Generation characteristics of polybrominated and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs) under varying incineration conditions of municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are deemed important sources of polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs). However, compared to PCDD/Fs, the emission characteristics of MSWI-derived PBDD/Fs have been rarely studied. Here we selected a long-term operating MSWI, investigated the generation of PBDD/Fs under varying incineration conditions within the normal range, and compared them to those of PCDD/Fs. Generally, PBDD/Fs exhibited mass-based emission factors (mass-EFs) one order of magnitude higher than those of PCDD/Fs and were predominantly released via slag, as were PCDD/Fs, though at lower percentages. Both PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs showed significant changes in emissions with the variations in waste load, O2 content, and waste composition, particularly PBDD/Fs. Comparatively, furnace-derived PBDD/Fs demonstrated heightened sensitivity to waste load and composition, whereas PCDD/Fs were primarily influenced by O2 levels, followed by waste composition; PCDD/Fs consistently exhibited increasing mass-EFs under unconventional conditions and PCDD/Fs in filtered fly ash were highly sensitive to all the three variables, while filtered PBDD/Fs remained insensitive to these conditions. Data comparison between raw flue gas and filtered fly ash indicated secondary generation of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs during gas purification, as well as the insufficient dioxin-trapping efficiency of bag filters, particularly for PBDD/Fs. Therefore, MSWI-derived PBDD/Fs and dioxins in slag and other MSWI-derived wastes warrant significant attention.

Analogue-Specific Transplacental Transfer of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in ICR Mouse Mediated by Active Transport

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) may pose potential health risks to offspring. While prior studies have demonstrated that OPFRs can be transferred from mothers to fetuses, the mechanism underlying transplacental transfer remains unclear. The pregnant ICR mouse and JAR cell (a monolayer model), in combination with molecular docking, were used to explore the underlying mechanism. OPFRs were rapidly metabolized into diester metabolites following oral gavage in the ICR mouse, with considerable concentrations detected in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and placenta, as well as fetus within 3 h. After 6 h, the accumulation ratios of OPFRs between the mother and fetus exhibited a parabolic relationship with log KOW. Oral exposure resulted in a decrease in interstitial cells in the decidua and an expansion of vascular systems in the labyrinthine area. RT-qPCR analysis revealed upregulated expression levels of transporter mRNA in the placenta, suggesting a protective mechanism characterized by greater efflux than influx transport efficiency. Metabolic inhibitors applied during in vitro transepithelial transport experiments using the JAR cells significantly reduced the transport efficiency, indicating that active transport facilitated the transplacental transport of aryl-OPFRs, with reductions exceeding 50%. Molecular docking analysis indicated that aryl-OPFRs exhibited greater binding affinities to placental transporters compared to other types of OPFRs, with more bonding interactions. These findings offer new insights into the potential health impacts of OPFR exposure and highlight the importance of elucidating their transplacental transport mechanisms.

Water sources and educational attainment in Colombian adults: evidence from the national nutritional survey

BACKGROUND

Academic achievement is essential to people's individual and social development by enhancing opportunities for significant personal achievement throughout life. Exposure to toxic agents due to poor water quality may negatively influence neurodevelopment in children and adolescents into adulthood.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to estimate the association between the type of water for drinking purposes and academic achievements in Colombian adults.

METHODS

We designed a cross-sectional study based on the National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia -ENSIN-) 2015. Academic achievement in our study was classified as less than complete primary school (0-4 years), between complete primary and incomplete secondary (5-10 years), between complete secondary and incomplete higher education (11-15 years), and complete higher education and more (16-24 years). We utilized adjusted ordinal logistic regression to estimate betas (β's) and Odds Ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [95%CI].

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounders, we report an inverse association between consumption of untreated water and academic attainments, where individuals who drink surface water [β: -0.625; 95%CI: -0.629, -0.620], or groundwater [β: -0.368; 95%CI: -0.372, -0.364] were less likely to achieve higher educational levels compared to those consuming treated water. This pattern was similar across the country when disaggregated by region.

CONCLUSION

We found that people with lower levels of education are more likely to consume untreated water in Colombia. Our results encourage improving access to treated water to the population with an emphasis on rural communities and the Atlantic region.

Depression in chronic kidney disease: Particularities, specific mechanisms and therapeutic considerations, a narrative review

INTRODUCTION

Depression is highly prevalent during chronic kidney disease (CKD) with studies suggesting prevalence rates ranging from approximately one-quarter to half of CKD patients. CKD and depression have a bidirectional relationship, each disorder aggravating the other, leading to more complex and challenging patient management. Depression during CKD is multifactorial and is associated with increased risk of adverse events and hospitalization.

METHODS

We conducted a narrative review of experimental and observational studies in animals and humans, as well as meta-analyses, to explore specific mechanisms of depression in CKD and its treatment.

RESULTS

In depression the gut-brain axis is central. CKD leads to an accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins. One key factor is the accumulation of tryptophan-derived uremic toxins like kynurenines or indoxyl sulfate, whose serum concentration increases progressively with the stage of CKD (up to 100-fold in stage 5), and which plays an important role in depression mechanisms, by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor, decreasing brain concentrations of serotonin by approximately 40 %, increasing brain inflammation, via activation of microglia and astrocytes and release of TNFα, IL-6 and NO. Randomized controlled studies found limited or no benefits of antidepressants for depressive symptoms in CKD and hemodialysis patients.

CONCLUSION

Chronic inflammation, in relation to uremic toxin accumulation during CKD, seems to be a complex but important mechanism for treatment resistance in depression. Future research should consider inhibitors of uremic toxins inhibitors and anti-inflammatory molecules as potential therapeutic agents, to improve the prognosis of depression in CKD patients.

CXCR4/CXCL12 blockade therapy; a new horizon in TNBC therapy

The only subtype of breast cancer (BC) without specific therapy is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which represents 15-20% of incidence cases of BC. TNBC encompasses transformed and nonmalignant cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), endothelial vasculature, and tumor-infiltrating cells. These nonmalignant cells, soluble factors (e.g., cytokines), and the extracellular matrix (ECM) form the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is made up of these nonmalignant cells, ECM, and soluble components, including cytokines. Direct cell-to-cell contact and soluble substances like cytokines (e.g., chemokines) may facilitate interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding TME. Through growth-promoting cytokines, TME not only enables the development of cancer but also confers therapy resistance. New treatment targets will probably be suggested by comprehending the processes behind tumor development and progression as well as the functions of chemokines in TNBC. In this light, several investigations have shown the pivotal function of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12 or SDF-1) axis and chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in the pathophysiology of TNBC. This review provides an overview of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis' function in TNBC development, metastasis, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. A synopsis of current literature on targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis for treating and managing TNBC has also been provided.

NR4A1 Acts as a Novel Regulator of Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation

BACKGROUND

Mounting evidence indicates that nuclear receptors play a critical regulatory role in platelet pathophysiology and thrombotic disorders. Although NR4A (the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A) plays an important role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, the expression profile and biological function of NR4A member 1 (NR4A1) in platelets have never been reported.

METHODS

We evaluated the functions and the underlying mechanisms of NR4A1 in platelet activation and thrombus formation using platelet-specific NR4A1-deficient mice and NR4A1-specific agonists. Using a hyperlipidemic mouse model and platelets from patients with hypercholesterolemia, we explored the influence of hypercholesterolemia on NR4A1 expression and the effects of NR4A1-specific agonists on platelet hyperreactivity induced by hypercholesterolemia.

RESULTS

NR4A1 was expressed in both human and mouse platelets. Platelet-specific NR4A1 deletion accelerated FeCl3-induced carotid arterial occlusive thrombus formation, enhanced collagen/epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism, and exacerbated microvascular microthrombi obstruction and infarct expansion in an acute myocardial infarction model. NR4A1-deficient platelets exhibited enhanced agonist-induced aggregation responses, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, dense granule release, α-granule release, platelet spreading, and clot retraction. Consistently, pharmacological activation of NR4A1 by specific agonists decreased platelet activation in both mouse and human platelets. Mechanistically, CAP1 (adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1) was identified as the direct downstream interacting protein of NR4A1. NR4A1 deletion decreased cAMP levels and phosphorylation of VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein), while NR4A1-specific agonists increased cAMP levels and phosphorylation of VASP in platelets. Importantly, NR4A1 expression in platelets was upregulated in the setting of hypercholesterolemia, which was derived from its upregulation in megakaryocytes in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Platelets from hypercholesterolemic patients and mice exhibited hyperreactivity. However, NR4A1-specific agonists significantly inhibited the activation of hypercholesterolemic platelets to the levels of healthy control platelets.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide the first evidence that nuclear receptor NR4A1 negatively regulates platelet activation and thrombus formation. NR4A1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for managing thrombosis-based cardiovascular diseases, especially with hypercholesterolemia.

H. pylori infection downregulates the expression and release of miR- 223 in neutrophils

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the association between serum miR- 223 concentration and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

METHODS

H. pylori status was assessed using the Urea 13C Breath Test Kit and Typing Detection Kit for antibodies against H. pylori. Patients were considered positive for H. pylori infection when both tests yielded positive results. Serum miRNAs were extracted using the miRNeasy Mini Kit, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the relative expression level of miR- 223.

RESULTS

We found that the relative expression level of miR- 223 in neutrophils from H. pylori-positive patients (20.35 ± 5.85) was significantly lower than that from healthy individuals (45.92 ± 10.59) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression level of miR- 7, which we selected as a control molecule, was not significantly lower in neutrophils from H. pylori-positive patients (3.07 ± 0.78) than healthy controls (4.43 ± 1.57) (p > 0.05), and the expression of miR- 7 was lower than miR- 223.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that circulating miR- 223 down-expression was of neutrophil origin in vitro and inversely associated with H. pylori infection.

Unravelling the conundrum of nucleolar NR2F1 localization using antibody-based approaches in vitro and in vivo

As a transcription factor, NR2F1 regulates spatiotemporal gene expression in the nucleus particularly during development. Aberrant NR2F1 causes the rare neurodevelopmental disorder Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome. In addition, altered NR2F1 expression is frequently observed in various cancers and is considered a prognostic marker or potential therapeutic target. NR2F1 has been found in both the nucleus and nucleoli, suggesting a non-canonical and direct role in the latter compartment. Hence, we studied this phenomenon employing various in vitro and in vivo models using different antibody-dependent approaches. Examination of seven commonly used anti-NR2F1 antibodies in different human cancer and stem cells as well as in wild type and null mice revealed that NR2F1 nucleolar localization is artificial and has no functional role. Our subsequent comparative analysis demonstrated which anti-NR2F1 antibody best fits which approach. The data allow for correct data interpretation and underline the need to optimize any antibody-mediated technique.

Potent and Selective Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor Activator DL5055 Facilitates Cyclophosphamide-Based Chemotherapies

Enhancement of the metabolic conversion of cyclophosphamide (CPA) increases its therapeutic effects. Activation of the human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) induces CYP2B6, a key enzyme responsible for CPA bioactivation. Based on our previous hCAR activator DL5016, we designed and synthesized a series of new hCAR activators. Compared to DL5016, three new compounds 6i, 6k (DL5055), and 7e, showed significantly improved activating potency for hCAR. Particularly, DL5055 activates hCAR with an EC50 of 0.35 μM and EMAX of 4.3, and does not activate hPXR and other related nuclear receptors. It induced the expression of CYP2B6 and caused the translocation of hCAR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in human primary hepatocytes. DL5055 also induces the expression of Cyp2b10 (the mouse analog of human CYP2B6) in hCAR-transgenic mice. In addition, it significantly enhances the efficacy of CPA-based chemotherapy regimen, CHOP, in a coculture system and a mouse xenograft model in vivo.

Treating ER-positive breast cancer: a review of the current FDA-approved SERMs and SERDs and their mechanisms of action

Breast cancer is one of the most significant causes of mortality among women and the second most prevalent cancer worldwide. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are the most common molecular subtype of breast cancer, comprising about 70% of breast carcinoma diagnoses worldwide. Endocrine therapy is the foremost strategy for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved endocrine therapies for ER-positive breast cancers that include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen receptor downregulators/degraders (SERDs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The approved SERMS, tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene, are the gold-standard treatments. The only FDA-approved SERD available for treating ER and hormone-positive breast cancers is fulvestrant, and various generations of AIs, including exemestane, letrozole, and anastrozole, have also received FDA approval. Herein, we review the major FDA-approved SERMs and SERDs for treating ER-positive breast cancer, focusing on their mechanisms of action. We also explore molecular events that contribute to the resistance of these drugs to endocrine therapies and combinational strategies with drugs such as cyclin-dependant kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors in clinical trials to combat endocrine drug resistance.

Targeting diabetes with flavonoids from Indonesian medicinal plants: a review on mechanisms and drug discovery

The rich biodiversity of Indonesia provides a wide variety of plants rich in flavonoids, which show promising potential as antidiabetic agents. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds recognized for their broad biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Traditional Indonesian medicinal plants such as Syzygium cumini, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma longa are currently being studied for their flavonoid content and potential in diabetes treatment. Studies suggest that flavonoids can influence crucial pathways in diabetes management, including enhancing insulin sensitivity, boosting insulin production, and safeguarding pancreatic β cells against damage caused by oxidative stress. For example, quercetin and kaempferol, flavonoids in many Indonesian plants, have demonstrated potential for managing glucose metabolism and lowering high blood sugar levels. Additionally, these substances have been shown to inhibit enzymes such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase, which are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, thus aiding in the regulation of blood sugar levels after meals. The antioxidant qualities of flavonoids play a crucial role in fighting oxidative stress and are a significant contributor to the development of diabetes and related complications. Flavonoids help neutralize free radicals and enhance the body's antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative harm and promoting metabolic wellness. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory properties aid in reducing the chronic inflammation linked to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Formulation advancements, such as nanocarrier technology, have been explored to boost the effectiveness of flavonoid-based therapies. Due to its vast plant diversity, Indonesia offers a potential reservoir for new antidiabetic drugs, meriting additional research and development with the aim of this review providing new knowledge on the potential of flavonoids that can play a role in the treatment of diabetes.

Generation of C(sp3)-CAr bonds in the synthesis of triarylmethanes (TRAMs): comprehensive progress since 2009

Triarylmethanes are useful compounds in materials science and medicinal chemistry. These moieties are important constituents of dyes and pharmaceuticals. These scaffolds are synthesized either by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aldehydes and arenes or by the functionalization of diarylmethanes. The development of effective catalytic systems and the discovery of highly regio- and stereoselective methods using Brønsted or Lewis acid catalysts represent particularly important achievements in this field. This review explores the detailed documentation of the various catalytic strategies witnessed since 2009 for the synthesis of triarylmethanes, which could arouse the interest of readers in organic synthesis.

Isoflavone intake is associated with longitudinal changes in hippocampal volume, but not total grey matter volume, in Japanese middle-aged and older community dwellers

PURPOSE

This study aimed to clarify the associations between isoflavone intake and the volume changes of brain regions, specifically the hippocampus and total grey matter (TGM), over 10 years in Japanese middle-aged and older community dwellers.

METHODS

Data from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging of 654 men and 671 women aged 40-85 years at baseline (6th wave survey, 2008-2010) who participated in the follow-up study (9th wave survey, 2018-2022) were analyzed. Total isoflavone intake was estimated based on a 3-day dietary record and categorized into quintile groups. The volumes of the hippocampus and TGM were measured by T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and longitudinal FreeSurfer software. Estimated mean brain volume changes by quintile of total isoflavone intake were assessed by a general linear model, with a stratified analysis by age group (< 65/≥65 years).

RESULTS

There were no significant associations between quintile of isoflavone intake and both brain volume changes over 10 years in all participants. On stratification by age group, the multivariable-adjusted difference over time and % change in hippocampal volume were more strongly associated with quintile of total isoflavone intake in those aged ≥ 65 years (difference over time: p for trend = 0.009; % change: p for trend = 0.012). There were no significant longitudinal associations between quintile of total isoflavone intake and TGM volume change in both age groups.

CONCLUSION

In older Japanese people aged ≥ 65 years, increased intake of total isoflavones might be a new nutritional strategy to prevent hippocampal atrophy.

The supramolecular chemistry of monodisperse 1,3,5-triazine oligomers

Organic compounds based on 1,3,5-triazine scaffolds are utilised in practical applications in agriculture, as well as in the pharmaceutical and plastic industries. In fundamental research, 1,3,5-triazines are used as building blocks for the construction of oligomers that are relevant to the areas of supramolecular chemistry, chemical biology and polymer science. Here, we review the molecular recognition and self-assembly properties of monodisperse linear and branched oligomers, macrocycles, and dendrimers of 1,3,5-triazine. We focus mainly on experimental studies conducted in solution, describing the key interactions and structural features of these systems.

Kaempferol Induces DNA Damage in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Regulating the MiR-195/miR-497-PFKFB4-Mediated Nonoxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Kaempferol is a flavonoid widely found in fruits and vegetables. Our previous studies have shown that kaempferol has a good inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo, significantly inhibiting proliferation and inducing cycle arrest and apoptosis. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a branch of glucose catabolism, that provides the raw material ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for biosynthesis for the rapid proliferation of tumor cells and is closely related to DNA damage. DNA damage has been shown to play an important role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, we speculate whether kaempferol exerts the antitumor effect by inducing DNA damage. Herein we actually found that kaempferol treatment induced DNA damage, as indicated by increased γH2AX expression and comet assay. Furthermore, kaempferol reduced R5P production by inhibiting the nonoxidative PPP, while supplementation with nucleosides rescued DNA damage. Mechanistically, kaempferol upregulates the expression of microRNA-195/497 (miR-195/497) and then suppresses PFKFB4 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4) expression by directly binding to its 3'-UTR, thereby inhibiting the expression of transketolase (TKT) and transaldolase (TALDO), key enzymes in the nonoxidative PPP. These data uncover new targets and pathways for the action of kaempferol and lay the foundation for its development as an adjuvant drug for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Host-parasite interactions after in vitro infection of human macrophages by Leishmania major: Dual analysis of microRNA and mRNA profiles reveals regulation of key processes through time kinetics

Micro-RNAs are a class of small non-coding ribonucleic acids that concomitantly regulate the expression of tens to hundreds of genes. To reduce the host's defense, Leishmania parasites hijack the cellular functions of their macrophage's targets through gene expression regulation. Only few studies have attempted to correlate miRNAs and mRNAs expressions within the same samples in the context of cellular parasitism. In this study, the profiling of human macrophages, in vitro infected by L. major parasites, was performed at both the mRNA transcriptomic level and the expression of a set of 365 miRNAs, and we correlated their expressions in search for a common molecular signature. Both mRNA and miRNA profiles were monitored during the first 24 h post-infection to capture potential time-dependent fluctuations. We then cross-correlated the cellular biological processes and the pathways associated to the predicted targets of miRNAs and to the differentially expressed mRNAs at all time points of infection on the same samples. Besides revealing the classical activation of immune signaling pathways, the mRNA-micro-RNAs correlation study highlighted other common regulatory inflammatory biological processes, allowing identification of rapidly modulated pathways, and bringing further evidence on the early molecular cross talk that take place between Leishmania and infected cells.

Endothelial USP11 drives VEGFR2 signaling and angiogenesis via PRDX2/c-MYC axis

Angiogenesis is a crucial component of various physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, ischemic diseases, and tumor progression. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of ubiquitinases in angiogenesis. In this study, we utilized RNA sequencing data of the mouse retinal development model from the GEO database to identify the potential proangiogenic deubiquitinases and found USP11 was significantly upregulated. Although USP11 is known to regulate cell survival, DNA repair, and oxidative stress in cancers and ischemic conditions, its direct role in endothelial angiogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that USP11 expression correlates with key pro-angiogenic genes and is significantly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in VEGF-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). USP11 knockout markedly inhibited angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro, whereas USP11 overexpression promoted angiogenesis. Mechanistically, USP11 binds to PRDX2, facilitating the removal of its K63-linked polyubiquitination, which promotes its translocation into the nucleus. This facilitates the concurrent nuclear translocation of c-MYC, a PRDX2 interactor, which subsequently enhances the transcription of KDR (encoding VEGFR2) and activates the VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that USP11 promotes angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFR2 expression through the PRDX2/c-MYC pathway, indicating that USP11 could serve as a potential target for clinical interventions in angiogenesis-related diseases.

Exploration of the molecular mechanism of modified Danggui Liuhuang Decoction in treating central precocious puberty and its effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones

AIM

To evaluate the molecular mechanism of modified Danggui Liuhuang Decoction (MDGLHD) in treating central precocious puberty (CPP).

METHODS

CPP-related genes were obtained from GEO dataset, MalaCard, DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. MDGLHT ingredients and targets were obtained in TCMSP, HERB, and SwissTargetPrediction databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed using STRING database and Cytoscape 3.9.1. Genetic ontological (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed with DAVID and Metascape databases. Molecular docking was performed with PyMoL and AutoDock-Vina software. The GnRH secretion model was established by E2 induction of GT1-7 cells. CCK-8, ELISA and qRT-PCR were used to detect the effects of MDGLHD on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and endocrine signaling receptor gene expression.

RESULTS

318 potential targets of MDGLHD in CPP treatment were screened out. Quercetin, kaempferol, and (S)-Canadine were considered to be the most important active ingredients in MDGLHD. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these targets were associated with response to hormone, JAK-STAT signaling pathway and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Quercetin, kaempferol, and (s)-Canadine had good binding affinity with tumor protein p53 (TP53), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), MYC proto-oncogene (MYC) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1). In vitro experiments showed that MDGLHD extract can inhibit GnRH secretion and the expression of neuroendocrine signaling receptor protein gene.

CONCLUSION

MDGLHD treatment of CPP is achieved through multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways, and inhibition of GnRH secretion and neuroendocrine signaling.

Dual signaling pathways of TGF-β superfamily cytokines in hepatocytes: balancing liver homeostasis and disease progression

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily (TGF-β-SF) comprises over 30 cytokines, including TGF-β, activins/inhibins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth differentiation factors (GDFs). These cytokines play critical roles in liver function and disease progression. Here, we discuss Smad-dependent (canonical) and non-Smad pathways activated by these cytokines in a hepatocellular context. We highlight the connection between the deregulation of these pathways or the balance between them and key hepatocellular processes (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)). We further discuss their contribution to various chronic liver conditions, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In MASLD and MASH, TGF-β signaling contributes to hepatocyte lipid accumulation, cell death and fibrosis progression through both Smad and non-Smad pathways. In HCC, TGF-β and other TGF-β-SF cytokines have a dual role, acting as tumor suppressors or promoters in early vs. advanced stages of tumor progression, respectively. Additionally, we review the involvement of non-Smad pathways in modulating hepatocyte responses to TGF-β-SF cytokines, particularly in the context of chronic liver diseases, as well as the interdependence with other key pathways (cholesterol metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and lipotoxicity) in MASLD/MASH pathogenesis. The perspectives and insights detailed in this review may assist in determining future research directions and therapeutic targets in liver conditions, including chronic liver diseases and cancer.

Design, Synthesis and Application of Chiral Spirocyclic Bisindoles

While modifications of the privileged catalyst backbones, such as 1,1'-spirobiindane-7,7'-diol (SPINOL), have led to the development of diverse useful chiral catalysts, the incorporation of heteroarenes in such chiral spirocyclic structures has limitedly known. Herein we report the design of a type of chiral spirocyclic bisindole skeletons where the electronically distinct heteroarenes serve as direct anchor for functional sites. Separate approaches for the synthesis of two different families of such skeletons have been developed via chiral phosphoric acid and rhodium catalysis, respectively. Both strategies provided expedient access to the highly enantioenriched spiro-bisindoles, owing to not only the high nucleophilicity of the indole ring, but also the robust asymmetric control. These new skeletons have been demonstrated as backbones of effective chiral catalysts for both transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis.

Association Between Dietary Soy Isoflavones Intake and the Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Pregnant Women

(1) Background: Diet plays a crucial role in the intake of phytoestrogens, which are closely related to the pathogenesis of some pregnancy complications. However, no studies have explored the potential association between soy isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, and the risk of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). This study aims to investigate the correlation between dietary intake of soy isoflavones and the risk of HG. (2) Methods: As part of the China Birth Cohort Study (CBCS), 2418 pregnant Chinese women (mean age: 31.2 ± 3.4 years) were enrolled between April 2021 and September 2022. Dietary intake was evaluated using a validated 108-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, with soy isoflavones intake estimated based on five food groups. HG was defined as a condition characterized by a pregnancy-specific vomiting score (PUQE) ≥ 13, weight loss of ≥5% due to severe nausea and vomiting before 16 weeks of gestation, inability to eat or drink normally, significant limitations in daily activities due to severe nausea or vomiting, or the need for hospitalization caused by the condition. The association between soy isoflavones intake and HG was analyzed using binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression. (3) Results: Among all participants, 212 women (8.8%) were diagnosed with HG. The dietary intake of soy isoflavones was 14.56 (IQR: 9.89, 25.36) mg/d. After full adjustment for confounding factors, the results indicated that individuals with the highest dietary intake of soy isoflavones had a lower risk of developing HG (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.88. Ptrend = 0.012). (4) Conclusions: Higher dietary intake of soy isoflavones is associated with a reduced risk of HG. We advocate for a dietary approach to the management of HG that prioritizes the intake of legume-rich foods, particularly those abundant in soy isoflavones.

Histone modification-based functional characterization and genetic association of polymorphisms in LRRC6 and MTMR10 within CRC susceptibility regions 8q24 and 15q13.3

BACKGROUND

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates functional genetic variants in promoter regions of Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 6 (LRRC6) at 8q24 and Myotubularin Related Protein 10 (MTMR10) at 15q13.3 and their association with CRC susceptibility.

METHODS

Bioinformatics and ChIP-seq data for H3K4me3 were used to identify SNPs in CRC risk regions 8q24 and 15q13.3 that might affect transcription factor binding, gene expression, or prognosis. These variants were validated in a case-control study of 840 CRC patients and 840 healthy controls from China. SNP functionality was evaluated using luciferase assays.

RESULTS

Two significant SNPs, LRRC6 rs79600483 (8q24) and MTMR10 rs3743231 (15q13.3), were identified. Expression analysis revealed higher LRRC6 mRNA levels in CRC tissues, correlating with improved survival, while lower MTMR10 expression was linked to better outcomes. Case-control analysis showed that the LRRC6 rs79600483 GG genotype (OR = 2.43, 95 % CI = 1.04-5.67, P = 0.040) and AG genotype (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.57, P = 0.045), and the MTMR10 rs3743231 CC genotype (OR = 2.83, 95 % CI = 1.55-5.19, P = 0.001), significantly increased CRC risk. Luciferase assays demonstrated that the G allele of LRRC6 rs79600483 and C allele of MTMR10 rs3743231 increased promoter activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Polymorphisms in LRRC6 and MTMR10 genes contribute to CRC susceptibility by modulating gene expression and transcription. These findings enhance understanding of CRC genetic susceptibility and may guide future therapeutic strategies.

Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Oxidative N-Dealkylation of Tertiary Amides: Manganese(IV)-Oxo Aminopyridine Cation Radical Species and Hydride Transfer Mechanism

The development of efficient and practical N-dealkylation reactions stands as a longstanding objective in synthetic chemistry. Inspired by the oxidative N-dealkylation reactions mediated by heme and nonheme metalloenzymes, we disclose a biomimetic oxidative N-dealkylation catalysis that utilizes a nonheme manganese complex bearing anthryl-appended aminopyridine ligand and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the terminal oxidant. A variety of Weinreb amides and cyclic aliphatic amines are efficiently transformed into valuable methyl hydroxamates and ω-amino acids through oxidative C-N bond cleavage. Mechanistic studies, including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reveal that a manganese(IV)-oxo aminopyridine cation radical species, which is formed via the bromoacetic acid-assisted heterolytic O-O bond cleavage of a presumed manganese(III)-hydroperoxo aminopyridine species and the subsequent intramolecular electron transfer (ET) from the anthryl group of the aminopyridine ligand to the manganese center, is the active intermediate that initiates the oxidative N-dealkylation reactions; this process is reminiscent to the heterolytic O-O bond cleavage of iron(III)-hydroperoxo porphyrin intermediates (Cpd 0) to form iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin π-cation radicals (Cpd I) that are responsible for diverse selective oxidation reactions. Moreover, it is revealed that the oxidative activation of the C-H bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom proceeds via a hydride transfer (HT) mechanism, which involves a concerted asynchronous proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), followed by an ET process. Thus, this study reports the first instance of catalytic oxidative N-dealkylation of a variety of tertiary amides, such as Weinreb amides and cyclic aliphatic amines, mediated by a Cpd I-like nonheme manganese(IV)-oxo aminopyridine cation radical species via an initial HT pathway.

In Situ Nitric Oxide Generating Nano-Bioactive Glass-Based Coatings and Its Therapeutic Ion Release toward Attenuating Implant-Associated Fibrosis and Infection

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent gasotransmitter that exhibits a pleiotropic effect in regulating homeostasis and pathophysiology. Though it is a versatile biomaterial, silicone-based devices are still challenged by implant-associated infections and fibrous capsule formation complications. Here, a NO-generating (NOgen) interface is developed from copper or strontium-doped mesoporous bioactive glass-based coating on silicone substrates to facilitate metal-ion catalysis of endogenous S-nitrosothiols. The copper or strontium-based interfaces can generate physiologically relevant NO levels, which have bactericidal and antithrombotic effects to combat implant-associated early onsite infection and thrombosis. The NO generated in tandem with the low therapeutic release of strontium ions from the NOgen interface regulates cellular fate pertaining to fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Strontium suppresses the collagen expression and migration of activated fibroblasts while favoring M2 phenotype bias in macrophages. Differential NO flux observed over time from NOgen interfaces helps switch macrophages from proinflammatory M1 phenotype to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, the synergistic effect of leachate and NO generated by the silicone substrate demonstrates a proangiogenic effect by aiding endothelial network maturation in vitro. Thus, the multifunctional features of the developed strontium-doped bioactive glass-based coating hold promise in regulating local immune-micromilieu and attenuating implant-associated fibrosis of silicone-based implantable devices.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Anguita M, Innocenti ML, Tarrés‐Call J, Firmino JP. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-valine produced with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80365 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l-valine produced with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80365) when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. l-Valine manufactured by fermentation using C. glutamicum KCCM 80365 does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the genetic modifications of the production strain. No viable cells or DNA of the production strain were detected in the final product. The use of l-valine produced with C. glutamicum KCCM 80365 in feed is safe for the target species when supplemented in appropriate amounts to the diet according to the nutritional needs of the species. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of l-valine in water for drinking. The use of l-valine produced by fermentation with C. glutamicum KCCM 80365 in animal nutrition is considered safe for the consumers and for the environment. l-Valine produced with C. glutamicum KCCM 80365 is not irritant to skin and eyes, nor considered a skin sensitiser. The additive l-valine is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-valine for all non-ruminant species. To be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation.

Change in selectivity of estrogen receptor alpha ligand-binding domain by mutations at residues H524/L525

The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) features a large ligand-binding pocket capable of accommodating a variety of conformationally diverse molecules, each eliciting unique cellular responses. This structural plasticity facilitates various conformational changes, exposing different interaction surfaces for cellular proteins, triggering a myriad of biological outcomes. Alterations in the ligand-binding domain, particularly through amino acid substitutions, can modify the recognition and selectivity of ERα for agonists versus antagonists. In our study, we engineered a small library of ERα variants by modifying residues 524 and 525. These modifications resulted in variants with up to seventy-fold increased selectivity for the antagonist endoxifen and up to fifty-fold increased selectivity for the antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) over the natural ligand estradiol. Analyzing these variants elucidates the critical roles of residues 524 and 525 in determining agonist specificity for estradiol. This advancement holds significant potential for developing selective recognition molecules, a crucial step towards creating a biosensor for endoxifen, the active metabolite used in breast cancer treatment.

Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Self-Renewal, Differentiation, and Immunomodulation of Adult Stem Cells

Adult stem cells are a rare population of undifferentiated cells present in almost all body tissues. Depending on their location, stem cells can differentiate into various tissue types, primarily contributing to maintenance, repair, and immune system regulation. Stem cell therapies have significant potential in regenerative medicine and treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many factors must be considered for successful clinical commercialization, including enhancing therapeutic potential, ensuring product differentiation, and optimizing the manufacturing process for large-scale production. The development of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms may enhance therapeutic applications. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is expressed in all adult stem cells, and its activation and function are tightly regulated. Understanding the role and regulation of AhR is crucial for developing effective stem cell therapies. This review examines the role of the AhR in regulating the fundamental characteristics of adult stem cells, which may contribute to advancing adult stem cell therapies.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Anguita M, Innocenti ML, Bozzi Cionci N, Pettenati E, Tarrés‐Call J. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-lysine sulfate produced with Corynebacterium glutamicumCGMCC 23982 for all animal species (Eppen Europa SAS)

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation with a non-genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (CGMCC 23982) when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the production strain qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment; therefore, l-lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 23982 does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. l-Lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 23982 is considered safe for the target species when administered via feed. When using l-lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account when formulating diets. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of l-lysine sulfate in water for drinking. l-Lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 23982 is safe for the consumer and for the environment. With regard to user safety, the additive should be considered irritant to skin, eyes and the respiratory tract. Any exposure to the additive is a risk. l-lysine sulfate is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Tosti L, Anguita M, Bozzi Cionci N, Firmino JP, Innocenti ML, Tarrés‐Call J, Pettenati E. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80346 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the feed additive consisting of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80346) when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Viable cells of the production strain and its DNA were not detected in the additive. l-Tryptophan manufactured by fermentation using C. glutamicum KCCM 80346 does not give rise to any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. The use of l-tryptophan (≥ 98%) produced with C. glutamicum KCCM 80346 to supplement feed is safe for non-ruminant species. There may be a risk for an increased production of toxic metabolites when unprotected tryptophan is used in ruminants. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of l-tryptophan in water for drinking. The use of l-tryptophan produced with C. glutamicum KCCM 80346 in animal nutrition raises no safety concerns to consumers of products from animals receiving the additive and to the environment. l-tryptophan produced with C. glutamicum KCCM 80346 is not irritant to the eyes and skin, and it is not a skin sensitiser. The additive l-tryptophan is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-tryptophan for all non-ruminant species. To be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation.

Resolving complexity: Identification of altersetin and toxin mixtures responsible for the immunomodulatory, antiestrogenic and genotoxic potential of a complex Alternaria mycotoxin extract

Alternaria mycotoxins may pose significant risks to human health due to their diverse spectrum of adverse effects and frequent occurrences in food. A previous study demonstrated the immunosuppressive, antiestrogenic, and genotoxic potential of a complex Alternaria mycotoxin extract (CE). The present study aimed to elucidate specific Alternaria mycotoxins or combinations thereof responsible for toxicity. Following toxicity-guided fractionation of the CE, a multiparametric panel of assays was applied to assess different endpoints. These included immunomodulatory effects (NF-κB reporter gene assay in THP1-Lucia™ monocytes), estrogenicity/antiestrogenicity (alkaline phosphatase assay in Ishikawa cells) and genotoxicity (γH2AX and alkaline comet assays in HepG2 cells). LC-MS/MS analysis revealed prominent mycotoxins in the active fractions, with altersetin (AST) identified as a novel key compound exhibiting immunoinhibitory (≥2 μM) and antiestrogenic (≥5 μM) properties in vitro. Additionally, while specific mycotoxin combinations explained the toxicity of active fractions, some effects remained unexplained, suggesting the presence of unidentified bioactive substances. This study underscores the significance of AST and specific toxin mixtures as major contributors to CE toxicity. Further, it highlights the importance of considering combinatory effects in risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins as well as further investigation of unknown Alternaria metabolites, which may pose additional health risks.

Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity, Antiquorum Sensing Effect, Docking and Md Simulation of Novel 1,3-Disubstituted 2-Mercapto-1H-Benzo[D]Imidazolium Chlorides

A series of benzimidazolium chlorides (2a-c) and their corresponding 2-mercapto derivatives (3a-c) were proficiently synthesized and analyzed by NMR and LC-MS spectra. The in vitro cytotoxic assay demonstrated that some synthesized compounds were active on the cancer cell lines. The binding potential of the most active three compounds to topoisomerase II alpha (topo2α) was explored to unveil the possible mode of action for the cytotoxic activity. The binding potential was examined through molecular docking. The stability of compound-enzyme complexes from docking was investigated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The docking study revealed that the three compounds (3a-c) showed the ability to bind to the enzyme. However, the binding strength of compounds was weaker than that of the standard drug, doxorubicin. The MD simulation analysis demonstrated that compounds 3a and 3b gave relatively stable complexes with the enzyme and thus they would remain inside the binding pocket during the simulation period. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic properties of the relatively active compounds were computed in silico. The computation disclosed that all of compounds exhibited drug-like properties. It is worth mentioning that all of them were found to be nontoxic. In furtherance, the inhibitory effect of compounds (3a-c) on the quorum sensing system was inspected using the biomonitor strains Chromobacterium violaceum 026, Chromobacterium. violaceum VIR07 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. In this regard, we focused on the appraisal of the virulence factors, including pyocyanin, elastase, and biofilm formation that are created by P. aeruginosa PAO1 as the source of infectious diseases. As a result, it was determined that all examined compounds displayed statistically significant inhibition effects, and the highest activity was observed on elastase production with an inhibition rate of 84-86%.

Using the Key Characteristics Framework to Unlock the Mysteries of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Effects on the Immune System

Initially discovered for its role mediating the deleterious effects of environmental contaminants, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is now known to be a crucial regulator of the immune system. The expanding list of AHR ligands includes synthetic and naturally derived molecules spanning pollutants, phytochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and substances derived from amino acids and microorganisms. The consequences of engaging AHR vary, depending on factors such as the AHR ligand, cell type, immune challenge, developmental state, dose, and timing of exposure relative to the immune stimulus. This review frames this complexity using the recently identified key characteristics of agents that affect immune system function (altered cell signaling, proliferation, differentiation, effector function, communication, trafficking, death, antigen presentation and processing, and tolerance). The use of these key characteristics provides a scaffold for continued discovery of how AHR and its myriad ligands influence the immune system, which will help harness the power of this enigmatic receptor to prevent or treat disease.

Time- and season-dependent changes in the steroidogenic markers in female tree sparrow (Passer montanus)

Seasonal breeders display elevated sex steroid hormone production during reproductive seasons, resulting in significant physiological and structural alterations. One such seasonal breeder adapted to the changing environment is a Tree sparrow (Passer montanus). The study aims to investigate 24-h rhythmicity and annual variations in the expression of steroidogenic gene markers of adult female tree sparrows. Two experiments were conducted; in experiment one, birds (n = 5 birds/time points) were sampled at six time points, i.e., ZT1, ZT5, ZT9, ZT13, ZT17, and ZT21 (ZT = Zeitgeber time, ZT0 = sunrise time) during the reproductive stage; subsequently, hypothalamus and ovary were harvested for gene expression analysis. In experiment two, birds (n = 5/month) were sampled at mid-day every month for a year. Feather molt, follicular diameter, body mass, and bill coloration were recorded. The hypothalamus and ovary were harvested for gene expression studies. Blood plasma cholesterol and progesterone were also measured. The study indicates a larger follicular size during May and June. Whereas, maximum molt was observed during the post-reproductive phase. Cholesterol levels were highest prior breeding phase and higher progesterone levels paralleled larger follicular size. While higher levels of GnIh (gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone) and Dio3 (type 3 deiodinase) were observed during the non-breeding phase, elevated expression of Tshβ (thyroid stimulating hormone subunit beta), Dio2 (type 2 deiodinase), and GnRh (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) was noted during the reproductive period. The study also reveals 24-h rhythmicity in selected steroidogenic markers (StAR, Nr4a1, Er, Scp2, Cyp17a1, Foxl2, Cyp11a1, Hsd11b2, Cyp11b, Cyp19a1, and Vdac1) and seasonal variations directly influence steroidogenesis, which connects with the annual reproductive cycle.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Galobart J, Pizzo F, Tarrés‐Call J, Vettori MV, Navarro‐Villa A. Assessment of the feed additive copper bilysinate for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (Senzyme GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of copper bilysinate as nutritional feed additive for all species and categories. The additive is currently authorised for use in all animal species (3b411). The applicant has provided evidence that the additive, in powder or granule forms, complies with the conditions of the authorisation. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) confirms that the use of copper bilysinate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. Regarding user safety, both forms of the additive are not irritant to the skin, but the powder product is an eye irritant. Both forms of the additive should be considered skin and respiratory sensitisers. Inhalation and dermal exposure are considered a risk. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Mayo B, Herman L, Anguita M, Cionci NB, Innocenti ML, Ortuño J, Pettenati E. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of xylanase (produced with Komagataella phaffii DSM 25376) and β-glucanase (produced with Komagataella phaffii DSM 26469) (ENZY CARBOPLUS®) for all poultry (Kaesler Nutrition GmbH)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of xylanase (produced with Komagataella phaffii DSM 25376) and β-glucanase (produced with Komagataella phaffii DSM 26469) (ENZY CARBOPLUS®) as a zootechnical feed additive (functional group: digestibility enhancers). The additive is already authorised for use in feed for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying, turkeys for fattening and all avian species reared for laying or breeding purposes. The applicant requested a modification of the terms of the current authorisation for chickens for fattening and reared for laying, as well as an extension of use to all poultry. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for all poultry. The use of the additive is considered safe for the consumers and the environment. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is not a skin or eye irritant nor a dermal sensitiser, but it is considered a respiratory sensitiser. The Panel concluded that the additive has the potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive for all poultry under the proposed conditions of use.

The potential role of targeting the leptin receptor as a treatment for breast cancer in the context of hyperleptinemia: a literature review

Since cancer is becoming a leading cause of death worldwide, efforts should be concentrated on understanding its underlying biological alterations that would be utilized in disease management, especially prevention strategies. Within this context, multiple bodies of evidence have highlighted leptin's practical and promising role, a peptide hormone extracted from adipose and fatty tissues with other adipokines, in promoting the proliferation, migration, and metastatic invasion of breast carcinoma cells. Excessive blood leptin levels and hyperleptinemia increase body fat content and stimulate appetite. Also, high leptin level is believed to be associated with several conditions, including overeating, emotional stress, inflammation, obesity, and gestational diabetes. It has been noted that when leptin has impaired signaling in CNS, causing the lack of its normal function in energy balance, it results in leptin resistance, leading to a rise in its concentration in peripheral tissues. Our research paper will shed highlighting on potentially targeting the leptin receptor and its cellular signaling in suppressing breast cancer progression.

Association Between the Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer's Disease: An Update on Signaling Pathways and Translational Therapeutics

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cognitive disease with high morbidity and mortality. In AD patients, the diversity of the gut microbiota is altered, which influences pathology through the gut-brain axis. Probiotic therapy alleviates pathological and psychological consequences by restoring the diversity of the gut microbial flora. This study addresses the role of altered gut microbiota in the progression of neuroinflammation, which is a major hallmark of AD. This process begins with the activation of glial cells, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the modulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways. Short-chain fatty acids, which are bacterial metabolites, provide neuroprotective effects and maintain blood‒brain barrier integrity. Furthermore, the gut microbiota stimulates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which promote AD progression. The signaling pathways involved in gut dysbiosis-mediated neuroinflammation-mediated promotion of AD include cGAS-STING, C/EBPβ/AEP, RAGE, TLR4 Myd88, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Preclinical studies have shown that natural extracts such as Ganmaidazao extract, isoorentin, camelia oil, Sparassis crispa-1, and xanthocerasides improve gut health and can delay the worsening of AD. Clinical studies using probiotics such as Bifidobacterium spp., yeast beta-glucan, and drugs such as sodium oligomannate and rifaximine have shown improvements in gut health, resulting in the amelioration of AD symptoms. This study incorporates the most current research on the pathophysiology of AD involving the gut microbiota and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be filled to develop potent therapeutics against AD.

Human biomonitoring of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in women living in a Northern Italy industrial area

In Brescia , a highly industrialized city in the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) classified as a SIN (Contaminated Site of National Interest), a human biomonitoring study was carried out on breast milk of two groups of women residing in areas with presumably different levels of exposure to polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and polychlorobiphenyls. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible difference between women living in Brescia and women living far from it but in the same Region. Between 2016 and 2018, 82 women were enrolled (41 "exposed" subjects and 41 "not exposed"), breast milk samples were collected, and a specific questionnaire was administered to the donors. Data obtained were processed by robust regression and Principal Component Factor Analysis. The differences in concentration between the two groups were significant for all the classes of analytes (except for PCDDs). The concentration increase rates from the not exposed to the exposed group resulted highly significant: some PCB congeners showed increase rates more than 1000 ng/g lb per one-unit change of the independent variable. Among the variables significantly associated with the observed concentrations, age showed the greatest influence, while BMI showed a counteracting effect. Consumption of vegetable oil and fruit resulted to possibly influence the chemicals body burden. For the not exposed group, the levels appear to be in line with the decreasing trend (2001-2018) observed for these contaminants in Italy.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Yurkov A, Anguita M, Bozzi Cionci N, Brozzi R, García‐Cazorla Y, Tarrés‐Call J, Valeri P, Innocenti ML. Assessment of the feed additive consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC R404 for dairy cows for the renewal of its authorisation (Volac International Ltd)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of the authorisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC R404 as a zootechnical additive (functional group: gut flora stabilisers) for dairy cows. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently on the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. There was no new evidence that would lead the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) to reconsider its previous conclusions on the safety of the product for the target species, consumers and the environment, for which the additive is considered to remain safe. Regarding user safety, the Panel reiterates its previous conclusions that the additive is not irritant to eyes and skin but should be considered a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser, and any exposure through skin and respiratory tract is considered a risk. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of renewal of the authorisation.

Polybrominated biphenyls induce liver injury by disrupting the KEAP1/Nrf2/SLC7A11 axis leading to impaired GSH synthesis and ferroptosis in hepatocytes

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widespread in the environment, presenting significant health hazards due to their bioaccumulation, particularly in liver. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has not been previously linked to PBBs-induced hepatotoxicity. This study investigated whether PBBs induce hepatotoxicity through ferroptosis and the toxicological mechanism using mice and THLE-2 cells models exposed to PBB mixture (BP-6). Histopathological and biochemical analyses revealed that BP-6 exposure-induced hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in mice. BP-6 exposure induced a significant increase in Fe2+ content and a decrease in FTH1, SLC7A11 and GPX4 protein expression in hepatocytes, resulting in severe lipid peroxide accumulation and GSH depletion. Ferroptosis inhibitors, Fer-1 and DFO, reversed the iron metabolism disruption caused by BP-6, underscoring the critical role of ferroptosis in BP-6-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, BP-6 exposure impaired GSH synthesis by preventing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Slc7a11 transcription through upregulating KEAP1 levels. Keap1 knockdown or Slc7a11 overexpression reversed BP-6-induced lipid peroxide accumulation and GSH depletion, confirming the involvement of ferroptosis in BP-6-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, curcumin, a natural Nrf2 agonist, significantly alleviated BP-6-induced ferroptosis and liver injury in vitro and in vivo by restoring SLC7A11 protein expression and GSH synthesis. These findings elucidate the toxicological mechanism of PBBs and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to counteract PBBs exposure.

Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic role of lncRNA in carcinogenesis (Review)

Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key players in the regulation of gene expression by mediating epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modification. Dysregulation of lncRNAs is implicated in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. lncRNAs modulate chromatin structure and gene transcription by recruiting epigenetic regulators, including DNA‑ or histone‑modifying enzymes. Additionally, lncRNAs mediate chromatin remodeling and enhancer‑promoter long‑range chromatin interactions to control oncogene expression by recruiting chromatin organization‑associated proteins, thereby promoting carcinogenesis. Furthermore, lncRNAs aberrantly induce oncogene expression by mediating epitranscriptomic modifications, including RNA methylation and RNA editing. The present study aimed to summarize the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in cancer to unravel the complex interplay between lncRNAs and epigenetic/epitranscriptomic regulators in carcinogenesis. The present review aimed to provide a novel perspective on the epigenetic and epitranscriptomic roles of lncRNAs in carcinogenesis to facilitate identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Phototransformation behavior of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) on the surface of river suspended particulate matter: Kinetics and products formation mechanism

Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) readily adheres to particulate matters in the aqueous environment owing to its strong hydrophobicity. Phototransformation is a key abiotic transformation process for organic pollutants. Here, we systematically investigated the phototransformation behavior of OCDF on the surface of suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the tributary of the Yangtze River. It was found that acidic conditions and the presence of NO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ had inhibitory effect on OCDF photodegradation. Through quenching experiments, we discovered that hydroxyl radical (HO•), superoxide anion (O2•-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) all contributed to the removal of OCDF, with HO• and O2•- being the main reactive oxygen species (ROS). A total of ten intermediates were identified using mass spectrometry, and three possible pathways were proposed. Theoretical calculations revealed that 1O2 dominated the dechlorination reaction, HO• was responsible for the generation of ring cleavage products, and both HO• and O2•- participated in the formation of hydroxylated products. Toxicity predictions by the T.E.S.T software showed that the toxicity and bioconcentration factors of intermediates in the photochemical process were reduced, thus decreasing the environmental risk. This research deepened the understanding of the phototransformation behavior of OCDF on the SPM surface, providing a scientific basis for assessing its environmental fate.

The Metabolic Characteristics and Bioavailability of Resveratrol Based on Metabolic Enzymes

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RV) has garnered fame for its extensive pharmacological properties. Although clinical studies have shown some positive results, many contradictory outcomes remain. An important obstacle to the development of therapeutic applications for RV is its low bioavailability in vivo. This may be partially attributed to biotransformation mediated by phase I and II enzymes, such as cytochrome P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases. To date, more than 20 different types of metabolites have been detected after catalysis by these enzymes. Notably, RV and some of its metabolites serve as substrates for these enzymes. Conversely, RV can directly regulate the expression or activity of these enzymes. Given the increasing number of studies investigating the bioactivity of RV, this review summarizes its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics and describes the metabolism of RV and the bioactivities of its metabolites, with emphasis on the interaction between RV and its related metabolic enzymes. In addition to hepatic metabolism, the crucial roles of RV metabolism in multiple other tissues and organs cannot be overlooked, and they reveal the relationship between RV metabolism and its biological potential.

Knockdown of HSF1 inhibits invasion, metastasis, and proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells while promoting apoptosis

BackgroundHeat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the principal transcriptional regulator of cellular stress responses, has been exhibited to play a role in the progression of various human cancer types. However, the function of HSF1 in endometrial cancer (EC) has not yet been evaluated.ObjectiveThis study examined the expression and role of HSF1 in EC.MethodsImmunohistochemistry was performed to explore HSF1 level in 135 endometrial tissue specimens. The relationship between HSF1 level and EC patients' clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were employed to explore HSF1 expression level in tissues in vitro. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was employed to suppress HSF1 expression level. The invasion and migration capacities were evaluated using transwell and wound healing assays. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometric analysis.ResultsEC tissues exhibited higher HSF1 expression level compared with normal endometrial and atypical endometrial hyperplasia tissues. High HSF1 expression level was associated with histological grade, muscular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and estrogen receptor (ER) expression level in EC tissues and cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that EC patients with elevated HSF1 expression level had poorer overall survival. Knockdown of HSF1 in EC cells resulted in cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis, and inhibited EC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration.ConclusionThe results demonstrated that HSF1 could function as an oncogene in EC. HSF1 could play a notable role in EC progression. HSF1 may be a potential molecular target for both the treatment and prognosis of patients with EC.

Health position paper and redox perspectives - Bench to bedside transition for pharmacological regulation of NRF2 in noncommunicable diseases

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a redox-activated transcription factor regulating cellular defense against oxidative stress, thereby playing a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Its dysregulation is implicated in the progression of a wide array of human diseases, making NRF2 a compelling target for therapeutic interventions. However, challenges persist in drug discovery and safe targeting of NRF2, as unresolved questions remain especially regarding its context-specific role in diseases and off-target effects. This comprehensive review discusses the dualistic role of NRF2 in disease pathophysiology, covering its protective and/or destructive roles in autoimmune, respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, as well as diseases of the digestive system and cancer. Additionally, we also review the development of drugs that either activate or inhibit NRF2, discuss main barriers in translating NRF2-based therapies from bench to bedside, and consider the ways to monitor NRF2 activation in vivo.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from common cooking fuels in Nigeria

Cooking fuels are sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are persistent in the environment and have detrimental effects on human health. Fifteen PCBs congeners from the smoke of eight (8) commonly used cooking fuels in Nigeria were investigated in this study. Glass fiber filters were used to collect air emissions during the combustion of cooking fuels in a controlled chamber. PCB congeners in the smoke of studied cooking fuels were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and their associated health risks were evaluated. The health risks of PCBs (both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) from inhalation exposure were evaluated for both children and adults. The daily inhalation rate ranged from 4.44 × 105 to 6.16 × 105 fgTEQkg-1 for adults and 9.94 × 105 to 1.38 × 106 fgTEQkg-1 for children. Hazard quotient (HQ) values obtained for both adults and children were higher than the acceptable limit of 1. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) varied between 2.40 × 10-3 and 3.33 × 10-3 for adults and 6.211 × 10 - 4 and 8.62 × 10 - 4 for children. This study recommends promoting clean cooking technologies through policy interventions, public awareness campaigns, and investment in research and development, to reduce risks associated with harmful cooking emissions.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto‐Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Cionci NB, Dioni A, Tarrés‐Call J, Firmino JP. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of L-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.453 for all animal species (Eppen Europe SAS)

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on L-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (CGMCC 7.453) when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The active substance is L-lysine. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the production strain qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment; therefore, L-lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.453 does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. L-Lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.453 is considered safe for the target species. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns on the use of L-lysine sulfate in water for drinking. When using L-lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. L-Lysine sulfate produced with C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.453 is safe for the consumer and for the environment. Based on the information provided in the safety data sheet of the additive under assessment, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additive should be considered irritant to skin, eyes and the respiratory tract, and that any exposure to the additive is a risk. L-Lysine sulfate is considered an efficacious source of the essential amino acid L-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental L-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Nootkatone (NK), a grapefruit-derived sesquiterpenoid, suppresses UVB-induced damage by regulating NRF2-HO-1 and AhR-CYP1A1 signaling pathways in HaCaT cells

Nootkatone (NK), a sesquiterpene naturally derived from citrus species, was investigated for its protective effect against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells and its underlying mechanisms. NK effectively suppressed UVB-mediated cell death and significantly modulated expression of skin hydration genes; NK (100 μM) increased mRNA levels of collagen-1 and HAS by 44.6 and 34.7%, respectively, while downregulating HYAL by 46.8%. NK also reduced MMP1/2 expression, key matrix metalloproteinases, but enhanced mRNA levels of skin barrier factors, Filaggrin, Loricrin, and Involucrin by up to 45%. Additionally, NK lowered UVB-induced ROS production and elevated antioxidant levels (NRF2, HO-1, catalase, SOD1, and Gpx), and decrease the protein levels of xenobiotic factors, AhR and CYP1A1. These findings suggest that NK protects skin integrity against UVB-induced photoaging through the modulation of NRF2-HO-1 and AhR-CYP1A1 signaling pathways. NK shows promise as a functional agent, either edible or topical, for protecting against UVB-induced skin damage.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01791-x.

Design, synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel modified 18β-glycyrrhetinate derivatives as PPARγ agonists

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) is the main active component of licorice and one of the most promising lead compounds in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Previous studies have shown that 18β-GA can act as a PPARγ agonist to exert antitumor activity. However, the number of reported 18β-GA derivatives as PPARγ agonists is limited and they have significant toxic side effects, which greatly restricts their application and development. To obtain highly effective and low-toxic PPARγ agonists, through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, we constructed a molecular library of 18β-GA derivatives containing 13,440 compounds and screened out 14 novel 18β-GA ester derivatives. The selected compounds were evaluated for their antitumor activity in vitro. The results showed that most of the compounds exhibited strong anti-proliferative activity against five human cancer cell lines, especially the human colon cancer cell line HT-29, without significant toxicity to normal cell lines. Among them, C1 had the strongest anti-proliferative activity against HT-29, with an IC50 value of 12.25 μM, which was 12 times higher than that of its parent nucleus 18β-GA. C1 can block the cell cycle of HT-29 cells in G2/M phase, significantly inhibit their migration and induce their apoptosis. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation results suggested that C1 could stably bind to the active pocket of PPARγ. Further PPARγ activity analysis and drug-likeness prediction results indicated that C1 could act as a PPARγ agonist to exert antitumor effects and had certain drug-likeness, which is worthy of further study.

Circ_0003072 Mediates the Pro-osteogenic Differentiation Effect of Betulinic Acid on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

BACKGROUND

Betulinic acid (BetA) exhibits a good pro-osteogenic differentiation effect on human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), making it a promising supplement for periodontal regeneration. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular behaviour, and whether circRNAs are involved in the effects of BetA remains unknown.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen for dysregulated circRNAs involved in osteogenic differentiation based on public datasets. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using quantitative PCR detection of RUNX2, ALPL, COL1A1, and BGLAP levels, alkaline phosphatase staining, and Alizarin Red S staining of calcified nodules. The role of circ_0003072 in the BetA-regulated osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs was investigated, and its downstream microRNAs and mRNA were confirmed using RNA-sequencing, competing endogenous RNA network construction, gene ontology analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and functional assays.

RESULTS

circ_0003072 showed the highest fold-change among the 18 candidate circRNAs, and knockdown of circ_0003072 inhibited the pro-osteogenic differentiation effect of BetA on hPDLSCs. RNA-sequencing combined with gene ontology analysis identified 11 osteogenesis-relevant genes. Five genes that shared microRNAs between circ_0003072 and two candidate genes (chordin-like 1 [CHRDL1] and XIAP) were screened, and miR-488-3p showed the highest increase after silencing circ_0003072. Knockdown of circ_0003072 inhibited the pro-osteogenic differentiation effect of silencing miR-488-3p. miR-488-3p bound to circ_0003072 and CHRDL1. Furthermore, overexpression of CHRDL1 rescued the miR-488-3p-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation.

CONCLUSION

BetA promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by regulating the circ_0003072/miR-488-3p/CHRDL1 pathway, and circ_0003072 acted as a sponge for miR-488-3p, thus upregulating the level of CHRDL1.