201
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Wei N, Wang Q, Lin Z, Xu L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang Z, Li L, Zhao T, Wang L, Lou H, Han M, Ma M, Jiang Y, Lu J, Zhu S, Cui L, Li S. Systematic profiling of antigen bias in humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2022; 312:198711. [PMID: 35176329 PMCID: PMC8842411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wei
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Zheen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhejuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Lue Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Tingxiao Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Haifei Lou
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Mingfang Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaosheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
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202
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Hamady A, Lee J, Loboda ZA. Waning antibody responses in COVID-19: what can we learn from the analysis of other coronaviruses? Infection 2022; 50:11-25. [PMID: 34324165 PMCID: PMC8319587 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the continuing surge in incidence and mortality globally, determining whether protective, long-term immunity develops after initial infection or vaccination has become critical. METHODS/RESULTS In this narrative review, we evaluate the latest understanding of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the four endemic human coronaviruses) in order to predict the consequences of antibody waning on long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We summarise their antibody dynamics, including the potential effects of cross-reactivity and antibody waning on vaccination and other public health strategies. At present, based on our comparison with other coronaviruses we estimate that natural antibody-mediated protection for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to last for 1-2 years and therefore, if vaccine-induced antibodies follow a similar course, booster doses may be required. However, other factors such as memory B- and T-cells and new viral strains will also affect the duration of both natural and vaccine-mediated immunity. CONCLUSION Overall, antibody titres required for protection are yet to be established and inaccuracies of serological methods may be affecting this. We expect that with standardisation of serological testing and studies with longer follow-up, the implications of antibody waning will become clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamady
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - JinJu Lee
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna A Loboda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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203
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Dassarma B, Tripathy S, Chabalala M, Matsabisa MG. Challenges in Establishing Vaccine Induced Herd Immunity through Age Specific Community Vaccinations. Aging Dis 2022; 13:29-36. [PMID: 35111360 PMCID: PMC8782562 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic is driving the world towards a devastating total failure of the healthcare system. The purpose of the review is to search for the studies reporting on the implication of herd immunity into a naïve population through age specific mass vaccination. This review is based on selected publications on the effect herd immunity to COVID 19 in communities. We searched published scientific articles, review articles, reports, published in 2020 as well as read some basic, cult publications related to establishment of indirect immunity to a population. We have focused on use of application of vaccine induced herd immunity into community to confer indirect immunity against COVID-19 and searched on electronic databases, including PubMed (http://www.pubmed.com), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), Google Scholar (http://www.scholar.google.com), Web of Science (www.webofscience.com) and Science Direct by using key words such as Herd immunity, indirect or passive immunization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and immune-technique. This review proposes the implication of mass vaccination-induced herd immunity in a population to curb the infection, and to every individual in a given population irrespective of their age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Dassarma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein9300, SA
| | - Satyajit Tripathy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein9300, SA
| | - Matimbha Chabalala
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein9300, SA
| | - Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein9300, SA
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204
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. This extraordinary situation prompted entities in government, industry, and academia to work together at unprecedented speed to develop safe and effective vaccines. Indeed, vaccines of multiple types have been generated in record time, and many have been evaluated in clinical trials. Of these, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as lead candidates due to their speed of development and high degree of safety and efficacy. To date, two mRNA vaccines have received approval for human use, providing proof of the feasibility of this next-generation vaccine modality. This review gives a detailed overview about the types of mRNA vaccines developed for SARS-CoV-2, discusses and compares preclinical and clinical data, gives a mechanistic overview about immune responses generated by mRNA vaccination, and speculates on the challenges and promising future of this emergent vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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205
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Wang Z, Deng T, Zhang Y, Niu W, Nie Q, Yang S, Liu P, Pei P, Chen L, Li H, Cao B. ACE2 can act as the secondary receptor in the FcγR-dependent ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience 2022; 25:103720. [PMID: 35005526 PMCID: PMC8719361 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether antibody-mediated enhancement (ADE) contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and the conditions for ADE needs to be elucidated. We demonstrated that without inducing an ACE2-independent ADE on Raji cells, the neutralizing antibody CB6, a mouse anti-S1 serum and convalescent plasma, induced ADE on cells expressing FcγRIIA/CD32A and low levels of endogenous ACE2. ADE occurred at sub-neutralizing antibody concentrations, indicating that unneutralized S protein was required for ADE. The enhanced infectivity of 614G variant was higher than that of 614D wildtype in the presence of antibodies, further suggesting that ADE may be influenced by virus strains with different ACE2-binding affinity. Finally, knockdown of ACE2 or treatment with a fusion-inhibition peptide EK1C4 significantly reduced ADE. In conclusion, we identified an ADE mechanism mediated by neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 may act as a secondary receptor required for the antibody- and FcγR-mediated enhanced entry of SARS-CoV-2. NAbs induced ADE of SARS-CoV-2 on cells expressing FcγRIIA and ACE2 Unneutralized S protein was required for ADE ADE may be influenced by virus strains with different ACE2-binding affinity ACE2 acts as a secondary receptor required for the Ab- and FcγR-mediated ADE
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiangqiang Nie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, 261 Taierzhuang South Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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206
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Houhamdi L, Gautret P, Hoang VT, Fournier P, Colson P, Raoult D. Characteristics of the first 1,119 SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant cases, in Marseille, France, November‐December 2021. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2290-2295. [PMID: 35060146 PMCID: PMC9015264 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One thousand one hundred and nineteen cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron variant cases have been diagnosed at the Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France, between November 28, 2021, and December 31, 2021. Among the 825 patients with known vaccination status, 383 (46.4%) were vaccinated, of whom 91.9% had received at least two doses of the vaccine. Interestingly, 26.3% of cases developed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection within 21 days following the last dose of vaccine suggesting possible early production of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 facilitating antibodies. Twenty‐one patients have been hospitalized, one patient required intensive care, and another patient who received a vaccine booster dose died. Significantly low rates of hospitalization, transfer to Intensive Care Unit and death were observed in patients infected with Omicron as compared to those infected with Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the same period, 26.3% of patients infected with Omicron get infected during the 3 weeks following COVID‐19 vaccination raising the question of facilitating antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP‐HM, SSA, VITROMEMarseilleFrance
| | - Van Thuan Hoang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and PharmacyThai BinhVietnam
| | - Pierre‐Edouard Fournier
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP‐HM, SSA, VITROMEMarseilleFrance
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP‐HM, MEPHIMarseilleFrance
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP‐HM, MEPHIMarseilleFrance
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207
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Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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208
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ELISA-Based Analysis Reveals an Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Protein Immune Response Profile Associated with Disease Severity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020405. [PMID: 35054099 PMCID: PMC8781066 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies have investigated the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 during infection. Studies with native viral proteins constitute a first-line approach to assessing the overall immune response, but small peptides are an accurate and valuable tool for the fine characterization of B-cell epitopes, despite the restriction of this approach to the determination of linear epitopes. In this study, we used ELISA and peptides covering a selection of structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins to identify key epitopes eliciting a strong immune response that could serve as a biological signature of disease characteristics, such as severity, in particular. We used 213 plasma samples from a cohort of patients well-characterized clinically and biologically and followed for COVID-19 infection. We found that patients developing severe disease had higher titers of antibodies mapping to multiple specific epitopes than patients with mild to moderate disease. These data are potentially important as they could be used for immunological profiling to improve our knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the humoral response in relation to patient outcome.
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209
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Piadel K, Haybatollahi A, Dalgleish AG, Smith PL. Selection and T-cell antigenicity of synthetic long peptides derived from SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35014605 PMCID: PMC8895615 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to the successful development of effective vaccines however the prospect of variants of SARS-CoV-2 and future coronavirus outbreaks necessitates the investigation of other vaccine strategies capable of broadening vaccine mediated T-cell responses and potentially providing cross-immunity. In this study the SARS-CoV-2 proteome was assessed for clusters of immunogenic epitopes restricted to diverse human leucocyte antigen. These regions were then assessed for their conservation amongst other coronaviruses representative of different alpha and beta coronavirus genera. Sixteen highly conserved peptides containing numerous HLA class I and II restricted epitopes were synthesized from these regions and assessed in vitro for their antigenicity against T-cells from individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monocyte derived dendritic cells were generated from these peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), loaded with SARS-CoV-2 peptides, and used to induce autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. The SARS-CoV-2 peptides demonstrated antigenicity against the T-cells from individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection indicating that this approach holds promise as a method to activate anti-SAR-CoV-2 T-cell responses from conserved regions of the virus which are not included in vaccines utilising the Spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piadel
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St Georges University of London, London UK
| | - Amin Haybatollahi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St Georges University of London, London UK
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210
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Pizzato M, Baraldi C, Boscato Sopetto G, Finozzi D, Gentile C, Gentile MD, Marconi R, Paladino D, Raoss A, Riedmiller I, Ur Rehman H, Santini A, Succetti V, Volpini L. SARS-CoV-2 and the Host Cell: A Tale of Interactions. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.815388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a virus to spread between individuals, its replication capacity and the clinical course of the infection are macroscopic consequences of a multifaceted molecular interaction of viral components with the host cell. The heavy impact of COVID-19 on the world population, economics and sanitary systems calls for therapeutic and prophylactic solutions that require a deep characterization of the interactions occurring between virus and host cells. Unveiling how SARS-CoV-2 engages with host factors throughout its life cycle is therefore fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the viral infection and to design antiviral therapies and prophylactic strategies. Two years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this review provides an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, with focus on the machinery and compartments pivotal for virus replication and the antiviral cellular response. Starting with the interaction with the cell surface, following the virus replicative cycle through the characterization of the entry pathways, the survival and replication in the cytoplasm, to the mechanisms of egress from the infected cell, this review unravels the complex network of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, highlighting the knowledge that has the potential to set the basis for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
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211
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Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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212
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Lopez-Cantu DO, Wang X, Carrasco-Magallanes H, Afewerki S, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Ruiz-Esparza GU. From Bench to the Clinic: The Path to Translation of Nanotechnology-Enabled mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:41. [PMID: 34981278 PMCID: PMC8722410 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the use of nanotechnology in medicine has effectively been translated to the design of drug delivery systems, nanostructured tissues, diagnostic platforms, and novel nanomaterials against several human diseases and infectious pathogens. Nanotechnology-enabled vaccines have been positioned as solutions to mitigate the pandemic outbreak caused by the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To fast-track the development of vaccines, unprecedented industrial and academic collaborations emerged around the world, resulting in the clinical translation of effective vaccines in less than one year. In this article, we provide an overview of the path to translation from the bench to the clinic of nanotechnology-enabled messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and examine in detail the types of delivery systems used, their mechanisms of action, obtained results during each phase of their clinical development and their regulatory approval process. We also analyze how nanotechnology is impacting global health and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O Lopez-Cantu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Xichi Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hector Carrasco-Magallanes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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213
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Bawaskar H, Bawaskar P. Post immunization COVID-19 disease. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:1555-1557. [PMID: 35516695 PMCID: PMC9067203 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1975_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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214
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[Overview of COVID-19 vaccines licensed in the EU-from technology via clinical trial to registration]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2022; 65:1237-1243. [PMID: 36257986 PMCID: PMC9579648 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-022-03600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently (as of July 2022), six different COVID-19 vaccines are licensed in the EU. These include two mRNA-based vaccines (BNT162b2, Comirnaty® and mRNA-1273, Spikevax®), two adenoviral vector-based vaccines (AZD1222, Vaxzevria® and Ad26.COV2.S, Jcovden®), the subunit vaccine Nuvaxovid® (NVX-CoV2373), and the inactivated virus vaccine VLA2001. Although these vaccines are based on different technologies, they all share the use of the spike protein of SARS-CoV‑2 as antigen.This overview describes the characteristics of their composition, their efficacy, and the impact of various factors on efficacy. Another aspect of this overview is the description of the approval process and the identification of factors that have contributed to the unprecedented speed in the development and approval of vaccines against a pandemic pathogen.
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215
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Non-clinical safety assessment and in vivo biodistribution of CoviFab, an RBD-specific F(ab')2 fragment derived from equine polyclonal antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115796. [PMID: 34785274 PMCID: PMC8590615 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has required the urgent development of new therapies, among which passive immunotherapy is contemplated. CoviFab (INM005) is a RBD-specific F(ab′)2 fragment derived from equine polyclonal antibodies. We investigate their preclinical security and biodistribution by in vivo and ex vivo NIR imaging after intravenous administration of a dose of 4 mg/kg at time 0 and 48 h. Images were taken at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 49, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132 and 144 h after the first intravenous injection. At 96 and 144 h, mice were sacrificed for haematology, serum chemistry, clinical pathology, histopathology and ex vivo imaging. The biodistribution profile was similar in all organs studied, with the highest fluorescence at 1 h after each injection, gradually decreasing after that each one and until the end of the study (144 h). The toxicology study revealed no significant changes in the haematology and serum chemistry parameters. Further, there were no changes in the gross and histological examination of organs. Nonclinical data of the current study confirm that CoviFab is safe, without observable adverse effects in mice. Furthermore, we confirm that bioimaging studies are a useful approach in preclinical trials to determine biodistribution.
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216
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Single-cell immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:30-41. [PMID: 34931002 PMCID: PMC9414121 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaining a better understanding of the immune cell subsets and molecular factors associated with protective or pathological immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 could aid the development of vaccines and therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Single-cell technologies, such as flow cytometry, mass cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell multi-omic profiling, offer considerable promise in dissecting the heterogeneity of immune responses among individual cells and uncovering the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Single-cell immune-profiling studies reported to date have identified innate and adaptive immune cell subsets that correlate with COVID-19 disease severity, as well as immunological factors and pathways of potential relevance to the development of vaccines and treatments for COVID-19. For facilitation of integrative studies and meta-analyses into the immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we provide standardized, download-ready versions of 21 published single-cell sequencing datasets (over 3.2 million cells in total) as well as an interactive visualization portal for data exploration.
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217
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still propagating a year after the start of the pandemic. Besides the complications patients face during the COVID-19 disease period, there is an accumulating body of evidence concerning the late-onset complications of COVID-19, of which autoimmune manifestations have attracted remarkable attention from the first months of the pandemic. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune thyroid diseases, Kawasaki disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and the detection of autoantibodies are the cues to the discovery of the potential of COVID-19 in inducing autoimmunity. Clarification of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 injuries to the host, whether it is direct viral injury or autoimmunity, could help to develop appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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218
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Qiang M, Ma P, Li Y, Liu H, Harding A, Min C, Wang F, Liu L, Yuan M, Ji Q, Tao P, Shi X, Li Z, Li T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu NC, Lee CD, Zhu X, Gilbert‐Jaramillo J, Zhang C, Saxena A, Huang X, Wang H, James W, Dwek RA, Wilson IA, Yang G, Lerner RA. Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Selected from a Human Antibody Library Constructed Decades Ago. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102181. [PMID: 34716683 PMCID: PMC8646600 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial antibody libraries not only effectively reduce antibody discovery to a numbers game, but enable documentation of the history of antibody responses in an individual. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has prompted a wider application of this technology to meet the public health challenge of pandemic threats in the modern era. Herein, a combinatorial human antibody library constructed 20 years before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is used to discover three highly potent antibodies that selectively bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. Compared to neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients with generally low somatic hypermutation (SHM), these three antibodies contain over 13-22 SHMs, many of which are involved in specific interactions in their crystal structures with SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain. The identification of these somatically mutated antibodies in a pre-pandemic library raises intriguing questions about the origin and evolution of these antibodies with respect to their reactivity with SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Peptide Library
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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219
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Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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220
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Hashemi B, Akram FA, Amirazad H, Dadashpour M, Sheervalilou M, Nasrabadi D, Ahmadi M, Sheervalilou R, Ameri Shah Reza M, Ghazi F, Roshangar L. Emerging importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to control the COVID-19 pandemic; focus on nanomedicine iterance in diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 67:102967. [PMID: 34777586 PMCID: PMC8576597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019, which has tremendously concerned global health safety, is the result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 with high morbidity and mortality. Because of the coronavirus has no specific treatment, so it is necessary to early detection and produce antiviral agents and efficacious vaccines in order to prevent the contagion of coronavirus. Due to the unique properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology appears to be a highly relevant discipline in this global emergency, providing expansive chemical functionalization to develop advanced biomedical tools. Fascinatingly, nanomedicine as a hopeful approach for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, could efficiently help success the fight among coronavirus and host cells. In this review, we will critically discuss how nanomedicine can play an indispensable role in creating useful treatments and diagnostics for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hashemi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Firouzi-Amandi Akram
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Amirazad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Milad Sheervalilou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Nasrabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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221
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Chen C, Li YW, Shi PF, Qian SX. Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in Patients with COVID-19: Review of the literature. J Natl Med Assoc 2021; 114:47-55. [PMID: 34973847 PMCID: PMC8715336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global health emergency. In addition to common respiratory symptoms, some patients with COVID-19 infections may experience a range of extra-pulmonary manifestations, such as digestive system involvement. Patients with COVID-19 have been reported to suffer from acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) that is associated with disease-related severity and mortality. However, in the context of COVID-19, the exact cause of AMI has yet to be clearly defined. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available data and elucidates the possible underlying mechanisms linking COVID-19 to AMI, in addition to highlighting therapeutic approaches for clinicians. Finally, given the severe global impact of COVID-19, we emphasize the importance of coordinated vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Wei Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shen-Xian Qian
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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222
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Negi N, Maurya SP, Singh R, Das BK. An update on host immunity correlates and prospects of re-infection in COVID-19. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:367-392. [PMID: 34961403 PMCID: PMC8787841 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.2019727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is not frequent yet the incidence rate of it is increasing globally owing to the slow emergence of drift variants that pose a perpetual threat to vaccination strategies and have a greater propensity for disease reoccurrence. Long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection relies on the induction of the innate as well as the adaptive immune response endowed with immune memory. However, a multitude of factors including the selection pressure, the waning immunity against SARS-CoV-2 over the first year after infection possibly favors evolution of more infectious immune escape variants, amplifying the risk of reinfection. Additionally, the correlates of immune protection, the novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), the durability of the adaptive and mucosal immunity remain major challenges for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. Interestingly, a recent body of evidence indicated that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is another important target organ for SARS-CoV-2 besides the respiratory system, potentially increasing the likelihood of reinfection by impacting the microbiome and the immune response via the gut-lung axis. In this review, we summarized the latest development in SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, and explored the untapped potential of trained immunity. We also highlighted the immune memory kinetics of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, genetic drift of the emerging viral variants, and discussed the current challenges in vaccine development. Understanding the dynamics and the quality of immune response by unlocking the power of the innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity during SARS-CoV-2 reinfection would open newer avenues for drug discovery and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick,Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shesh Prakash Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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223
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Chung NH, Chen YC, Yang SJ, Lin YC, Dou HY, Hui-Ching Wang L, Liao CL, Chow YH. Induction of Th1 and Th2 in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 through mucosal delivery of an adenovirus vaccine expressing an engineered spike protein. Vaccine 2021; 40:574-586. [PMID: 34952759 PMCID: PMC8677488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of recombinant human type 5 adenoviruses that express the full-length or membrane-truncated spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 (AdCoV2-S or AdCoV2-SdTM, respectively) was tested the efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal (i.n.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization in a rodent model. Mucosal delivery of adenovirus (Ad) vaccines could induce anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA in the serum and in the mucosal, respectively as indicated by vaginal wash (vw) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG but not IgA in the vw and BALF was induced by AdCoV2-S s.c.. Administration of AdCoV2-S i.n. was able to induce higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody levels than s.c. injection. AdCoV2-SdTM i.n. induced a lower antibody responses than AdCoV2-S i.n.. Induced anti-S antibody responses by AdCoV2-S via i.n. or s.c. were not influenced by the pre-existing serum anti-Ad antibody. Novelty, S-specific IgG1 which represented Th2-mediated humoral response was dominantly induced in Ad i.n.-immunized serum in contrast to more IgG2a which represented Th1-mediated cellular response found in Ad s.c.-immunized serum. The activation of S-specific IFN-ɣ and IL-4 in splenic Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, was observed in the AdCoV2-S i.n. and s.c. groups, indicating the Th1 and Th2 immunity were activated. AdCoV2-S and AdCoV2-SdTM significantly prevented body weight loss and reduced pulmonary viral loads in hamsters. A reduction in inflammation in the lungs was observed in AdCoV-S via i.n. or s.c.-immunized hamsters following a SARS-CoV-2 challenge. It correlated to Th1 cytokine but no inflammatory cytokines secretions found in AdCoV-S i.n. -immunized BALF. These results indicate that intranasal delivery of AdCoV2-S vaccines is safe and potent at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Ju Yang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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224
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Peng XL, Cheng JSY, Gong HL, Yuan MD, Zhao XH, Li Z, Wei DX. Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:67. [PMID: 34911569 PMCID: PMC8674100 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2, which is highly infectious and prone to rapid mutation, encodes both structural and nonstructural proteins. Vaccination is currently the only effective method to prevent COVID-19, and structural proteins are critical targets for vaccine development. Currently, many vaccines are in clinical trials or are already on the market. This review highlights ongoing advances in the design of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19, including viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines and bionic nanoparticle vaccines. In addition to traditional inactivated virus vaccines, some novel vaccines based on viral vectors, nanoscience and synthetic biology also play important roles in combating COVID-19. However, many challenges persist in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Ji-Si-Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Hai-Lun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Meng-Di Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
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225
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Haslbauer JD, Zinner C, Stalder AK, Schneeberger J, Menter T, Bassetti S, Mertz KD, Went P, Matter MS, Tzankov A. Vascular Damage, Thromboinflammation, Plasmablast Activation, T-Cell Dysregulation and Pathological Histiocytic Response in Pulmonary Draining Lymph Nodes of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763098. [PMID: 34966385 PMCID: PMC8710573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although initial immunophenotypical studies on peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples have provided a glimpse into the immunopathology of COVID-19, analyses of pulmonary draining lymph nodes are currently scarce. 22 lethal COVID-19 cases and 28 controls were enrolled in this study. Pulmonary draining lymph nodes (mediastinal, tracheal, peribronchial) were collected at autopsy. Control lymph nodes were selected from a range of histomorphological sequelae [unremarkable histology, infectious mononucleosis, follicular hyperplasia, non-SARS related HLH, extrafollicular plasmablast activation, non-SARS related diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), pneumonia]. Samples were mounted on a tissue microarray and underwent immunohistochemical staining for a selection of immunological markers and in-situ hybridization for Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and SARS-CoV-2. Gene expression profiling was performed using the HTG EdgeSeq Immune Response Panel. Characteristic patterns of a dysregulated immune response were detected in COVID-19: 1. An accumulation of extrafollicular plasmablasts with a relative paucity or depletion of germinal centers. 2. Evidence of T-cell dysregulation demonstrated by immunohistochemical paucity of FOXP3+, Tbet+ and LEF1+ positive T-cells and a downregulation of key genes responsible for T-cell crosstalk, maturation and migration as well as a reactivation of herpes viruses in 6 COVID-19 lymph nodes (EBV, HSV). 3. Macrophage activation by a M2-polarized, CD163+ phenotype and increased incidence of hemophagocytic activity. 4. Microvascular dysfunction, evidenced by an upregulation of hemostatic (CD36, PROCR, VWF) and proangiogenic (FLT1, TEK) genes and an increase of fibrin microthrombi and CD105+ microvessels. Taken together, these findings imply widespread dysregulation of both innate and adoptive pathways with concordant microvascular dysfunction in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin D. Haslbauer
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carl Zinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna K. Stalder
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Schneeberger
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Menter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Went
- Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S. Matter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Alexandar Tzankov,
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226
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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Immune Cells: In Vitro Assessment Provides Insight in COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122483. [PMID: 34960752 PMCID: PMC8704563 DOI: 10.3390/v13122483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 generally raise antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 following infection, and the antibody level is positively correlated to the severity of disease. Whether the viral antibodies exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is still not fully understood. Here, we conducted in vitro assessment of whether convalescent serum enhanced SARS-CoV-2 infection or induced excessive immune responses in immune cells. Our data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary B cells, macrophages and monocytes, which express variable levels of FcγR, could be enhanced by convalescent serum from COVID-19 patients. We also determined the factors associated with ADE, and found which showed a time-dependent but not viral-dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the ADE effect is not associated with the neutralizing titer or RBD antibody level when testing serum samples collected from different patients. However, it is higher in a medium level than low or high dilutions in a given sample that showed ADE effect, which is similar to dengue. Finally, we demonstrated more viral genes or dysregulated host immune gene expression under ADE conditions compared to the no-serum infection group. Collectively, our study provides insight into the understanding of an association of high viral antibody titer and severe lung pathology in severe patients with COVID-19.
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227
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Li L, Long J, Sang Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Pan Y, Cao Y, Huang H, Yang Z, Yang J, Wang S. Rational preparation and application of a mRNA delivery system with cytidinyl/cationic lipid. J Control Release 2021; 340:114-124. [PMID: 34699870 PMCID: PMC8539419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy, especially mRNA vaccines, has shown its superiorities in versatile design, rapid development and scale production, since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines had been approved for application, unexpected adverse events were reported to be most likely associated with the mRNA delivery systems. Thus, the development of mRNA delivery system with good efficacy and safety remains a challenge. Here, for the first time, we report that the neutral cytidinyl lipid, 2-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-N-(2,3-dioleoyl-oxypropyl) acetamide (DNCA), and the cationic lipid, dioleoyl-3,3'-disulfanediylbis-[2-(2,6-diaminohexanamido)] propanoate (CLD), could encapsulate and deliver the COVID-19 mRNA-1096 into the cytoplasm to induce robust adaptive immune response. In the formulation, the molar ratio of DNCA/CLD to a single nucleotide of COVID-19 mRNA-1096 was about 0.9: 0.5: 1 (the N/P ratio was about 7: 1). The DNCA/CLD-mRNA-1096 lipoplexes were rationally prepared by the combination of the lipids DNCA/CLD with the aqueous mRNA solution under mild sonication to stimulate multiple interactions, including H-bonding, π-stacking and electrostatic force between the lipids and the mRNA. After intramuscular applications of the DNCA/CLD-mRNA-1096 lipoplexes, robust neutralizing antibodies and long-lived Th1-biased SARS-CoV-2-specific cell immunity were detected in the immunized mice, thus suggesting the DNCA/CLD a promising mRNA delivery system. Moreover, our study might also inspire better ideas for developing mRNA delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jinrong Long
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Ye Sang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,School of Life Science, University of Hebei, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xinyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yufei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yiming Cao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Huang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China,Corresponding authors
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,Corresponding authors
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China,Corresponding authors
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228
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Lang-Meli J, Fuchs J, Mathé P, Ho HE, Kern L, Jaki L, Rusignuolo G, Mertins S, Somogyi V, Neumann-Haefelin C, Trinkmann F, Müller M, Thimme R, Umhau M, Quinti I, Wagner D, Panning M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Laubner K, Warnatz K. Case Series: Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Patients with COVID-19 and Primary Antibody Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:253-265. [PMID: 34893946 PMCID: PMC8664001 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary antibody deficiency are at risk for severe and in many cases for prolonged COVID-19. Convalescent plasma treatment of immunocompromised individuals could be an option especially in countries with limited access to monoclonal antibody therapies. While studies in immunocompetent COVID19 patients have demonstrated only a limited benefit, evidence for the safety, timing, and effectiveness of this treatment in antibody-deficient patients is lacking. Here, we describe 16 cases with primary antibody deficiency treated with convalescent plasma in four medical centers. In our cohort, treatment was associated with a reduction in viral load and improvement of clinical symptoms, even when applied over a week after onset of infection. There were no relevant side effects besides a short-term fever reaction in one patient. Longitudinal full-genome sequencing revealed the emergence of mutations in the viral genome, potentially conferring an antibody escape in one patient with persistent viral RNA shedding upon plasma treatment. However, he resolved the infection after a second course of plasma treatment. Thus, our data suggest a therapeutic benefit of convalescent plasma treatment in patients with primary antibody deficiency even months after infection. While it appears to be safe, PCR follow-up for SARS-CoV-2 is advisable and early re-treatment might be considered in patients with persistent viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lang-Meli
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mathé
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hsi-En Ho
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Kern
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jaki
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Rusignuolo
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Mertins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vivien Somogyi
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Enter Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Trinkmann
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Enter Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Enter Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Umhau
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dirk Wagner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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229
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Shimizu J, Sasaki T, Yamanaka A, Ichihara Y, Koketsu R, Samune Y, Cruz P, Sato K, Tanga N, Yoshimura Y, Murakami A, Yamada M, Itoi K, Nakayama EE, Miyazaki K, Shioda T. The potential of COVID-19 patients' sera to cause antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and IL-6 production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23713. [PMID: 34887501 PMCID: PMC8660863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), many vaccine trials have been initiated. An important goal of vaccination is the development of neutralizing antibody (Ab) against SARS-CoV-2. However, the possible induction of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, which is known for other coronaviruses and dengue virus infections, is a particular concern in vaccine development. Here, we demonstrated that human iPS cell-derived, immortalized, and ACE2- and TMPRSS2-expressing myeloid cell lines are useful as host cells for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The established cell lines were cloned and screened based on their function in terms of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2-infection or IL-6 productivity. Using the resulting K-ML2 (AT) clone 35 for SARS-CoV-2-infection or its subclone 35–40 for IL-6 productivity, it was possible to evaluate the potential of sera from severe COVID-19 patients to cause ADE and to stimulate IL-6 production upon infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoko Ichihara
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Samune
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pedro Cruz
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Yuka Yoshimura
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Ami Murakami
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yamada
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Itoi
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyazaki
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., KKVP 1-36, Goryo-ohara, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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230
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Hansda A, Biswas D, Bhatta A, Chakravorty N, Mukherjee G. Plasma therapy: a passive resistance against the deadliest. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:2006026. [PMID: 34886756 PMCID: PMC9116411 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2006026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma therapy provides a useful therapeutic tool to treat infectious diseases, especially where no specific therapeutic strategies have been identified. The ongoing pandemic puts back the spotlight on this age-old method as a viable treatment option. In this review, we discuss the usage of this therapy in different diseases including COVID-19, and the possible mechanisms of action. The current review also discusses the progress of therapeutic applications of blood-derivatives, from the simple transfer of immunized animal sera, to the more target-specific intravenous administration of human immunoglobulins from a pool of convalescent individuals, in both infectious and non-infectious diseases of various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hansda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Debarati Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Aishwarya Bhatta
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Nishant Chakravorty
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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231
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Ray SK, Mukherjee S. From Bench Side to Bed-Travelling on a Road to Get a Safe and Effective Vaccine Against COVID-19, Day to Save the Life. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 16:2-5. [PMID: 34886784 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666211209094457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is the most challenging pandemic of this century. The growing COVID-19 pandemic has triggered extraordinary efforts to restrict the virus in numerous ways, owing to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Immunotherapy, which includes artificially stimulating the immune system to generate an immunological response, is regarded as an effective strategy for preventing and treating several infectious illnesses and malignancies. Given the pandemic's high fatality rate and quick expansion, an effective vaccination is urgently needed to keep it under control. The basic goal of all COVID-19 vaccine programs is to develop a vaccine that causes the generation of surface protein neutralizing antibodies in subjects. The epitope discovery for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates is likewise made using an immuno-informatics methodology. It can be used to find the epitopes in viral proteins important for cytotoxic T cells and B cells. A safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine that can elicit the necessary immune response is necessary to end the epidemic. The global search for a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is yielding results. More than a dozen vaccines have already been approved around the world, with many more in the clinical trials. Patents can cover the underlying technology used to generate a vaccine, whereas trade secrets can cover manufacturing methods and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020. India
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232
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Yadav DK, Adhikari VP, Ling Q, Liang T. Immunosuppressants in Liver Transplant Recipients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Capability or Catastrophe?-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756922. [PMID: 34859012 PMCID: PMC8632009 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The probable impact of a maintenance immunosuppressant (IS) on liver transplant (LT) recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unexplored. Our specific aim was to approximate the prognosis of LT recipients with COVID-19 on the standard maintenance IS. Method: We searched separate databases for the qualified studies in between December 2019 and June 25, 2021. Ultimately, a meta-analysis was carried out using a fixed-effect or random-effect model based on the heterogeneity. Results: In a total of eight studies and 509 LT recipients with COVID-19, the pooled rates of severity and mortality during all the combined immunosuppressive therapies were 22.4 and 19.5%, respectively. Our study sufficiently showed that an immunosuppressive therapy in LT recipients with COVID-19 was significantly associated with a non-severe COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR): 11.49, 95% CI: 4.17–31.65; p < 0.001] and the survival of the patients (OR: 17.64, 95% CI: 12.85–24.22; p < 0.001). Moreover, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) typically had the lowest rate of severity and mortality compared to other ISs such as calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), steroids, and antimetabolites, i.e., severity (13.5 vs. 21.1, 24.7, and 26.3%) and mortality (8.3 vs. 15, 17.2, and 12.1%), respectively. Contrary to the general opinions, our meta-analysis showed comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiopulmonary disorders, chronic kidney disease (CKD), age >60, the duration of LT to the diagnosis of COVID-19, primary disease for LT, and obesity were not significantly associated with the severity and mortality in LT recipients with COVID-19 under an immunosuppressive therapy. However, our pooled analysis found that LT recipients with COVID-19 and without comorbidities have a less severe disease and low mortality rate compared to those with both COVID-19 and comorbidities. Conclusions: In conclusion, LT recipients with COVID-19 undergoing immunosuppressive therapies are not significantly associated with the severity and mortality. Therefore, taking the risk of organ rejection into a key consideration, a complete withdrawal of the IS may not be wise. However, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) might be discontinued or replaced from an immunosuppressive regimen with the CNIs- or mTORis-based immunosuppressive therapy in some selected LT recipients with COVID-19, depending upon the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vishnu Prasad Adhikari
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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233
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Willcox AC, Sung K, Garrett ME, Galloway JG, O’Connor MA, Erasmus JH, Logue JK, Hawman DW, Chu HY, Hasenkrug KJ, Fuller DH, Matsen FA, Overbaugh J. Macaque-human differences in SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody response elicited by vaccination or infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.01.470697. [PMID: 34909774 PMCID: PMC8669841 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.01.470697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are a commonly used model for studying immunity to human viruses, including for studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. However, it is unknown whether macaque antibody responses recapitulate, and thus appropriately model, the response in humans. To answer this question, we employed a phage-based deep mutational scanning approach (Phage-DMS) to compare which linear epitopes are targeted on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in humans and macaques following either vaccination or infection. We also used Phage-DMS to determine antibody escape pathways within each epitope, enabling a granular comparison of antibody binding specificities at the locus level. Overall, we identified some common epitope targets in both macaques and humans, including in the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2 (SH-H) regions. Differences between groups included a response to epitopes in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) in vaccinated humans but not vaccinated macaques, as well as recognition of a CTD epitope and epitopes flanking the FP in convalescent macaques but not convalescent humans. There was also considerable variability in the escape pathways among individuals within each group. Sera from convalescent macaques showed the least variability in escape overall and converged on a common response with vaccinated humans in the SH-H epitope region, suggesting highly similar antibodies were elicited. Collectively, these findings suggest that the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques shares many features with humans, but with substantial differences in the recognition of certain epitopes and considerable individual variability in antibody escape profiles, suggesting a diverse repertoire of antibodies that can respond to major epitopes in both humans and macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Willcox
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan E. Garrett
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared G. Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David W. Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Paré B, Rozendaal M, Morin S, Kaufmann L, Simpson SM, Poujol R, Mostefai F, Grenier JC, Xing H, Sanchez M, Yechouron A, Racette R, Hussin JG, Wolf G, Pavlov I, Smith MA. Patient health records and whole viral genomes from an early SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a Quebec hospital reveal features associated with favorable outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260714. [PMID: 34855869 PMCID: PMC8638998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Quebec, Canada, occurred at Verdun Hospital on February 25, 2020. A month later, a localized outbreak was observed at this hospital. We performed tiled amplicon whole genome nanopore sequencing on nasopharyngeal swabs from all SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from 31 March to 17 April 2020 in 2 local hospitals to assess viral diversity (unknown at the time in Quebec) and potential associations with clinical outcomes. We report 264 viral genomes from 242 individuals-both staff and patients-with associated clinical features and outcomes, as well as longitudinal samples and technical replicates. Viral lineage assessment identified multiple subclades in both hospitals, with a predominant subclade in the Verdun outbreak, indicative of hospital-acquired transmission. Dimensionality reduction identified two subclades with mutations of clinical interest, namely in the Spike protein, that evaded supervised lineage assignment methods-including Pangolin and NextClade supervised lineage assignment tools. We also report that certain symptoms (headache, myalgia and sore throat) are significantly associated with favorable patient outcomes. Our findings demonstrate the strength of unsupervised, data-driven analyses whilst suggesting that caution should be used when employing supervised genomic workflows, particularly during the early stages of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Paré
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sacha Morin
- Department of Computer Science and Operational Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila—Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léa Kaufmann
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Fatima Mostefai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Henry Xing
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miguelle Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ariane Yechouron
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ronald Racette
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hôpital de Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie G. Hussin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Wolf
- Mila—Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan Pavlov
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hôpital de Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin A. Smith
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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235
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Rijkers GT, van Overveld FJ. The "original antigenic sin" and its relevance for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:13-16. [PMID: 38620690 PMCID: PMC8500682 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Imprinting of the specific molecular image of a given protein antigen into immunological memory is one of the hallmarks of immunity. A later contact with a related, but different antigen should not trigger the memory response (because the produced antibodies would not be effective). The preferential expansion of cross-reactive antibodies, or T-lymphocytes for that matter, by a related antigen has been termed the original antigenic sin and was first described by Thomas Francis Jr. in 1960. The phenomenon was initially described for influenza virus, but also has been found for dengue and rotavirus. The antibody dependent enhancement observed in feline coronavirus vaccination also may be related to the original antigenic sin. For a full interpretation of the effectivity of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2, as well as for the success of vaccination, the role of existing immunological memory against circulating corona viruses is reviewed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger T Rijkers
- Science Department, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elizabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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236
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Duan Y, Wang S, Zhang Q, Gao W, Zhang L. Nanoparticle approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 25:100964. [PMID: 34729031 PMCID: PMC8542438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become the worst pandemic disease of the current millennium. To address this crisis, therapeutic nanoparticles, including inorganic nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like nanoparticles, and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, have all offered compelling antiviral strategies. This article reviews these strategies in three categories: (1) nanoparticle-enabled detection of SARS-CoV-2, (2) nanoparticle-based treatment for COVID-19, and (3) nanoparticle vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We discuss how nanoparticles are tailor-made to biointerface with the host and the virus in each category. For each nanoparticle design, we highlight its structure-function relationship that enables effective antiviral activity. Overall, nanoparticles bring numerous new opportunities to improve our response to the current COVID-19 pandemic and enhance our preparedness for future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaou Duan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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237
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Update on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence: regional and worldwide. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1762-1771. [PMID: 34582980 PMCID: PMC8548624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With limited vaccine supplies, an informed position on the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people can assist the prioritization of vaccine deployment. OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global and regional SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalences around the world. DATA SOURCES We systematically searched peer-reviewed databases (PubMed, Embase and Scopus), and preprint servers (medRxiv, bioRxiv and SSRN) for articles published between 1 January 2020 and 30 March 2021. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Population-based studies reporting the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the general population were included. PARTICIPANTS People of different age groups, occupations, educational levels, ethnic backgrounds and socio-economic status from the general population. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. METHODS We used the random-effects meta-analyses and empirical Bayesian method to estimate the pooled seroprevalence and conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to explore potential sources of heterogeneity as well as the relationship between seroprevalence and socio-demographics. RESULTS We identified 241 eligible studies involving 6.3 million individuals from 60 countries. The global pooled seroprevalence was 9.47% (95% CI 8.99-9.95%), although the heterogeneity among studies was significant (I2 = 99.9%). We estimated that ∼738 million people had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 (as of December 2020). Highest and lowest seroprevalences were recorded in Central and Southern Asia (22.91%, 19.11-26.72%) and Eastern and South-eastern Asia (1.62%, 1.31-1.95%), respectively. Seroprevalence estimates were higher in males, persons aged 20-50 years, in minority ethnic groups living in countries or regions with low income and human development indices. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that the majority of the world's human population was still highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in mid-2021, emphasizing the need for vaccine deployment to vulnerable groups of people, particularly in developing countries, and for the implementation of enhanced preventive measures until 'herd immunity' to SARS-CoV-2 has developed.
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238
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Marfe G, Perna S, Shukla AK. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and their challenges (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1407. [PMID: 34676000 PMCID: PMC8524740 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease recognized such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), was reported in Wuhan, China. This disease was caused by an unknown SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); a virus is characterized by high infectivity among humans. In some cases, this disease can be asymptomatic, while in other cases can induce flu-like symptoms or acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia and death. For this reason, the World Health Organization and Public Health Emergency of International Concern declared a pandemic status in January 2020. Currently, numerous countries have been involved in the development of effective vaccines to protect humans against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present review will discuss the four vaccines, AZD1222 (AstraZeneca or Vaxzevria), Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S), Moderna/mRNA-1273 and BioNTech/Fosun/Pfizer BNT162b1, that are currently in use worldwide to understand their efficacy, but also evaluate the difficulties and challenges of vaccine development. Although several questions should be addressed regarding these vaccines, the current review will examine the viral elements used in the coronavirus-19 vaccine that can play a crucial role in inducing a strong immune response, as well as the different adverse effects that they can cause to individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefania Perna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
- Inventra Medclin Biomedical Healthcare and Research Center, Katemanivli, Kalyan, Thane, Maharashtra 421306, India
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239
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Gresele P, Momi S, Marcucci R, Ramundo F, De Stefano V, Tripodi A. Interactions of adenoviruses with platelets and coagulation and the vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome. Haematologica 2021; 106:3034-3045. [PMID: 34407607 PMCID: PMC8634187 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.279289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a heavy impact on global health and economy and vaccination remains the primary way of controlling the infection. During the ongoing vaccination campaign some unexpected thrombotic events have emerged in subjects who had recently received the AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) vaccine or the Johnson and Johnson (Janssen) vaccine, two adenovirus vector-based vaccines. Epidemiological studies confirm that the observed/expected ratio of these unusual thromboses is abnormally increased, especially in women in fertile age. The characteristics of this complication, with venous thromboses at unusual sites, most frequently in the cerebral vein sinuses but also in splanchnic vessels, often with multiple associated thromboses, thrombocytopenia, and sometimes disseminated intravascular coagulation, are unique and the time course and tumultuous evolution are suggestive of an acute immunological reaction. Indeed, plateletactivating anti-PF4 antibodies have been detected in a large proportion of the affected patients. Several data suggest that adenoviruses may interact with platelets, the endothelium and the blood coagulation system. Here we review interactions between adenoviral vectors and the hemostatic system that are of possible relevance in vaccine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome. We systematically analyze the clinical data on the reported thrombotic complications of adenovirus-based therapeutics and discuss all the current hypotheses on the mechanisms triggering this novel syndrome. Although, considering current evidence, the benefit of vaccination clearly outweighs the potential risks, it is of paramount importance to fully unravel the mechanisms leading to vaccineassociated thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome and to identify prognostic factors through further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia.
| | - Stefania Momi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia
| | - Rossella Marcucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence; Atherothrombotic Center, AOU Careggi, Florence
| | - Francesco Ramundo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli - IRCCS - Rome
| | - Valerio De Stefano
- Section of Hematology, Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli - IRCCS - Rome
| | - Armando Tripodi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thromboses Center, Milan
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240
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Marasini B, Vyas HK, Lakhashe SK, Hariraju D, Akhtar A, Ratcliffe SJ, Ruprecht RM. Mucosal AIDS virus transmission is enhanced by antiviral IgG isolated early in infection. AIDS 2021; 35:2423-2432. [PMID: 34402452 PMCID: PMC8631165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) affects host-virus dynamics in fundamentally different ways: i) enhancement of initial virus acquisition, and/or ii) increased disease progression/severity. Here we address the question whether anti-HIV-1 antibodies can enhance initial infection. While cell-culture experiments hinted at this possibility, in-vivo proof remained elusive. DESIGN We used passive immunization in nonhuman primates challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), a chimera expressing HIV-1 envelope. We purified IgG from rhesus monkeys with early-stage SHIV infection - before cross-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies had developed - and screened for maximal complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (C'-ADE) of viral replication with a SHIV strain phylogenetically distinct from that harbored by IgG donor macaques. IgG fractions with maximal C'-ADE but lacking neutralization were combined to yield enhancing anti-SHIV IgG (enSHIVIG). RESULTS We serially enrolled naive macaques (Group 1) to determine the minimal and 50% animal infectious doses required to establish persistent infection after intrarectal SHIV challenge. The first animal was inoculated with a 1 : 10 virus-stock dilution; after this animal's viral RNA load was >104copies/ml, the next macaque was challenged with 10x less virus, a process repeated until viremia no longer ensued. Group 2 was pretreated intravenously with enSHIVIG 24 h before SHIV challenge. Overall, Group 2 macaques required 3.4-fold less virus compared to controls (P = 0.002). This finding is consistent with enhanced susceptibility of the passively immunized animals to mucosal SHIV challenge. CONCLUSION These passive immunization data give proof of IgG-mediated enhanced virus acquisition after mucosal exposure - a potential concern for antibody-based AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Marasini
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Dinesh Hariraju
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Akil Akhtar
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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241
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He Q, Mao Q, An C, Zhang J, Gao F, Bian L, Li C, Liang Z, Xu M, Wang J. Heterologous prime-boost: breaking the protective immune response bottleneck of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:629-637. [PMID: 33691606 PMCID: PMC8009122 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1902245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines emerging from different platforms differ in efficacy, duration of protection, and side effects. To maximize the benefits of vaccination, we explored the utility of employing a heterologous prime-boost strategy in which different combinations of the four types of leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are undergoing clinical trials in China were tested in a mouse model. Our results showed that sequential immunization with adenovirus vectored vaccine followed by inactivated/recombinant subunit/mRNA vaccine administration specifically increased levels of neutralizing antibodies and promoted the modulation of antibody responses to predominantly neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, a heterologous prime-boost regimen with an adenovirus vector vaccine also improved Th1-biased T cell responses. Our results provide new ideas for the development and application of COVID-19 vaccines to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Adenovirus Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccination/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiang An
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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242
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Structural basis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of HCQ: specific binding to N protein to disrupt its interaction with nucleic acids and LLPS. QRB DISCOVERY 2021. [PMID: 37529681 PMCID: PMC10392676 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein plays the essential roles in key steps of the viral life cycle, thus representing a top drug target. Functionality of N protein including liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) depends on its interaction with nucleic acids. Only the variants with N proteins functional in binding nucleic acids might survive and spread in evolution and indeed, the residues critical for binding nucleic acids are highly conserved. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was shown to prevent the transmission in a large-scale clinical study in Singapore but so far, no specific SARS-CoV-2 protein was experimentally identified to be targeted by HCQ. Here by NMR, we unambiguously decode that HCQ specifically binds NTD and CTD of N protein with Kd of 112.1 and 57.1 μM, respectively to inhibit their interaction with nucleic acid, as well as to disrupt LLPS. Most importantly, HCQ-binding residues are identical in SARS-CoV-2 variants and therefore HCQ is likely effective to different variants. The results not only provide a structural basis for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of HCQ, but also renders HCQ to be the first known drug capable of targeting LLPS. Furthermore, the unique structure of the HCQ-CTD complex suggests a promising strategy for design of better anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs from HCQ.
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243
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Freeman KG, Wetzel KS, Zhang Y, Zack KM, Jacobs-Sera D, Walters SM, Barbeau DJ, McElroy AK, Williams JV, Hatfull GF. A Mycobacteriophage-Based Vaccine Platform: SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Expression and Display. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2414. [PMID: 34946016 PMCID: PMC8704799 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosion of SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 prompted a flurry of activity in vaccine development and exploration of various vaccine platforms, some well-established and some new. Phage-based vaccines were described previously, and we explored the possibility of using mycobacteriophages as a platform for displaying antigens of SARS-CoV-2 or other infectious agents. The potential advantages of using mycobacteriophages are that a large and diverse variety of them have been described and genomically characterized, engineering tools are available, and there is the capacity to display up to 700 antigen copies on a single particle approximately 100 nm in size. The phage body may itself be a good adjuvant, and the phages can be propagated easily, cheaply, and to high purity. Furthermore, the recent use of these phages therapeutically, including by intravenous administration, suggests an excellent safety profile, although efficacy can be restricted by neutralizing antibodies. We describe here the potent immunogenicity of mycobacteriophage Bxb1, and Bxb1 recombinants displaying SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (K.G.F.); (K.S.W.); (K.M.Z.); (D.J.-S.)
| | - Katherine S. Wetzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (K.G.F.); (K.S.W.); (K.M.Z.); (D.J.-S.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.W.); (A.K.M.); (J.V.W.)
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Kira M. Zack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (K.G.F.); (K.S.W.); (K.M.Z.); (D.J.-S.)
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (K.G.F.); (K.S.W.); (K.M.Z.); (D.J.-S.)
| | - Sara M. Walters
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.W.); (A.K.M.); (J.V.W.)
| | - Dominique J. Barbeau
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.W.); (A.K.M.); (J.V.W.)
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - John V. Williams
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.W.); (A.K.M.); (J.V.W.)
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (K.G.F.); (K.S.W.); (K.M.Z.); (D.J.-S.)
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244
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Patel M, Shahjin F, Cohen JD, Hasan M, Machhi J, Chugh H, Singh S, Das S, Kulkarni TA, Herskovitz J, Meigs DD, Chandra R, Hettie KS, Mosley RL, Kevadiya BD, Gendelman HE. The Immunopathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab035. [PMID: 34160586 PMCID: PMC8632753 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Virus-specific immunity controls infection, transmission and disease severity. With respect to disease severity, a spectrum of clinical outcomes occur associated with age, genetics, comorbidities and immune responses in an infected person. Dysfunctions in innate and adaptive immunity commonly follow viral infection. These are heralded by altered innate mononuclear phagocyte differentiation, activation, intracellular killing and adaptive memory, effector, and regulatory T cell responses. All of such affect viral clearance and the progression of end-organ disease. Failures to produce effective controlled antiviral immunity leads to life-threatening end-organ disease that is typified by the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most effective means to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection is by vaccination. While an arsenal of immunomodulators were developed for control of viral infection and subsequent COVID-19 disease, further research is required to enable therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jacob D Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tanmay A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology –Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
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A COVID-19 peptide vaccine for the induction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity. Nature 2021; 601:617-622. [PMID: 34814158 PMCID: PMC8791831 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunity is central for the control of viral infections. CoVac-1 is a peptide-based vaccine candidate, composed of SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes derived from various viral proteins1,2, combined with the Toll-like receptor 1/2 agonist XS15 emulsified in Montanide ISA51 VG, aiming to induce profound SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity to combat COVID-19. We conducted a phase I open-label trial, recruiting 36 participants aged 18 to 80 years, who received one single subcutaneous CoVac-1 vaccination. The primary endpoint was safety analysed until day 56. Immunogenicity in terms of CoVac-1-induced T-cell response was analysed as main secondary endpoint until day 28 and in the follow-up until month 3. No serious adverse events and no grade 4 adverse events were observed. Expected local granuloma formation was observed in all study subjects, while systemic reactogenicity was absent or mild. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses targeting multiple vaccine peptides were induced in all study participants, mediated by multifunctional T-helper 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CoVac-1-induced interferon-γ T cell responses persisted in the follow-up analyses and surpassed those detected after SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as after vaccination with approved vaccines. Furthermore, vaccine-induced T- cell responses were unaffected by current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). Together, CoVac-1 showed a favourable safety profile and induced broad, potent and VOC-independent T- cell responses, supporting the presently ongoing evaluation in a phase II trial for patients with B cell/antibody deficiency.
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246
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Grobben M, van der Straten K, Brouwer PJM, Brinkkemper M, Maisonnasse P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Appelman B, Lavell AHA, van Vught LA, Burger JA, Poniman M, Oomen M, Eggink D, Bijl TPL, van Willigen HDG, Wynberg E, Verkaik BJ, Figaroa OJA, de Vries PJ, Boertien TM, Bomers MK, Sikkens JJ, Le Grand R, de Jong MD, Prins M, Chung AW, de Bree GJ, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Cross-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. eLife 2021. [DOI: 10.10.7554/elife.70330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are losing efficacy against emerging variants and may not protect against future novel coronavirus outbreaks, emphasizing the need for more broadly protective vaccines. To inform the development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine, we investigated the presence and specificity of cross-reactive antibodies against the spike (S) proteins of human coronaviruses (hCoV) after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We found an 11- to 123-fold increase in antibodies binding to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as a 2- to 4-fold difference in antibodies binding to seasonal hCoVs in COVID-19 convalescent sera compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors, with the S2 subdomain of the S protein being the main target for cross-reactivity. In addition, we detected cross-reactive antibodies to all hCoV S proteins after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in macaques and humans, with higher responses for hCoV more closely related to SARS-CoV-2. These findings support the feasibility of and provide guidance for development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Grobben
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Philip JM Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA
| | - Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - AH Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Dirk Eggink
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM
| | - Tom PL Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Hugo DG van Willigen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Elke Wynberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD
| | - Bas J Verkaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Orlane JA Figaroa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | | | | | - Marije K Bomers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity
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247
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Grobben M, van der Straten K, Brouwer PJM, Brinkkemper M, Maisonnasse P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Appelman B, Lavell AHA, van Vught LA, Burger JA, Poniman M, Oomen M, Eggink D, Bijl TPL, van Willigen HDG, Wynberg E, Verkaik BJ, Figaroa OJA, de Vries PJ, Boertien TM, Bomers MK, Sikkens JJ, Le Grand R, de Jong MD, Prins M, Chung AW, de Bree GJ, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Cross-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. eLife 2021; 10:e70330. [PMID: 34812143 PMCID: PMC8610423 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are losing efficacy against emerging variants and may not protect against future novel coronavirus outbreaks, emphasizing the need for more broadly protective vaccines. To inform the development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine, we investigated the presence and specificity of cross-reactive antibodies against the spike (S) proteins of human coronaviruses (hCoV) after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We found an 11- to 123-fold increase in antibodies binding to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as a 2- to 4-fold difference in antibodies binding to seasonal hCoVs in COVID-19 convalescent sera compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors, with the S2 subdomain of the S protein being the main target for cross-reactivity. In addition, we detected cross-reactive antibodies to all hCoV S proteins after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in macaques and humans, with higher responses for hCoV more closely related to SARS-CoV-2. These findings support the feasibility of and provide guidance for development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Grobben
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Philip JM Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEAFontenay-aux-RosesFrance
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEAFontenay-aux-RosesFrance
| | - Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - AH Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVMBilthovenNetherlands
| | - Tom PL Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Hugo DG van Willigen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Elke Wynberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGDAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Bas J Verkaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Orlane JA Figaroa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Peter J de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tergooi HospitalAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Tessel M Boertien
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tergooi HospitalAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Marije K Bomers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEAFontenay-aux-RosesFrance
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGDAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdamNetherlands
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248
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Torres-Hernández PC, Hernández-Bello J. Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121376. [PMID: 34960121 PMCID: PMC8706198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-333-450-9355
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249
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Wang J, Guo C, Cai L, Liao C, Yi H, Li Q, Hu H, Deng Q, Lu Y, Guo Z, Chen Z, Lu J. Pre-Existing Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses Do Not Significantly Impact Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772511. [PMID: 34868035 PMCID: PMC8640209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent exposure to seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) may stimulate cross-reactive antibody responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, previous studies have produced divergent results regarding protective or damaging immunity induced by prior sCoV exposure. It remains unknown whether pre-existing humoral immunity plays a role in vaccine-induced neutralization and antibody responses. In this study, we collected 36 paired sera samples from 36 healthy volunteers before and after immunization with inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for COVID-19, and analyzed the distribution and intensity of pre-existing antibody responses at the epitope level pre-vaccination as well as the relationship between pre-existing sCoV immunity and vaccine-induced neutralization. We observed large amounts of pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies in the conserved regions among sCoVs, especially the S2 subunit. Excep t for a few peptides, the IgG and IgM fluorescence intensities against S, M and N peptides did not differ significantly between pre-vaccination and post-vaccination sera of vaccinees who developed a neutralization inhibition rate (%inhibition) <40 and %inhibition ≥40 after two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants with strong and weak pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies (strong pre-CRA; weak pre-CRA) had similar %inhibition pre-vaccination (10.9% ± 2.9% vs. 12.0% ± 2.2%, P=0.990) and post-vaccination (43.8% ± 25.1% vs. 44.6% ± 21.5%, P=0.997). Overall, the strong pre-CRA group did not show a significantly greater increase in antibody responses to the S protein linear peptides post-vaccination compared with the weak pre-CRA group. Therefore, we found no evidence for a significant impact of pre-existing antibody responses on inactivated vaccine-induced neutralization and antibody responses. Our research provides an important basis for inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine use in the context of high sCoV seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lin Cai
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Conghui Liao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaimin Yi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmin Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
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250
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Benjamanukul S, Traiyan S, Yorsaeng R, Vichaiwattana P, Sudhinaraset N, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y. Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1442-1449. [PMID: 34783049 PMCID: PMC8661929 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective vaccines are essential for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. CoronaVac, which is an inactivated virus vaccine, was the first imported COVID‐19 vaccine in Thailand. To investigate the safety and immunogenicity of CoronaVac within the Thai population, we conducted a prospective cohort study among health care workers aged 18–59 years, who received a 2‐dose regimen of CoronaVac 21 days apart between March and April 2021 at the hospital in Samut Sakhon, Thailand. We recruited 185 participants with a mean age of 32 years. Total antibodies against receptor‐binding domain (RBD) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) against nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 were tested. Total antibodies against RBD were negative before immunization. One volunteer was positive for N, although negative for the RBD antibodies. The seroconversion rate of total antibodies against RBD after the first CoronaVac dose was 67% with a Geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 1.98 U/ml. Following CoronaVac dose 2, the seroconversion rate increased to 100% with a GMC of 92.9 U/ml. The seroconversion rates of IgG against N protein were 1% after dose 1 and 62.8% after dose 2. The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 59.5%. Injection‐site pain was the most common local adverse event (52.4%), while myalgia was the most common systemic adverse event (31.9%). No serious adverse events were observed. A 0–21 days, 2‐dose CoronaVac regimen appears safe, inducing a satisfactory response compared with convalescent serum obtained 4–6 weeks postnatural infection. Antibody responses after 2‐dose CoronaVac were comparable to the convalescent plasma but waned rapidly after 3 months. Therefore, we recommend 2‐dose CoronaVac administration with possible booster doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasiwimon Traiyan
- Department of Pediatric, Allergy and Asthma Unit, Banphaeo General Hospital, Samut Sakhon, Thailand
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,FRS(T), The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
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