251
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Kothari CL, Liepman MR, Shama Tareen R, Florian P, Charoth RM, Haas SS, McKean JW, Moe A, Wiley J, Curtis A. Intimate Partner Violence Associated with Postpartum Depression, Regardless of Socioeconomic Status. Matern Child Health J 2017; 20:1237-46. [PMID: 26955998 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-1925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study examined whether socioeconomic status moderated the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and postpartum depression among a community-based sample of women. Defining the role of poverty in the risk of postpartum depression for IPV victims enables prioritization of health promotion efforts to maximize the effectiveness of existing maternal-infant resources. Methods This cross-sectional telephone-survey study interviewed 301 postpartum women 2 months after delivery, screening them for IPV and depression [using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)]. Socioeconomic status was defined by insurance (Medicaid-paid-delivery or not). This analysis controlled for the following covariates, collected through interview and medical-record review: demographics, obstetric history, prenatal health and additional psychosocial risk factors. After adjusting for significant covariates, multiple linear regression was conducted to test whether socioeconomic status confounded or moderated IPV's relationship with EPDS-score. Results Ten percent of participants screened positive for postpartum depression, 21.3 % screened positive for current or previous adult emotional or physical abuse by a partner, and 32.2 % met poverty criteria. IPV and poverty were positively associated with each other (χ(2) (1) = 11.76, p < .001) and with EPDS score (IPV: beta 3.2 (CI 2.0, 4.5) p < .001, poverty: beta 1.3 (CI 0.2, 2.4) p = .017). In the multiple linear regression, IPV remained significantly associated, but poverty did not (IPV: adjusted beta 3.1 (CI 1.8, 4.3) p < .001, poverty: adjusted beta 0.8 (CI -0.3, 1.9) p = .141), and no statistically significant interaction between IPV and poverty was found. Conclusions Study findings illustrated that IPV was strongly associated with postpartum depression, outweighing the influence of socioeconomic status upon depression for postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Kothari
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Michael R Liepman
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI, 49048, USA
| | - R Shama Tareen
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI, 49048, USA
| | - Phyllis Florian
- Michigan School of Professional Psychology, 26811 Orchard Lake Road, Farmington Hills, MI, 48334, USA
| | - Remitha M Charoth
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI, 49048, USA
| | - Suzanne S Haas
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI, 49048, USA
| | - Joseph W McKean
- Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Angela Moe
- Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - James Wiley
- University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amy Curtis
- Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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252
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Hill S, Ousley L. Intimate partner violence screening behaviors of primary care providers: The necessity for a change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xjep.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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253
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Saxbe DE, Schetter CD, Simon CD, Adam EK, Shalowitz MU. High paternal testosterone may protect against postpartum depressive symptoms in fathers, but confer risk to mothers and children. Horm Behav 2017; 95:103-112. [PMID: 28757312 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the birth of an infant, decreases in testosterone and increases in depressive symptoms have been observed in fathers. Paternal testosterone may reflect fathers' investment in pair-bonding and paternal caregiving and, as such, may be associated with maternal and familial well-being. This study tests associations between paternal testosterone, paternal and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms, and subsequent family functioning. Within 149 couples, fathers provided testosterone samples when infants were approximately nine months old and both parents reported on postpartum depressive symptoms at two, nine, and 15months postpartum. Fathers with lower aggregate testosterone reported more depressive symptoms at two and nine months postpartum. Mothers whose partners had higher evening testosterone reported more depressive symptoms at nine and 15months postpartum. Maternal relationship satisfaction mediated this effect, such that mothers with higher testosterone partners reported more relationship dissatisfaction, which in turn predicted more maternal depressive symptoms. Higher paternal testosterone and paternal depressive symptoms at nine months postpartum each independently predicted greater fathering stress at 15months postpartum. Higher paternal testosterone also predicted more mother-reported intimate partner aggression at 15months postpartum. In addition to linear relationships between testosterone and depression, curvilinear relationships emerged such that fathers with both low and high testosterone at nine months postpartum reported more subsequent (15-month) depressive symptoms and fathering stress. In conclusion, whereas higher paternal testosterone may protect against paternal depression, it contributed to maternal distress and suboptimal family outcomes in our sample. Interventions that supplement or alter men's testosterone may have unintended consequences for family well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby E Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | | | - Clarissa D Simon
- NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Madeleine U Shalowitz
- NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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254
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Ysseldyk R, Matheson K, Anisman H. Revenge is sour, but is forgiveness sweet? Psychological health and cortisol reactivity among women with experiences of abuse. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:2003-2021. [PMID: 28810479 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317714319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relations among women's experiences of abuse, forgiveness, revenge, psychological health, and physiological stress reactivity. Both dispositional (Study 1; N = 103) and state (Study 2; N = 258) forgiveness and vengeance were associated with psychological symptoms. However, the relation between revenge and greater depression was magnified among psychologically abused women, whereas-unexpectedly-the positive link between forgiveness and psychological health was strengthened among physically abused women. Moreover, while revenge coincided with increased cortisol reactivity following any relationship conflict, this was only evident for forgiveness following physical abuse. The complex interactions among these variables are discussed within a stress and coping framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly Matheson
- Carleton University, Canada.,The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada
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255
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Anderson KM, Renner LM, Bloom TL. Exploring Protective Strategies among Rural Women in an Abusive Relationship. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:610-618. [PMID: 28521645 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1322159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore rural women's accounts of intimate partner violence and the strategies they used to protect themselves from such adversity. Convenience sampling included women currently in an abusive relationship (N = 22), who were receiving mental health services at a rural victim-service provider. Standardized measures indicated, on average, that study participants were symptomatic for depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet exhibited higher resilience than other PTSD populations. Participants used a variety of strategies to halt, escape, or resist violence in their lives. Informal and safety planning strategies were rated as most helpful, though resistance and placating strategies were most commonly used. Formal strategy use among participants was associated with higher levels of resilience and depressive symptoms; while participants' increased use of safety planning and resistance strategies were also related to greater resilience. Implications for rural victim service providers include addressing psychological distress and hardiness for women currently in an abusive relationship, while providing the necessary resources to secure their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Anderson
- a School of Social Work, Public Affairs Program , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida , USA
| | - Lynette M Renner
- b School of Social Work , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Tina L Bloom
- c Sinclair School of Nursing , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri , USA
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256
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Garner AK, Sheridan DJ. Influence of Intimate Partner Violence and Depression on Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Literature Review. J Nurs Educ 2017; 56:397-403. [PMID: 28662255 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20170619-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) and dating violence is a significant problem among college-age students. IPV has an associative outcome of depression and lower academic performance, but it is unknown how it relates to undergraduate nursing students. METHOD Two literature searches were performed for IPV and depression from a combination of 87 databases including EBSCO, Proquest, Nursing at OVID, Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES, JSTOR, SAGE journals, and Google Scholar. RESULTS Initial results yielded 24,675 research studies on IPV, dating violence, and depression. Forty-eight level-three studies were identified using the John Hopkins School of Nursing evidence-based practice model, including 42 nonexperimental studies, three meta-syntheses, and three governmental studies. CONCLUSION Relevant data on the prevalence rates of IPV and depression among nursing students are lacking. IPV and dating violence among college students places them at a higher risk for failure and poor academic performance. [J Nurs Educ. 2017;56(7):397-403.].
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257
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Kettunen P, Hintikka J. Psychosocial risk factors and treatment of new onset and recurrent depression during the post-partum period. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:355-361. [PMID: 28290763 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When developing maternity care services, it is important to know how psychosocial factors affect the course of post-partum depression (PPD), and how depressed mothers are treated. AIMS The aim of this study is to assess how adverse childhood experiences, poor present support and violence, and low socioeconomic status (SES) associate with PPD, specifically in new onset and recurrent post-partum depression. The second aim is to assess the treatment received for PPD. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. The study group comprises 104 mothers with a current episode of PPD, and a control group of 104 mothers without an episode. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders was used for data collection. Psychosocial risk factors, treatment issues, and the course of depression were assessed with a structured self-report questionnaire. RESULTS In age-adjusted multivariate analyses, adverse childhood experiences, a low level of present support in close relationships, and a poor SES were associated significantly with PPD. Childhood adversity was associated with both new onset and recurrent depression. Nevertheless, a low level of support and a poor SES were also associated with recurrent depression. A quarter of mothers with a major depressive episode in the post-partum period attended psychiatric services. In mothers with new onset depression, the proportion was only 5%. CONCLUSIONS There is an urgent need to develop the diagnostics of depression in maternity care services. An awareness of psychosocial risk factors might help in this. More depressed mothers should be referred to psychiatric services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Kettunen
- a Department of General Hospital Psychiatry , North Karelia Central Hospital , Joensuu , Finland
| | - Jukka Hintikka
- b Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,c Department of Psychiatry , Päijät Häme Central Hospital , Lahti , Finland
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258
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Holmes MR, Yoon S, Berg KA. Maternal depression and intimate partner violence exposure: Longitudinal analyses of the development of aggressive behavior in an at-risk sample. Aggress Behav 2017; 43:375-385. [PMID: 28127778 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of literature has documented the negative effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on a wide range of children's developmental outcomes. However, whether a child's exposure to IPV leads to increased adjustment difficulties is likely to depend on a variety of factors, including the caregiver's mental health and the developmental time period when IPV exposure occurs. The present study seeks to improve our understanding of the long-term effects of IPV exposure and maternal depression on the development of children's overt aggressive behavior. Longitudinal analyses (i.e., latent growth curve modeling) examining three time points (toddler: age 2-3 years, preschool/kindergarten: age 4-5 years, and elementary school: age 6-8 years) were conducted using 1,399 at-risk children drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I). IPV exposure during age 2-3 years was significantly related to concurrent aggressive behavior and aggressive behavior during age 4-5 years. At all three time points, IPV was significantly associated with maternal depression, which in turn, was significantly related to higher levels of aggressive behavior. There was also a significant indirect lagged effect of IPV exposure at age 2-3 years through maternal depression on aggressive behavior at age 4-5 years. Results indicated that maternal depression was a strong predictor of increased reports of overt aggressive behavior, suggesting that interventions to buffer the effects of IPV exposure should focus on relieving maternal depression and fostering productive social behavior in children. Aggr. Behav. 43:375-385, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Holmes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Susan Yoon
- The College of Social Work; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Kristen A. Berg
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
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259
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Loxton D, Dolja-Gore X, Anderson AE, Townsend N. Intimate partner violence adversely impacts health over 16 years and across generations: A longitudinal cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178138. [PMID: 28582406 PMCID: PMC5459340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the impact of intimate partner violence on women’s mental and physical health over a 16 year period and across three generations. Participants Participants were from the Australian Longitudinal study on Women’s Health, a broadly representative national sample of women comprised of three birth cohorts 1973–78, 1946–51 and 1921–26 who were randomly selected from the Australian Medicare (i.e. national health insurer) database in 1996 to participate in the longitudinal health and wellbeing survey. Since baseline, six waves of survey data have been collected. Women from each cohort who had returned all six surveys and had a baseline measure (Survey 1) for intimate partner violence were eligible for the current study. Main outcome measures The main outcome of interest was women’s physical and mental health, measured using the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form (SF-36). The experience of intimate partner violence was measured using the survey item ‘Have you ever been in a violent relationship with a partner/spouse?’ Sociodemographic information was also collected. Results For all cohorts, women who had lived with intimate partner violence were more likely to report poorer mental health, physical function and general health, and higher levels of bodily pain. Some generational differences existed. Younger women showed a reduction in health associated with the onset of intimate partner violence, which was not apparent for women in the older two groups. In addition, the physical health differences between women born 1921–26 who had and had not experienced intimate partner violence tapered off overtime, whereas these differences remained constant for women born 1973–78 and 1946–51. Conclusions Despite generational differences, intimate partner violence adversely impacted on mental and physical health over the 16 year study period and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Loxton
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Xenia Dolja-Gore
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy E. Anderson
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Townsend
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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260
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Sullivan TP, Weiss NH. Is Firearm Threat in Intimate Relationships Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Women? VIOLENCE AND GENDER 2017; 4:31-36. [PMID: 28616441 PMCID: PMC5467129 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2016.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), firearms may be used to threaten, coerce, and intimidate. Yet, what little research exists on firearms among IPV victims has focused almost exclusively on homicide or near homicide. Thus, the deleterious health consequences of firearms more broadly remain unknown. The goals of the current study were (1) to document the prevalence of firearm threat in a community sample of female IPV victims, and (2) to identify the extent to which threat with a firearm, independent of other forms of IPV, is related to women's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Participants were 298 women who had been a victim in a criminal domestic violence case with a male intimate partner (Mage = 36.39 years; 50.0% African American; 51.3% unemployed). Retrospective data on firearm threat, fear of firearm violence, other IPV victimization (i.e., physical, psychological, and sexual), and PTSD symptoms were collected during in-person individual interviews. Approximately one-quarter of the sample (24.2%) experienced threat with a firearm during the course of their relationship, and 12.5% were afraid that their partners would use a firearm against them in the 30 days prior to the study interview. Firearm threat and fear of firearm violence emerged as significant and unique predictors of PTSD symptom severity, controlling for age and physical, psychological, and sexual IPV victimization severity. The findings underscore firearm threat as a key factor for identifying and intervening with criminal justice involved women who experience IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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261
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Mason SM, Ayour N, Canney S, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Intimate Partner Violence and 5-Year Weight Change in Young Women: A Longitudinal Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:677-682. [PMID: 28075656 PMCID: PMC5512312 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) and obesity are national public health problems that are potentially associated. We examined the association between IPV exposure and 5-year weight gain in young women. We also examined whether depressive mood conferred additional increases in weight gain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analyses were conducted among women in Project EAT, a longitudinal cohort study of weight-related health, which has collected data at three 5-year survey waves: "EAT I" (mean age 15 years), "EAT II" (mean age 19 years), and "EAT III" (mean age 25 years). Height and body weight were self-reported at each survey wave. IPV victimization and depressive mood were assessed on the EAT II survey. The study comprised women with data on IPV and body mass index (BMI) (N = 619). Linear regression analyses examined (1) 5-year (EAT II to EAT III) BMI change as a function of IPV exposure and (2) 5-year BMI change as a function of depressive mood at EAT II in women with and without IPV exposure. RESULTS Almost 20% of the study sample reported IPV. Women exposed to both physical and sexual IPV at EAT II gained 1.1 kg/m2 (95% CI -0.2 to 2.4) more, over 5 years, than women unexposed to IPV, although this did not reach statistical significance. Among those with IPV exposure, depressive mood at EAT II was associated with an additional increase in BMI of 1.8 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.2-3.4) relative to no depressive mood. CONCLUSION Survivors of IPV with depressive mood may have accelerated weight gain. Trauma-informed obesity prevention strategies may be warranted in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Noussaiba Ayour
- Department of Biology, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Suzanne Canney
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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262
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Afifi TO, Mota N, Sareen J, MacMillan HL. The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:493. [PMID: 28535755 PMCID: PMC5442668 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical punishment of children is an important public health concern. Yet, few studies have examined how physical punishment is related to other types of child maltreatment and violence across the lifespan. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine if harsh physical punishment (i.e., being pushed, grabbed, shoved, hit, and/or slapped without causing marks, bruises, or injury) is associated with an increased likelihood of more severe childhood maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)) in childhood and perpetration or victimization of IPV in adulthood. METHODS Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected in 2004 to 2005 (n = 34,402, response rate = 86.7%), a representative United States adult sample. RESULTS Harsh physical punishment was associated with increased odds of childhood maltreatment, including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, family history of dysfunction, and other child maltreatment types (range 1.6 to 26.6). Harsh physical punishment was also related to increased odds of experiencing IPV in adulthood (range 1.4 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS It is important for parents and professionals working with children to be aware that pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, or slapping children may increase the likelihood of emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV in childhood and also experiencing IPV victimization and/or perpetration in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W5 Canada
| | - Natalie Mota
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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263
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Islam MJ, Broidy L, Baird K, Mazerolle P. Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy and postpartum depression: The experience of women of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176211. [PMID: 28472056 PMCID: PMC5417480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intimate partner violence (IPV) around the time of pregnancy is a serious public health concern and is known to have an adverse effect on perinatal mental health. In order to craft appropriate and effective interventions, it is important to understand how the association between IPV and postpartum depression (PPD) may differ as a function of the type and timing of IPV victimization. Here we evaluate the influence of physical, sexual and psychological IPV before, during and after pregnancy on PPD. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data was collected between October 2015 and January 2016 in the Chandpur District of Bangladesh from 426 new mothers, aged 15-49 years, who were in the first six months postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between IPV and PPD, adjusted for socio-demographic, reproductive and psychosocial confounding factors. RESULTS Approximately 35.2% of women experienced PPD within the first six months following childbirth. Controlling for confounders, the odds of PPD was significantly greater among women who reported exposure to physical (AOR: 1.79, 95% CI [1.25, 3.43]), sexual (AOR: 2.25, 95% CI [1.14, 4.45]) or psychological (AOR: 6.92, 95% CI [1.71, 28.04]) IPV during pregnancy as opposed to those who did not. However, both before and after pregnancy, only physical IPV evidences a direct effect on PPD. Results highlight the mental health consequences of IPV for women of Bangladesh, as well as the influence of timing and type of IPV on PPD outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The findings confirm that exposure to IPV significantly increases the odds of PPD. The association is particularly strong for physical IPV during all periods and psychological IPV during pregnancy. Results reinforce the need to conduct routine screening during pregnancy to identify women with a history of IPV who may at risk for PPD and to offer them necessary support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jahirul Islam
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Planning Commission, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lisa Broidy
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Sociology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Baird
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Mazerolle
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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264
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EBCOG. EBCOG position statement on violence against women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 212:186-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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265
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Lövestad S, Löve J, Vaez M, Krantz G. Prevalence of intimate partner violence and its association with symptoms of depression; a cross-sectional study based on a female population sample in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:335. [PMID: 28424072 PMCID: PMC5397670 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is the most common type of violence targeting women. IPV includes acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviors and these forms of violence often coexist in the same relationship. Living with IPV is associated with serious mental health outcomes such as depression and depressive symptoms. Few population based studies from Sweden have investigated the relationship between different forms of IPV and women’s depressive symptoms and even fewer used controlling behavior as an independent variable in such studies. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the prevalence of exposure to IPV in terms of controlling behavior, sexual, and physical violence and their association with self-reported symptoms of depression in a female population based sample. Methods The cross-sectional, population based sample contained 573 women aged 18–65 years randomly selected in Sweden. Five self-reported symptoms that define depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders were assessed. Physical and sexual violence were inquired about using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Violence Against Women Instrument (VAWI), while controlling behavior was assessed with the Controlling Behavior Scale (CBS). Associations between different forms of IPV and symptoms of depression were estimated by crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Bivariable associations revealed that women exposed to controlling behavior, had higher OR of depressive symptoms compared to unexposed women (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.63–3.63). Women exposed to physical and sexual violence had also a higher OR of depressive symptoms (OR 3.78; 95% CI 1.99–7.17 and OR 5.10; 95% CI 1.74–14.91 respectively). After adjusting for socio-demographic and psychosocial covariates, all three forms of IPV showed statistically significant associations with self-reported symptoms of depression. Conclusions A strength with this study is the analysis of controlling behavior and its association with self-reported symptoms of depression in a female population based sample. Exposure to controlling behavior, physical and sexual violence by an intimate partner were clearly associated with women’s self-reported symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Lövestad
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Löve
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marjan Vaez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE- 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Krantz
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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266
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Mendonça MFSD, Ludermir AB. Intimate partner violence and incidence of common mental disorder. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:32. [PMID: 28423141 PMCID: PMC5396502 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of intimate partner violence against women reported in the last 12 months and seven years with the incidence of common mental disorders. METHODS A prospective cohort study with 390 women from 18 to 49 years, registered in the Family Health Program of the city of Recife, State of Pernambuco; from July 2013 to December 2014. The Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) assessed mental health. Intimate partner violence consists of concrete acts of psychological, physical or sexual violence that the partner inflicts on the woman. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted relative risks (RR) of the association between common mental disorders and intimate partner violence. RESULTS The incidence of common mental disorders was 44.6% among women who reported intimate partner violence in the last 12 months and 43.4% among those who reported in the past seven years. Mental disorders remained associated with psychological violence (RR = 3.0; 95%CI 1.9–4.7 and RR = 1.8; 95%CI 1.0–3.7 in the last 12 months, and seven years, respectively), even in the absence of physical or sexual violence. When psychological violence were related to physical or sexual violence, the risk of common mental disorders was even higher, both in the last 12 months (RR = 3.1; 95%CI 2.1–4.7) and in the last seven years (RR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.7–3.8). CONCLUSIONS Intimate partner violence is associated with the incidence of common mental disorders in women. The treatment of the consequences of IPV and support for women in seeking protection for themselves for public services is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Bernarda Ludermir
- Departamento de Medicina Social. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil
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267
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Machisa MT, Christofides N, Jewkes R. Mental ill health in structural pathways to women's experiences of intimate partner violence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175240. [PMID: 28384241 PMCID: PMC5383260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and binge drinking are among mental health effects of child abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences among women. Emerging data show the potential mediating role of mental ill health in the relationship of child abuse and IPV. There is evidence that PTSD, depression and alcohol abuse are comorbid common mental disorders and that a bidirectional relationship exists between depression and IPV in some settings. Furthermore, the temporal direction in the relationship of alcohol abuse and women’s IPV experiences from different studies is unclear. We undertook a study with women from the general population to investigate the associations of child abuse, mental ill health and IPV; and describe the underlying pathways between them. Methods Data is from a household survey employing a multi-stage random sampling approach with 511 women from Gauteng, South Africa. IPV was measured using the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Questionnaire. Child abuse was measured using a short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Depression was measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). PTSD symptoms were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Binge drinking was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale. All data analyses were conducted in Stata 13. Regression modelling was used to test the association between variables. Structural equation modelling with full information maximum likelihood estimation accounting for missing data was done to analyse the underlying pathways between variables. Results Fifty percent of women experienced IPV in their lifetime and 18% experienced IPV in the 12 months before the survey. Twenty three percent of women were depressed, 14% binge drank and 11.6% had PTSD symptoms. Eighty six percent of women had experienced some form of child abuse. Sociodemographic factors associated with recent IPV in multivariate models were younger age and foreign nationality. Depression, PTSD and binge drinking mediated the relationship of child abuse and recent IPV. Depression, PTSD and binge drinking were also effects of recent IPV. Other factors associated with recent IPV experience included relationship control, having a partner who regularly consumed alcohol and experiencing other life traumatic experiences Conclusion Mental ill health plays a mediating role in the relationship of child abuse and recent IPV experiences among women. Conversely, IPV also negatively affects women’s mental health. Interventions to reducing the incidence of IPV could help alleviate the burden of mental ill health among women and vice versa. Effective integration of mental health services in primary health care, detection of symptoms, brief interventions and strengthened referral mechanisms for sustained community-based care are necessary in responding to victims of intimate partner violence. Response for abused children needs to take similar approaches and reduce the long-term mental health effects associated with violent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercilene T. Machisa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicola Christofides
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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268
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Abstract
Violence against women causes suffering and misery to victims and their families and places a heavy burden on societies worldwide. It mostly happens within intimate relationships or between people known to each other. Violence against women is a social construction based on a societal consensus about the roles and rights of men and women. Two prevalent forms of violence against women are physical and sexual victimization by an intimate partner, and sexual victimization outside intimate relationships. Explanations of why men engage in aggressive behavior toward women address different levels, including the macro level of society, the micro level of dyadic interactions, and the individual level of perpetrator characteristics. Prevention efforts are needed that address each of these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krahé
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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269
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Broughton S, Ford-Gilboe M. Predicting family health and well-being after separation from an abusive partner: role of coercive control, mother's depression and social support. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:2468-2481. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Broughton
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Marilyn Ford-Gilboe
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing; Western University; London ON Canada
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270
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Kim JY, Lee JH, Song HJ, Kim DG, Yim YS. Relationships between Psychosocial Difficulties and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Women Subject to Intimate Partner Violence. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2017; 42:41-47. [PMID: 28395079 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Women subject to violence by their intimate partners often experience a range of psychosocial problems such as depression, excessive alcohol use, and stressful life events that, in turn, lead to health issues. This study examined psychosocial difficulties and oxidative stress levels in abused and non-abused Korean women and analyzed the relationship between psychosocial outcomes and oxidative stress levels. Markers were determined in 16 women (seven abused, nine non-abused). The two groups of women (abused and non-abused) were compared with respect to scores in depression, alcohol use, life stress events, and oxidative stress biomarkers using the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations between depression, alcohol use, life stress events, and oxidative stress biomarkers were tested by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The abused women had significantly higher levels of oxidative stress markers and significantly lower levels of antioxidants than the non-abused women. Life stress events and oxidative biomarker levels were significantly correlated. These findings have implications for both social services providers and medical personnel when assessing abused women to ensure that they receive the most appropriate service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yop Kim
- Professor, School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Assistant professor, Department of Social Work, Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyang Joo Song
- Researcher, Social Welfare Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong Shin Yim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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271
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Exploring the influence of psychosocial factors on exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh. Arch Womens Ment Health 2017; 20:173-188. [PMID: 27838781 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is a proven benefit for both mothers and infants and is, therefore, an important public health priority. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is regarded as one of the potential psychosocial risk factors that may negatively affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). This study aimed to explore the influence of psychosocial factors including IPV on EBF. Cross-sectional survey data was collected from October 2015 to January 2016 in Chandpur District of Bangladesh from 426 married women, aged 15-49 years, who had at least one child 6 months of age or younger. Multivariate logistic regression models were used in order to investigate whether women who experienced IPV after childbirth, as well as other risk factors such as postpartum depression (PPD) and childhood sexual abuse, were more likely to face difficulties with EBF compared with women who had not experienced these same risk factors. Whilst the initiation rate of breastfeeding was 99.3%, at the time of the woman's interview, the overall EBF rate had fallen to 43.7%. Based on the adjusted model, women who experienced physical IPV (AOR 0.17, 95% CI [0.07, 0.40]) and psychological IPV (AOR 0.51, 95% CI [0.26, 1.00]) after childbirth and women who reported childhood sexual abuse (AOR 0.32, 95% CI [0.13, 0.80]) and PPD (AOR 0.20, 95% CI [0.09, 0.44]) were significantly less likely to exclusively breastfeed their infants than those who had not reported these experiences. Moreover, women with an intended pregnancy and high social support exhibited a higher likelihood of EBF. Our results suggest that preventing or reducing the occurrence of physical IPV, PPD and childhood sexual abuse may improve the EBF duration. Support from family members can assist in this process.
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272
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Evaluation of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program for women with trauma-related problems: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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273
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Sparrow K, Kwan J, Howard L, Fear N, MacManus D. Systematic review of mental health disorders and intimate partner violence victimisation among military populations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1059-1080. [PMID: 28748307 PMCID: PMC5581819 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing awareness of the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) among military populations. IPV victimisation has been shown to be associated with mental disorder. A better understanding of the link between IPV and mental disorder is needed to inform service development to meet the needs of military families. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between IPV victimisation and mental health disorders among military personnel. METHODS Searches of four electronic databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were supplemented by reference list screening. Heterogeneity among studies precluded a meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included. There was stronger evidence for an association between IPV and depression/alcohol problems than between IPV and PTSD. An association between IPV and mental health problems was more frequently found among veterans compared to active duty personnel. However, the link between IPV and alcohol misuse was more consistently found among active duty samples. Finally, among active duty personnel psychological IPV was more consistently associated with depression/alcohol problems than physical/sexual IPV. The review highlighted the lack of research on male IPV victimisation in the military. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that the burden of mental health need may be significant among military personnel who are victims of IPV. The influence of attitudes towards gender in the military on research in this area is discussed. Further research is needed to inform development of services and policy to reduce IPV victimisation and the mental health consequences among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sparrow
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Louise Howard
- David Goldberg Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Nicola Fear
- King’s Centre for Military Health Research, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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274
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Jose R, Novaco RW. Intimate Partner Violence Victims Seeking a Temporary Restraining Order: Social Support and Resilience Attenuating Psychological Distress. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:3352-3376. [PMID: 25952290 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515584352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Social support has been found in many studies to be a protective factor for those exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV), but personal resilience has received far less attention. The present study concerns 136 female IPV victims seeking a temporary restraining order (TRO) from a Family Justice Center (FJC). The relationships between IPV victimization, social support, resilience, and psychological distress were examined. Hierarchical regressions found that both perceived social support and self-reported resilience were inversely associated with distress symptoms. Higher social support was associated with lower trauma symptoms, controlling for abuse history, demographics, and resilience. Higher resilience was associated with lower mood symptoms and lower perceived stress, controlling for abuse history, demographics, and social support. No significant associations were recorded for anger symptoms. These findings suggest that fostering resilience can have important health benefits for IPV victims, above and beyond the well-known benefits of social support. Ways that resilience might be cultivated in this population and other implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Jose
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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275
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Choi KW, Sikkema KJ. Childhood Maltreatment and Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:427-453. [PMID: 25985988 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015584369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) compromise maternal and child well-being and may be influenced by traumatic experiences across the life course. A potent and common form of trauma is childhood maltreatment, but its specific impact on PMADs is not well understood. A systematic review was undertaken to synthesize empirical literature on the relationship between maternal histories of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Of the 876 citations retrieved, 35 reports from a total of 26,239 participants met inclusion criteria, documenting substantial rates of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Robust trends of association were observed between childhood maltreatment and perinatal depression, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, but findings for anxiety were less consistent. Examining multivariate results suggested that childhood maltreatment predicts PMADs above and beyond sociodemographic, psychiatric, perinatal, and psychosocial factors, but may also be partially mediated by variables such as later victimization and moderated by protective early relationships. Future research should test mediating and moderating pathways using prospective cohorts, expanding to cross-cultural settings and other disorder outcomes. Treatment and prevention of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae may help mitigate risk for perinatal psychopathology and its impact on maternal and child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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276
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Domenech Del Rio I, Sirvent Garcia Del Valle E. The Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Health: A Further Disaggregation of Psychological Violence-Evidence From Spain. Violence Against Women 2016; 23:1771-1789. [PMID: 27733508 DOI: 10.1177/1077801216671220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using a nationally representative sample of 10,171 women, this study examines the association between current and previous intimate partner violence and current health status. Current physical or sexual violence was associated with the highest likelihood of reporting health outcomes, followed by current emotional or economic abuse. Current controlling behavior increased the odds of reporting poor health whereas previous controlling behavior has less effect on current health. Controlling behavior alone often is the first expression of mistreatment. If health professionals could identify violence at this early stage, long-term effects on women's health could be minimized. The implications for health of the cumulative effects of violence and of its timing are discussed.
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277
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Woodyatt CR, Stephenson R. Emotional intimate partner violence experienced by men in same-sex relationships. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2016; 18:1137-49. [PMID: 27109769 PMCID: PMC5036353 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1175027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence research has focused almost exclusively on physical and sexual intimate partner violence in opposite-sex relationships, paying little attention to the intimate partner violence experienced by men in same-sex relationships. Emerging research focusing on intimate partner violence among male-male couples has focused largely on physical and sexual violence, with little consideration of the unique forms of emotional violence experienced by gay men. Ten focus-group discussions with gay and bisexual men were conducted to examine perceived typologies, antecedents and experiences of emotional violence that occur between male partners. Participants described emotional violence as the most threatening form of intimate partner violence, driven largely by factors including power differentials, gender roles and internalised homophobia. Results indicate that gay and bisexual men perceive emotional intimate partner violence to be commonplace. A better understanding of emotional violence within male-male relationships is vital to inform intimate partner violence prevention efforts and the more accurate measurement of intimate partner violence for gay men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R. Woodyatt
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta Georgia, USA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Health Behavior and Biological Science, School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
- Health Behavior and Biological Science, School of Nursing, and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA,
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278
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Kalokhe AS, Ibegbu CC, Kaur SP, Amara RR, Kelley ME, Del Rio C, Stephenson R. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CD4 + T-CELL ACTIVATION AMONG HIV-NEGATIVE HIGH-RISK WOMEN. Pathog Immun 2016; 1:193-213. [PMID: 27668294 PMCID: PMC5034930 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v1i1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biological pathways mediating the link between intimate partner violence (IPV) and increased HIV risk remain unexplored. We hypothesized that IPV-induced stress negatively affects HIV systemic immune defenses and aimed to evaluate whether IPV was associated with immune profiles linked to HIV susceptibility: CD4 activation and diminished regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequency. Methods: Seventy-five HIV-negative high-risk women were surveyed regarding their IPV experience. They provided blood, urine, and (if present) genital ulcer samples for cortisol, immune assays, and STI testing. Using flow cytometry, we assessed activated CD4+ T-cell (%HLA-DR+/ CD38+) and Treg (%CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) frequencies and phenotyping. Nonparametric tests evaluated the association between IPV and immune outcomes. Multivariate regression explored confounding and moderation of the IPV-CD4 activation pathway. Results: Lifetime IPV was associated with increased CD4+ activation (r = 0.331, P = 0.004), a shift in CD4+ phenotype from naïve to effector memory (r = 0.343, P = 0.003), and a decrease in naive (%HLA-DR+/CD45RA-) Treg frequency (r = -0.337, P = 0.003). Experiencing IPV over the past year had similar trends. After controlling for sexual IPV, lifetime physical and psychological abuse remained significantly associated with CD4+ activation (P = 0.004 and P = 0.033, respectively). After controlling for race (the only covariate linked to activation), the lifetime IPV-CD4 activation association remained significant (P = 0.012). Alcohol use and depression were identified as potential pathway moderators. Conclusion: Our data is the first to suggest an immune link between IPV and HIV, and may help explain differences at the individual level in HIV susceptibility and response to biological HIV prevention strategies. The association of psychological and physical abuse with CD4 activation independent of sexual abuse further supports the existence of a stress-induced immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameeta S Kalokhe
- Emory School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA; Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chris C Ibegbu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Surinder P Kaur
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary E Kelley
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Emory School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA; Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
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279
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Child and family health in the era of prevention: new opportunities and challenges. J Behav Med 2016; 40:159-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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280
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Owen-Smith AA, Sineath C, Sanchez T, Dea R, Giammattei S, Gillespie T, Helms MF, Hunkeler EM, Quinn VP, Roblin D, Slovis J, Stephenson R, Sullivan PS, Tangpricha V, Woodyatt C, Goodman M. Perception of Community Tolerance and Prevalence of Depression among Transgender Persons. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 21:64-76. [PMID: 29170689 DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2016.1228553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The goal of the study was to examine the association between depression and perceived community tolerance after controlling for various demographic and personal characteristics, treatment receipt, and past experiences with abuse or discrimination. Methods An on-line survey assessed depressive symptoms among transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Depression was assessed using the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC) and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) scale. Results The prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing depression in persons who did and did not perceive their area as tolerant were 0.33 (0.20-0.54) for BD-PC and 0.66 (0.49-0.89) for CESD-10. Other factors associated with depression were experience with abuse or discrimination, lower education, and unfulfilled desire to receive hormonal therapy. Conclusion Depression was common in this sample of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals and was strongly and consistently associated with participants' perceptions of community tolerance, even after adjusting for possible confounding. The association between desire to receive hormonal therapy and depression is a finding that warrants further exploration. Future research should also assess depression and changes in perception of community tolerance in transgender individuals before and after initiation of gender confirmation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli A Owen-Smith
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Atlanta GA
| | - Craig Sineath
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Travis Sanchez
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Robin Dea
- The Permanente Medical Group (Retired), Redwood City, CA
| | - Shawn Giammattei
- The Rockway Institute, Alliant International University, San Francisco, CA
| | - Theresa Gillespie
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA
| | - Monica F Helms
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Enid M Hunkeler
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Douglas Roblin
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Atlanta GA
| | - Jennifer Slovis
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | - Robert Stephenson
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Patrick S Sullivan
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cory Woodyatt
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA
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281
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Beydoun HA, Williams M, Beydoun MA, Eid SM, Zonderman AB. Relationship of Physical Intimate Partner Violence with Mental Health Diagnoses in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 26:141-151. [PMID: 27509203 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined associations of physical intimate partner violence (PIPV) with selected mental health disorders using a nationally representative sample of emergency department (ED) discharges corresponding to men and women (18-64 years) from the 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. METHODS PIPV was determined using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) external cause of injury code E967.3 (battering by spouse or partner). ICD-9-CM clinical classification of discharge diagnoses was used to identify mental health disorders. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS PIPV prevalence was estimated at 0.36 per 1000 ED discharges. The strongest correlates of PIPV were alcohol-related (ORadj = 3.02, 95% CI: 2.62-3.50), adjustment (ORadj = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56-3.58), intentional self-harm (ORadj = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.89), anxiety (ORadj = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.40), drug-related (ORadj = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.47), and mood (ORadj = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.31) disorders. PIPV's association with alcohol-related disorders was stronger among women (ORadj = 3.22, 95% CI: 2.79-3.72) versus men (ORadj = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.42-2.77). Similarly, drug-related disorders were stronger correlates of PIPV among women (ORadj = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.60) versus men (ORadj = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.31-1.16). CONCLUSIONS In EDs, PIPV was linked to several mental health disorders, with women experiencing comorbid PIPV and substance use more frequently than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind A Beydoun
- 1 Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School , Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Megan Williams
- 2 National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland
| | - May A Beydoun
- 2 National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shaker M Eid
- 4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- 2 National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program , Baltimore, Maryland
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282
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Kastello JC, Jacobsen KH, Gaffney KF, Kodadek MP, Sharps PW, Bullock LC. Predictors of Depression Symptoms Among Low-Income Women Exposed to Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Community Ment Health J 2016; 52:683-90. [PMID: 26680595 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-015-9977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Women experiencing perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV) may be at increased risk for depression. Baseline data was analyzed from 239 low-income pregnant women participating in an intervention study designed to reduce exposure to IPV. Depression risk was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and IPV factors were measured with the Conflict Tactics Scale-Revised (CTS-2). Stepwise regression was conducted to identify predictors of risk for depression. Race (p = 0.028), psychological IPV (p = 0.035) and sexual IPV (p = 0.031) were strongly associated with risk for depression. Regression results indicated that women experiencing severe psychological IPV were more likely to develop depression (OR 3.16, 95 % CI 1.246, 8.013) than those experiencing severe physical or sexual IPV. Experiencing severe psychological IPV during pregnancy is strongly linked to risk for depression. Routine screening for psychological IPV may increase identification and treatment of women at high risk for depression during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Kastello
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, 225 Jeanette Lancaster Way, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Community and Global Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kathleen F Gaffney
- School of Nursing, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Marie P Kodadek
- School of Nursing, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Phyllis W Sharps
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Linda C Bullock
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, 225 Jeanette Lancaster Way, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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283
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Lokuge K, Verputten M, Ajakali M, Tolboom B, Joshy G, Thurber KA, Plana D, Howes S, Wakon A, Banks E. Health Services for Gender-Based Violence: Médecins Sans Frontières Experience Caring for Survivors in Urban Papua New Guinea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156813. [PMID: 27285845 PMCID: PMC4902258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Levels of gender-based violence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are high; health services for survivors are limited. Evidence from the few existing health services for survivors can inform improvements in care in this and similar settings. Methods Médecins Sans Frontières supported health services for survivors in Lae, PNG from 2008–2013. Routine monitoring data from August 2010-April 2013 were used to describe patient and service characteristics. Results 5,892 individuals received care over 6,860 presentations, the majority self-referred or referred by friends and family. Presentations were attributed to intimate partner violence(62%), non-partner sexual violence(15%), other forms of violence(3%), and past (but not current) violence(21%). 97% were female; an estimated 4.9% (95%CI:4.8–5.0%) of females resident in the catchment area presented to the programme during the 2.8years analysed. Of presentations for non-partner sexual violence, 79% knew their abuser and 50% were children <16 years. 92% of presentations reporting current violence received medical treatment for injuries. The majority of patients who received multiple counselling sessions reported improved functioning and decreased severity of psycho-social complaints. Conclusions Community awareness of the availability of free, best-practice, accessible, confidential medical and counselling services for sexual and gender-based violence in Lae, PNG resulted in many survivors presenting for care. High levels of ongoing intimate partner violence and child sexual abuse by known abusers indicates that alongside comprehensive medical care, access to effective services in non-health sectors such as policing, protection and legal services are needed if survivors are to escape the cycle of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalini Lokuge
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Acton, Australia
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)-UK, London, United Kingdom
- Femili PNG, Lae, Papua New Guinea
- * E-mail:
| | - Meggy Verputten
- MSF-Operational Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryanne Ajakali
- Angau Hospital, National Department of Health, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Bianca Tolboom
- MSF-Operational Centre Papua New Guinea Programme, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Grace Joshy
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Daisy Plana
- Femili PNG, Lae, Papua New Guinea
- Angau Hospital, National Department of Health, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Steven Howes
- Femili PNG, Lae, Papua New Guinea
- Development Policy Centre, Crawford School of Public Policy, the Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Anastasia Wakon
- Angau Hospital, National Department of Health, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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284
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Owusu Adjah ES, Agbemafle I. Determinants of domestic violence against women in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:368. [PMID: 27139013 PMCID: PMC4852424 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of domestic violence remains unacceptably high with numerous consequences ranging from psychological to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity outcomes in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to identify factors that increased the likelihood of an event of domestic violence as reported by ever married Ghanaian women. Methods Data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) was analysed using a multivariate logistic model and risk factors were obtained using the forward selection procedure. Results Of the 1524 ever married women in this study, 33.6 % had ever experienced domestic violence. The risk of ever experiencing domestic violence was 35 % for women who reside in urban areas. Risk of domestic violence was 41 % higher for women whose husbands ever experienced their father beating their mother. Women whose mother ever beat their father were three times more likely to experience domestic violence as compared to women whose mother did not beat their father. The risk of ever experiencing domestic violence was 48 % less likely for women whose husbands had higher than secondary education as compared to women whose husbands never had any formal education. Women whose husbands drink alcohol were 2.5 times more likely to experience domestic violence as compared to women whose husbands do not drink alcohol. Conclusion Place of residence, alcohol use by husband and family history of violence do increase a woman’s risk of ever experiencing domestic violence. Higher than secondary education acted as a protective buffer against domestic violence. Domestic violence against women is still persistent and greater efforts should be channelled into curtailing it by using a multi-stakeholder approach and enforcing stricter punishments to perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer S Owusu Adjah
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus. .,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Isaac Agbemafle
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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285
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Kamimura A, Nourian MM, Assasnik N, Franchek-Roa K. Intimate partner violence-related experiences and mental health among college students in Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 62:262-70. [PMID: 26888967 DOI: 10.1177/0020764016629700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health threat that contributes to a wide range of mental and physical health problems for victims. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine IPV-related experiences and mental health outcomes among college students in Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. METHODS The data were obtained from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS) 2001-2006 (ICPSR 29583; N = 981; Japan n = 207; Singapore n = 260; South Korea n = 256; Taiwan n = 258). RESULTS Co-experience of physical IPV victimization and perpetration was associated with borderline personality traits and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but not with depression. Childhood sexual abuse, gender hostility and violence socialization were significant predictors of borderline personality traits, depression and PTSD. While country and gender variations in mental health are noted, there are two specific populations that may need special attention for mental health interventions: Taiwanese women especially for borderline personality traits and PTSD, and Japanese men especially for depression. CONCLUSION IPV victimization and perpetration, childhood sexual abuse, gender hostility and violence socialization have a significant impact on the mental health of college students in Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Since IPV and mental health are significant public health issues, research on IPV and mental health consequences of IPV victimization and perpetration in these countries should be further expanded in order to better understand the interventions that will be effective in treating victims, perpetrators and victim/perpetrators of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kamimura
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Nushean Assasnik
- Health Society and Policy Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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286
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Roh S, Burnette CE, Lee KH, Lee YS, Easton SD. Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among Indigenous Older Adults: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Social Support. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2016; 59:316-331. [PMID: 27440061 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2016.1214659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by Indigenous older adults is virtually nonexistent. Given the associations between IPV and depression and their disproportionately high rates among Indigenous peoples in a context of historical oppression, the purpose of this inquiry is to examine how IPV and social support are associated with depressive symptoms for Indigenous older adults. We expand the knowledge base on IPV in later life, which primarily focuses on female samples, by including older men. We predicted: (a) IPV will be positively associated with depressive symptoms and (b) levels of social support will be negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses of data from a sample of Indigenous older adults (N = 233) in the Upper Midwest indicated that physical aggression (but not psychological aggression, sexual coercion, injury, or negotiation) was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonhee Roh
- Department of Social Work, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Kyoung Hag Lee
- School of Social Work, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Yeon-Shim Lee
- School of Social Work, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scott D Easton
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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287
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Tsai AC, Wolfe WR, Kumbakumba E, Kawuma A, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Bangsberg DR, Weiser SD. Prospective Study of the Mental Health Consequences of Sexual Violence Among Women Living With HIV in Rural Uganda. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:1531-1553. [PMID: 25586914 PMCID: PMC4500676 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514567966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between sexual violence and depression is well known, but the temporal aspects of the association have not been well established. We analyzed data from a cohort of 173 HIV-positive women in rural Uganda who were interviewed every 3 months for a median of 1.8 years of follow-up. The method of generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to model the marginal expectation of depression symptom severity (Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression), mental health-related quality of life (MOS-HIV Mental Health Summary), and heavy drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) as a function of self-reported forced-sex victimization in the 3 months prior to interview. Estimates were adjusted for variables known to confound the association between victimization and mental health status. To assess any potential reciprocal relationships, we reversed the temporal ordering of the exposures and outcomes and refitted similar GEE models. In multivariable analyses, victimization was associated with greater depression symptom severity (b = 0.17; 95% CI = [0.02, 0.33]) and lower mental health-related quality of life (b = -5.65; 95% CI = [-9.34, -1.96]), as well as increased risks for probable depression (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 1.58; 95% CI = [1.01, 2.49) and heavy drinking (ARR = 3.99; 95% CI = [1.84, 8.63]). We did not find strong evidence of a reciprocal relationship. Our findings suggest that forced sex is associated with adverse mental health outcomes among HIV-positive women in rural Uganda. Given the substantial mental health-related impacts of victimization, effective health sector responses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Tsai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Annet Kawuma
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
| | - Peter W Hunt
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David R Bangsberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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288
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Schwab-Reese LM, Peek-Asa C, Parker E. Associations of financial stressors and physical intimate partner violence perpetration. Inj Epidemiol 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 27747543 PMCID: PMC4771826 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-016-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contextual factors, such as exposure to stressors, may be antecedents to IPV perpetration. These contextual factors may be amenable to modification through intervention and prevention. However, few studies have examined specific contextual factors. To begin to address this gap, we examined the associations between financial stressors and three types of physical IPV perpetration. Methods This analysis used data from Wave IV of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used logistic regression to examine the associations of financial stressors and each type of IPV (minor, severe, causing injury), and multinomial logit regression to examine the associations of financial stressors and patterns of co-occurring types of IPV perpetration (only minor; only severe; minor and severe; minor, severe, and causing injury; compared with no perpetration). Results Fewer men perpetrated threats/minor physical IPV (6.7 %) or severe physical IPV (3.4 %) compared with women (11.4 % and 8.8 %, respectively). However, among physical IPV perpetrators, a higher percentage of men (32.0 %) than women (21.0 %) reported their partner was injured as a result of the IPV. In logistic regression models of each type of IPV perpetration, both the number of stressors experienced and several types of financial stressors were associated with perpetrating each type of IPV. Utilities nonpayment, housing nonpayment, food insecurity, and no phone service were associated with increased odds of perpetrating each form of IPV in adjusted analysis. Eviction was associated with perpetrating severe physical IPV but not threats/minor IPV or IPV causing injury. In multinomial logit regression comparing patterns of IPV perpetration to perpetrating no physical IPV, the relationships of financial stressors were less consistent. Food insecurity was associated with perpetrating only minor physical IPV. Comparatively, overall number of financial stressors and four types of financial stressors (utilities nonpayment, housing nonpayment, food insecurity, and disconnected phone service) were associated with perpetrating all three forms of physical IPV. Conclusions Combined with prior research, our results suggested interventions to improve financial well-being may be a novel way to reduce physical IPV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Schwab-Reese
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA. .,Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, B390, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Edith Parker
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
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289
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Kajula L, Balvanz P, Kilonzo MN, Mwikoko G, Yamanis T, Mulawa M, Kajuna D, Hill L, Conserve D, Reyes HLM, Leatherman S, Singh B, Maman S. Vijana Vijiweni II: a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a microfinance and peer health leadership intervention for HIV and intimate partner violence prevention among social networks of young men in Dar es Salaam. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:113. [PMID: 26842360 PMCID: PMC4738785 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, remain important public health problems with devastating health effects for men and women in sub-Saharan Africa. There have been calls to engage men in prevention efforts, however, we lack effective approaches to reach and engage them. Social network approaches have demonstrated effective and sustained outcomes on changing risk behaviors in the U.S. Our team has identified and engaged naturally occurring social networks comprised mostly of young men in Dar es Salaam in an intervention designed to jointly reduce STI incidence and the perpetration of IPV. These stable networks are locally referred to as “camps.” In a pilot study we demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of a combined microfinance and peer health leadership intervention within these camp-based peer networks. Methods design We are implementing a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention combining microfinance with health leadership training in 60 camps in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Half of the camps have been randomized to the intervention arm, and half to a control arm. The camps in the intervention arm will receive a combined microfinance and health leadership intervention for a period of two years. The camps in the control arm will receive a delayed intervention. We have enrolled 1,258 men across the 60 study camps. Behavioral surveys will be conducted at baseline, 12-months post intervention launch and 30-month post intervention launch and biological samples will be drawn to test for Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) at baseline and 30-months. The primary endpoints for assessing intervention impact are IPV perpetration and STI incidence. Discussion This is the first cluster-randomized trial targeting social networks of men in sub-Saharan Africa that jointly addresses HIV and IPV perpetration and has both biological and behavioral endpoints. Effective approaches to engage men in HIV and IPV prevention are needed in low resource, high prevalence settings like Tanzania. If we determine that this approach is effective, we will examine how to adapt and scale up this approach to other urban, sub-Saharan African settings. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov: NCT01865383. Registration date: May 24, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusajo Kajula
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65466, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Peter Balvanz
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mrema Noel Kilonzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65466, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gema Mwikoko
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65466, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Thespina Yamanis
- American University, School of International Service, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Marta Mulawa
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Deus Kajuna
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65466, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lauren Hill
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Donaldson Conserve
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Heathe Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sheila Leatherman
- Department of Health Policy and Management, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Basant Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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290
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Estefan LF, Coulter ML, VandeWeerd C. Depression in Women Who Have Left Violent Relationships: The Unique Impact of Frequent Emotional Abuse. Violence Against Women 2016; 22:1397-413. [PMID: 26825117 DOI: 10.1177/1077801215624792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure has been associated with poor mental health outcomes for victims, but fewer studies have examined the unique contributions of emotional abuse to mental health. This study explored the contextual relationships between the type and frequency of IPV, community factors, and emotional health. Data were collected from a community-based IPV intervention program. Logistic regression found an increased likelihood of depression for respondents who experienced emotional abuse more than once per week (odds ratio [OR] = 4.864) and were worried about contact by the abuser (OR = 5.898). Results indicate the need for specific policy and practice attention to this issue.
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291
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Shamu S, Zarowsky C, Roelens K, Temmerman M, Abrahams N. High-frequency intimate partner violence during pregnancy, postnatal depression and suicidal tendencies in Harare, Zimbabwe. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016; 38:109-14. [PMID: 26607330 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common form of violence experienced by pregnant women and is believed to have adverse mental health effects postnatally. This study investigated the association of postnatal depression (PND) and suicidal ideation with emotional, physical and sexual IPV experienced by women during pregnancy. METHODS Data were collected from 842 women interviewed postnatally in six postnatal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. We used the World Health Organization versions of IPV and Centre for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale measures to assess IPV and PND respectively. We derived a violence severity variable and combined forms of IPV variables from IPV questions. Logistic regression was used to analyse data whilst controlling for past mental health and IPV experiences. RESULTS One in five women [21.4% (95% CI 18.6-24.2)] met the diagnostic criteria for PND symptomatology whilst 21.6% (95% CI 18.8-24.4) reported postpartum suicide thoughts and 4% (95% CI 2.7-5.4) reported suicide attempts. Two thirds (65.4%) reported any form of IPV. Although individual forms of severe IPV were associated with PND, stronger associations were found between PND and severe emotional IPV or severe combined forms of IPV. Suicidal ideation was associated with emotional IPV. Other forms of IPV, except when combined with emotional IPV, were not individually associated with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Emotional IPV during pregnancy negatively affects women's mental health in the postnatal period. Clinicians and researchers should include it in their conceptualisation of violence and health. Further research must look at possible indirect relationships between sexual and physical IPV on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simukai Shamu
- Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa; Foundation for Professional Development, 0184 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Christina Zarowsky
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Kristien Roelens
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Temmerman
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa
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292
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Kingston D, Heaman M, Urquia M, O’Campo P, Janssen P, Thiessen K, Smylie J. Correlates of Abuse Around the Time of Pregnancy: Results from a National Survey of Canadian Women. Matern Child Health J 2015; 20:778-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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293
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Pregnancy Intention and Post-partum Depressive Affect in Louisiana Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J 2015; 20:1001-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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294
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Postpartum intimate partner violence and health risks among young mothers in the United States: a prospective study. Matern Child Health J 2015; 18:1985-92. [PMID: 24562504 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed the relationship between postpartum intimate partner violence (IPV) and postpartum health risks among young mothers over time. Data were collected from 2001 to 2005 on young women aged 14-25 attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in two US cities. Postpartum IPV (i.e., emotional, physical, sexual) was assessed at 6 and 12 months after childbirth (n = 734). Four types of postpartum IPV patterns were examined: emerged IPV, dissipated IPV, repeated IPV, and no IPV. Emerged IPV occurred at 12 months postpartum, not 6 months postpartum. Dissipated IPV occurred at 6 months postpartum, not 12 months postpartum. Repeated IPV was reported at 6 months and 12 months postpartum. Postpartum health risks studied at both time points were perceived stress, depression, fear of condom negotiation, condom use, infant sleeping problems, and parental stress. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used. The proportion of young mothers reporting IPV after childbirth increased from 17.9 % at 6 months postpartum to 25.3 % at 12 months postpartum (P < 0.001). Emerged and/or repeated postpartum IPV were associated with increased perceived stress, depression, fear of condom negotiation, and infant sleeping problems as well as decreased condom use (P < 0.05). Dissipated postpartum IPV was associated with decreased depression (P < 0.05). IPV screening and prevention programs for young mothers may reduce health risks observed in this group during the postpartum period.
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295
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Montesanti SR. The role of structural and interpersonal violence in the lives of women: a conceptual shift in prevention of gender-based violence. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2015; 15:93. [PMID: 26503594 PMCID: PMC4623903 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-015-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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296
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Stöckl H, Penhale B. Intimate Partner Violence and Its Association With Physical and Mental Health Symptoms Among Older Women in Germany. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:3089-3111. [PMID: 25392386 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514554427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence is a commonly acknowledged health care issue. While numerous studies established the health implications of physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence among women of reproductive age, the evidence is scarce for older women and for other forms of intimate partner violence. This study, therefore, investigates the prevalence of intimate partner violence in its different forms and its association with physical and mental health symptoms of older women, using women of reproductive age as a reference group. This study is a cross-sectional study, utilizing data from a national representative survey of 10,264 German women aged 16 to 86 years. Rates of physical and sexual intimate partner violence in the last year decreased from 8% to 3% and 1% among women aged 16 to 49 years, 50 to 65 years, and 66 to 86 years, respectively. The prevalence of emotional and economic abuse and controlling behavior by partners remained nearly the same. All forms of intimate partner violence had significant associations with women's health symptoms, such as gastrointestinal, psychosomatic and psychological symptoms, and pelvic problems. Controlling behavior was most consistently associated with most health symptoms. Health and care professionals who screen women for intimate partner violence should, therefore, consider incorporating questions about controlling behavior as well, because this form of violence is not only frequent but also has multiple health outcomes among women across all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Stöckl
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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297
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Wosu AC, Gelaye B, Williams MA. History of childhood sexual abuse and risk of prenatal and postpartum depression or depressive symptoms: an epidemiologic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015; 18:659-71. [PMID: 25956589 PMCID: PMC4565760 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-015-0533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the literature (and to the extent possible, report the magnitude and direction of the association) concerning history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and depression or depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum women. Publications were identified through literature searches of seven databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PyscINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and Science Direct) using keywords including "child abuse," "depression," "pregnancy," "prenatal," "pregnancy," and "postpartum." The literature search yielded seven eligible studies on the prenatal period and another seven studies on the postpartum period. All but one prenatal study observed statistically significant positive associations of CSA with depression or depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Findings on the association of CSA with postpartum depression or depressive symptoms were inconsistent; pooled unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were 1.82 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.92, 3.60) and 1.20 (95 % CI 0.81, 1.76). In sum, findings suggest a positive association of history of CSA with depression and depressive symptoms in the prenatal period. Findings on the postpartum period were inconsistent. Clinical and public health implications of evidence from the available literature are discussed, as are desirable study design characteristics of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaeze C. Wosu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle A. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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298
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Glass N, Clough A, Case J, Hanson G, Barnes-Hoyt J, Waterbury A, Alhusen J, Ehrensaft M, Grace KT, Perrin N. A safety app to respond to dating violence for college women and their friends: the MyPlan study randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:871. [PMID: 26350482 PMCID: PMC4563945 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research demonstrates high rates of physical and sexual victimization of women by intimate partners on college campuses (Black et al. 2001). College women in abusive relationships must weigh complex factors (health, academics, economics, and social stigma) during critical decision-making regarding the relationship. Rather than access formal support systems (e.g., campus security, administrators, counselors), research indicates abused college women most often turn to informal networks; specifically friends (Perspect Psychiatr Care 41:162-171, 2005), who often lack the knowledge or resources to provide effective support (Nurs Res 54(4):235-242, 2005). Decision aids have been shown to assist with health-related decisions by improving knowledge, creating realistic expectations, and resolving decisional conflict (Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:1-332, 2014). METHODS/DESIGN This study is a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an interactive safety decision aid web-based and smartphone application (App) for abused college women and their friends. Three hundred female college students experiencing abuse and three hundred friends of female college students experiencing abuse will be recruited in Maryland and Oregon and randomized to either the intervention safety decision aid, accessible by website or smartphone App, or a usual safety planning control website/App. The intervention App allows users to enter information on: a) relationship health; b) safety priorities; and c) severity of violence/danger in relationship. The App uses this information to provide personalized safety planning information and resources. Self-reported outcome measures for abused college women on safety seeking behaviors, decisional conflict, IPV exposure and mental health will be collected at baseline, six, and 12-months post-baseline via the study App/website. Outcomes measured for friends are IPV awareness, confidence to intervene, supportive behaviors and decisional conflict. Protocols for safely recruiting, retaining and collecting data from abused women via web/App are discussed. DISCUSSION This trial may provide important information on the impact of an App and web-based safety planning tool on college women's decisional conflict and safety behavior use when making difficult safety decisions. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to test an intervention that engages friends of abused college women. The trial may also inform researchers on the feasibility of safely conducting research with abused women using online recruitment and enrollment methods and collecting data via an App or website. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02236663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Glass
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Amber Clough
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - James Case
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Ginger Hanson
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jamie Barnes-Hoyt
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Amy Waterbury
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jeanne Alhusen
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | | | - Karen Trister Grace
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, SON 439, 525 Wolfe St, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Nancy Perrin
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.
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299
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Brook DW, Lee JY, Morojele NK, Rosenberg G, Brook JS. Predictors of Childhood Depressed Mood: A Two-Generational Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:2786-2794. [PMID: 26539024 PMCID: PMC4628816 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study tests a model of intergenerational influences on childhood depressed mood that proposes (1) indirect and direct paths from maternal drug use to offspring depressed mood; and (2) pathways from maternal maladaptive personality attributes to offspring depressed mood via adverse child-rearing practices. A cross-sectional two-generational design is employed. Data was obtained utilizing structured questionnaires administered by trained interviewers in the homes of the participants. The sample was comprised of African American and Puerto Rican children (N=210) and their mothers living in New York City. Using structural equation modeling, the analysis showed that maladaptive personality attributes are associated with adverse maternal child-rearing practices, which, in turn, are related to depressed mood in the offspring. Maternal drug use had a direct effect on offspring depressed mood. Maternal drug use also had an indirect path to offspring depressed mood via maladaptive personality attributes and adverse maternal child-rearing practices. The total effects analysis indicated that adverse maternal child-rearing practices was the strongest predictor of childhood depressed mood. This finding was consistent with the proximal position of the latent construct within the model. Maternal personality attributes and drug use were of lesser importance, but still statistically significant. The results suggest that maternal drug use and maladaptive personality attributes pose risks for the future depressive mood of children. The relative strength of maternal involvement with offspring should be the focus of preventive and therapeutic intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15 Floor, New York
| | - Jung Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15 Floor, New York
| | - Neo K. Morojele
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gary Rosenberg
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Judith S. Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Ave., 15 Floor, New York
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300
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Copp JE, Kuhl DC, Giordano PC, Longmore MA, Manning WD. Intimate partner violence in neighborhood context: The roles of structural disadvantage, subjective disorder, and emotional distress. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 53:59-72. [PMID: 26188438 PMCID: PMC4509556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most theoretical treatments of intimate partner violence (IPV) focus on individual-level processes. Some researchers have attempted to situate IPV within the larger neighborhood context, but few studies have sought to link structural- and individual-level factors. The current analyses fill a research gap by examining the role of anger and depression in the association between neighborhood disadvantage and IPV. Using data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) and the 2000 Census, this study focuses on structural indicators of disadvantage as well as subjective disorder, and highlights the complex associations between neighborhood conditions, emotional distress, and IPV. Findings indicate that anger and depressive symptoms partially explain the association between neighborhood disadvantage and IPV. Additionally, the associations between disadvantage, disorder, and IPV depend on respondent's level of anger. Results underscore the need to further consider the role of neighborhood factors (both objective and subjective) in relation to IPV, and also suggest the utility of introducing individual-level emotional measures to assess the circumstances under which neighborhoods matter most.
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