251
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Singh SK, Chien CT, Chang IF. The Arabidopsis glutamate receptor-like gene GLR3.6 controls root development by repressing the Kip-related protein gene KRP4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1853-1869. [PMID: 26773810 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, 20 genes encode putative glutamate receptor-like proteins (AtGLRs). However, the functions of most genes are unknown. In this study, our results revealed that loss of function of AtGLR3.6 (atglr3.6-1) leads to reduced primary root growth and fewer lateral roots, whereas AtGLR3.6 overexpression induced both primary and lateral root growth. The glr3.6-1 mutant exhibited a smaller root meristem size compared with the wild type, indicating that AtGLR3.6 controls root meristem size. In addition, atglr3.6-1 roots show a decreased mitotic activity accounting for the reduced root meristem size. Furthermore, expression of a gene encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Kip-related protein 4 (KRP4), was significantly up-regulated in the mutant and down-regulated in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing roots, suggesting a role for KRP4 in AtGLR3.6-mediated root meristem maintenance. Importantly, the atglr3.6-1 mutant recovered most of its root growth when KRP4 expression is down-regulated, whereas elevated KRP4 expression in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing plants phenocopied the wild-type root growth, implying an underlying relationship between AtGLR3.6 and KRP4 genes. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation is reduced in atglr3.6-1 roots, suggesting impaired calcium signaling. Moreover, calcium treatment reduced the level of KRP4 and hence induced root growth. Collectively, we reveal that AtGLR3.6 is required for primary and lateral root development, and KRP4 functions as a downstream signaling element in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Singh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Te Chien
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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252
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Garnica-Vergara A, Barrera-Ortiz S, Muñoz-Parra E, Raya-González J, Méndez-Bravo A, Macías-Rodríguez L, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. The volatile 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one from Trichoderma atroviride regulates Arabidopsis thaliana root morphogenesis via auxin signaling and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 functioning. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1496-512. [PMID: 26568541 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with root microbes via chemical signaling, which modulates competence or symbiosis. Although several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fungi may affect plant growth and development, the signal transduction pathways mediating VOC sensing are not fully understood. 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) is a major VOC biosynthesized by Trichoderma spp. which is probably involved in plant-fungus cross-kingdom signaling. Using microscopy and confocal imaging, the effects of 6-PP on root morphogenesis were found to be correlated with DR5:GFP, DR5:VENUS, H2B::GFP, PIN1::PIN1::GFP, PIN2::PIN2::GFP, PIN3::PIN3::GFP and PIN7::PIN7::GFP gene expression. A genetic screen for primary root growth resistance to 6-PP in wild-type seedlings and auxin- and ethylene-related mutants allowed identification of genes controlling root architectural responses to this metabolite. Trichoderma atroviride produced 6-PP, which promoted plant growth and regulated root architecture, inhibiting primary root growth and inducing lateral root formation. 6-PP modulated expression of PIN auxin-transport proteins in a specific and dose-dependent manner in primary roots. TIR1, AFB2 and AFB3 auxin receptors and ARF7 and ARF19 transcription factors influenced the lateral root response to 6-PP, whereas EIN2 modulated 6-PP sensing in primary roots. These results indicate that root responses to 6-PP involve components of auxin transport and signaling and the ethylene-response modulator EIN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Garnica-Vergara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Salvador Barrera-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Edith Muñoz-Parra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Alejandro Méndez-Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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253
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Madeira LM, Szeto TH, Henquet M, Raven N, Runions J, Huddleston J, Garrard I, Drake PMW, Ma JKC. High-yield production of a human monoclonal IgG by rhizosecretion in hydroponic tobacco cultures. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:615-24. [PMID: 26038982 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosecretion of recombinant pharmaceuticals from in vitro hydroponic transgenic plant cultures is a simple, low cost, reproducible and controllable production method. Here, we demonstrate the application and adaptation of this manufacturing platform to a human antivitronectin IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) called M12. The rationale for specific growth medium additives was established by phenotypic analysis of root structure and by LC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of the total protein content profile of the hydroponic medium. Through a combination of optimization approaches, mAb yields in hydroponic medium reached 46 μg/mL in 1 week, the highest figure reported for a recombinant mAb in a plant secretion-based system to date. The rhizosecretome was determined to contain 104 proteins, with the mAb heavy and light chains the most abundant. This enabled evaluation of a simple, scalable extraction and purification protocol and demonstration that only minimal processing was necessary prior to protein A affinity chromatography. MALDI-TOF MS revealed that purified mAb contained predominantly complex-type plant N-glycans, in three major glycoforms. The binding of M12 purified from hydroponic medium to vitronectin was comparable to its Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived counterpart. This study demonstrates that in vitro hydroponic cultivation coupled with recombinant protein rhizosecretion can be a practical, low-cost production platform for monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Madeira
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Tim H Szeto
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Maurice Henquet
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Raven
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - John Runions
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences - Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Huddleston
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Ian Garrard
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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254
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von Wangenheim D, Fangerau J, Schmitz A, Smith RS, Leitte H, Stelzer EHK, Maizel A. Rules and Self-Organizing Properties of Post-embryonic Plant Organ Cell Division Patterns. Curr Biol 2016; 26:439-49. [PMID: 26832441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants form new organs with patterned tissue organization throughout their lifespan. It is unknown whether this robust post-embryonic organ formation results from stereotypic dynamic processes, in which the arrangement of cells follows rigid rules. Here, we combine modeling with empirical observations of whole-organ development to identify the principles governing lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. Lateral roots derive from a small pool of founder cells in which some take a dominant role as seen by lineage tracing. The first division of the founders is asymmetric, tightly regulated, and determines the formation of a layered structure. Whereas the pattern of subsequent cell divisions is not stereotypic between different samples, it is characterized by a regular switch in division plane orientation. This switch is also necessary for the appearance of patterned layers as a result of the apical growth of the primordium. Our data suggest that lateral root morphogenesis is based on a limited set of rules. They determine cell growth and division orientation. The organ-level coupling of the cell behavior ensures the emergence of the lateral root's characteristic features. We propose that self-organizing, non-deterministic modes of development account for the robustness of plant organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Fangerau
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Leitte
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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255
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Pin1At regulates PIN1 polar localization and root gravitropism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10430. [PMID: 26791759 PMCID: PMC4736118 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root gravitropism allows plants to establish root systems and its regulation depends on polar auxin transport mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. PINOID (PID) and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) act antagonistically on reversible phosphorylation of PINs. This regulates polar PIN distribution and auxin transport. Here we show that a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1At regulates root gravitropism. Downregulation of Pin1At suppresses root agravitropic phenotypes of pp2aa and 35S:PID, while overexpression of Pin1At affects root gravitropic responses and enhances the pp2aa agravitropic phenotype. Pin1At also affects auxin transport and polar localization of PIN1 in stele cells, which is mediated by PID and PP2A. Furthermore, Pin1At catalyses the conformational change of the phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs of PIN1. Thus, Pin1At mediates the conformational dynamics of PIN1 and affects PID- and PP2A-mediated regulation of PIN1 polar localization, which correlates with the regulation of root gravitropism.
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256
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Mellor N, Bennett MJ, King JR. GH3-Mediated Auxin Conjugation Can Result in Either Transient or Oscillatory Transcriptional Auxin Responses. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:210-34. [PMID: 26767838 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-015-0137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation of the phytohormone auxin to amino acids via members of the gene family GH3 is an important component in the auxin-degradation pathway in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as many other plant species. Since the GH3 genes are themselves up-regulated in response to auxin, providing a negative feedback on intracellular auxin levels, it is hypothesised that the GH3s have a role in auxin homoeostasis. To investigate this, we develop a mathematical model of auxin signalling and response that includes the auxin-inducible negative feedback from GH3 on the rate of auxin degradation. In addition, we include a positive feedback on the rate of auxin input via the auxin influx transporter LAX3, shown previously to be expressed in response to auxin and to have an important role during lateral root emergence. In the absence of the LAX3 positive feedback, we show that the GH3 negative feedback suffices to generate a transient transcriptional response to auxin in the shape of damped oscillations of the model system. When LAX3 positive feedback is present, sustained oscillations of the system are possible. Using steady-state analyses, we identify and discuss key parameters affecting the oscillatory behaviour of the model. The transient peak of auxin and subsequent transcriptional response caused by the up-regulation of GH3 represents a possible protective homoeostasis mechanism that may be used by plant cells in response to excess auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mellor
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John R King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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257
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Somssich M, Khan GA, Persson S. Cell Wall Heterogeneity in Root Development of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582757 PMCID: PMC4987334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide stability and protection to plant cells. During growth and development the composition of cell walls changes, but provides enough strength to withstand the turgor of the cells. Hence, cell walls are highly flexible and diverse in nature. These characteristics are important during root growth, as plant roots consist of radial patterns of cells that have diverse functions and that are at different developmental stages along the growth axis. Young stem cell daughters undergo a series of rapid cell divisions, during which new cell walls are formed that are highly dynamic, and that support rapid anisotropic cell expansion. Once the cells have differentiated, the walls of specific cell types need to comply with and support different cell functions. For example, a newly formed root hair needs to be able to break through the surrounding soil, while endodermal cells modify their walls at distinct positions to form Casparian strips between them. Hence, the cell walls are modified and rebuilt while cells transit through different developmental stages. In addition, the cell walls of roots readjust to their environment to support growth and to maximize nutrient uptake. Many of these modifications are likely driven by different developmental and stress signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how such pathways affect cell wall modifications and what enzymes are involved remain largely unknown. In this review we aim to compile data linking cell wall content and re-modeling to developmental stages of root cells, and dissect how root cell walls respond to certain environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Staffan Persson,
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258
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Chai C, Subudhi PK. Comprehensive Analysis and Expression Profiling of the OsLAX and OsABCB Auxin Transporter Gene Families in Rice (Oryza sativa) under Phytohormone Stimuli and Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:593. [PMID: 27200061 PMCID: PMC4853607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin regulates many aspects of plant growth and developmental processes. Auxin gradient is formed in plant as a result of polar auxin transportation by three types of auxin transporters such as OsLAX, OsPIN, and OsABCB. We report here the analysis of two rice auxin transporter gene families, OsLAX and OsABCB, using bioinformatics tools, publicly accessible microarray data, and quantitative RT-PCR. There are 5 putative OsLAXs and 22 putative OsABCBs in rice genome, which were mapped on 8 chromosomes. The exon-intron structure of OsLAX genes and properties of deduced proteins were relatively conserved within grass family, while that of OsABCB genes varied greatly. Both constitutive and organ/tissue specific expression patterns were observed in OsLAXs and OsABCBs. Analysis of evolutionarily closely related "gene pairs" together with organ/tissue specific expression revealed possible "function gaining" and "function losing" events during rice evolution. Most OsLAX and OsABCB genes were regulated by drought and salt stress, as well as hormonal stimuli [auxin and Abscisic Acid (ABA)], which suggests extensive crosstalk between abiotic stresses and hormone signaling pathways. The existence of large number of auxin and stress related cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions might account for their massive responsiveness of these genes to these environmental stimuli, indicating complexity of regulatory networks involved in various developmental and physiological processes. The comprehensive analysis of OsLAX and OsABCB auxin transporter genes in this study would be helpful for understanding the biological significance of these gene families in hormone signaling and adaptation of rice plants to unfavorable environments.
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259
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Slovak R, Ogura T, Satbhai SB, Ristova D, Busch W. Genetic control of root growth: from genes to networks. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:9-24. [PMID: 26558398 PMCID: PMC4701154 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roots are essential organs for higher plants. They provide the plant with nutrients and water, anchor the plant in the soil, and can serve as energy storage organs. One remarkable feature of roots is that they are able to adjust their growth to changing environments. This adjustment is possible through mechanisms that modulate a diverse set of root traits such as growth rate, diameter, growth direction and lateral root formation. The basis of these traits and their modulation are at the cellular level, where a multitude of genes and gene networks precisely regulate development in time and space and tune it to environmental conditions. SCOPE This review first describes the root system and then presents fundamental work that has shed light on the basic regulatory principles of root growth and development. It then considers emerging complexities and how they have been addressed using systems-biology approaches, and then describes and argues for a systems-genetics approach. For reasons of simplicity and conciseness, this review is mostly limited to work from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, in which much of the research in root growth regulation at the molecular level has been conducted. CONCLUSIONS While forward genetic approaches have identified key regulators and genetic pathways, systems-biology approaches have been successful in shedding light on complex biological processes, for instance molecular mechanisms involving the quantitative interaction of several molecular components, or the interaction of large numbers of genes. However, there are significant limitations in many of these methods for capturing dynamic processes, as well as relating these processes to genotypic and phenotypic variation. The emerging field of systems genetics promises to overcome some of these limitations by linking genotypes to complex phenotypic and molecular data using approaches from different fields, such as genetics, genomics, systems biology and phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Slovak
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Takehiko Ogura
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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260
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Cheng L, Yuan HY, Ren R, Zhao SQ, Han YP, Zhou QY, Ke DX, Wang YX, Wang L. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Gene Family in Glycine Max. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:515. [PMID: 27148336 PMCID: PMC4837150 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) play important roles in transporting amino acid across cellular membranes and are essential for plant growth and development. To date, the AAT gene family in soybean (Glycine max L.) has not been characterized. In this study, we identified 189 AAT genes from the entire soybean genomic sequence, and classified them into 12 distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic positions. To further investigate the functions of these genes, we analyzed the chromosome distributions, gene structures, duplication patterns, phylogenetic tree, tissue expression patterns of the 189 AAT genes in soybean. We found that a large number of AAT genes in soybean were expanded via gene duplication, 46 and 36 GmAAT genes were WGD/segmental and tandemly duplicated, respectively. Further comprehensive analyses of the expression profiles of GmAAT genes in various stages of vegetative and reproductive development showed that soybean AAT genes exhibited preferential or distinct expression patterns among different tissues. Overall, our study provides a framework for further analysis of the biological functions of AAT genes in either soybean or other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie MountainsXinyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yuan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ren Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ya-Peng Han
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Qi-Ying Zhou
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Dan-Xia Ke
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Xiang Wang
| | - Lei Wang
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie MountainsXinyang, China
- Lei Wang
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261
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An Allelic Series of bak1 Mutations Differentially Alter bir1 Cell Death, Immune Response, Growth, and Root Development Phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2015; 202:689-702. [PMID: 26680657 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) mediate cell-signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana, including those controlling growth and development, immune response, and cell death. The RLK coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE-1 (BAK1) partners with multiple ligand-binding RLKs and contributes to their signaling in diverse pathways. An additional RLK, BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-1 (BIR1), physically interacts with BAK1, and loss-of-function mutations in BIR1 display constitutive activation of cell death and immune response pathways and dwarfism and a reduction in lateral root number. Here we show that bir1 plants display defects in primary root growth, characterize bir1 lateral root defects, and analyze expression of BIR1 and BAK1 promoters within the root. Using an allelic series of bak1 mutations, we show that loss of BAK1 function in immune response pathways can partially suppress bir1 cell death, immune response, and lateral root phenotypes and that null bak1 alleles enhance bir1 primary root phenotypes. Based on our data, we propose a model in which BIR1 functions to regulate BAK1 participation in multiple pathways.
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262
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Abu-Abied M, Mordehaev I, Sunil Kumar GB, Ophir R, Wasteneys GO, Sadot E. Analysis of Microtubule-Associated-Proteins during IBA-Mediated Adventitious Root Induction Reveals KATANIN Dependent and Independent Alterations of Expression Patterns. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143828. [PMID: 26630265 PMCID: PMC4668071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adventitious roots (AR) are post embryonic lateral organs that differentiate from non-root tissues. The understanding of the molecular mechanism which underlies their differentiation is important because of their central role in vegetative plant propagation. Here it was studied how the expression of different microtubule (MT)-associated proteins (MAPs) is affected during AR induction, and whether expression differences are dependent on MT organization itself. To examine AR formation when MTs are disturbed we used two mutants in the MT severing protein KATANIN. It was found that rate and number of AR primordium formed following IBA induction for three days was reduced in bot1-1 and bot1-7 plants. The reduced capacity to form ARs in bot1-1 was associated with altered expression of MAP-encoding genes along AR induction. While the expression of MAP65-4, MAP65-3, AURORA1, AURORA2 and TANGLED, increased in wild-type but not in bot1-1 plants, the expression of MAP65-8 and MDP25 decreased in wild type plants but not in the bot1-1 plant after two days of IBA-treatment. The expression of MOR1 was increased two days after AR induction in wild type and bot1-1 plants. To examine its expression specifically in AR primordium, MOR1 upstream regulatory sequence was isolated and cloned to regulate GFP. Expression of GFP was induced in the primary root tips and lateral roots, in the pericycle of the hypocotyls and in all stages of AR primordium formation. It is concluded that the expression of MAPs is regulated along AR induction and that reduction in KATANIN expression inhibits AR formation and indirectly influences the specific expression of some MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Inna Mordehaev
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Ron Ophir
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Geoffrey O. Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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263
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Sassi M, Traas J. When biochemistry meets mechanics: a systems view of growth control in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:137-43. [PMID: 26583832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of complex shapes during the development of plants is under the control of genetically determined molecular networks. Such regulatory networks, comprising hormones and transcription factors, regulate the collective behavior of cell growth within a tissue. Because all the cells within a tissue are linked together by the cell wall, their collective growth generates a good amount of mechanical stress. In the last few years a compelling amount of evidence has shown that growth-generated mechanical stress can feed back on plant developmental programs by modifying cell growth. This involves primarily responses from the microtubules and interaction with auxin transport and signaling. Here we discuss the most recent advances in the understanding of mechanical feedbacks in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sassi
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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264
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A coherent transcriptional feed-forward motif model for mediating auxin-sensitive PIN3 expression during lateral root development. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8821. [PMID: 26578065 PMCID: PMC4673502 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple plant developmental processes, such as lateral root development, depend on auxin distribution patterns that are in part generated by the PIN-formed family of auxin-efflux transporters. Here we propose that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7) and the ARF7-regulated FOUR LIPS/MYB124 (FLP) transcription factors jointly form a coherent feed-forward motif that mediates the auxin-responsive PIN3 transcription in planta to steer the early steps of lateral root formation. This regulatory mechanism might endow the PIN3 circuitry with a temporal ‘memory' of auxin stimuli, potentially maintaining and enhancing the robustness of the auxin flux directionality during lateral root development. The cooperative action between canonical auxin signalling and other transcription factors might constitute a general mechanism by which transcriptional auxin-sensitivity can be regulated at a tissue-specific level. Lateral root development is dependent on precise control of the distribution of the plant hormone auxin. Here Chen et al. propose the transcription factors ARF7 and FLP participate in a feed forward motif to mediate expression of the auxin transporter PIN3 and consequently regulate lateral root development.
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265
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ER network homeostasis is critical for plant endosome streaming and endocytosis. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15033. [PMID: 27462431 PMCID: PMC4860783 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells internalize cargo at the plasma membrane via endocytosis, a vital process that is accomplished through a complex network of endosomal organelles. In mammalian cells, the ER is in close association with endosomes and regulates their fission. Nonetheless, the physiological role of such interaction on endocytosis is yet unexplored. Here, we probed the existence of ER–endosome association in plant cells and assayed its physiological role in endocytosis. Through live-cell imaging and electron microscopy studies, we established that endosomes are extensively associated with the plant ER, supporting conservation of interaction between heterotypic organelles in evolutionarily distant kingdoms. Furthermore, by analyzing ER–endosome dynamics in genetic backgrounds with defects in ER structure and movement, we also established that the ER network integrity is necessary for homeostasis of the distribution and streaming of various endosome populations as well as for efficient endocytosis. These results support a novel model that endocytosis homeostasis depends on a spatiotemporal control of the endosome dynamics dictated by the ER membrane network.
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266
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Zhao H, Ma T, Wang X, Deng Y, Ma H, Zhang R, Zhao J. OsAUX1 controls lateral root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2208-22. [PMID: 25311360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, mediated by influx and efflux transporters, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin influx carriers in Arabidopsis have been shown to control lateral root development and gravitropism, but little is known about these proteins in rice. This paper reports on the functional characterization of OsAUX1. Three OsAUX1 T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi knockdown transgenic plants reduced lateral root initiation compared with wild-type (WT) plants. OsAUX1 overexpression plants exhibited increased lateral root initiation and OsAUX1 was highly expressed in lateral roots and lateral root primordia. Similarly, the auxin reporter, DR5-GUS, was expressed at lower levels in osaux1 than in the WT plants, which indicated that the auxin levels in the mutant roots had decreased. Exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) treatment rescued the defective phenotype in osaux1-1 plants, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-D could not, which suggested that OsAUX1 was a putative auxin influx carrier. The transcript levels of several auxin signalling genes and cell cycle genes significantly declined in osaux1, hinting that the regulatory role of OsAUX1 may be mediated by auxin signalling and cell cycle genes. Overall, our results indicated that OsAUX1 was involved in polar auxin transport and functioned to control auxin-mediated lateral root initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingtian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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267
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el-Showk S, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Blomster T, Siligato R, Marée AFM, Mähönen AP, Grieneisen VA. Parsimonious Model of Vascular Patterning Links Transverse Hormone Fluxes to Lateral Root Initiation: Auxin Leads the Way, while Cytokinin Levels Out. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004450. [PMID: 26505899 PMCID: PMC4623515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An auxin maximum is positioned along the xylem axis of the Arabidopsis root tip. The pattern depends on mutual feedback between auxin and cytokinins mediated by the PIN class of auxin efflux transporters and AHP6, an inhibitor of cytokinin signalling. This interaction has been proposed to regulate the size and the position of the hormones’ respective signalling domains and specify distinct boundaries between them. To understand the dynamics of this regulatory network, we implemented a parsimonious computational model of auxin transport that considers hormonal regulation of the auxin transporters within a spatial context, explicitly taking into account cell shape and polarity and the presence of cell walls. Our analysis reveals that an informative spatial pattern in cytokinin levels generated by diffusion is a theoretically unlikely scenario. Furthermore, our model shows that such a pattern is not required for correct and robust auxin patterning. Instead, auxin-dependent modifications of cytokinin response, rather than variations in cytokinin levels, allow for the necessary feedbacks, which can amplify and stabilise the auxin maximum. Our simulations demonstrate the importance of hormonal regulation of auxin efflux for pattern robustness. While involvement of the PIN proteins in vascular patterning is well established, we predict and experimentally verify a role of AUX1 and LAX1/2 auxin influx transporters in this process. Furthermore, we show that polar localisation of PIN1 generates an auxin flux circuit that not only stabilises the accumulation of auxin within the xylem axis, but also provides a mechanism for auxin to accumulate specifically in the xylem-pole pericycle cells, an important early step in lateral root initiation. The model also revealed that pericycle cells on opposite xylem poles compete for auxin accumulation, consistent with the observation that lateral roots are not initiated opposite to each other. After moving onto land, plants developed vascular tissues to support their weight and transport water and nutrients. Vascular tissue consists of xylem, which makes up wood, and phloem, which gives rise to the innermost bark. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, these tissues form in the growing root tip in a radial pattern consisting of a xylem axis and two phloem poles. Xylem is thought to be positioned by negative interactions between two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins. Cytokinins activate exporters which pump auxin out of cells, while auxin activates a gene which blocks cytokinin response. This leads auxin to accumulate in some cells which become xylem cells. We developed a computational model which includes only the essential processes but allows them to interact in a realistic spatial context. Using this model we show that these interactions can produce the expected auxin pattern even without a pattern in cytokinin distribution, contrary to expectations based on observed patterns in cytokinin signalling. Furthermore, we learned that hormonal regulation fine-tunes the exporters’ activity, and auxin importers play an important role. The regulatory network not only ensures correct formation of the vasculature but may also position root branches on alternating sides of the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedeer el-Showk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
| | - Verônica A. Grieneisen
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
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268
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Lavedrine C, Farcot E, Vernoux T. Modeling plant development: from signals to gene networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 27:148-153. [PMID: 26247125 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has become a common tool in plant developmental biology. Indeed, it allows for the prediction of complex and often unintuitive dynamics of the molecular networks driving plant development. This has enabled the test of their possible involvement in robust and specific developmental processes. Modeling has also been fruitful in predicting new interactions within gene networks, such as the Arabidopsis circadian clock. A new challenge is to integrate patterning issues with tissue growth and biomechanics. The development of new tools to gain resolution in data collection as well as new frameworks to confront models and data might provide even more robust predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Lavedrine
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences & Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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269
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Wachsman G, Sparks EE, Benfey PN. Genes and networks regulating root anatomy and architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:26-38. [PMID: 25989832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The root is an excellent model for studying developmental processes that underlie plant anatomy and architecture. Its modular structure, the lack of cell movement and relative accessibility to microscopic visualization facilitate research in a number of areas of plant biology. In this review, we describe several examples that demonstrate how cell type-specific developmental mechanisms determine cell fate and the formation of defined tissues with unique characteristics. In the last 10 yr, advances in genome-wide technologies have led to the sequencing of thousands of plant genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. In parallel with the development of these high-throughput technologies, biologists have had to establish computational, statistical and bioinformatic tools that can deal with the wealth of data generated by them. These resources provide a foundation for posing more complex questions about molecular interactions, and have led to the discovery of new mechanisms that control phenotypic differences. Here we review several recent studies that shed new light on developmental processes, which are involved in establishing root anatomy and architecture. We highlight the power of combining large-scale experiments with classical techniques to uncover new pathways in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Wachsman
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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270
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Ding ZJ, Yan JY, Li CX, Li GX, Wu YR, Zheng SJ. Transcription factor WRKY46 modulates the development of Arabidopsis lateral roots in osmotic/salt stress conditions via regulation of ABA signaling and auxin homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:56-69. [PMID: 26252246 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of lateral roots (LR) is known to be severely inhibited by salt or osmotic stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LR development in osmotic/salt stress conditions are poorly understood. Here we show that the gene encoding the WRKY transcription factor WRKY46 (WRKY46) is expressed throughout lateral root primordia (LRP) during early LR development and that expression is subsequently restricted to the stele of the mature LR. In osmotic/salt stress conditions, lack of WRKY46 (in loss-of-function wrky46 mutants) significantly reduces, while overexpression of WRKY46 enhances, LR development. We also show that exogenous auxin largely restores LR development in wrky46 mutants, and that the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) inhibits LR development in both wild-type (WT; Col-0) and in a line overexpressing WRKY46 (OV46). Subsequent analysis of abscisic acid (ABA)-related mutants indicated that WRKY46 expression is down-regulated by ABA signaling, and up-regulated by an ABA-independent signal induced by osmotic/salt stress. Next, we show that expression of the DR5:GUS auxin response reporter is reduced in roots of wrky46 mutants, and that both wrky46 mutants and OV46 display altered root levels of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and IAA conjugates. Subsequent RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR experiments indicated that WRKY46 directly regulates the expression of ABI4 and of genes regulating auxin conjugation. Finally, analysis of wrky46 abi4 double mutant plants confirms that ABI4 acts downstream of WRKY46. In summary, our results demonstrate that WRKY46 contributes to the feedforward inhibition of osmotic/salt stress-dependent LR inhibition via regulation of ABA signaling and auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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271
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Shen C, Yue R, Bai Y, Feng R, Sun T, Wang X, Yang Y, Tie S, Wang H. Identification and Analysis of Medicago truncatula Auxin Transporter Gene Families Uncover their Roles in Responses to Sinorhizobium meliloti Infection. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1930-43. [PMID: 26228273 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin transport plays a pivotal role in the interaction between legume species and nitrogen-fixing bacteria to form symbioses. Auxin influx carriers auxin resistant 1/like aux 1 (AUX/LAX), efflux carriers pin-formed (PIN) and efflux/conditional P-glycoprotein (PGP/ABCB) are three major protein families participating in auxin polar transport. We used the latest Medicago truncatula genome sequence to characterize and analyze the M. truncatula LAX (MtLAX), M. truncatula PIN (MtPIN) and M. truncatula ABCB (MtABCB) families. Transient expression experiments indicated that three representative auxin transporters (MtLAX3, MtPIN7 and MtABCB1) showed cell plasma membrane localizations. The expression of most MtLAX, MtPIN and MtABCB genes was up-regulated in the roots and was down-regulated in the shoots by Sinorhizobium meliloti infection in the wild type (WT). However, the expression of these genes was down-regulated in both the roots and shoots of an infection-resistant mutant, dmi3. The different expression patterns between the WT and the mutant roots indicated that auxin relocation may be involved in rhizobial infection responses. Furthermore, IAA contents were significantly up-regulated in the shoots and down-regulated in the roots after Sinorhizobium meliloti infection in the WT. Inoculation of roots with rhizobia may reduce the auxin loading from shoots to roots by inhibiting the expression of most auxin transporter genes. However, the rate of change of gene expression and IAA contents in the dmi3 mutant were obviously lower than in the WT. The identification and expression analysis of auxin transporter genes helps us to understand the roles of auxin in the regulation of nodule formation in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Runqing Yue
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Youhuang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TTICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rong Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Shuanggui Tie
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
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272
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Abscisic acid transporters cooperate to control seed germination. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8113. [PMID: 26334616 PMCID: PMC4569717 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination is a key developmental process that has to be tightly controlled to avoid germination under unfavourable conditions. Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential repressor of seed germination. In Arabidopsis, it has been shown that the endosperm, a single cell layer surrounding the embryo, synthesizes and continuously releases ABA towards the embryo. The mechanism of ABA transport from the endosperm to the embryo was hitherto unknown. Here we show that four AtABCG transporters act in concert to deliver ABA from the endosperm to the embryo: AtABCG25 and AtABCG31 export ABA from the endosperm, whereas AtABCG30 and AtABCG40 import ABA into the embryo. Thus, this work establishes that radicle extension and subsequent embryonic growth are suppressed by the coordinated activity of multiple ABA transporters expressed in different tissues.
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273
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Yu C, Sun C, Shen C, Wang S, Liu F, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li C, Qian Q, Aryal B, Geisler M, Jiang DA, Qi Y. The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and in Cd stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:818-30. [PMID: 26140668 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cadmium (Cd) stress play critical roles during root development. There are only a few reports on the mechanisms by which Cd stress influences auxin homeostasis and affects primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development, and almost nothing is known about how auxin and Cd interfere with root hair (RH) development. Here, we characterize rice osaux1 mutants that have a longer PR and shorter RHs in hydroponic culture, and that are more sensitive to Cd stress compared to wild-type (Dongjin). OsAUX1 expression in root hair cells is different from that of its paralogous gene, AtAUX1, which is expressed in non-hair cells. However, OsAUX1, like AtAUX1, localizes at the plasma membrane and appears to function as an auxin tranporter. Decreased auxin distribution and contents in the osaux1 mutant result in reduction of OsCyCB1;1 expression and shortened PRs, LRs and RHs under Cd stress, but may be rescued by treatment with the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthalene acetic acid. Treatment with the auxin transport inhibitors 1-naphthoxyacetic acid and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid increased the Cd sensitivity of WT rice. Cd contents in the osaux1 mutant were not altered, but reactive oxygen species-mediated damage was enhanced, further increasing the sensitivity of the osaux1 mutant to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicate that OsAUX1 plays an important role in root development and in responses to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChenLiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - ChenDong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Suikang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YunLong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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274
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Moore S, Zhang X, Mudge A, Rowe JH, Topping JF, Liu J, Lindsey K. Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:1110-22. [PMID: 25906686 PMCID: PMC4539600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Patterning in Arabidopsis root development is coordinated via a localized auxin concentration maximum in the root tip, requiring the regulated expression of specific genes. However, little is known about how hormone and gene expression patterning is generated. Using a variety of experimental data, we develop a spatiotemporal hormonal crosstalk model that describes the integrated action of auxin, ethylene and cytokinin signalling, the POLARIS protein, and the functions of PIN and AUX1 auxin transporters. We also conduct novel experiments to confirm our modelling predictions. The model reproduces auxin patterning and trends in wild-type and mutants; reveals that coordinated PIN and AUX1 activities are required to generate correct auxin patterning; correctly predicts shoot to root auxin flux, auxin patterning in the aux1 mutant, the amounts of cytokinin, ethylene and PIN protein, and PIN protein patterning in wild-type and mutant roots. Modelling analysis further reveals how PIN protein patterning is related to the POLARIS protein through ethylene signalling. Modelling prediction of the patterning of POLARIS expression is confirmed experimentally. Our combined modelling and experimental analysis reveals that a hormonal crosstalk network regulates the emergence of patterns and levels of hormones and gene expression in wild-type and mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Moore
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- School of Engineering, The University of LiverpoolBrownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Anna Mudge
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James H Rowe
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jennifer F Topping
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Junli Liu
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Keith Lindsey
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversitySouth Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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275
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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276
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De Smet S, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J, Remans T. Gene Networks Involved in Hormonal Control of Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana: A Framework for Studying Its Disturbance by Metal Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19195-224. [PMID: 26287175 PMCID: PMC4581294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant survival under abiotic stress conditions requires morphological and physiological adaptations. Adverse soil conditions directly affect root development, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be discovered. Plant hormones regulate normal root growth and mediate root morphological responses to abiotic stress. Hormone synthesis, signal transduction, perception and cross-talk create a complex network in which metal stress can interfere, resulting in root growth alterations. We focus on Arabidopsis thaliana, for which gene networks in root development have been intensively studied, and supply essential terminology of anatomy and growth of roots. Knowledge of gene networks, mechanisms and interactions related to the role of plant hormones is reviewed. Most knowledge has been generated for auxin, the best-studied hormone with a pronounced primary role in root development. Furthermore, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, brassinosteroids and salicylic acid are discussed. Interactions between hormones that are of potential importance for root growth are described. This creates a framework that can be used for investigating the impact of abiotic stress factors on molecular mechanisms related to plant hormones, with the limited knowledge of the effects of the metals cadmium, copper and zinc on plant hormones and root development included as case example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie De Smet
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tony Remans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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277
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Yu N, Niu QW, Ng KH, Chua NH. The role of miR156/SPLs modules in Arabidopsis lateral root development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:673-85. [PMID: 26096676 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
miR156 is an evolutionarily highly conserved miRNA in plants that defines an age-dependent flowering pathway. The investigations thus far have largely, if not exclusively, confined to plant aerial organs. Root branching architecture is a major determinant of water and nutrients uptake for plants. We show here that MIR156 genes are differentially expressed in specific cells/tissues of lateral roots. Plants overexpressing miR156 produce more lateral roots whereas reducing miR156 levels leads to fewer lateral roots. We demonstrate that at least one representative from the three groups of miR156 targets SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes: SPL3, SPL9 and SPL10 are involved in the repression of lateral root growth, with SPL10 playing a dominant role. In addition, both MIR156 and SPLs are responsive to auxin signaling suggesting that miR156/SPL modules might be involved in the proper timing of the lateral root developmental progression. Collectively, these results unravel a role for miR156/SPLs modules in lateral root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Yu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Qi-Wen Niu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kian-Hong Ng
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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278
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Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Differences in auxin distribution within tissues are mediated by the polar auxin transport machinery, and cellular auxin responses occur depending on changes in cellular auxin levels. Multiple receptor systems at the cell surface and in the interior operate to sense and interpret fluctuations in auxin distribution that occur during plant development. Until now, three proteins or protein complexes that can bind auxin have been identified. SCF(TIR1) [a SKP1-cullin-1-F-box complex that contains transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) as the F-box protein] and S-phase-kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) localize to the nucleus, whereas auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1), predominantly associates with the endoplasmic reticulum and cell surface. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarize recent discoveries in the field of auxin transport and signaling that have led to the identification of new components of these pathways, as well as their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Masaryk University, CEITEC MU, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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279
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The circadian clock rephases during lateral root organ initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7641. [PMID: 26144255 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous circadian clock enables organisms to adapt their growth and development to environmental changes. Here we describe how the circadian clock is employed to coordinate responses to the key signal auxin during lateral root (LR) emergence. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, LRs originate from a group of stem cells deep within the root, necessitating that new organs emerge through overlying root tissues. We report that the circadian clock is rephased during LR development. Metabolite and transcript profiling revealed that the circadian clock controls the levels of auxin and auxin-related genes including the auxin response repressor IAA14 and auxin oxidase AtDAO2. Plants lacking or overexpressing core clock components exhibit LR emergence defects. We conclude that the circadian clock acts to gate auxin signalling during LR development to facilitate organ emergence.
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280
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Hedayati V, Mousavi A, Razavi K, Cultrera N, Alagna F, Mariotti R, Hosseini-Mazinani M, Baldoni L. Polymorphisms in the AOX2 gene are associated with the rooting ability of olive cuttings. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1151-64. [PMID: 25749737 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Different rooting ability candidate genes were tested on an olive cross progeny. Our results demonstrated that only the AOX2 gene was strongly induced. OeAOX2 was fully characterised and correlated to phenotypical traits. The formation of adventitious roots is a key step in the vegetative propagation of trees crop species, and this ability is under strict genetic control. While numerous studies have been carried out to identify genes controlling adventitious root formation, only a few loci have been characterised. In this work, candidate genes that were putatively involved in rooting ability were identified in olive (Olea europaea L.) by similarity with orthologs identified in other plant species. The mRNA levels of these genes were analysed by real-time PCR during root induction in high- (HR) and low-rooting (LR) individuals. Interestingly, alternative oxidase 2 (AOX2), which was previously reported to be a functional marker for rooting in olive cuttings, showed a strong induction in HR individuals. From the OeAOX2 full-length gene, alleles and effective polymorphisms were distinguished and analysed in the cross progeny, which were segregated based on rooting. The results revealed a possible correlation between two single nucleotide polymorphisms of OeAOX2 gene and rooting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Hedayati
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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281
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Yruela I. Plant development regulation: Overview and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:62-78. [PMID: 26056993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant development, as occur in other eukaryotes, is conducted through a complex network of hormones, transcription factors, enzymes and micro RNAs, among other cellular components. They control developmental processes such as embryo, apical root and shoot meristem, leaf, flower, or seed formation, among others. The research in these topics has been very active in last decades. Recently, an explosion of new data concerning regulation mechanisms as well as the response of these processes to environmental changes has emerged. Initially, most of investigations were carried out in the model eudicot Arabidopsis but currently data from other plant species are available in the literature, although they are still limited. The aim of this review is focused on summarize the main molecular actors involved in plant development regulation in diverse plant species. A special attention will be given to the major families of genes and proteins participating in these regulatory mechanisms. The information on the regulatory pathways where they participate will be briefly cited. Additionally, the importance of certain structural features of such proteins that confer ductility and flexibility to these mechanisms will also be reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputacióon y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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282
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Li K, Kamiya T, Fujiwara T. Differential Roles of PIN1 and PIN2 in Root Meristem Maintenance Under Low-B Conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1205-14. [PMID: 25814435 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential element for plants; its deficiency causes rapid cessation of root elongation. In addition, B influences auxin accumulation in plants. To assess the importance of auxin transport in B-dependent root elongation, Arabidopsis thaliana pin1-pin4 mutants were grown under low-B conditions. Among them, only the pin2/eir1-1 mutant showed a significantly shorter root under low-B conditions than under control conditions. Moreover, the root meristem size of pin2/eir1-1 was reduced under low-B conditions. Among the PIN-FORMED (PIN) family, PIN1 and PIN2 are important for root meristem growth/maintenance under normal conditions. To investigate the differential response of pin1 and pin2 mutants under low-B conditions, the effect of low-B on PIN1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and PIN2-GFP accumulation and localization was examined. Low-B did not affect PIN2-GFP, while it reduced the accumulation of PIN1-GFP. Moreover, no signal from DII-VENUS, an auxin sensor, was detected under the low-B condition in the stele of wild-type root meristems. Taken together, these results indicate that under low-B conditions PIN1 is down-regulated and PIN2 plays an important role in root meristem maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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283
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Abu-Abied M, Rogovoy Stelmakh O, Mordehaev I, Grumberg M, Elbaum R, Wasteneys GO, Sadot E. Dissecting the contribution of microtubule behaviour in adventitious root induction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2813-24. [PMID: 25788735 PMCID: PMC4986881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induction of adventitious roots (ARs) in recalcitrant plants often culminates in cell division and callus formation rather than root differentiation. Evidence is provided here to suggest that microtubules (MTs) play a role in the shift from cell division to cell differentiation during AR induction. First, it was found that fewer ARs form in the temperature-sensitive mutant mor1-1, in which the MT-associated protein MOR1 is mutated, and in bot1-1, in which the MT-severing protein katanin is mutated. In the two latter mutants, MT dynamics and form are perturbed. By contrast, the number of ARs increased in RIC1-OX3 plants, in which MT bundling is enhanced and katanin is activated. In addition, any1 plants in which cell walls are perturbed made more ARs than wild-type plants. MT perturbations during AR induction in mor1-1 or in wild-type hypocotyls treated with oryzalin led to the formation of amorphous clusters of cells reminiscent of callus. In these cells a specific pattern of polarized light retardation by the cell walls was lost. PIN1 polarization and auxin maxima were hampered and differentiation of the epidermis was inhibited. It is concluded that a fine-tuned crosstalk between MTs, cell walls, and auxin transport is required for proper AR induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Inna Mordehaev
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Marina Grumberg
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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284
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Revalska M, Vassileva V, Zechirov G, Iantcheva A. Is the auxin influx carrierLAX3essential for plant growth and development in the model plantsMedicago truncatula, Lotus japonicusandArabidopsis thaliana? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1031698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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285
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Jeong S, Kim JY, Choi H, Kim H, Lee I, Soh MS, Nam HG, Chang YT, Lim PO, Woo HR. Rootin, a compound that inhibits root development through modulating PIN-mediated auxin distribution. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:116-126. [PMID: 25711819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots anchor the plant to the soil and absorb water and nutrients for growth. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root development is essential for improving plant survival and agricultural productivity. Extensive molecular genetic studies have provided important information on crucial components for the root development control over the last few decades. However, it is becoming difficult to identify new regulatory components in root development due to the functional redundancy and lethality of genes involved in root development. In this study, we performed a chemical genetic screen to identify novel synthetic compounds that regulate root development in Arabidopsis seedlings. The screen yielded a root growth inhibitor designated as 'rootin', which inhibited Arabidopsis root development by modulating cell division and elongation, but did not significantly affect shoot development. Transcript analysis of phytohormone marker genes revealed that rootin preferentially altered the expression of auxin-regulated genes. Furthermore, rootin reduced the accumulation of PIN1, PIN3, and PIN7 proteins, and affected the auxin distribution in roots, which consequently may lead to the observed defects in root development. Our results suggest that rootin could be utilized to unravel the mechanisms underlying root development and to investigate dynamic changes in PIN-mediated auxin distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeong Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, NUS & Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hyunmo Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhwan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Soh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, NUS & Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
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286
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Fàbregas N, Formosa-Jordan P, Confraria A, Siligato R, Alonso JM, Swarup R, Bennett MJ, Mähönen AP, Caño-Delgado AI, Ibañes M. Auxin influx carriers control vascular patterning and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005183. [PMID: 25922946 PMCID: PMC4414528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is an essential hormone for plant growth and development. Auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX transport auxin into the cell, while auxin efflux carriers PIN pump it out of the cell. It is well established that efflux carriers play an important role in the shoot vascular patterning, yet the contribution of influx carriers to the shoot vasculature remains unknown. Here, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to decipher the role of auxin influx carriers in the patterning and differentiation of vascular tissues in the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. Our theoretical analysis predicts that influx carriers facilitate periodic patterning and modulate the periodicity of auxin maxima. In agreement, we observed fewer and more spaced vascular bundles in quadruple mutants plants of the auxin influx carriers aux1lax1lax2lax3. Furthermore, we show AUX1/LAX carriers promote xylem differentiation in both the shoot and the root tissues. Influx carriers increase cytoplasmic auxin signaling, and thereby differentiation. In addition to this cytoplasmic role of auxin, our computational simulations propose a role for extracellular auxin as an inhibitor of xylem differentiation. Altogether, our study shows that auxin influx carriers AUX1/LAX regulate vascular patterning and differentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Confraria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana I. Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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287
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Liu X, Li J, Huang M, Chen J. Mechanisms for the influence of citrus rootstocks on fruit size. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2618-27. [PMID: 25693745 DOI: 10.1021/jf505843n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To obtain insight into potential mechanisms underlying the influence of rootstock on fruit size, we performed a comparative analysis of 'Shatangju' mandarin grafted onto two rootstocks. The results demonstrated that trees grafted onto Canton lemon produced larger fruits through an enhancement of cell expansion in the ripening period. The difference in fruit size may be due to greater auxin levels in fruits from trees on Canton lemon, and different auxin levels may be produced by parent trees as the result of AUX1 upregulation. Rootstocks also modulate auxin signaling by affecting the transcription of several auxin response factor genes. There were higher abscisic acid concentrations in fruits of 'Shatangju'/Trifoliate orange, resulting in an inhibition of fruit growth and cell expansion through suppression of the synthesis of growth promoting hormones. Furthermore, expansins may be involved in the regulation of final fruit size by influencing cell expansion. Multiple pathways likely exist in citrus rootstocks that regulate fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- †College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 501642, China
| | - Juan Li
- ‡Department of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Min Huang
- §Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- †College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 501642, China
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288
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Martínez-de la Cruz E, García-Ramírez E, Vázquez-Ramos JM, Reyes de la Cruz H, López-Bucio J. Auxins differentially regulate root system architecture and cell cycle protein levels in maize seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:147-56. [PMID: 25615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) root system architecture has a complex organization, with adventitious and lateral roots determining its overall absorptive capacity. To generate basic information about the earlier stages of root development, we compared the post-embryonic growth of maize seedlings germinated in water-embedded cotton beds with that of plants obtained from embryonic axes cultivated in liquid medium. In addition, the effect of four different auxins, namely indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on root architecture and levels of the heat shock protein HSP101 and the cell cycle proteins CKS1, CYCA1 and CDKA1 were analyzed. Our data show that during the first days after germination, maize seedlings develop several root types with a simultaneous and/or continuous growth. The post-embryonic root development started with the formation of the primary root (PR) and seminal scutellar roots (SSR) and then continued with the formation of adventitious crown roots (CR), brace roots (BR) and lateral roots (LR). Auxins affected root architecture in a dose-response fashion; whereas NAA and IBA mostly stimulated crown root formation, 2,4-D showed a strong repressing effect on growth. The levels of HSP101, CKS1, CYCA1 and CDKA in root and leaf tissues were differentially affected by auxins and interestingly, HSP101 registered an auxin-inducible and root specific expression pattern. Taken together, our results show the timing of early branching patterns of maize and indicate that auxins regulate root development likely through modulation of the HSP101 and cell cycle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Martínez-de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1', Ciudad Universitaria Morelia, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Elpidio García-Ramírez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Vázquez-Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Homero Reyes de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1', Ciudad Universitaria Morelia, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1', Ciudad Universitaria Morelia, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico.
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289
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Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis of ZmPIN, ZmPILS, ZmLAX and ZmABCB auxin transporter gene families in maize (Zea mays L.) under various abiotic stresses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118751. [PMID: 25742625 PMCID: PMC4351008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin influx carriers auxin resistant 1/like aux 1 (AUX/LAX), efflux carriers pin-formed (PIN) (together with PIN-like proteins) and efflux/conditional P-glycoprotein (ABCB) are major protein families involved in auxin polar transport. However, how they function in responses to exogenous auxin and abiotic stresses in maize is largely unknown. In this work, the latest updated maize (Zea mays L.) reference genome sequence was used to characterize and analyze the ZmLAX, ZmPIN, ZmPILS and ZmABCB family genes from maize. The results showed that five ZmLAXs, fifteen ZmPINs, nine ZmPILSs and thirty-five ZmABCBs were mapped on all ten maize chromosomes. Highly diversified gene structures, nonconservative transmembrane helices and tissue-specific expression patterns suggested the possibility of function diversification for these genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression patterns of ZmLAX, ZmPIN, ZmPILS and ZmABCB genes under exogenous auxin and different environmental stresses. The expression levels of most ZmPIN, ZmPILS, ZmLAX and ZmABCB genes were induced in shoots and were reduced in roots by various abiotic stresses (drought, salt and cold stresses). The opposite expression response patterns indicated the dynamic auxin transport between shoots and roots under abiotic stresses. Analysis of the expression patterns of ZmPIN, ZmPILS, ZmLAX and ZmABCB genes under drought, salt and cold treatment may help us to understand the possible roles of maize auxin transporter genes in responses and tolerance to environmental stresses.
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290
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Vermeer JEM, Geldner N. Lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana: a force awakens. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:32. [PMID: 25926983 PMCID: PMC4371239 DOI: 10.12703/p7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osmotically driven turgor pressure of plant cells can be higher than that of a car tire. It puts tremendous forces onto cell walls and drives cell growth and changes in cell shape. This has given rise to unique mechanisms to control organ formation compared to metazoans. The fascinating interplay between forces and local cellular reorganization is still poorly understood. Growth of lateral roots is a prominent example of a developmental process in which mechanical forces between neighboring cells are generated and must be dealt with. Lateral roots initiate from a single cell layer that resides deep within the primary root. On their way out, lateral roots grow through the overlying endodermal, cortical, and epidermal cell layers. It was recently demonstrated that endodermal cells actively accommodate lateral root formation. Interfering genetically with these accommodating responses in the endodermis completely blocks cell proliferation in the pericycle. The lateral root system provides a unique opportunity to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby mechanical forces and intercellular communication regulate spatial accommodation during plant development.
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291
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Della Rovere F, Fattorini L, D'Angeli S, Veloccia A, Del Duca S, Cai G, Falasca G, Altamura MM. Arabidopsis SHR and SCR transcription factors and AUX1 auxin influx carrier control the switch between adventitious rooting and xylogenesis in planta and in in vitro cultured thin cell layers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:617-28. [PMID: 25617411 PMCID: PMC4343292 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adventitious roots (ARs) are essential for vegetative propagation. The Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors SHORT ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) affect primary/lateral root development, but their involvement in AR formation is uncertain. LAX3 and AUX1 auxin influx carriers contribute to primary/lateral root development. LAX3 expression is regulated by SHR, and LAX3 contributes to AR tip auxin maximum. In contrast, AUX1 involvement in AR development is unknown. Xylogenesis is induced by auxin plus cytokinin as is AR formation, but the genes involved are largely unknown. Stem thin cell layers (TCLs) form ARs and undergo xylogenesis under the same auxin plus cytokinin input. The aim of this research was to investigate SHR, SCR, AUX1 and LAX3 involvement in AR formation and xylogenesis in intact hypocotyls and stem TCLs in arabidopsis. METHODS Hypocotyls of scr-1, shr-1, lax3, aux1-21 and lax3/aux1-21 Arabidopsis thaliana null mutant seedlings grown with or without auxin plus cytokinin were examined histologically, as were stem TCLs cultured with auxin plus cytokinin. SCR and AUX1 expression was monitored using pSCR::GFP and AUX1::GUS lines, and LAX3 expression and auxin localization during xylogenesis were monitored by using LAX3::GUS and DR5::GUS lines. KEY RESULTS AR formation was inhibited in all mutants, except lax3. SCR was expressed in pericycle anticlinally derived AR-forming cells of intact hypocotyls, and in cell clumps forming AR meristemoids of TCLs. The apex was anomalous in shr and scr ARs. In all mutant hypocotyls, the pericycle divided periclinally to produce xylogenesis. Xylary element maturation was favoured by auxin plus cytokinin in shr and aux1-21. Xylogenesis was enhanced in TCLs, and in aux1-21 and shr in particular. AUX1 was expressed before LAX3, i.e. in the early derivatives leading to either ARs or xylogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AR formation and xylogenesis are developmental programmes that are inversely related, but they involve fine-tuning by the same proteins, namely SHR, SCR and AUX1. Pericycle activity is central for the equilibrium between xylary development and AR formation in the hypocotyl, with a role for AUX1 in switching between, and balancing of, the two developmental programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Della Rovere
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - L Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - S D'Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - A Veloccia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - S Del Duca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G Cai
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - M M Altamura
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy and Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
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292
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Malekpoor Mansoorkhani F, Seymour G, Swarup R, Moeiniyan Bagheri H, Ramsey R, Thompson A. Environmental, developmental, and genetic factors controlling root system architecture. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2015; 30:95-112. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2014.995912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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293
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Mellor N, Péret B, Porco S, Sairanen I, Ljung K, Bennett M, King J. Modelling of Arabidopsis LAX3 expression suggests auxin homeostasis. J Theor Biol 2015; 366:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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294
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Vilches-Barro A, Maizel A. Talking through walls: mechanisms of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis thaliana. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:31-8. [PMID: 25449724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are formed postembryonically and determine the final shape of the root system, a determinant of the plants ability to uptake nutrients and water. The lateral root primordia are initiated deep into the main root and to protrude out the primary root they have to grow through three cell layers. Recent findings have revealed that these layers are not merely a passive physical obstacle to the emergence of the lateral root but have an active role in its formation. Here, we review examples of communication between the lateral root primordium and the surrounding tissues, highlighting the importance of auxin-mediated growth coordination as well as cell and tissue mechanics for the morphogenesis of lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches-Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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295
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Grienenberger E, Fletcher JC. Polypeptide signaling molecules in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:8-14. [PMID: 25449721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by small signaling molecules is a key mechanism for coordinating plant growth and development. In the past few years, polypeptide signals have been shown to play prominent roles in processes as diverse as shoot and root meristem maintenance, vascular differentiation, lateral root emergence, and seed formation. Signaling components such as CLV1 and the IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling module have been discovered to regulate distinct developmental processes in different tissues. Recent studies have also uncovered novel polypeptide-receptor interactions, intracellular components and downstream target genes, adding complexity to our picture of polypeptide signaling networks. Finally, new families of plant polypeptides, such as the GLV/RGF/CLEL and ESF factors, are being identified, the functions of which we are only beginning to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Grienenberger
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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296
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Abstract
Long before its chemical identity was known, the phytohormone auxin was postulated to regulate plant growth. In the late 1800s, Sachs hypothesized that plant growth regulators, present in small amounts, move differentially throughout the plant to regulate growth. Concurrently, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin were discovering that light and gravity were perceived by the tips of shoots and roots and that the stimulus was transmitted to other tissues, which underwent a growth response. These ideas were improved upon by Boysen-Jensen and Paál and were later developed into the Cholodny-Went hypothesis that tropisms were caused by the asymmetric distribution of a growth-promoting substance. These observations led to many efforts to identify this elusive growth-promoting substance, which we now know as auxin. In this review of auxin field advances over the past century, we start with a seminal paper by Kenneth Thimann and Charles Schneider titled "The relative activities of different auxins" from the American Journal of Botany, in which they compare the growth altering properties of several auxinic compounds. From this point, we explore the modern molecular understanding of auxin-including its biosynthesis, transport, and perception. Finally, we end this review with a discussion of outstanding questions and future directions in the auxin field. Over the past 100 yr, much of our progress in understanding auxin biology has relied on the steady and collective advance of the field of auxin researchers; we expect that the next 100 yr of auxin research will likewise make many exciting advances.
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297
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Guseman JM, Hellmuth A, Lanctot A, Feldman TP, Moss BL, Klavins E, Calderón Villalobos LIA, Nemhauser JL. Auxin-induced degradation dynamics set the pace for lateral root development. Development 2015; 142:905-9. [PMID: 25633353 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Auxin elicits diverse cell behaviors through a simple nuclear signaling pathway initiated by degradation of Aux/IAA co-repressors. Our previous work revealed that members of the large Arabidopsis Aux/IAA family exhibit a range of degradation rates in synthetic contexts. However, it remained an unresolved issue whether differences in Aux/IAA turnover rates played a significant role in plant responses to auxin. Here, we use the well-established model of lateral root development to directly test the hypothesis that the rate of auxin-induced Aux/IAA turnover sets the pace for auxin-regulated developmental events. We did this by generating transgenic plants expressing degradation rate variants of IAA14, a crucial determinant of lateral root initiation. Progression through the well-established stages of lateral root development was strongly correlated with the engineered rates of IAA14 turnover, leading to the conclusion that Aux/IAAs are auxin-initiated timers that synchronize developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Guseman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Antje Hellmuth
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Amy Lanctot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tamar P Feldman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Britney L Moss
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Klavins
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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298
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Robert HS, Grunewald W, Sauer M, Cannoot B, Soriano M, Swarup R, Weijers D, Bennett M, Boutilier K, Friml J. Plant embryogenesis requires AUX/LAX-mediated auxin influx. Development 2015; 142:702-11. [PMID: 25617434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin and its directional transport are known to play a crucial role in defining the embryonic axis and subsequent development of the body plan. Although the role of PIN auxin efflux transporters has been clearly assigned during embryonic shoot and root specification, the role of the auxin influx carriers AUX1 and LIKE-AUX1 (LAX) proteins is not well established. Here, we used chemical and genetic tools on Brassica napus microspore-derived embryos and Arabidopsis thaliana zygotic embryos, and demonstrate that AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2 are required for both shoot and root pole formation, in concert with PIN efflux carriers. Furthermore, we uncovered a positive-feedback loop between MONOPTEROS (ARF5)-dependent auxin signalling and auxin transport. This MONOPTEROS-dependent transcriptional regulation of auxin influx (AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2) and auxin efflux (PIN1 and PIN4) carriers by MONOPTEROS helps to maintain proper auxin transport to the root tip. These results indicate that auxin-dependent cell specification during embryo development requires balanced auxin transport involving both influx and efflux mechanisms, and that this transport is maintained by a positive transcriptional feedback on auxin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Michael Sauer
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernard Cannoot
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Soriano
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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299
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Osuna D, Prieto P, Aguilar M. Control of Seed Germination and Plant Development by Carbon and Nitrogen Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1023. [PMID: 26635847 PMCID: PMC4649081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular basis of the influence of external carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and other abiotic factors on phytohormones regulation during seed germination and plant developmental processes, and the identification of elements that participate in this response is essential to understand plant nutrient perception and signaling. Sugars (sucrose, glucose) and nitrate not only act as nutrients but also as signaling molecules in plant development. A connection between changes in auxin transport and nitrate signal transduction has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana through the NRT1.1, a nitrate sensor and transporter that also functions as a repressor of lateral root growth under low concentrations of nitrate by promoting auxin transport. Nitrate inhibits the elongation of lateral roots, but this effect is significantly reduced in abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive mutants, what suggests that ABA might mediate the inhibition of lateral root elongation by nitrate. Gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis has been also related to nitrate level in seed germination and its requirement is determined by embryonic ABA. These mechanisms connect nutrients and hormones signaling during seed germination and plant development. Thus, the genetic identification of the molecular components involved in nutrients-dependent pathways would help to elucidate the potential crosstalk between nutrients, nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones (ABA, auxins and GAs) in seed germination and plant development. In this review we focus on changes in C and N levels and how they control seed germination and plant developmental processes through the interaction with other plant growth regulators, such as phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Osuna
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain,
- *Correspondence: Daniel Osuna,
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain,
| | - Miguel Aguilar
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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300
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Roy R, Bassham DC. Gravitropism and Lateral Root Emergence are Dependent on the Trans-Golgi Network Protein TNO1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:969. [PMID: 26617617 PMCID: PMC4642138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a dynamic organelle that functions as a relay station for receiving endocytosed cargo, directing secretory cargo, and trafficking to the vacuole. TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein (TNO1) is a large, TGN-localized, coiled-coil protein that associates with the membrane fusion protein SYP41, a target SNARE, and is required for efficient protein trafficking to the vacuole. Here, we show that a tno1 mutant has auxin transport-related defects. Mutant roots have delayed lateral root emergence, decreased gravitropic bending of plant organs and increased sensitivity to the auxin analog 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the natural auxin 3-indoleacetic acid. Auxin asymmetry at the tips of elongating stage II lateral roots was reduced in the tno1 mutant, suggesting a role for TNO1 in cellular auxin transport during lateral root emergence. During gravistimulation, tno1 roots exhibited delayed auxin transport from the columella to the basal epidermal cells. Endocytosis to the TGN was unaffected in the mutant, indicating that bulk endocytic defects are not responsible for the observed phenotypes. Together these studies demonstrate a role for TNO1 in mediating auxin responses during root development and gravistimulation, potentially through trafficking of auxin transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
- *Correspondence: Diane C. Bassham,
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