.)
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown (Y.X., Y.Z.)
| | - Jingwen Liu
- From the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (A.B.S., B.D., F.B.K., J.L.)
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Dong R, Wang J, Gao X, Wang C, Liu K, Wu J, Liu Z, Sun H, Ma X, Meng Q. Yangonin protects against estrogen–induced cholestasis in a farnesoid X receptor-dependent manner. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 841] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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209
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Semisynthetic bile acids: a new therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104333. [PMID: 31254667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are endogenous emulsifiers synthesized from cholesterol having a peculiar amphiphilic structure. Appreciation of their beneficial effects on human health, recognized since ancient times, has expanded enormously since the discovery of their role as signaling molecules. Activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein receptor-5 (TGR5) signaling pathways by bile acids, regulating glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, have become attractive avenue for metabolic syndrome treatment. Therefore, extensive effort has been directed into the research and synthesis of bile acid derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties and high potency and selectivity for these receptors. Minor modifications in the structure of bile acids and their derivatives may result in fine-tuning modulation of their biological functions, and most importantly, in an evasion of undesired effect. A great number of semisynthetic bile acid analogues have been designed and put in preclinical and clinical settings. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) has achieved the biggest clinical success so far being in use for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. This review summarizes and critically evaluates the key chemical modifications of bile acids resulting in development of novel semisynthetic derivatives as well as the current status of their preclinical and clinical evaluation in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, an aspect that is so far lacking in the scientific literature. Taking into account the balance between therapeutic benefits and potential adverse effects associated with specific structure and mechanism of action, recommendations for future studies are proposed.
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210
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Wu W, Wu Q, Liu X. Chronic activation of FXR-induced liver growth with tissue-specific targeting Cyclin D1. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1784-1797. [PMID: 31223053 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1634955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (FXR) plays essential roles in maintaining bile acid and lipid homeostasis by regulating diverse target genes. And its agonists were promising agents for treating various liver diseases. Nevertheless, the potential side effect of chronic FXR activation by specific agonists is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of FXR agonist WAY-362450 induced liver enlargement during treating liver diseases. We demonstrated that chronic ingestion of WAY-362450 induced liver hypertrophy instead of hyperplasia in mouse. Global transcriptional pattern was also examined in mouse livers after treatment with WAY-362450 by RNA-seq assay. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, we demonstrated that the expression of Cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) among the cell cycle-regulating genes was notably increased in WAY-362450-treated mouse liver. Activation of FXR-induced Ccnd1 expression in hepatocyte in a time-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro. Through bioinformatics analysis and ChIP assay, we identified FXR as a direct transcriptional activator of Ccnd1 through binding to a potential enhancer, which was specifically active in livers. We also found active histone acetylation was essential for Ccnd1 induction by FXR. Thus, our study indicated that activation of FXR-induced harmless liver hypertrophy with spatiotemporal modulation of Ccnd1. With a better understanding of the mechanism of tissue-specific gene regulation by FXR, it is beneficial for development and appropriate application of its specific agonist in preventing hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Wu
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases , Shanghai , China.,c Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty , Shanghai , China
| | - Qing Wu
- d Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Central Hospital of Minhang District , Shanghai , China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- a The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases , Shanghai , China.,c Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty , Shanghai , China
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211
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Biagioli M, Carino A, Fiorucci C, Marchianò S, Di Giorgio C, Roselli R, Magro M, Distrutti E, Bereshchenko O, Scarpelli P, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. GPBAR1 Functions as Gatekeeper for Liver NKT Cells and provides Counterregulatory Signals in Mouse Models of Immune-Mediated Hepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:447-473. [PMID: 31226434 PMCID: PMC6718949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GPBAR1, also known as TGR5, is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by bile acids. Hepatic innate immune cells are involved in the immunopathogenesis of human liver diseases and in several murine hepatitis models. Here, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that GPBAR1 ligation attenuates the inflammation in rodent models of hepatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hepatitis was induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or α-galactosyl-ceramide (α-GalCer). 6b-Ethyl-3a,7b-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-ol (BAR501), a selective agonist of GPBAR1, was administrated by o.s. RESULTS In the mouse models of hepatitis, the genetic ablation of Gpabar1 worsened the severity of liver injury and resulted in a type I NKT cells phenotype that was biased toward a NKT1, a proinflammatory, IFN-γ producing, NKT cells subtype. Further on, NKT cells from GPBAR1-/- mice were sufficient to cause a severe hepatitis when transferred to naïve mice. In contrast, GPBAR1 agonism rescued wild-type mice from acute liver damage and redirects the NKT cells polarization toward a NKT10, a regulatory, IL-10 secreting, type I NKT cell subset. In addition, GPBAR1 agonism significantly expanded the subset of IL-10 secreting type II NKT cells. RNAseq analysis of both NKT cells type confirmed that IL-10 is a major target for GPABR1. Accordingly, IL-10 gene ablation abrogated protection afforded by GPBAR1 agonism in the Con A model. CONCLUSION Present results illustrate a role for GPBAR1 in regulating liver NKT ecology. Because NKT cells are an essential component of liver immune system, our data provide a compelling evidence for a GPBAR1-IL-10 axis in regulating of liver immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Magro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpelli
- University of Perugia, Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Stefano Fiorucci, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy. fax: (+39) 075 5858405.
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Li R, Zeng L, Xie S, Chen J, Yu Y, Zhong L. Targeted metabolomics study of serum bile acid profile in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7145. [PMID: 31245185 PMCID: PMC6585905 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bile acids are important metabolites of intestinal microbiota, which have profound effects on host health. However, whether metabolism of bile acids is involved in the metabolic complications of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the effects of bile acids on the prognosis of ESRD remain obscure. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between altered bile acid profile and the prognosis of ESRD patients. Methods A targeted metabolomics approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the changes in serum bile acids between ESRD patients (n = 77) and healthy controls (n = 30). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to screen the differential proportions of bile acids between the two groups. Results Six differentially expressed bile acids were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiating ESRD patients from healthy subjects. The decreased concentrations of chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid and cholic acid were significantly associated with dyslipidemia in ESRD patients. Subgroup analyses revealed that the significantly increased concentrations of taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurohyocholic acid and tauro α-muricholic acid were correlated to the poor prognosis of ESRD patients. Conclusions The serum bile acid profile of ESRD patients differed significantly from that of healthy controls. In addition, the altered serum bile acid profile might contribute to the poor prognosis and metabolic complications of ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqin Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chenodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates AlCl 3-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Deterioration via Enhanced Insulin Signaling in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101992. [PMID: 31137621 PMCID: PMC6571973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and synthetic Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands have shown promising outcomes in ameliorating insulin resistance associated with various medical conditions. This study aimed to investigate whether CDCA treatment has any potential in AD management through improving insulin signaling. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups and treated for six consecutive weeks; control (vehicle), AD-model (AlCl3 50 mg/kg/day i.p) and CDCA-treated group (AlCl3 + CDCA 90 mg/kg/day p.o from day 15). CDCA improved cognition as assessed by Morris Water Maze and Y-maze tests and preserved normal histological features. Moreover, CDCA lowered hippocampal beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42). Although no significant difference was observed in hippocampal insulin level, CDCA reduced insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at serine-307 (pSer307-IRS1), while increased protein kinase B (Akt) activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Additionally, CDCA activated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Ultimately, CDCA was able to improve insulin sensitivity in the hippocampi of AlCl3-treated rats, which highlights its potential in AD management.
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214
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Hernandez ED, Zheng L, Kim Y, Fang B, Liu B, Valdez RA, Dietrich WF, Rucker PV, Chianelli D, Schmeits J, Bao D, Zoll J, Dubois C, Federe GC, Chen L, Joseph SB, Klickstein LB, Walker J, Molteni V, McNamara P, Meeusen S, Tully DC, Badman MK, Xu J, Laffitte B. Tropifexor-Mediated Abrogation of Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis Is Associated With the Antioxidative Gene Expression Profile in Rodents. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1085-1097. [PMID: 31388629 PMCID: PMC6672390 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonism is emerging as an important potential therapeutic mechanism of action for multiple chronic liver diseases. The bile acid‐derived FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has shown promise in a phase 2 study in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we report efficacy of the novel nonbile acid FXR agonist tropifexor (LJN452) in two distinct preclinical models of NASH. The efficacy of tropifexor at <1 mg/kg doses was superior to that of OCA at 25 mg/kg in the liver in both NASH models. In a chemical and dietary model of NASH (Stelic animal model [STAM]), tropifexor reversed established fibrosis and reduced the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score and hepatic triglycerides. In an insulin‐resistant obese NASH model (amylin liver NASH model [AMLN]), tropifexor markedly reduced steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and profibrogenic gene expression. Transcriptome analysis of livers from AMLN mice revealed 461 differentially expressed genes following tropifexor treatment that included a combination of signatures associated with reduction of oxidative stress, fibrogenesis, and inflammation. Conclusion: Based on preclinical validation in animal models, tropifexor is a promising investigational therapy that is currently under phase 2 development for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy D Hernandez
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Lianxing Zheng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cambridge MA
| | - Young Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Bin Fang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Reginald A Valdez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cambridge MA.,Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen, Inc. Cambridge MA
| | | | - Paul V Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | | | - James Schmeits
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Dingjiu Bao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Jocelyn Zoll
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Claire Dubois
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA.,Inception Sciences, Inc. San Diego CA
| | - Glenn C Federe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Lihao Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cambridge MA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA.,California Institute for Biomedical Research La Jolla CA
| | | | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | | | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Shelly Meeusen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - David C Tully
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Emeryville CA
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation La Jolla CA.,Inception Sciences, Inc. San Diego CA
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215
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Festa C, Finamore C, Marchianò S, Di Leva FS, Carino A, Monti MC, del Gaudio F, Ceccacci S, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Fiorucci S, De Marino S. Investigation around the Oxadiazole Core in the Discovery of a New Chemotype of Potent and Selective FXR Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:504-510. [PMID: 30996787 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) antagonists might be useful in the treatment of cholestasis and related metabolic disorders. In this paper, we report the discovery of a new chemotype of FXR antagonists featured by a 3,5-disubstituted oxadiazole core. In total, 35 new derivatives were designed and synthesized, and notably, compounds 3f and 13, containing a piperidine ring, displayed the best antagonistic activity against FXR with promising cellular potency (IC50 = 0.58 ± 0.27 and 0.127 ± 0.02 μM, respectively). The excellent pharmacokinetic properties make compound 3f the most promising lead identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Claudia Finamore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, Salerno 84084, Italy
| | - Federica del Gaudio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, Salerno 84084, Italy
| | - Sara Ceccacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, Salerno 84084, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science - Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via G. Buffi 13, Lugano CH-6900, Switzerland
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
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216
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Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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217
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Hou Y, Fan W, Yang W, Samdani AQ, Jackson AO, Qu S. Farnesoid X receptor: An important factor in blood glucose regulation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:29-34. [PMID: 30910597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a transcription factor that can be activated by bile acid as well as influenced bile acid metabolism. β-cell bile acid metabolism is mediated by FXR and closely related to the regulation of blood glucose (BG). FXR can regulate BG through multiple pathways. This review summarises recent studies on FXR regulation of BG balance via bile acid regulation, lowering glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), inhibiting gluconeogenesis, increasing insulin secretion and enhancing insulin sensitivity. In addition, the current review provides additional insight into the relationship between FXR and BG which may provide a new theoretical basis for further study on the role of FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Hou
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenling Yang
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Abdul Qadir Samdani
- Spinal Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Ampadu Okyere Jackson
- International College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Shunlin Qu
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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218
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Dong B, Singh AB, Guo GL, Young M, Liu J. Activation of FXR by obeticholic acid induces hepatic gene expression of SR-BI through a novel mechanism of transcriptional synergy with the nuclear receptor LXR. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1927-1938. [PMID: 30896855 PMCID: PMC6443341 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is known to regulate the gene expression of SR‑BI, which mediates plasma high‑density lipoprotein (HDL)‑cholesterol uptake. Our previous study demonstrated that the activation of FXR by obeticholic acid (OCA) lowered plasma HDL‑cholesterol levels and increased the hepatic mRNA and protein expression levels of SR‑BI in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, but not in normolipidemic hamsters, suggesting that dietary cholesterol may be involved in the OCA‑induced transcription of SR‑BI. In the present study, a functional 90‑base‑pair regulatory region was identified in the first intron of the SR‑BI gene of hamster and mouse that contains a FXR response element (IR‑1) and an adjacent liver X receptor (LXR) response element (LXRE). By in vitro DNA binding and luciferase reporter gene assays, it was demonstrated that FXR and LXR bind to their recognition sequences within this intronic region and transactivate the SR‑BI reporter gene in a synergistic manner. It was also shown that mutations at either the IR‑1 site or the LXRE site eliminated OCA‑mediated gene transcription. Utilizing chow‑fed hamsters as an in vivo model, it was demonstrated that treating normolipidemic hamsters with OCA or GW3965 alone did not effectively induce levels of SR‑BI, whereas their combined treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of SR‑BI in the liver. The study further investigated effects of FXR and LXR coactivation on the gene expression of SR‑BI in human liver cells. The intronic FXRE and LXRE regulatory region was not conserved in the human SR‑BI genomic sequence, however, higher mRNA expression levels of SR‑BI were observed in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells exposed to combined treatments of FXR and LXR agonists, compared with those in cells exposed to individual ligand treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that human SR‑BI gene transcription may also be subject to concerted activation by FXR and LXR, mediated via currently unidentified regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mark Young
- Mistral Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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219
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Abstract
Bile is composed of multiple macromolecules, including bile acids, free cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin, and inorganic ions that aid in digestion, nutrient absorption, and disposal of the insoluble products of heme catabolism. The synthesis and release of bile acids is tightly controlled and dependent on feedback mechanisms that regulate enterohepatic circulation. Alterations in bile composition, impaired gallbladder relaxation, and accelerated nucleation are the principal mechanisms leading to biliary stone formation. Various physiologic conditions and disease states alter bile composition and metabolism, thus increasing the risk of developing gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zeljka Jutric
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine; Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
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220
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Bile Acid Receptors and Gastrointestinal Functions. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:31-39. [PMID: 32368358 PMCID: PMC7197881 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids modulate several gastrointestinal functions including electrolyte secretion and absorption, gastric emptying, and small intestinal and colonic motility. High concentrations of bile acids lead to diarrhea and are implicated in the development of esophageal, gastric and colonic cancer. Alterations in bile acid homeostasis are also implicated in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects of bile acids on gut functions has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of bile acid receptors, including the nuclear receptors: farnesoid X receptor (FXR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); and the G protein-coupled receptors: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (M3R).. For example, various studies provided evidence demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects FXR and TGR5 activation in models of intestinal inflammation. In addition, TGR5 activation in enteric neurons was recently shown to increase colonic motility, which may lead to bile acid-induced diarrhea. Interestingly, TGR5 induces the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells to enhance insulin secretion and modulate glucose metabolism. Because of the importance of these receptors, agonists of TGR5 and intestine-specific FXR agonists are currently being tested as an option for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and primary bile acid diarrhea, respectively. This review summarizes current knowledge of the functional roles of bile acid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waddah A. Alrefai, MD: Research Career Scientist, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; ; Tel. (312) 569-7429; Fax. (312) 569-8114
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221
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Fu T, Coulter S, Yoshihara E, Oh TG, Fang S, Cayabyab F, Zhu Q, Zhang T, Leblanc M, Liu S, He M, Waizenegger W, Gasser E, Schnabl B, Atkins AR, Yu RT, Knight R, Liddle C, Downes M, Evans RM. FXR Regulates Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Proliferation. Cell 2019; 176:1098-1112.e18. [PMID: 30794774 PMCID: PMC6701863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of intestinal bile acids (BAs) are a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show that the convergence of dietary factors (high-fat diet) and dysregulated WNT signaling (APC mutation) alters BA profiles to drive malignant transformations in Lgr5-expressing (Lgr5+) cancer stem cells and promote an adenoma-to-adenocarcinoma progression. Mechanistically, we show that BAs that antagonize intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) function, including tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-βMCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), induce proliferation and DNA damage in Lgr5+ cells. Conversely, selective activation of intestinal FXR can restrict abnormal Lgr5+ cell growth and curtail CRC progression. This unexpected role for FXR in coordinating intestinal self-renewal with BA levels implicates FXR as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sungsoon Fang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Waitt Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingxiao He
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wanda Waizenegger
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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222
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Discovery of ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureidyl derivatives as selective non-steroidal agonists of the G-protein coupled bile acid receptor-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2504. [PMID: 30792450 PMCID: PMC6385358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) has emerged in the last decade as prominent target for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. To date numerous bile acid derivatives have been identified as GPBAR1 agonists, however their clinical application is hampered by the lack of selectivity toward the other bile acid receptors. Therefore, non-steroidal GPBAR1 ligands able to selectively activate the receptor are urgently needed. With this aim, we here designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea derivatives as novel potent GPBAR1 agonists. Particularly, compounds 9 and 10 induce the mRNA expression of the GPBAR1 target gene pro-glucagon and show high selectivity over the other bile acid receptors FXR, LXRα, LXRβ and PXR, and the related receptors PPARα and PPARγ. Computational studies elucidated the binding mode of 10 to GPBAR1, providing important structural insights for the design of non-steroidal GPBAR1 agonists. The pharmacokinetic properties of 9 and 10 suggest that the ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureydil scaffold might be exploited to achieve effective drug candidates to treat GPBAR1 related disorders.
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223
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Dong R, Yang X, Wang C, Liu K, Liu Z, Ma X, Sun H, Huo X, Fu T, Meng Q. Yangonin protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through farnesoid X receptor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:134-142. [PMID: 30668392 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently evolving as the most common liver disease worldwide. Dyslipidemia, pathoglycemia and insulin resistance are the major risk factors for the development of NAFLD. To date, no effective drug therapies for this condition have been approved. PURPOSE The present study was to investigate the protective effects of yangonin, a kavalactone isolated from Kava, against NAFLD and further elucidate the mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN A high-fat diet (HFD) induced mouse NAFLD model was used with or without yangonin treatment. METHODS The body weight, relative liver weight and serum biochemical indicators were measured. H&E and Oil Red O staining were used to identify the amelioration of the liver histopathological changes. Serum and hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acids and total cholesterol were analyzed. siRNA, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assay were used to clarify the mechanisms underlying yangonin protection. RESULTS Yangonin had obvious protective effects against NAFLD via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. Through FXR activation, yangonin attenuated lipid accumulation in the liver via inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis-related protein including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Besides, yangonin promoted lipid metabolism through an induction in genes required for lipoprotein lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, yangonin modulated blood glucose homeostasis through regulation of gluconeogenesis-related gene phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and glycogen synthesis-related gene glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDase). Also, yangonin increased insulin sensitivity through upregulating phosphorylation of insulin responsive substrate 1, 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2). Then, in vivo and in vitro evidence further demonstrated the involvement of FXR activation in yangonin hepatoprotection. CONCLUSIONS Yangonin protects against NAFLD due to its activation of FXR signalling to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, and to promote lipid metabolism and glycogen synthesis, as well as insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renchao Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Pharmacy Department of Affiliated Zhongshan hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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The FXR agonist obeticholic acid inhibits the cancerogenic potential of human cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210077. [PMID: 30677052 PMCID: PMC6345424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer with high resistance to chemotherapeutics. CCA is enriched in cancer stem cells, which correlate with aggressiveness and prognosis. FXR, a member of the metabolic nuclear receptor family, is markedly down-regulated in human CCA. Our aim was to evaluate, in primary cultures of human intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA), a semisynthetic bile acid derivative, on their cancerogenic potential. Primary human iCCA cell cultures were prepared from surgical specimens of mucinous or mixed iCCA subtypes. Increasing concentrations (0-2.5 μM) of OCA were added to culture media and, after 3-10 days, effects on proliferation (MTS assay, cell population doubling time), apoptosis (annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide), cell migration and invasion (wound healing response and Matrigel invasion assay), and cancerogenic potential (spheroid formation, clonogenic assay, colony formation capacity) were evaluated. Results: FXR gene expression was downregulated (RT-qPCR) in iCCA cells vs normal human biliary tree stem cells (p < 0.05) and in mucinous iCCA vs mixed iCCA cells (p < 0.05) but was upregulated by addition of OCA. OCA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited proliferation of both mucinous and mixed iCCA cells, starting at a concentration as low as 0.05 μM. Also, CDCA (but not UDCA) inhibited cell proliferation, although to a much lower extent than OCA, consistent with its different affinity for FXR. OCA significantly induced apoptosis of both iCCA subtypes and decreased their in vitro cancerogenic potential, as evaluated by impairment of colony and spheroid formation capacity and delayed wound healing and Matrigel invasion. In general, these effects were more evident in mixed than mucinous iCCA cells. When tested together with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin, OCA potentiated the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of these chemotherapeutics, but mainly in mixed iCCA cells. OCA abolished the capacity of both mucinous and mixed iCCA cells to form colonies when administered together with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin. In subcutaneous xenografts of mixed iCCA cells, OCA alone or combined with Gemcitabine or Cisplatin markedly reduced the tumor size after 5 weeks of treatment by inducing necrosis of tumor mass and inhibiting cell proliferation. In conclusion, FXR is down-regulated in iCCA cells, and its activation by OCA results in anti-cancerogenic effects against mucinous and mixed iCCA cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of OCA predominated in mixed iCCA cells, consistent with the lower aggressiveness and the higher FXR expression in this CCA subtype. These results, showing the FXR-mediated capacity of OCA to inhibit cholangiocarcinogenesis, represent the basis for testing OCA in clinical trials of CCA patients.
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225
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Farnesol induces fatty acid oxidation and decreases triglyceride accumulation in steatotic HepaRG cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 365:61-70. [PMID: 30611723 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is manifested by hepatic accumulation of triglycerides (TG) and is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome. The isoprenoid farnesol (FOH) modulates lipid metabolism and reduces hepatic TG content in rodents. This effect involves activation of at least two nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor. We evaluated the effects of FOH (100 μM) in a cellular model of human hepatic steatosis by loading hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells with oleic acid (OA, 0.66 mM). FOH treatment decreased OA-induced TG accumulation by ~25%. Using PCR arrays, we found that FOH treatment modulated the mRNA levels of several lipid-metabolizing enzymes, both alone and when cells were loaded with OA. While FOH activated PPARα and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), most of the FOH-mediated effects on lipid-metabolizing genes could be attributed to activation of PPARα. In OA-loaded HepaRG cells, FOH increased fatty acid oxidation, which was accompanied by up-regulation of PPARα target genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, including hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase and acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 2. These effects on gene expression were lost when the cells were co-treated with the PPARα antagonist, GW6471. OA treatment alone decreased the mRNA levels of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, 2B6, and 3A4, and increased CYP2E1 expression, all of which were attenuated by FOH co-treatment. These findings show that FOH treatment increases fatty acid oxidation and decreases TG accumulation in steatotic HepaRG cells, which is likely attributable to PPARα-mediated induction of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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226
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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227
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Fiorucci S, Di Giorgio C, Distrutti E. Obeticholic Acid: An Update of Its Pharmacological Activities in Liver Disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:283-295. [PMID: 31201552 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA), 6α-ethyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oic acid, is a semisynthetic derivative of the chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oic acid), a relatively hydrophobic primary bile acid synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. OCA, also known as 6-ethyl-CDCA or INT-747, was originally described by investigators at the Perugia University in 2002 as a selective ligand for the bile acid sensor, farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR). In addition to FXR and similarly to CDCA, OCA also activates GPBAR1/TGR5, a cell membrane G protein-coupled receptor for secondary bile acids. In 2016, based on the results of phase II studies showing efficacy in reducing the plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, a surrogate biomarker for disease progression in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), OCA has gained approval as a second-line treatment for PBC patients nonresponsive to UDCA. The use of OCA in PBC patients associates with several side effects, the most common of which is pruritus, whose incidence is dose-dependent and is extremely high when this agent is used as a monotherapy. Additionally, the use of OCA associates with the increased risk for the development of liver failure in cirrhotic PBC patients. Currently, OCA is investigated for its potential in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Phase II and III trials have shown that OCA might attenuate the severity of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH, but it has no efficacy in reversing the steatotic component of the disease, while reduces the circulating levels of HDL-C and increases LDL-C. In summary, OCA has been the first-in-class of FXR ligands advanced to a clinical stage and is now entering its third decade of life, highlighting the potential benefits and risk linked to FXR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Di Giorgio
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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228
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Wang J, Fu T, Dong R, Wang C, Liu K, Sun H, Huo X, Ma X, Yang X, Meng Q. Hepatoprotection of auraptene from the peels of citrus fruits against 17α-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis in mice by activating farnesoid X receptor. Food Funct 2019; 10:3839-3850. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auraptene protects against estrogen-induced cholestasis in mice.
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229
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Choi S, Snider AJ. Diet, lipids and colon cancer. CELLULAR NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CANCER 2019; 347:105-144. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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230
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Theiler-Schwetz V, Zaufel A, Schlager H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Fickert P, Zollner G. Bile acids and glucocorticoid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:243-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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231
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are involved in various biological processes including metabolism, reproduction, and development. Upon activation by their ligands, NRs bind to their specific DNA elements, exerting their biological functions by regulating their target gene expression. Bile acids are detergent-like molecules that are synthesized in the liver. They not only function as a facilitator for the digestion of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins but also serve as signaling molecules for several nuclear receptors to regulate diverse biological processes including lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, detoxification and drug metabolism, liver regeneration, and cancer. The nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and small heterodimer partner (SHP) constitute an integral part of the bile acid signaling. This chapter reviews the role of the NRs in bile acid homeostasis, highlighting the regulatory functions of the NRs in lipid and glucose metabolism in addition to bile acid metabolism.
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232
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Álvarez-Campos P, Kenny NJ, Verdes A, Fernández R, Novo M, Giribet G, Riesgo A. Delegating Sex: Differential Gene Expression in Stolonizing Syllids Uncovers the Hormonal Control of Reproduction. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:295-318. [PMID: 30535381 PMCID: PMC6350857 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stolonization in syllid annelids is a unique mode of reproduction among animals. During the breeding season, a structure resembling the adult but containing only gametes, called stolon, is formed generally at the posterior end of the animal. When stolons mature, they detach from the adult and gametes are released into the water column. The process is synchronized within each species, and it has been reported to be under environmental and endogenous control, probably via endocrine regulation. To further understand reproduction in syllids and to elucidate the molecular toolkit underlying stolonization, we generated Illumina RNA-seq data from different tissues of reproductive and nonreproductive individuals of Syllis magdalena and characterized gene expression during the stolonization process. Several genes involved in gametogenesis (ovochymase, vitellogenin, testis-specific serine/threonine-kinase), immune response (complement receptor 2), neuronal development (tyrosine-protein kinase Src42A), cell proliferation (alpha-1D adrenergic receptor), and steroid metabolism (hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2) were found differentially expressed in the different tissues and conditions analyzed. In addition, our findings suggest that several neurohormones, such as methyl farnesoate, dopamine, and serotonin, might trigger stolon formation, the correct maturation of gametes and the detachment of stolons when gametogenesis ends. The process seems to be under circadian control, as indicated by the expression patterns of r-opsins. Overall, our results shed light into the genes that orchestrate the onset of gamete formation and improve our understanding of how some hormones, previously reported to be involved in reproduction and metamorphosis processes in other invertebrates, seem to also regulate reproduction via stolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez-Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aida Verdes
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Bioinformatics & Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York
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233
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Crosstalk between FXR and TGR5 controls glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion to maintain glycemic homeostasis. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:140-146. [PMID: 30671099 PMCID: PMC6333617 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Though bile acids have been well known as digestive juice, recent studies have demonstrated that bile acids bind to their endogenous receptors, including Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1; TGR5) and serve as hormone to control various biological processes, including cholesterol/bile acid metabolism, glucose/lipid metabolism, immune responses, and energy metabolism. Deficiency of those bile acid receptors has been reported to induce diverse metabolic syndromes such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. As consistent, numerous studies have reported alteration of bile acid signaling pathways in type II diabetes patients. Interestingly, bile acids have shown to activate TGR5 in intestinal L cells and enhance secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to potentiate insulin secretion in response to glucose. Moreover, FXR has been shown to crosstalk with TGR5 to control GLP-1 secretion. Altogether, bile acid receptors, FXR and TGR5 are potent therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including type II diabetes.
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234
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Masaoutis C, Theocharis S. The farnesoid X receptor: a potential target for expanding the therapeutic arsenal against kidney disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:107-116. [PMID: 30577722 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid (BA) receptor widely distributed among tissues, a major sensor of BA levels, primary suppressor of hepatic BA synthesis and secondary regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Chronic kidney disease is a common, multifactorial condition with metabolic and inflammatory causes and implications. An array of natural and synthetic FXR agonists has been developed, but not yet studied clinically in kidney disease. Areas covered: Following a summary of FXR's physiological functions in the kidney, we discuss its effects in renal disease with emphasis on chronic and acute kidney disease, chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, and renal neoplasia. Most information is derived from animal models; no relevant clinical study has been conducted to date. Expert opinion: Most available preclinical data indicates a promising outlook for clinical research in this direction. We believe FXR agonism to be an auspicious approach to treating renal disease, considering that multifactorial diseases call for ideally wide-reaching therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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235
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Abstract
As plant-derived natural products, saponins have been widely applied for the dietary modification of metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of their preventive and therapeutic effects are still largely unclear. Nuclear receptors have been identified as potential pharmaceutical targets for treating various types of metabolic disorders. With similar structure to endogenous hormones, several saponins may serve as selective ligands for nuclear receptors. Recently, a series of saponins are proved to exert their physiological activities through binding to nuclear receptors. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of typical saponins mediated by some of the most well described nuclear receptors, including the classical steroid hormone receptors (ER, GR, MR, and AR) and the adopted orphan receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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236
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Singh AB, Dong B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu J. Identification of a novel function of hepatic long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ACSL1) in bile acid synthesis and its regulation by bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:358-371. [PMID: 30580099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) plays a pivotal role in fatty acid β‑oxidation in heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. However, key functions of ACSL1 in the liver remain largely unknown. We investigated acute effects of hepatic ACSL1 deficiency on lipid metabolism in adult mice under hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic conditions. We knocked down hepatic ACSL1 expression using adenovirus expressing a ACSL1 shRNA (Ad-shAcsl1) in mice fed a high-fat diet or a normal chow diet. Hepatic ACSL1 depletion generated a hypercholesterolemic phenotype in mice fed both diets with marked elevations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol in circulation and accumulations of cholesterol in the liver. Furthermore, SREBP2 pathway in ACSL1 depleted livers was severely repressed with a 50% reduction of LDL receptor protein levels. In contrast to the dysregulated cholesterol metabolism, serum triglycerides, free fatty acid and phospholipid levels were unaffected. Mechanistic investigations of genome-wide gene expression profiling and pathway analysis revealed that ACSL1 depletion repressed expressions of several key enzymes for bile acid biosynthesis, consequently leading to reduced liver bile acid levels and altered bile acid compositions. These results are the first demonstration of a requisite role of ACSL1 in bile acid biosynthetic pathway in liver tissue. Furthermore, we discovered that Acsl1 is a novel molecular target of the bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Activation of FXR by agonist obeticholic acid repressed the expression of ACSL1 protein and mRNA in the liver of FXR wild-type mice but not in FXR knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bahadur Singh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America.
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Jiang ZP, Luan ZL, Liu RX, Zhang Q, Ma XC, Shen L, Wu J. Mangrove Tirucallane- and Apotirucallane-Type Triterpenoids: Structure Diversity of the C-17 Side-Chain and Natural Agonists of Human Farnesoid/Pregnane⁻X⁻Receptor. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120488. [PMID: 30563240 PMCID: PMC6315889 DOI: 10.3390/md16120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten new triterpenoid compounds with structure diversity of the C-17 side-chain, including nine tirucallanes, named xylocarpols A⁻E (1⁻5) and agallochols A⁻D (6⁻9), and an apotirucallane, named 25-dehydroxy protoxylogranatin B (10), were isolated from the mangrove plants Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis, and Excoecaria agallocha. The structures of these compounds were established by HR-ESIMS and extensive one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR investigations. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, conducted with Cu Kα radiation; whereas those of 4, 6⁻8 were assigned by a modified Mosher's method and the comparison of experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Most notably, 5, 6, 7, and 9 displayed potent activation effects on farnesoid⁻X⁻receptor (FXR) at the concentration of 10.0 μM; 10 exhibited very significant agonistic effects on pregnane⁻X⁻receptor (PXR) at the concentration of 10.0 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ping Jiang
- Marine Drugs Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- College of Pharmacy and Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Ruo-Xi Liu
- Marine Drugs Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Marine Drugs Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Li Shen
- Marine Drugs Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Qiu R, Luo G, Cai X, Liu L, Chen M, Chen D, You Q, Xiang H. Structure-guided design and synthesis of isoflavone analogs of GW4064 with potent lipid accumulation inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3726-3730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chappell VA, Janesick A, Blumberg B, Fenton SE. Tetrabromobisphenol-A Promotes Early Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2018; 166:332-344. [PMID: 30496566 PMCID: PMC6260163 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most common flame retardant used in electrical housings, circuit boards, and automobiles. High-throughput screening and binding assays have identified TBBPA as an agonist for human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis. TBBPA has been suggested to be an obesogen based on in vitro cellular assays and zebrafish data. We hypothesized that exposing preadipocytes to TBBPA could influence adipogenesis via genes other than those in the PPARγ pathway due to its structural similarity to bisphenol A, which demonstrates varied endocrine disrupting activities. Mouse-derived 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and continually treated with TBBPA for 8 days. High-content imaging of adipocytes displayed increased adipocyte number and lipid accumulation when treated with TBBPA. TBBPA exhibited weak induction of mPPARγ, with an AC50 of 397 µM. Quantitative PCR revealed that TBBPA exposure increased early expression of genes involved in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling and PPARγ transcriptional activation, as well as upregulating downstream genes needed for adipocyte maintenance and nontraditional ER signaling, such as Gpr30. Additionally, Pref1 and Thy1, inhibitors of differentiation, were downregulated by some concentrations of TBBPA. Furthermore, proliferating preadipocytes treated with TBBPA, only prior to differentiation, exhibited increased adipocyte number and lipid accumulation after 8 days in normal culture conditions. In conclusion, TBBPA influenced gene expression changes in GR, nontraditional ER, and known adipogenic regulatory genes, prior to PPARγ expression; effects suggesting early programming of adipogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna A Chappell
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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240
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Nuclear Receptor Metabolism of Bile Acids and Xenobiotics: A Coordinated Detoxification System with Impact on Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113630. [PMID: 30453651 PMCID: PMC6274770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have provided numerous insights over the past years on how members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily tightly regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Besides the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the transcriptional control of bile acid transport and metabolism, this review provides an overview on how this metabolic sensor prevents the accumulation of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolites, as well as of exogenous chemicals, in coordination with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Decrypting this network should provide cues to better understand how these metabolic nuclear receptors participate in physiologic and pathologic processes with potential validation as therapeutic targets in human disabilities and cancers.
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Takae K, Nakata M, Watanabe T, Sasada H, Fujii H, Tomioka I. Evidence for the involvement of FXR signaling in ovarian granulosa cell function. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:47-55. [PMID: 30449821 PMCID: PMC6379767 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is mainly present in enterohepatic tissues and regulates cholesterol, lipid, and glucose homeostasis in coordination with target genes such as
SHP and FABP6. Although FXR has been revealed to be expressed in reproductive tissues, FXR function and expression levels in the ovary remain unknown. In
this study, we investigated FXR expression in mouse ovaries and its target genes in ovarian granulosa cells. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining showed
that FXR was mainly distributed in secondary and tertiary follicles. The agonist-induced activation of FXR in cultured granulosa cells induced the expression of SHP and
FABP6, while siRNA targeting of FXR decreased CYP19a1 and HSD17b1 expression. Upon examination of the roles of SHP and
FABP6 in granulosa cells, we found that SHP overexpression significantly decreased StAR, CYP11a1, and HSD3b gene
expression. In addition, siRNA targeting of FABP6 decreased CYP19a1 and HSD17b1 expression, while FABP6 overexpression
increased CYP19a1 expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the presence of FXR signaling in the ovary and reveals that FXR signaling may have a role in
function of granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takae
- Laboratory of Applied Reproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakata
- Laboratory of Applied Reproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasada
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tomioka
- Laboratory of Applied Reproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Tian Y, Cai J, Gui W, Nichols RG, Koo I, Zhang J, Anitha M, Patterson AD. Berberine Directly Affects the Gut Microbiota to Promote Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:86-93. [PMID: 30409838 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria play an important role in bile acid metabolism and in the regulation of multiple host metabolic pathways (e.g., lipid and glucose homeostasis) through modulation of intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activity. Here, we examined the effect of berberine (BBR), a natural plant alkaloid, on intestinal bacteria using in vitro and in vivo models. In vivo, the metabolomic response and changes in mouse intestinal bacterial communities treated with BBR (100 mg/kg) for 5 days were assessed using NMR- and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics coupled with multivariate data analysis. Short-term BBR exposure altered intestinal bacteria by reducing Clostridium cluster XIVa and IV and their bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, which resulted in the accumulation of taurocholic acid (TCA). The accumulation of TCA was associated with activation of intestinal FXR, which can mediate bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. In vitro, isolated mouse cecal bacteria were incubated with three doses of BBR (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/ml) for 4 hours in an anaerobic chamber. NMR-based metabolomics combined with flow cytometry was used to evaluate the direct physiologic and metabolic effect of BBR on the bacteria. In vitro, BBR exposure not only altered bacterial physiology but also changed bacterial community composition and function, especially reducing BSH-expressing bacteria like Clostridium spp. These data suggest that BBR directly affects bacteria to alter bile acid metabolism and activate FXR signaling. These data provide new insights into the link between intestinal bacteria, nuclear receptor signaling, and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Wei Gui
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Robert G Nichols
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Mallappa Anitha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Y.T., J.C., W.G., R.G.N., I.K., J.Z., M.A., A.D.P.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y.T.)
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Toppo E, Sylvester Darvin S, Esakkimuthu S, Buvanesvaragurunathan K, Ajeesh Krishna T, Antony Caesar S, Stalin A, Balakrishna K, Pandikumar P, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi N. Curative effect of arjunolic acid from Terminalia arjuna in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease models. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:979-988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is a PKA- and FOXA2-sensitive activator of fasting hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1099-1109. [PMID: 29981427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Embedded into a complex signaling network that coordinates glucose uptake, usage and production, the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is expressed in several glucose-processing organs including the liver. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is controlled through allosteric regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes and by glucagon/cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulatory pathways. We aimed to elucidate the role of FXR in the regulation of fasting hepatic gluconeogenesis. METHODS The role of FXR in hepatic gluconeogenesis was assessed in vivo and in mouse primary hepatocytes. Gene expression patterns in response to glucagon and FXR agonists were characterized by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and microarray analysis. FXR phosphorylation by protein kinase A was determined by mass spectrometry. The interaction of FOXA2 with FXR was identified by cistromic approaches and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays. The functional impact of the crosstalk between FXR, the PKA and FOXA2 signaling pathways was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis, transactivation assays and restoration of FXR expression in FXR-deficient hepatocytes in which gene expression and glucose production were assessed. RESULTS FXR positively regulates hepatic glucose production through two regulatory arms, the first one involving protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of FXR, which allowed for the synergistic activation of gluconeogenic genes by glucagon, agonist-activated FXR and CREB. The second arm involves the inhibition of FXR's ability to induce the anti-gluconeogenic nuclear receptor SHP by the glucagon-activated FOXA2 transcription factor, which physically interacts with FXR. Additionally, knockdown of Foxa2 did not alter glucagon-induced and FXR agonist enhanced expression of gluconeogenic genes, suggesting that the PKA and FOXA2 pathways regulate distinct subsets of FXR responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, hepatic glucose production is regulated during physiological fasting by FXR, which integrates the glucagon/cAMP signal and the FOXA2 signal, by being post-translationally modified, and by engaging in protein-protein interactions, respectively. LAY SUMMARY Activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR regulates gene expression networks, controlling lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, which are mostly effective after eating. Whether FXR exerts critical functions during fasting is unknown. The results of this study show that FXR transcriptional activity is regulated by the glucagon/protein kinase A and the FOXA2 signaling pathways, which act on FXR through phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions, respectively, to increase hepatic glucose synthesis.
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245
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Massafra V, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, van Mil SW. Progress and challenges of selective Farnesoid X Receptor modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:162-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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246
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Jung YY, Hwang ST, Sethi G, Fan L, Arfuso F, Ahn KS. Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Properties of Farnesol. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112827. [PMID: 30384444 PMCID: PMC6278318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesol, an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, is predominantly found in essential oils of various plants in nature. It has been reported to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, and also alleviate allergic asthma, gliosis, and edema. In numerous tumor cell lines, farnesol can modulate various tumorigenic proteins and/or modulates diverse signal transduction cascades. It can also induce apoptosis and downregulate cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell survival. To exert its anti-inflammatory/anti-oncogenic effects, farnesol can modulate Ras protein and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation to downregulate the expression of various inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6. In this review, we describe the potential mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic effects of farnesol against cancers and inflammatory disorders. Furthermore, these findings support the clinical development of farnesol as a potential pharmacological agent in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yun Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Sun Tae Hwang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Korean Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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247
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Candida albicans Zn Cluster Transcription Factors Tac1 and Znc1 Are Activated by Farnesol To Upregulate a Transcriptional Program Including the Multidrug Efflux Pump CDR1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00968-18. [PMID: 30104273 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00968-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule, inhibits Candida albicans hyphal formation, affects its biofilm formation and dispersal, and impacts its stress response. Several aspects of farnesol's mechanism of action remain incompletely uncharacterized. Among these are a thorough accounting of the cellular receptors and transporters for farnesol. This work suggests these processes are linked through the Zn cluster transcription factors Tac1 and Znc1 and their induction of the multidrug efflux pump Cdr1. Specifically, we have demonstrated that Tac1 and Znc1 are functionally activated by farnesol through a mechanism that mimics other means of hyperactivation of Zn cluster transcription factors. This is consistent with our observation that many genes acutely induced by farnesol are dependent on TAC1, ZNC1, or both. A related molecule, 1-dodecanol, invokes a similar TAC1-ZNC1 response, while several other proposed C. albicans quorum-sensing molecules do not. Tac1 and Znc1 both bind to and upregulate the CDR1 promoter in response to farnesol. Differences in inducer and DNA binding specificity lead to Tac1 and Znc1 having overlapping, but nonidentical, regulons. Induction of genes by farnesol via Tac1 and Znc1 was inversely related to the level of CDR1 present in the cell, suggesting a model in which induction of CDR1 by Tac1 and Znc1 leads to an increase in farnesol efflux. Consistent with this premise, our results show that CDR1 expression, and its regulation by TAC1 and ZNC1, facilitates growth in the presence of high farnesol concentrations in C. albicans and in certain strains of its close relative, C. dubliniensis.
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248
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Wang H, He Q, Wang G, Xu X, Hao H. FXR modulators for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:765-782. [PMID: 30259754 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1527906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor mainly expressed in enterohepatic tissues, is a master for bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, it acts as a cell protector with unclear mechanism but may be implicated in combating against inflammation, fibrosis and cancers. FXR is thus accepted as a promising target particularly for the enterohepatic diseases, and numerous FXR modulators have been patented and developed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on the development of FXR modulators for enterohepatic diseases and offers an in-depth perspective on new strategies for the development of novel FXR modulators. EXPERT OPINION Despite the development of numerous FXR modulators, which culminated in the successful launch of obeticholic acid (OCA), it remains a matter of debate on how the function of FXR should be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The improvement for obesity achieved by either FXR agonists or antagonists is still in confusion. Whether the side effect of pruritus induced by OCA could be exempted for non-steroidal FXR agonists needs further validation. Apart from the development of conventional FXR ligands, emerging evidence support that restoration of FXR protein level may represent a new strategy in targeting FXR for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingxian He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Guangji Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haiping Hao
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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249
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Wang N, Zou Q, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu J. Ligand binding and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) induce farnesoid X receptor (FXR) conformational changes affecting coactivator binding. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18180-18191. [PMID: 30275017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) functions as the major bile acid sensor coordinating cholesterol metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and absorption of dietary fats and vitamins. Because of its central role in metabolism, FXR represents an important drug target to manage metabolic and other diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FXR and nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) form a heterodimer that controls the expression of numerous downstream genes. To date, the structural basis and functional consequences of the FXR/RXR heterodimer interaction have remained unclear. Herein, we present the crystal structures of the heterodimeric complex formed between the ligand-binding domains of human FXR and RXRα. We show that both FXR and RXR bind to the transcriptional coregulator steroid receptor coactivator 1 with higher affinity when they are part of the heterodimer complex than when they are in their respective monomeric states. Furthermore, structural comparisons of the FXR/RXRα heterodimers and the FXR monomers bound with different ligands indicated that both heterodimerization and ligand binding induce conformational changes in the C terminus of helix 11 in FXR that affect the stability of the coactivator binding surface and the coactivator binding in FXR. In summary, our findings shed light on the allosteric signal transduction in the FXR/RXR heterodimer, which may be utilized for future drug development targeting FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,; the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Qingan Zou
- Guangzhou Henovcom Biosciences Inc., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinxin Xu
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and; Guangzhou Henovcom Biosciences Inc., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and.
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Wu L, Chen L. Characteristics of Nur77 and its ligands as potential anticancer compounds (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4793-4801. [PMID: 30272297 PMCID: PMC6236262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1; also termed Nur77/TR3/NGFIB), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed as an early response gene to regulate the expression of multiple target genes. Nur77 has the typical structure of a nuclear receptor, including an N‑terminal domain, a DNA binding domain, and a ligand‑binding domain. The expression and localization of Nur77 are closely associated with its roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nur77 was first identified as an orphan receptor, the endogenous ligand of which has not yet been identified; however, an increasing number of compounds targeting Nur77 have been reported to have beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review provides a brief overview of the identification, structure, expression and localization, transcriptional role and non‑genomic function of Nur77, and summarizes the ligands that have been shown to interact with Nur77, including cytosporone B, cisplatin, TMPA, PDNPA, CCE9, THPN, Z‑ligustilide, celastrol and bisindole methane compounds, which may potentially be used to treat cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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