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Hochberger W, Combs T, Reilly J, Bishop J, Keefe R, Clementz B, Keshavan M, Pearlson G, Tamminga C, Hill SK, Sweeney J. Deviation from expected cognitive ability across psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:300-307. [PMID: 28545944 PMCID: PMC5699979 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show a deficit in cognitive ability compared to estimated premorbid and familial intellectual abilities. However, the degree to which this pattern holds across psychotic disorders and is familial is unclear. The present study examined deviation from expected cognitive level in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic bipolar disorder probands and their first-degree relatives. Using a norm-based regression approach, parental education and WRAT-IV Reading scores (both significant predictors of cognitive level in the healthy control group) were used to predict global neuropsychological function as measured by the composite score from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) test in probands and relatives. When compared to healthy control group, psychotic probands showed a significant gap between observed and predicted BACS composite scores and a greater likelihood of robust cognitive decline. This effect was not seen in unaffected relatives. While BACS and WRAT-IV Reading scores were themselves highly familial, the decline in cognitive function from expectation had lower estimates of familiality. Thus, illness-related factors such as epigenetic, treatment, or pathophysiological factors may be important causes of illness related decline in cognitive abilities across psychotic disorders. This is consistent with the markedly greater level of cognitive impairment seen in affected individuals compared to their unaffected family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Hochberger
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Psychology
| | - T. Combs
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Psychology
| | - J.L. Reilly
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - J.R. Bishop
- University of Minnesota, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry
| | - R.S.E. Keefe
- Duke University, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Psychology
| | | | | | - G.D. Pearlson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - C.A. Tamminga
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry
| | - S. K. Hill
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Psychology,Corresponding author at: Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Psychology, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, , Phone: (847) 578-8748
| | - J.A. Sweeney
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience
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252
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Laurin C, Cuellar-Partida G, Hemani G, Smith GD, Yang J, Evans DM. Partitioning Phenotypic Variance Due to Parent-of-Origin Effects Using Genomic Relatedness Matrices. Behav Genet 2018; 48:67-79. [PMID: 29098496 PMCID: PMC5752821 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new method, G-REMLadp, to estimate the phenotypic variance explained by parent-of-origin effects (POEs) across the genome. Our method uses restricted maximum likelihood analysis of genome-wide genetic relatedness matrices based on individuals' phased genotypes. Genome-wide SNP data from parent child duos or trios is required to obtain relatedness matrices indexing the parental origin of offspring alleles, as well as offspring phenotype data to partition the trait variation into variance components. To calibrate the power of G-REMLadp to detect non-null POEs when they are present, we provide an analytic approximation derived from Haseman-Elston regression. We also used simulated data to quantify the power and Type I Error rates of G-REMLadp, as well as the sensitivity of its variance component estimates to violations of underlying assumptions. We subsequently applied G-REMLadp to 36 phenotypes in a sample of individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We found that the method does not seem to be inherently biased in estimating variance due to POEs, and that substantial correlation between parental genotypes is necessary to generate biased estimates. Our empirical results, power calculations and simulations indicate that sample sizes over 10000 unrelated parent-offspring duos will be necessary to detect POEs explaining < 10% of the variance with moderate power. We conclude that POEs tagged by our genetic relationship matrices are unlikely to explain large proportions of the phenotypic variance (i.e. > 15%) for the 36 traits that we have examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Laurin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Abstract
In the face of shifting demographics and an increase in human longevity, it is important to examine carefully what is known about cognitive ageing, and to identify and promote possibly malleable lifestyle and health-related factors that might mitigate age-associated cognitive decline. The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921, n = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936, n = 1091) are longitudinal studies of cognitive and brain ageing based in Scotland. Childhood IQ data are available for these participants, who were recruited in later life and then followed up regularly. This overview summarises some of the main LBC findings to date, illustrating the possible genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive function (level and change) and brain imaging biomarkers in later life. Key associations include genetic variation, health and fitness, psychosocial and lifestyle factors, and aspects of the brain's structure. It addresses some key methodological issues such as confounding by early-life intelligence and social factors and emphasises areas requiring further investigation. Overall, the findings that have emerged from the LBC studies highlight that there are multiple correlates of cognitive ability level in later life, many of which have small effects, that there are as yet few reliable predictors of cognitive change, and that not all of the correlates have independent additive associations. The concept of marginal gains, whereby there might be a cumulative effect of small incremental improvements across a wide range of lifestyle and health-related factors, may offer a useful way to think about and promote a multivariate recipe for healthy cognitive and brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corley
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - S R Cox
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - I J Deary
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
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254
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Zheng Y, Rijsdijk F, Arden R. Differential environmental influences on the development of cognitive abilities during childhood. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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O'Connell M. The power of cognitive ability in explaining educational test performance, relative to other ostensible contenders. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Genzel L, Pawlowski M, Steiger A, Bódizs R, Dresler M. The sleep EEG spectrum is a sexually dimorphic marker of general intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18070. [PMID: 29273758 PMCID: PMC5741768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the EEG spectrum in sleep relies on genetic and anatomical factors and forms an individual "EEG fingerprint". Spectral components of EEG were shown to be connected to mental ability both in sleep and wakefulness. EEG sleep spindle correlates of intelligence, however, exhibit a sexual dimorphism, with a more pronounced association to intelligence in females than males. In a sample of 151 healthy individuals, we investigated how intelligence is related to spectral components of full-night sleep EEG, while controlling for the effects of age. A positive linear association between intelligence and REM anterior beta power was found in females but not males. Transient, spindle-like "REM beta tufts" are described in the EEG of healthy subjects, which may reflect the functioning of a recently described cingular-prefrontal emotion and motor regulation network. REM sleep frontal high delta power was a negative correlate of intelligence. NREM alpha and sigma spectral power correlations with intelligence did not unequivocally remain significant after multiple comparisons correction, but exhibited a similar sexual dimorphism. These results suggest that the neural oscillatory correlates of intelligence in sleep are sexually dimorphic, and they are not restricted to either sleep spindles or NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rommelse N, Antshel K, Smeets S, Greven C, Hoogeveen L, Faraone SV, Hartman CA. High intelligence and the risk of ADHD and other psychopathology. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:359-364. [PMID: 29051177 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundHigh intelligence may be associated with positive (adaptive, desired) outcomes, but may also come with disadvantages.AimsTo contribute empirically to the debate concerning whether a trade-off in IQ scores exists in relation to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related problems, suggesting that high intelligence - like low intelligence - increases the risk of ADHD.MethodCurves of the relation between IQ score and ADHD problems were fitted to questionnaire data (parent, teacher, self-report} in a population-based study of 2221 children and adolescents aged 10-12 years. Externalising and internalising problems were included for comparison purposes.ResultsHigher IQ score was most strongly related to fewer attention problems, with more rater discrepancy in the high v. average IQ range. Attention problems - but only minimally hyperactivity/impulsivity problems - predicted functional impairment at school, also in the higher IQ range.ConclusionsAttention problems in highly intelligent children are exceptional and affect school performance; they are therefore a reason for clinical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Rommelse
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Antshel
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Smeets
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina Greven
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Hoogeveen
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Nanda Rommelse, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kevin Antshel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York, USA; Stijn Smeets, PhD, Center for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Corina Grever, PhD, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, London, UK; Lianne Hoogeveer, PhD, Centre for Giftedness Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Stephen V. Faraore, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA, and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Catharina A. Hartmar, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation and Research, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Verhallen RJ, Bosten JM, Goodbourn PT, Lawrance-Owen AJ, Bargary G, Mollon J. General and specific factors in the processing of faces. Vision Res 2017; 141:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lam M, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets. Cell Rep 2017; 21:2597-2613. [PMID: 29186694 PMCID: PMC5789458 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a large (n = 107,207) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of general cognitive ability ("g"), further enhanced by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with general cognitive ability. Results showed significant enrichment for genes causing Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis implicated the biological processes of neurogenesis and synaptic regulation, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker, and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide and epigenome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated loci were enriched for genes expressed across all brain regions (most strongly in the cerebellum). Enrichment was exclusive to genes expressed in neurons but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Finally, we report genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes including psychiatric disorders, several autoimmune disorders, longevity, and maternal age at first birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deborah K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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261
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Evans DW, Uljarević M. Parental education accounts for variability in the IQs of probands with Down syndrome: A longitudinal study. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:29-33. [PMID: 29159970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that variability in probands' phenotypes, including physical features, cognitive abilities, social functioning, and other developmental domains, is influenced by parental traits. Here we examine the role of parental education as a factor contributing to the variability of intelligence quotient (IQ) of offspring with trisomy 21. Participants were 43 probands with trisomy 21, aged 4-21 years of age, and their parents. Data were collected on parental education, and a bi-parental mean education score (BMES) was calculated. Probands' cognitive abilities were assessed by the Stanford-Binet 4th edition at baseline (T1), and again 24 months later (T2). Probands were placed into one of two age groups: 4-12 years and 13-21 years. Results indicated higher parent-proband correlations in Age Group 2 (mean r = .47) relative to Age Group 1 (mean r = .33) and increasing parent-proband correlations across time, with mean correlations of Age Group 1, T1: r = .26, T2: 39; Age Group 2 T1: r = .49, T2: r = 46. Despite the expected IQ deficits observed in trisomy 21 probands, parental education may still contribute to the variability of probands' cognitive abilities. These findings are consistent with the literature noting increasing heritability of IQ with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Evans
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Mirko Uljarević
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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262
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Lee JK, Ding Y, Conrad AL, Cattaneo E, Epping E, Mathews K, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Cahill L, Magnotta V, Schlaggar BL, Perlmutter JS, Kim REY, Dawson JD, Nopoulos P. Sex-specific effects of the Huntington gene on normal neurodevelopment. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:398-408. [PMID: 27870408 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a gene (HTT) with a unique feature of trinucleotide repeats ranging from 10 to 35 in healthy people; when expanded beyond 39 repeats, Huntington disease develops. Animal models demonstrate that HTT is vital to brain development; however, this has not been studied in humans. Moreover, evidence suggests that triplet repeat genes may have been vital in evolution of the human brain. Here we evaluate brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging and brain function using cognitive tests in a sample of school-aged children ages 6 to 18 years old. DNA samples were processed to quantify the number of CAG repeats within HTT. We find that the number of repeats in HTT, below disease threshold, confers advantageous changes in brain structure and general intelligence (IQ): the higher the number of repeats, the greater the change in brain structure, and the higher the IQ. The pattern of structural brain changes associated with HTT is strikingly different between males and females. HTT may confer an advantage or a disadvantage depending on the repeat length, playing a key role in either the evolution of a superior human brain or development of a uniquely human brain disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy L Conrad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Epping
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathy Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larry Cahill
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Vincent Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Regina E Y Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey D Dawson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peg Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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263
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Impact of diet-derived signaling molecules on human cognition: exploring the food-brain axis. NPJ Sci Food 2017; 1:2. [PMID: 31304244 PMCID: PMC6548416 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-017-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes that define mammalian physiology evolved millions of years ago in response to ancient signaling molecules, most of which were acquired by ingestion and digestion. In this way, evolution inextricably linked diet to all major physiological systems including the nervous system. The importance of diet in neurological development is well documented, although the mechanisms by which diet-derived signaling molecules (DSMs) affect cognition are poorly understood. Studies on the positive impact of nutritive and non-nutritive bioactive molecules on brain function are encouraging but lack the statistical power needed to demonstrate strong positive associations. Establishing associations between DSMs and cognitive functions like mood, memory and learning are made even more difficult by the lack of robust phenotypic markers that can be used to accurately and reproducibly measure the effects of DSMs. Lastly, it is now apparent that processes like neurogenesis and neuroplasticity are embedded within layers of interlocked signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks. Within these interdependent pathways and networks, the various transducers of DSMs are used combinatorially to produce those emergent adaptive gene expression responses needed for stimulus-induced neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Taken together, it appears that cognition is encoded genomically and modified by epigenetics and epitranscriptomics to produce complex transcriptional programs that are exquisitely sensitive to signaling molecules from the environment. Models for how DSMs mediate the interplay between the environment and various neuronal processes are discussed in the context of the food–brain axis.
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264
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Perry A, Wen W, Kochan NA, Thalamuthu A, Sachdev PS, Breakspear M. The independent influences of age and education on functional brain networks and cognition in healthy older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5094-5114. [PMID: 28685910 PMCID: PMC6866868 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by a constellation of changes in cognitive processes and alterations in functional brain networks. The relationships between brain networks and cognition during aging in later life are moderated by demographic and environmental factors, such as prior education, in a poorly understood manner. Using multivariate analyses, we identified three latent patterns (or modes) linking resting-state functional connectivity to demographic and cognitive measures in 101 cognitively normal elders. The first mode (P = 0.00043) captures an opposing association between age and core cognitive processes such as attention and processing speed on functional connectivity patterns. The functional subnetwork expressed by this mode links bilateral sensorimotor and visual regions through key areas such as the parietal operculum. A strong, independent association between years of education and functional connectivity loads onto a second mode (P = 0.012), characterized by the involvement of key hub regions. A third mode (P = 0.041) captures weak, residual brain-behavior relations. Our findings suggest that circuits supporting lower level cognitive processes are most sensitive to the influence of age in healthy older adults. Education, and to a lesser extent, executive functions, load independently onto functional networks-suggesting that the moderating effect of education acts upon networks distinct from those vulnerable with aging. This has important implications in understanding the contribution of education to cognitive reserve during healthy aging. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5094-5114, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Perry
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- Program of Mental Health Research, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueensland4006Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Nicole A. Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Michael Breakspear
- Program of Mental Health Research, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueensland4006Australia
- Metro North Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerstonQueensland4029Australia
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265
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Frey R, Pedroni A, Mata R, Rieskamp J, Hertwig R. Risk preference shares the psychometric structure of major psychological traits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701381. [PMID: 28983511 PMCID: PMC5627985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To what extent is there a general factor of risk preference, R, akin to g, the general factor of intelligence? Can risk preference be regarded as a stable psychological trait? These conceptual issues persist because few attempts have been made to integrate multiple risk-taking measures, particularly measures from different and largely unrelated measurement traditions (self-reported propensity measures assessing stated preferences, incentivized behavioral measures eliciting revealed preferences, and frequency measures assessing actual risky activities). Adopting a comprehensive psychometric approach (1507 healthy adults completing 39 risk-taking measures, with a subsample of 109 participants completing a retest session after 6 months), we provide a substantive empirical foundation to address these issues, finding that correlations between propensity and behavioral measures were weak. Yet, a general factor of risk preference, R, emerged from stated preferences and generalized to specific and actual real-world risky activities (for example, smoking). Moreover, R proved to be highly reliable across time, indicative of a stable psychological trait. Our findings offer a first step toward a general mapping of the construct risk preference, which encompasses both general and domain-specific components, and have implications for the assessment of risk preference in the laboratory and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Frey
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pedroni
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Economic Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rieskamp
- Center for Economic Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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266
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How interindividual differences in brain anatomy shape reading accuracy. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:701-712. [PMID: 28916842 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to read develops throughout intensive academic learning and training. Several studies have investigated the impact of reading on the brain, and particularly how the anatomy of the brain changes with reading acquisition. In the present study, we investigated the converse issue, namely whether and how reading acquisition is constrained by the anatomy of the brain. Using multimodal MRI, we found that (a) the pattern (continuous or interrupted sulcus) of the posterior part of the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS) hosting the visual word form area (VWFA) predicts reading skills in adults; that (b) this effect is modulated by the age of reading acquisition; and that (c) the length of the OTS sulcal interruption is associated with reading skills. Because the sulcal pattern is determined in utero, our findings suggest that individual difference in reading skills can be traced back to early stages of brain development in addition to the well-established socioeconomic and educational factors.
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267
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Boutwell BB, Meldrum RC, Petkovsek MA. General intelligence in friendship selection: A study of preadolescent best friend dyads. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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268
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Watkins MW, Styck KM. A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis of Psychometric Intelligence and Achievement in Reading and Math. J Intell 2017; 5:E31. [PMID: 31162422 PMCID: PMC6526451 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-lagged panel analysis of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) intelligence test scores and reading and math achievement test scores of 337 students twice assessed for special education eligibility across a test-retest interval of 2.85 years was conducted. General intelligence (g) was loaded by the four WISC-IV factor index scores whereas reading and math were composite scores. After confirming measurement invariance, it was found that g, reading, and math were stable across time and synchronously correlated. The cross-lagged paths from g at time 1 to reading and math at time 2 (0.26 and 0.39, respectively) were both significantly greater than zero whereas the paths from reading and math at time 1 to g at time 2 (0.03 and 0.23, respectively) were not statistically significant. Given this pattern of relationships and extant research on the correlates of general intelligence, it was tentatively inferred that general intelligence was the temporal precursor to reading and math achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley W Watkins
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | - Kara M Styck
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA.
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269
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Safra L, Algan Y, Tecu T, Grèzes J, Baumard N, Chevallier C. Childhood harshness predicts long-lasting leader preferences. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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270
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Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Wigmore EM, Zeng Y, Hagenaars SP, Lyall DM, Thomson PA, Evans KL, Porteous DJ, Nagy R, Hayward C, Haley CS, Smith BH, Murray AD, Batty GD, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. Haplotype-based association analysis of general cognitive ability in Generation Scotland, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and UK Biobank. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:61. [PMID: 28989979 PMCID: PMC5605947 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive ability is a heritable trait with a polygenic architecture, for which several associated variants have been identified using genotype-based and candidate gene approaches. Haplotype-based analyses are a complementary technique that take phased genotype data into account, and potentially provide greater statistical power to detect lower frequency variants. Methods: In the present analysis, three cohort studies (n
total = 48,002) were utilised: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the UK Biobank. A genome-wide haplotype-based meta-analysis of cognitive ability was performed, as well as a targeted meta-analysis of several gene coding regions. Results: None of the assessed haplotypes provided evidence of a statistically significant association with cognitive ability in either the individual cohorts or the meta-analysis. Within the meta-analysis, the haplotype with the lowest observed
P-value overlapped with the D-amino acid oxidase activator (
DAOA) gene coding region. This coding region has previously been associated with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, which have all been shown to impact upon cognitive ability. Another potentially interesting region highlighted within the current genome-wide association analysis (GS:SFHS:
P = 4.09 x 10
-7), was the butyrylcholinesterase (
BCHE) gene coding region. The protein encoded by
BCHE has been shown to influence the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and its role in cognitive ability merits further investigation. Conclusions: Although no evidence was found for any haplotypes with a statistically significant association with cognitive ability, our results did provide further evidence that the genetic variants contributing to the variance of cognitive ability are likely to be of small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor M Wigmore
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yanni Zeng
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pippa A Thomson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reka Nagy
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris S Haley
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Generation Scotland, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alison D Murray
- Generation Scotland, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Generation Scotland, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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271
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Herrera-Molina R, Mlinac-Jerkovic K, Ilic K, Stöber F, Vemula SK, Sandoval M, Milosevic NJ, Simic G, Smalla KH, Goldschmidt J, Bognar SK, Montag D. Neuroplastin deletion in glutamatergic neurons impairs selective brain functions and calcium regulation: implication for cognitive deterioration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7273. [PMID: 28779130 PMCID: PMC5544750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule neuroplastin (Np) is a novel candidate to influence human intelligence. Np-deficient mice display complex cognitive deficits and reduced levels of Plasma Membrane Ca2+ ATPases (PMCAs), an essential regulator of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([iCa2+]) and neuronal activity. We show abundant expression and conserved cellular and molecular features of Np in glutamatergic neurons in human hippocampal-cortical pathways as characterized for the rodent brain. In Nptnlox/loxEmx1Cre mice, glutamatergic neuron-selective Np ablation resulted in behavioral deficits indicating hippocampal, striatal, and sensorimotor dysfunction paralleled by highly altered activities in hippocampal CA1 area, sensorimotor cortex layers I-III/IV, and the striatal sensorimotor domain detected by single-photon emission computed tomography. Altered hippocampal and cortical activities correlated with reduction of distinct PMCA paralogs in Nptnlox/loxEmx1Cre mice and increased [iCa2+] in cultured mutant neurons. Human and rodent Np enhanced the post-transcriptional expression of and co-localized with PMCA paralogs in the plasma membrane of transfected cells. Our results indicate Np as essential for PMCA expression in glutamatergic neurons allowing proper [iCa2+] regulation and normal circuit activity. Neuron-type-specific Np ablation empowers the investigation of circuit-coded learning and memory and identification of causal mechanisms leading to cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Mlinac-Jerkovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Ilic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Franziska Stöber
- Department of Systems Physiology; Special Laboratories, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sampath Kumar Vemula
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mauricio Sandoval
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Natasa Jovanov Milosevic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Simic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Department of Molecular Biology Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department of Systems Physiology; Special Laboratories, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Svjetlana Kalanj Bognar
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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272
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Liu Y, Ge R, Zhao X, Guo R, Huang L, Zhao S, Guan S, Lu W, Cui S, Wang S, Wang JH. Activity strengths of cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are correlated with transgenerational inheritance of learning ability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112401-112416. [PMID: 29348834 PMCID: PMC5762519 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The capabilities of learning and memory in parents are presumably transmitted to their offsprings, in which genetic codes and epigenetic regulations are thought as molecular bases. As neural plasticity occurs during memory formation as cellular mechanism, we aim to examine the correlation of activity strengths at cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to the transgenerational inheritance of learning ability. In a mouse model of associative learning, paired whisker and odor stimulations led to odorant-induced whisker motion, whose onset appeared fast (high learning efficiency, HLE) or slow (low learning efficiency, LLE). HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice were cross-mated to have their first generation of offsprings, filials (F1). The onset of odorant-induced whisker motion appeared a sequence of high-to-low efficiency in three groups of F1 mice that were from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Activities related to glutamatergic neurons in barrel cortices appeared a sequence of high-to-low strength in these F1 mice from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Activities related to GABAergic neurons in barrel cortices appeared a sequence of low-to-high strength in these F1 mice from HLE male and female mice, HLE female and LLE male mice as well as HLE male and LLE female mice. Neuronal activity strength was linearly correlated to learning efficiency among three groups. Thus, the coordinated activities at glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons may constitute the cellular basis for the transgenerational inheritance of learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Rongjing Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Shidi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Sudong Guan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Shan Cui
- Institute of Biophysics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shirlene Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60091, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China.,Institute of Biophysics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong 266021, China
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273
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Kamkar NH, Morton JB. CanDiD: A Framework for Linking Executive Function and Education. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1187. [PMID: 28751874 PMCID: PMC5507943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The close association between executive functions (EFs) and educational achievement has led to the idea that targeted EF training might facilitate learning and goal-directed behavior in the classroom. The evidence that training interventions have long-lasting and transferable effects is however decidedly mixed (Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 2013; Simons et al., 2016). The goal of the current paper is to propose a new CanDiD framework for re-thinking EF and its links to education. Based on findings from basic EF research, the proposed CanDiD framework highlights dynamic and contextual influences on EF and emphasizes the importance of development and individual differences for understanding these effects. Implications for remedial interventions and curriculum design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki H Kamkar
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - J B Morton
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
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274
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Class B, Dingemanse NJ, Araya‐Ajoy YG, Brommer JE. A statistical methodology for estimating assortative mating for phenotypic traits that are labile or measured with error. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Class
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuUniversity Hill Turku Finland
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural EcologyDepartment of BiologyLudwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Jon E. Brommer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuUniversity Hill Turku Finland
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275
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Schulz W, Schunck R, Diewald M, Johnson W. Pathways of Intergenerational Transmission of Advantages during Adolescence: Social Background, Cognitive Ability, and Educational Attainment. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2194-2214. [PMID: 28744703 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Educational attainment in adolescence is of paramount importance for attaining higher education and for shaping subsequent life chances. Sociological accounts focus on the role of differences in socioeconomic resources in intergenerational reproduction of educational inequalities. These often disregard the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability and the importance of children's cognitive ability to educational attainment. Psychological perspectives stress the importance of cognitive ability for educational attainment but underemphasize potentially different roles of specific socioeconomic resources in shaping educational outcomes, as well as individual differences in cognitive ability. By integrating two strands of research, a clearer picture of the pathways linking the family of origin, cognitive ability, and early educational outcomes can be reached. Using the population-based TwinLife study in Germany, we investigated multidimensional pathways linking parental socioeconomic position to their children's cognitive ability and academic track attendance in the secondary school. The sample included twins (N = 4008), respectively ages 11 and 17, and siblings (N = 801). We observed strong genetic influences on cognitive ability, whereas shared environmental influences were much more important for academic tracking. In multilevel analyses, separate dimensions of socioeconomic resources influenced child cognitive ability, controlling parental cognitive ability. Controlling adolescent cognitive ability and parental cognitive ability, parental socioeconomic resources also directly affected track attendance. This indicated that it is crucial to investigate the intertwined influences on educational outcomes in adolescence of both cognitive ability and the characteristics of the family of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schulz
- Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 10 01 31, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Schunck
- GESIS Training, GESIS - Leibniz Institute for Social Sciences, Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8, 50667, Köln, Germany
| | - Martin Diewald
- Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 10 01 31, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
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276
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Selzam S, Dale PS, Wagner RK, DeFries JC, Cederlöf M, O’Reilly PF, Krapohl E, Plomin R. Genome-Wide Polygenic Scores Predict Reading Performance Throughout the School Years. SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF READING : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF READING 2017; 21:334-349. [PMID: 28706435 PMCID: PMC5490720 DOI: 10.1080/10888438.2017.1299152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to create individual-specific genetic scores, called genome-wide polygenic scores (GPS). We used a GPS for years of education (EduYears) to predict reading performance assessed at UK National Curriculum Key Stages 1 (age 7), 2 (age 12) and 3 (age 14) and on reading tests administered at ages 7 and 12 in a UK sample of 5,825 unrelated individuals. EduYears GPS accounts for up to 5% of the variance in reading performance at age 14. GPS predictions remained significant after accounting for general cognitive ability and family socioeconomic status. Reading performance of children in the lowest and highest 12.5% of the EduYears GPS distribution differed by a mean growth in reading ability of approximately two school years. It seems certain that polygenic scores will be used to predict strengths and weaknesses in education.
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277
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Blokland GAM, Mesholam-Gately RI, Toulopoulou T, del Re EC, Lam M, DeLisi LE, Donohoe G, Walters JTR, Seidman LJ, Petryshen TL. Heritability of Neuropsychological Measures in Schizophrenia and Nonpsychiatric Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:788-800. [PMID: 27872257 PMCID: PMC5472145 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by neuropsychological deficits across many cognitive domains. Cognitive phenotypes with high heritability and genetic overlap with schizophrenia liability can help elucidate the mechanisms leading from genes to psychopathology. We performed a meta-analysis of 170 published twin and family heritability studies of >800 000 nonpsychiatric and schizophrenia subjects to accurately estimate heritability across many neuropsychological tests and cognitive domains. The proportion of total variance of each phenotype due to additive genetic effects (A), shared environment (C), and unshared environment and error (E), was calculated by averaging A, C, and E estimates across studies and weighting by sample size. Heritability ranged across phenotypes, likely due to differences in genetic and environmental effects, with the highest heritability for General Cognitive Ability (32%-67%), Verbal Ability (43%-72%), Visuospatial Ability (20%-80%), and Attention/Processing Speed (28%-74%), while the lowest heritability was observed for Executive Function (20%-40%). These results confirm that many cognitive phenotypes are under strong genetic influences. Heritability estimates were comparable in nonpsychiatric and schizophrenia samples, suggesting that environmental factors and illness-related moderators (eg, medication) do not substantially decrease heritability in schizophrenia samples, and that genetic studies in schizophrenia samples are informative for elucidating the genetic basis of cognitive deficits. Substantial genetic overlap between cognitive phenotypes and schizophrenia liability (average rg = -.58) in twin studies supports partially shared genetic etiology. It will be important to conduct comparative studies in well-powered samples to determine whether the same or different genes and genetic variants influence cognition in schizophrenia patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlla A. M. Blokland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Commonwealth Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Timothea Toulopoulou
- Psychology Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey;,Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta C. del Re
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;,Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Commonwealth Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Tracey L. Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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278
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Boutwell BB, Connolly EJ, Barbaro N, Shackelford TK, Petkovsek M, Beaver KM. On the genetic and environmental reasons why intelligence correlates with criminal victimization. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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279
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Massey SH, Hatcher AE, Clark CAC, Burns JL, Pine DS, Skol AD, Mroczek DK, Espy KA, Goldman D, Cook E, Wakschlag LS. Does MAOA increase susceptibility to prenatal stress in young children? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 61:82-91. [PMID: 28163169 PMCID: PMC5453809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated a gene-by-prenatal-environment interaction whereby the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) modified the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) on adolescent disruptive behavior (DB), with the MAOA risk genotype varying by sex. We extend this work by examining whether this mechanism is evident with another common adversity, prenatal stress exposure (PSE), and whether sex differences are present earlier in development in closer proximity to exposure. METHODS Participants were 281 mothers and their 285 children derived from a prenatal cohort with in-depth prospective measures of PSE and PTE. We assessed DB at age 5 via dimensional developmentally-sensitive measurement. Analyses were stratified by sex based on prior evidence for sex differences. RESULTS Concurrent stress exposure predicted DB in children (β=0.310, p=0.001), while main effects of prenatal exposures were seen only in boys. We found a three-way interaction of MAOA×PSE×sex on DB (β=0.813, p=0.022). Boys with MAOA-H had more DB as a function of PSE, controlling for PTE (β=0.774, p=0.015), and as a function of PTE, controlling for PSE (β=0.362, p=0.037). Boys with MAOA-L did not show this susceptibility. MAOA did not interact with PSE (β=-0.133, p=0.561) nor PTE (β=-0.144; p=0.505) in predicting DB in girls. Examination of gene-environment correlation (rGE) showed a correlation between paternal MAOA-L and daughters' concurrent stress exposure (r=-0.240, p=0.013). DISCUSSION Findings underscore complex mechanisms linking genetic susceptibility and early adverse exposures. Replication in larger cohorts followed from the pregnancy through adolescence is suggested to elucidate mechanisms that appear to have varying developmental expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair, 19(th) Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Amalia E Hatcher
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., P.O.Box 210068, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 15K North Drive, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA.
| | - Andrew D Skol
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair, 19(th) Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL60208, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., P.O.Box 210068, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Office for Research & Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32:MSC 9412, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA.
| | - Edwin Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N Saint Clair, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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280
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Rinaldi L, Karmiloff-Smith A. Intelligence as a Developing Function: A Neuroconstructivist Approach. J Intell 2017; 5:E18. [PMID: 31162409 PMCID: PMC6526422 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of intelligence encompasses the mental abilities necessary to survival and advancement in any environmental context. Attempts to grasp this multifaceted concept through a relatively simple operationalization have fostered the notion that individual differences in intelligence can often be expressed by a single score. This predominant position has contributed to expect intelligence profiles to remain substantially stable over the course of ontogenetic development and, more generally, across the life-span. These tendencies, however, are biased by the still limited number of empirical reports taking a developmental perspective on intelligence. Viewing intelligence as a dynamic concept, indeed, implies the need to identify full developmental trajectories, to assess how genes, brain, cognition, and environment interact with each other. In the present paper, we describe how a neuroconstructivist approach better explains why intelligence can rise or fall over development, as a result of a fluctuating interaction between the developing system itself and the environmental factors involved at different times across ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano 20126, Italy.
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281
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Kataja EL, Karlsson L, Tolvanen M, Parsons C, Schembri A, Kiiski-Mäki H, Karlsson H. Correlation between the Cogstate computerized measure and WAIS-IV among birth cohort mothers. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:252-258. [PMID: 28365750 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Large studies, with limited resources call for cost-effective cognitive assessment methods. Computerized tests offer viable alternatives but more data are needed on their functioning. Our aim was to evaluate the overlap between a computerized neuropsychological test battery and a traditional test of general intelligence (IQ). Method Cognitive functioning was assessed in birth cohort mothers (n = 80) with two widely used methods: Cogstate, computerized test battery, and WAIS-IV, a traditional IQ test. Correlational analyses were conducted. Results We found weak-to-moderate correlations between the measures, except for verbal comprehension. The indices of overall performance showed more consistent correlations than Subtests. Discussion The overall correlations were in accordance with earlier studies. Cogstate is relatively independent of verbal comprehension abilities. The choice of the cognitive assessment method should be strongly guided by the research question. More studies are needed to evaluate the applicability of the Cogstate Composite Score in cognitive screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Leena Kataja
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland.,The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Mimmi Tolvanen
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Community Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Christine Parsons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.,Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Adrian Schembri
- RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,CogState Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland
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282
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Williams KM, Hysi PG, Yonova-Doing E, Mahroo OA, Snieder H, Hammond CJ. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation between myopia and intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45977. [PMID: 28383074 PMCID: PMC5382686 DOI: 10.1038/srep45977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia, or near-sightedness, is our most common eye condition and the prevalence is increasing globally. Visual impairment will occur if uncorrected, whilst high myopia causes sight-threatening complications. Myopia is associated with higher intelligence. As both are heritable, we set out to examine whether there is a genetic correlation between myopia and intelligence in over 1,500 subjects (aged 14-18 years) from a twin birth cohort. The phenotypic correlation between refractive error and intelligence was -0.116 (p < 0.01) - the inverse correlation due to the fact that myopia is a negative refractive error. Bivariate twin modeling confirmed both traits were heritable (refractive error 85%, intelligence 47%) and the genetic correlation was -0.143 (95% CI -0.013 to -0.273). Of the small phenotypic correlation the majority (78%) was explained by genetic factors. Polygenic risk scores were constructed based on common genetic variants identified in previous genome-wide association studies of refractive error and intelligence. Genetic variants for intelligence and refractive error explain some of the reciprocal variance, suggesting genetic pleiotropy; in the best-fit model the polygenic score for intelligence explained 0.99% (p = 0.008) of refractive error variance. These novel findings indicate shared genetic factors contribute significantly to the covariance between myopia and intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, 3rd Floor Block D South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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283
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Cairó O. Assessing Relevance of External Cognitive Measures. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:3. [PMID: 28270753 PMCID: PMC5319308 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of modern brain imaging technologies has provided new opportunities for examining the biological essence of human intelligence as well as the relationship between brain size and cognition. Thanks to these advances, we can now state that the relationship between brain size and intelligence has never been well understood. This view is supported by findings showing that cognition is correlated more with brain tissues than sheer brain size. The complexity of cellular and molecular organization of neural connections actually determines the computational capacity of the brain. In this review article, we determine that while genotypes are responsible for defining the theoretical limits of intelligence, what is primarily responsible for determining whether those limits are reached or exceeded is experience (environmental influence). Therefore, we contend that the gene-environment interplay defines the intelligent quotient of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Cairó
- Department of Computer Science, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) Mexico City, Mexico
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284
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Wallert J, Madison G, Held C, Olsson E. Cognitive ability, lifestyle risk factors, and two-year survival in first myocardial infarction men: A Swedish National Registry study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 231:13-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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285
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Phenotypic and genetic evidence for a unifactorial structure of spatial abilities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2777-2782. [PMID: 28223478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607883114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial abilities encompass several skills differentiable from general cognitive ability (g). Importantly, spatial abilities have been shown to be significant predictors of many life outcomes, even after controlling for g. To date, no studies have analyzed the genetic architecture of diverse spatial abilities using a multivariate approach. We developed "gamified" measures of diverse putative spatial abilities. The battery of 10 tests was administered online to 1,367 twin pairs (age 19-21) from the UK-representative Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). We show that spatial abilities constitute a single factor, both phenotypically and genetically, even after controlling for g This spatial ability factor is highly heritable (69%). We draw three conclusions: (i) The high heritability of spatial ability makes it a good target for gene-hunting research; (ii) some genes will be specific to spatial ability, independent of g; and (iii) these genes will be associated with all components of spatial ability.
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286
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Realo A, van der Most PJ, Allik J, Esko T, Jeronimus BF, Kööts-Ausmees L, Mõttus R, Tropf FC, Snieder H, Ormel J. SNP-Based Heritability Estimates of Common and Specific Variance in Self- and Informant-Reported Neuroticism Scales. J Pers 2017; 85:906-919. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Realo
- University of Warwick
- University of Tartu
| | | | - Jüri Allik
- University of Tartu
- The Estonian Academy of Sciences
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre of University of Tartu
| | - Bertus F. Jeronimus
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
- University of Groningen
| | | | | | - Felix C. Tropf
- University of Groningen
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
- Estonian Genome Centre of University of Tartu
| | - Johan Ormel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
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287
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Cesarini D, Visscher PM. Genetics and educational attainment. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2017; 2:4. [PMID: 30631451 PMCID: PMC6220209 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-017-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We explore how advances in our understanding of the genetics of complex traits such as educational attainment could constructively be leveraged to advance research on education and learning. We discuss concepts and misconceptions about genetic findings with regard to causes, consequences, and policy. Our main thesis is that educational attainment as a measure that varies between individuals in a population can be subject to exactly the same experimental biological designs as other outcomes, for example, those studied in epidemiology and medical sciences, and the same caveats about interpretation and implication apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012 United States
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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288
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Faraone SV, Ghirardi L, Kuja-Halkola R, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. The Familial Co-Aggregation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Intellectual Disability: A Register-Based Family Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:167-174.e1. [PMID: 28117063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although many studies document an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability (ID), little is known about the etiology of this comorbidity and how it should be addressed in clinical settings. We sought to clarify this issue. METHOD All individuals born in Sweden between 1987 and 2006 (n = 2,049,587) were identified using the Medical Birth Register (MBR). From this we selected 7 cohorts of relatives: 1,899,654 parent-offspring pairs, 4,180 monozygotic twin pairs, 12,655 dizygotic twin pairs, 914,848 full sibling pairs, 136,962 maternal half-sibling pairs, 134,502 paternal half-sibling pairs, and 2,790,164 full cousin pairs. We used within-individual and within-family analyses to assess the association between ADHD and ID. RESULTS Individuals with ID were at increased risk for ADHD compared to those without ID, and relatives of participants with ID were at increased risk of ADHD compared with relatives of those without ID. The magnitude of this association was positively associated with the fraction of the genome shared by the relative pair and was lower for severe compared with mild and moderate ID. Model-fitting analyses demonstrated that 91% of the correlation between the liabilities of ADHD and ID was attributable to genetic factors. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that nearly all of the comorbidity between ADHD and ID can be attributed to genetic factors, which has implications for diagnostic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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289
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Selzam S, Krapohl E, von Stumm S, O'Reilly PF, Rimfeld K, Kovas Y, Dale PS, Lee JJ, Plomin R. Predicting educational achievement from DNA. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:267-272. [PMID: 27431296 PMCID: PMC5285461 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A genome-wide polygenic score (GPS), derived from a 2013 genome-wide association study (N=127,000), explained 2% of the variance in total years of education (EduYears). In a follow-up study (N=329,000), a new EduYears GPS explains up to 4%. Here, we tested the association between this latest EduYears GPS and educational achievement scores at ages 7, 12 and 16 in an independent sample of 5825 UK individuals. We found that EduYears GPS explained greater amounts of variance in educational achievement over time, up to 9% at age 16, accounting for 15% of the heritable variance. This is the strongest GPS prediction to date for quantitative behavioral traits. Individuals in the highest and lowest GPS septiles differed by a whole school grade at age 16. Furthermore, EduYears GPS was associated with general cognitive ability (~3.5%) and family socioeconomic status (~7%). There was no evidence of an interaction between EduYears GPS and family socioeconomic status on educational achievement or on general cognitive ability. These results are a harbinger of future widespread use of GPS to predict genetic risk and resilience in the social and behavioral sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selzam
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - E Krapohl
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - S von Stumm
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - P F O'Reilly
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - K Rimfeld
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Y Kovas
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
- Laboratory for Cognitive Investigations and Behavioural Genetics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - P S Dale
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Plomin
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
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290
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Winegard B, Winegard B, Boutwell B. Human Biological and Psychological Diversity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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291
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Hõrak P, Valge M. Father's death does not affect growth and maturation but hinders reproduction: evidence from adolescent girls in post-war Estonia. Biol Lett 2017; 11:20150752. [PMID: 26673934 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The popular concept of predictive-adaptive responses poses that girls growing up without a father present in the family mature and start reproduction earlier because the father's absence is a cue for environmental harshness and uncertainty that favours switching to a precocious life-history strategy. Most studies supporting this concept have been performed in situations where the father's absence is caused by divorce or abandonment. Using a dataset of Estonian adolescent girls who had lost their fathers over the period of World War II, we show that father's death did not affect the rate of pubertal maturation (assessed on the basis of development of breasts and axillary hair) or growth. Father's death did not affect the age of first birth but, contrary to predictions, reduced lifetime reproductive success. Our findings thus do not support the concept of predictive-adaptive responses and suggest that alternative explanations for covariation between fatherlessness and early maturation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Hõrak
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Markus Valge
- Institute of Psychology, Tartu University, Näituse 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia
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292
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Stern E. Individual differences in the learning potential of human beings. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 30631449 PMCID: PMC6220331 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-016-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the genetic foundations that guide human brain development have not changed fundamentally during the past 50,000 years. However, because of their cognitive potential, humans have changed the world tremendously in the past centuries. They have invented technical devices, institutions that regulate cooperation and competition, and symbol systems, such as script and mathematics, that serve as reasoning tools. The exceptional learning ability of humans allows newborns to adapt to the world they are born into; however, there are tremendous individual differences in learning ability among humans that become obvious in school at the latest. Cognitive psychology has developed models of memory and information processing that attempt to explain how humans learn (general perspective), while the variation among individuals (differential perspective) has been the focus of psychometric intelligence research. Although both lines of research have been proceeding independently, they increasingly converge, as both investigate the concepts of working memory and knowledge construction. This review begins with presenting state-of-the-art research on human information processing and its potential in academic learning. Then, a brief overview of the history of psychometric intelligence research is combined with presenting recent work on the role of intelligence in modern societies and on the nature-nurture debate. Finally, promising approaches to integrating the general and differential perspective will be discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth Stern
- ETH Zürich, Clausiusstrasse 59, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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293
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Wallert J, Lissåker C, Madison G, Held C, Olsson E. Young adulthood cognitive ability predicts statin adherence in middle-aged men after first myocardial infarction: A Swedish National Registry study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:639-646. [PMID: 28195516 PMCID: PMC5407503 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317693951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive ability (CA) is positively related to later health, health literacy, health behaviours and longevity. Accordingly, a lower CA is expected to be associated with poorer adherence to medication. We investigated the long-term role of CA in adherence to prescribed statins in male patients after a first myocardial infarction (MI). Methods CA was estimated at 18–20 years of age from Military Conscript Register data for first MI male patients (≤60 years) and was related to the one- and two-year post-MI statin adherence on average 30 years later. Background and clinical data were retrieved through register linkage with the unselected national quality register SWEDEHEART for acute coronary events (Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admissions) and secondary prevention (Secondary Prevention after Heart Intensive Care Admission). Previous and present statin prescription data were obtained from the Prescribed Drug Register and adherence was calculated as ≥80% of prescribed dispensations assuming standard dosage. Logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted associations. The primary analyses used 2613 complete cases and imputing incomplete cases rendered a sample of 4061 cases for use in secondary (replicated) analyses. Results One standard deviation increase in CA was positively associated with both one-year (OR 1.15 (CI 1.01–1.31), P < 0.05) and two-year (OR 1.14 (CI 1.02–1.27), P < 0.05) adherence to prescribed statins. Only smoking attenuated the CA–adherence association after adjustment for a range of > 20 covariates. Imputed and complete case analyses yielded very similar results. Conclusions CA estimated on average 30 years earlier in young adulthood is a risk indicator for statin adherence in first MI male patients aged ≤60 years. Future research should include older and female patients and more socioeconomic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wallert
- 1 Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Claudia Lissåker
- 1 Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Guy Madison
- 2 Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Claes Held
- 3 Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,4 Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsson
- 1 Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
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294
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Burhan NAS, Yunus MM, Tovar MEL, Burhan NMG. Why are cognitive abilities of children so different across countries? The link between major socioeconomic factors and PISA test scores. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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295
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Crosswaite M, Asbury K. 'Mr Cummings clearly does not understand the science of genetics and should maybe go back to school on the subject': an exploratory content analysis of the online comments beneath a controversial news story. LIFE SCIENCES, SOCIETY AND POLICY 2016; 12:11. [PMID: 27812855 PMCID: PMC5095087 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An article published in the UK Guardian on 11/10/2013 with the headline 'Genetics outweighs teaching, Gove advisor tells his boss' reported a leaked document written by special advisor Dominic Cummings to the then UK Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove. The article generated 3008 on-line reader comments from the public. These reader comments offer a naturalistic opportunity to understand public opinion regarding Cummings' controversial suggestions and ideas. We conducted a content analysis of n = 800 reader comments, coding them on the basis of level of agreement with the ideas and opinions expressed in the article. Of all aspects of education mentioned, Cummings' reported views on genetics were commented upon most frequently and were subject to the most opposition from commenters, but also the most support. Findings offer some insight into the challenges involved in conducting public discourse about the relevance of genes in education. We discuss the accuracy with which Cummings' views were presented and the effect this may have had on reader responses to the points being raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Crosswaite
- Department of Education, Derwent College, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Kathryn Asbury
- Department of Education, Derwent College, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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296
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Boyle GJ, Stankov L, Martin NG, Petrides K, Eysenck MW, Ortet G. Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell on intelligence and personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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297
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An evidenced-based perspective on the validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of high intelligence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:21-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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298
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Hagenaars SP, Harris SE, Davies G, Hill WD, Liewald DCM, Ritchie SJ, Marioni RE, Fawns-Ritchie C, Cullen B, Malik R, Worrall BB, Sudlow CLM, Wardlaw JM, Gallacher J, Pell J, McIntosh AM, Smith DJ, Gale CR, Deary IJ. Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and physical and mental health in UK Biobank (N=112 151) and 24 GWAS consortia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1624-1632. [PMID: 26809841 PMCID: PMC5078856 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Causes of the well-documented association between low levels of cognitive functioning and many adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes, poorer physical health and earlier death remain unknown. We used linkage disequilibrium regression and polygenic profile scoring to test for shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disorders and physical health. Using information provided by many published genome-wide association study consortia, we created polygenic profile scores for 24 vascular-metabolic, neuropsychiatric, physiological-anthropometric and cognitive traits in the participants of UK Biobank, a very large population-based sample (N=112 151). Pleiotropy between cognitive and health traits was quantified by deriving genetic correlations using summary genome-wide association study statistics and to the method of linkage disequilibrium score regression. Substantial and significant genetic correlations were observed between cognitive test scores in the UK Biobank sample and many of the mental and physical health-related traits and disorders assessed here. In addition, highly significant associations were observed between the cognitive test scores in the UK Biobank sample and many polygenic profile scores, including coronary artery disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism, major depressive disorder, body mass index, intracranial volume, infant head circumference and childhood cognitive ability. Where disease diagnosis was available for UK Biobank participants, we were able to show that these results were not confounded by those who had the relevant disease. These findings indicate that a substantial level of pleiotropy exists between cognitive abilities and many human mental and physical health disorders and traits and that it can be used to predict phenotypic variance across samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W D Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - METASTROKE Consortium, International Consortium for Blood Pressure GWAS
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - SpiroMeta Consortium
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - CHARGE Consortium Pulmonary Group, CHARGE Consortium Aging and Longevity Group
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - B B Worrall
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C L M Sudlow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Differential effects of factors influencing cognitive development at the age of 5-to-6 years. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Heikkilä K, Koskenvuo M, Svedberg P, Silventoinen K, Ropponen A. Association between education and future leisure-time physical inactivity: a study of Finnish twins over a 35-year follow-up. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:720. [PMID: 27492437 PMCID: PMC4973543 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Education is associated with health related lifestyle choices including leisure-time physical inactivity. However, the longitudinal associations between education and inactivity merit further studies. We investigated the association between education and leisure-time physical inactivity over a 35-year follow-up with four time points controlling for multiple covariates including familial confounding. Methods This study of the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort consisted of 5254 twin individuals born in 1945–1957 (59 % women), of which 1604 were complete same-sexed twin pairs. Data on leisure-time physical activity and multiple covariates was available from four surveys conducted in 1975, 1981, 1990 and 2011 (response rates 72 to 89 %). The association between years of education and leisure-time physical inactivity (<1.5 metabolic equivalent hours/day) was first analysed for each survey. Then, the role of education was investigated for 15-year and 35-year inactivity periods in the longitudinal analyses. The co-twin control design was used to analyse the potential familial confounding of the effects. All analyses were conducted with and without multiple covariates. Odds Ratios (OR) with 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic and conditional (fixed-effects) regression models. Results Each additional year of education was associated with less inactivity (OR 0.94 to 0.95, 95 % CI 0.92, 0.99) in the cross-sectional age- and sex-adjusted analyses. The associations of education with inactivity in the 15- and 35-year follow-ups showed a similar trend: OR 0.97 (95 % CI 0.93, 1.00) and OR 0.94 (95 % CI 0.91, 0.98), respectively. In all co-twin control analyses, each year of higher education was associated with a reduced likelihood of inactivity suggesting direct effect (i.e. independent from familial confounding) of education on inactivity. However, the point estimates were lower than in the individual-level analyses. Adjustment for multiple covariates did not change these associations. Conclusions Higher education is associated with lower odds of leisure-time physical inactivity during the three-decade follow-up. The association was found after adjusting for several confounders, including familial factors. Hence, the results point to the conclusion that education has an independent role in the development of long-term physical inactivity and tailored efforts to promote physical activity among lower educated people would be needed throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Piirtola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 (Tukholmankatu 8, 2B), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 (Tukholmankatu 8, 2B), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 (Tukholmankatu 8, 2B), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 (Tukholmankatu 8, 2B), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Svedberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karri Silventoinen
- Department of Social Research, Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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