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Lightman SM, Peresie JL, Carlson LM, Holling GA, Honikel MM, Chavel CA, Nemeth MJ, Olejniczak SH, Lee KP. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is essential for sustaining durable antibody responses. Immunity 2021; 54:2772-2783.e5. [PMID: 34788602 PMCID: PMC9323746 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is essential for protection against pathogens, emphasized by the prevention of 2-3 million deaths worldwide annually by childhood immunizations. Long-term protective immunity is dependent on the continual production of neutralizing antibodies by the subset of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPCs are not intrinsically long-lived, but require interaction with LLPC niche stromal cells for survival. However, it remains unclear which and how these interactions sustain LLPC survival and long-term humoral immunity. We now have found that the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is required to sustain antibody responses and LLPC survival. Activation of IDO1 occurs upon the engagement of CD80/CD86 on the niche dendritic cells by CD28 on LLPC. Kynurenine, the product of IDO1 catabolism, activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in LLPC, reinforcing CD28 expression and survival signaling. These findings expand the immune function of IDO1 and uncover a novel pathway for sustaining LLPC survival and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivana M. Lightman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peresie
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Louise M. Carlson
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - G. Aaron Holling
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | | | - Colin A. Chavel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Scott H. Olejniczak
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kelvin P. Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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252
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Feldman J, Bals J, Altomare CG, St. Denis K, Lam EC, Hauser BM, Ronsard L, Sangesland M, Moreno TB, Okonkwo V, Hartojo N, Balazs AB, Bajic G, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG. Naive human B cells engage the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and related sarbecoviruses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabl5842. [PMID: 34648356 PMCID: PMC8720485 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Initial exposure to a pathogen elicits an adaptive immune response to control and eradicate the threat. Interrogating the abundance and specificity of the naive B cell repertoire drives understanding of how to mount protective responses. Here, we isolated naive B cells from eight seronegative human donors targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain (RBD). Single-cell B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing identified diverse gene usage and no restriction on complementarity determining region length. A subset of recombinant antibodies produced by naive B cell precursors bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD and engaged circulating variants including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2, as well as preemergent bat-derived coronaviruses RaTG13, SHC104, and WIV1. By structural characterization of a naive antibody in complex with SARS-CoV-2 spike, we identified a conserved mode of recognition shared with infection-induced antibodies. We found that representative naive antibodies could signal in a B cell activation assay, and by using directed evolution, we could select for a higher-affinity RBD interaction, conferred by a single amino acid change. The minimally mutated, affinity-matured antibodies also potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD–specific naive repertoire may inform potential responses capable of recognizing future SARS-CoV-2 variants or emerging coronaviruses, enabling the development of pan-coronavirus vaccines aimed at engaging protective germline responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clara G. Altomare
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Vintus Okonkwo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nathania Hartojo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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253
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Abrokwa SK, Müller SA, Méndez-Brito A, Hanefeld J, El Bcheraoui C. Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their potential risk to public health - a systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261221. [PMID: 34882750 PMCID: PMC8659325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To inform quarantine and contact-tracing policies concerning re-positive cases-cases testing positive among those recovered. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically reviewed and appraised relevant literature from PubMed and Embase for the extent of re-positive cases and their epidemiological characteristics. RESULTS In 90 case reports/series, a total of 276 re-positive cases were found. Among confirmed reinfections, 50% occurred within 90 days from recovery. Four reports related onward transmission. In thirty-five observational studies, rate of re-positives ranged from zero to 50% with no onward transmissions reported. In eight reviews, pooled recurrence rate ranged from 12% to 17.7%. Probability of re-positive increased with several factors. CONCLUSION Recurrence of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test is commonly reported within the first weeks following recovery from a first infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kofi Abrokwa
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Alice Müller
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alba Méndez-Brito
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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254
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SARS-COV-2 Memory B and T Cells Profile in Mild COVID-19 Convalescents subjects. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 115:208-214. [PMID: 34896265 PMCID: PMC8653411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES . Antiviral adaptive immunity involves memory B-(MBC) and T-cells (MTC), however their dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 convalescents warrant further investigation. METHODS . In the cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we evaluated blood-derived MBC- and MTC-responses in 68 anti-spike IgG-positive mild-COVID-19 convalescents at visit 1 between 1-7 months (median 4.1 months) after disease onset. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG was performed by ELISA, MBC by SARS-COV-2 specific receptor binding domain (RBD) Elispot and Interferon gamma (IFNg), interleukin 2 (IL2) and IFNg+IL2 secreting MTC by IFNg and IL2 SARS-CoV-2 FluoroSpot. For 24 patients sampled at first visit, the IgG, MBC and MTC analysis were also performed 3 months later at second visit. RESULTS . Seventy two percent were both MBC- and MTC-positive, 18 % - MBC-positive and MTC-negative, and 10% - MTC-positive and MBC-negative. The peak of MBC-response level was detected at 3 months after COVID-19 onset and persisted up to 7 months post infection. A significant MTC-levels were detected one month after onset in response to S1, S2_N and SNMO peptide pools. The frequency and magnitude of MTC response to SNMO was higher than to S1 and S2_N. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that even when specific humoral immunity declined, the cellular immunity persisted. CONCLUSION . Our findings demonstrate durability of adaptive cellular immunity at least for 7-months after SARS-CoV-2 infection that suggest long-lasting protection.
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255
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Arslan F, Isık Goren B, Baysal B, Vahaboğlu H. Is vaccination necessary for COVID-19 patients? A retrospective cohort study investigating reinfection rates and symptomatology in a tertiary hospital. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:249-252. [PMID: 34839763 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2012457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durability of immune response by the COVID-19 natural infection and the necessity of vaccines in recovered patients are important inquiries for the healthcare provider. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Here, we investigated the characteristics and the rate of cases with reinfection that have been admitted to our tertiary hospital. RESULTS A total of 119985 patients were applied between March 2020 and May 2021. Of these patients, 32607 (27%, 32,607/119985) tested positive. A total of 27 (0.08%, 27/32607) patients were found to be reinfected beyond 90 days. Only one of these reinfected patients (0.003, 1/32607) had novel COVID-19 pneumonia and was hospitalized for the second time. Other 26 reinfected patients were followed up as outpatients. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 reinfection is extremely rare. However, the reinfection may be severe in patients with immune deficiency. Healthcare providers may prioritize uninfected and immune-compromised patients for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Arslan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Isık Goren
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalçın, Goztepe City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Begumhan Baysal
- Department of Radiology, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalçın, Goztepe City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Vahaboğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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256
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Larcade R, DeShea L, Lang GA, Caballero MT, Ferretti A, Beasley WH, Tipple TE, Vain N, Prudent L, Lang ML, Polack F, Ofman G. Maternal-fetal immunologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a symptomatic vulnerable population: A prospective cohort. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:800-809. [PMID: 34865064 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 disproportionally affects pregnant women and their newborn, yet little is known about the variables that modulate the maternal-fetal immune response to infection. METHODS We prospectively studied socioeconomic, biologic and clinical factors affecting humoral immunity in 87 unvaccinated pregnant women admitted to hospital in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area for symptoms consistent with COVID-19 disease. RESULTS The number of days between symptom onset and childbirth predicted maternal and newborn virus Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD)-specific IgG. These findings suggest newborns may benefit less when mothers deliver soon after COVID-19 infection. Similarly, a longer time between symptom onset and birth predicted higher in utero transfer of maternal IgG and its concentration in cord blood. Older gestational ages at birth were associated with lower maternal IgG: cord blood IgG ratios. Eighty seven percent of women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection developed RBD-specific IgA responses in breast milk within 96 h of childbirth. IgA was not significantly associated with time from infection but correlated with maternal serum IgG and placental transfer. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the combined role of biologic, clinical and socioeconomic variables associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibodies and supports early vaccination strategies for COVID-19 in socioeconomically vulnerable pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise DeShea
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Gillian A Lang
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City; USA
| | - Mauricio T Caballero
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - William H Beasley
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Trent E Tipple
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | | | - Mark L Lang
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City; USA
| | | | - Gaston Ofman
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma City, USA.,Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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257
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Murhekar MV, Bhatnagar T, Thangaraj JWV, Saravanakumar V, Santhosh Kumar M, Selvaraju S, Rade K, Kumar CPG, Sabarinathan R, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Bhat J, Chakraborty D, Chopra V, Das D, Devi KR, Dwivedi GR, Jain A, Khan SMS, Kumar MS, Laxmaiah A, Madhukar M, Mahapatra A, Ramesh T, Rangaraju C, Turuk J, Yadav S, Bhargava B. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among the general population and healthcare workers in India, June-July 2021: A population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003877. [PMID: 34890407 PMCID: PMC8726494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India began COVID-19 vaccination in January 2021, initially targeting healthcare and frontline workers. The vaccination strategy was expanded in a phased manner and currently covers all individuals aged 18 years and above. India experienced a severe second wave of COVID-19 during March-June 2021. We conducted a fourth nationwide serosurvey to estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population aged ≥6 years and healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS AND FINDINGS We did a cross-sectional study between 14 June and 6 July 2021 in the same 70 districts across 20 states and 1 union territory where 3 previous rounds of serosurveys were conducted. From each district, 10 clusters (villages in rural areas and wards in urban areas) were selected by the probability proportional to population size method. From each district, a minimum of 400 individuals aged ≥6 years from the general population (40 individuals from each cluster) and 100 HCWs from the district public health facilities were included. The serum samples were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against S1-RBD and nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 using chemiluminescence immunoassay. We estimated the weighted and test-adjusted seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, along with 95% CIs, based on the presence of antibodies to S1-RBD and/or nucleocapsid protein. Of the 28,975 individuals who participated in the survey, 2,892 (10%) were aged 6-9 years, 5,798 (20%) were aged 10-17 years, and 20,285 (70%) were aged ≥18 years; 15,160 (52.3%) participants were female, and 21,794 (75.2%) resided in rural areas. The weighted and test-adjusted prevalence of IgG antibodies against S1-RBD and/or nucleocapsid protein among the general population aged ≥6 years was 67.6% (95% CI 66.4% to 68.7%). Seroprevalence increased with age (p < 0.001) and was not different in rural and urban areas (p = 0.822). Compared to unvaccinated adults (62.3%, 95% CI 60.9% to 63.7%), seroprevalence was significantly higher among individuals who had received 1 vaccine dose (81.0%, 95% CI 79.6% to 82.3%, p < 0.001) and 2 vaccine doses (89.8%, 95% CI 88.4% to 91.1%, p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies among 7,252 HCWs was 85.2% (95% CI 83.5% to 86.7%). Important limitations of the study include the survey design, which was aimed to estimate seroprevalence at the national level and not at a sub-national level, and the non-participation of 19% of eligible individuals in the survey. CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-thirds of individuals aged ≥6 years from the general population and 85% of HCWs had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by June-July 2021 in India. As one-third of the population is still seronegative, it is necessary to accelerate the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among adults and continue adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sriram Selvaraju
- ICMR–National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kiran Rade
- WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Smita Asthana
- ICMR–National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- ICMR–National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR–National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Vishal Chopra
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Patiala, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMR–Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Sunil Kumar
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Major Madhukar
- ICMR–Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | | | | | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- ICMR–Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Suresh Yadav
- ICMR–National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, India
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258
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Chansaenroj J, Yorsaeng R, Posuwan N, Puenpa J, Wanlapakorn N, Sudhinaraset N, Sripramote M, Chalongviriyalert P, Jirajariyavej S, Kiatpanabhikul P, Saiyarin J, Soudon C, Thienfaidee O, Palakawong Na Ayuthaya T, Brukesawan C, Chirathaworn C, Intharasongkroh D, Chaiwanichsiri D, Issarasongkhram M, Kitphati R, Mungaomklang A, Nagavajara P, Poovorawan Y. Long-term specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in recovered COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23216. [PMID: 34853374 PMCID: PMC8636620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study monitored the long-term immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) titer in serum samples collected at a single (N = 302) or multiple time points (N = 229) 3–12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset or SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens was measured by semiquantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The 531 patients (966 specimens) were classified according to the presence or absence of pneumonia symptoms. Anti N IgG was detected in 87.5% of patients (328/375) at 3 months, 38.6% (93/241) at 6 months, 23.7% (49/207) at 9 months, and 26.6% (38/143) at 12 months. The anti-N IgG seropositivity rate was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 months than at 3 months (P < 0.01) and was higher in the pneumonia group than in the non-pneumonia/asymptomatic group at 6 months (P < 0.01), 9 months (P = 0.04), and 12 months (P = 0.04). The rate started to decline 6–12 months after symptom onset. Anti-N IgG sample/cutoff index was positively correlated with age (r = 0.192, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with interval between symptom onset and blood sampling (r = − 0.567, P < 0.01). These findings can guide vaccine strategies in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manit Sripramote
- Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supunee Jirajariyavej
- Taksin Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phatharaporn Kiatpanabhikul
- Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Saiyarin
- Klang General Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulikorn Soudon
- Sirindhorn Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawan Thienfaidee
- Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chantapat Brukesawan
- Public Health Center 26, Health Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Mila Issarasongkhram
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueng Kitphati
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anek Mungaomklang
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pijaya Nagavajara
- Office of the Permanent Secretary for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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259
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Kruse M, Dark C, Aspden M, Cochrane D, Competiello R, Peltz M, Torres L, Wrighton-Smith P, Dudek M. Performance of the T-SPOT Ⓡ.COVID test for detecting SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113:155-161. [PMID: 34601143 PMCID: PMC8482551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of the T-SPOT.COVID test for identifying SARS-CoV-2-responsive T-cells in participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS The T-SPOT.COVID test uses ELISpot interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) methodology to measure T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and nucleocapsid peptides. T-SPOT.COVID and anti-N immunoglobulin (Ig) G serology tests were performed on blood from 186 patients with nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)-confirmed-SARS-CoV-2 infection and 100 control group participants. RESULTS In the 2-8 weeks after NAAT-diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the T-SPOT.COVID test detected 98.4% (63 of 64) of infected participants, while anti-N IgG serology detected 82.8%. In the first 2 weeks after diagnosis, during adaptive immune response activation, there were less reactive T-SPOT.COVID responses (75.7%, 28 of 37 infected participants) and many less seropositive responses (32.4%). Response numbers tapered after 8 weeks; however, T-SPOT.COVID test continued to detect most participants with confirmed infection (83.6%, 56 of 67) and continued to out-perform serology (52.2%). T-SPOT.COVID response due to cross-reactive T cells was ruled out by demonstrating that, of 44 control group participants with T cells responsive to 4 human common cold coronavirus peptides, only 1 was T-SPOT.COVID reactive. CONCLUSION The T-SPOT.COVID test performed well in detecting SARS-CoV-2-sensitized T-cells over many months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kruse
- Oxford Immunotec, 293 Boston Post Rd W, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Chris Dark
- Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, UK
| | - Megan Aspden
- Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, UK
| | - Daniel Cochrane
- Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, UK
| | - Rick Competiello
- Oxford Immunotec, 293 Boston Post Rd W, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Maya Peltz
- Oxford Immunotec, 293 Boston Post Rd W, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Luis Torres
- Primacare Medical Center, 277 Pleasant St, Fall River, MA 02721, USA
| | - Peter Wrighton-Smith
- Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, UK
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, UK,Corresponding author: Magdalena Dudek, PhD, Oxford Immunotec, 143 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SE, Phone: +44 1235 442601, Fax: +44 (0) 1235 442 781
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260
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Haveri A, Ekström N, Solastie A, Virta C, Österlund P, Isosaari E, Nohynek H, Palmu AA, Melin M. Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:3202-3213. [PMID: 34580856 PMCID: PMC8646652 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most subjects develop antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 following infection. In order to estimate the duration of immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 it is important to understand for how long antibodies persist after infection in humans. Here, we assessed the persistence of serum antibodies following WT SARS-CoV-2 infection at 8 and 13 months after diagnosis in 367 individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG (S-IgG) and nucleoprotein IgG (N-IgG) concentrations and the proportion of subjects with neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were assessed. Moreover, the NAb titers among a smaller subset of participants (n = 78) against a WT virus (B) and variants of concern (VOCs): Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) were determined. We found that NAb against the WT virus persisted in 89% and S-IgG in 97% of subjects for at least 13 months after infection. Only 36% had N-IgG by 13 months. The mean S-IgG concentrations declined from 8 to 13 months by less than one third; N-IgG concentrations declined by two-thirds. Subjects with severe infection had markedly higher IgG and NAb levels and are expected to remain seropositive for longer. Significantly lower NAb titers against the variants compared to the WT virus, especially after a mild disease, suggests reduced protection against VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Elina Isosaari
- Department of Public Health and WelfareFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Arto A Palmu
- Department of Public Health and WelfareFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health SecurityFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
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261
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Le Bert N, Chia WN, Wan WY, Teo AKJ, Chong SZR, Tan N, Tan DSC, Chia A, Tan IB, Kunasegaran K, Chua QX, Abdad MY, Ng ASH, Vasoo S, Ang JXL, Lee MS, Sun L, Fang J, Zhu F, Cook AR, Aw TC, Huang J, Tam C, Lee FS, Clapham H, Goh EJK, Peou MSS, Tan SP, Ong SK, Wang LF, Bertoletti A, Hsu LY, Ong BC. Widely heterogeneous humoral and cellular immunity after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in a homogeneous population of healthy young men. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2141-2150. [PMID: 34709140 PMCID: PMC8604544 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1999777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied humoral and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 longitudinally in a homogeneous population of healthy young/middle-aged men of South Asian ethnicity with mild COVID-19. METHODS In total, we recruited 994 men (median age: 34 years) post-COVID-19 diagnosis. Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted between May 2020 and January 2021 at six time points - day 28 (n = 327), day 80 (n = 202), day 105 (n = 294), day 140 (n = 172), day 180 (n = 758), and day 280 (n = 311). Three commercial assays were used to detect anti-nucleoprotein (NP) and neutralizing antibodies. T cell response specific for Spike, Membrane and NP SARS-CoV-2 proteins was tested in 85 patients at day 105, 180, and 280. RESULTS All serological tests displayed different kinetics of progressive antibody reduction while the frequency of T cells specific for different structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins was stable over time. Both showed a marked heterogeneity of magnitude among the studied cohort. Comparatively, cellular responses lasted longer than humoral responses and were still detectable nine months after infection in the individuals who lost antibody detection. Correlation between T cell frequencies and all antibodies was lost over time. CONCLUSION Humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is induced with differing kinetics of persistence in those with mild disease. The magnitude of T cells and antibodies is highly heterogeneous in a homogeneous study population. These observations have implications for COVID-19 surveillance, vaccination strategies, and post-pandemic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Yee Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Kuo Jing Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nicole Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Adeline Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iain Beehuat Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kamini Kunasegaran
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | | | - Shawn Vasoo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Louisa Sun
- Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Fang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex R. Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Clarence Tam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hannah Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biauw Chi Ong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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262
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Jeewandara C, Guruge D, Pushpakumara PD, Kamaladasa A, Aberathna IS, Ramu ST, Gunasekera B, Wijesinghe A, Dissanayake O, Kuruppu H, Ranasinghe T, Jayathilaka D, Dayarathna S, Ekanayake D, Jayamali J, Gamalath N, Mudunkotiwa A, Somathilake G, Dissanayake M, Harvie M, Nimasha T, Madusanka D, Jayadas T, Wijayamuni R, Schimanski L, Rijal P, Tan TK, Townsend A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Immune Responses to a Single Dose of the AZD1222/Covishield Vaccine at 16 Weeks in Individuals in Sri Lanka. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2681-2687. [PMID: 34750205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to limited access to vaccines, many countries have only administered a single dose of the AZD1222, whereas the dosage intervals have increased ≥4 wk. We sought to investigate the immunogenicity of a single dose of vaccine at ≥16 wk postimmunization. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Abs in 553 individuals and Abs to the receptor-binding domain of the Wuhan virus (wild-type) and the variants of concern, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor blocking Abs ex vivo and cultured IFN-γ T cell (Homo sapiens) responses and B cell (H. sapiens) ELISPOT responses, were investigated in a subcohort. The seropositivity rates in those >70 y of age (93.7%) was not significantly different compared with other age groups (97.7-98.2; Pearson χ2 = 7.8; p = 0.05). The Ab titers (Ab index) significantly declined (p < 0.0001) with increase in age. A total of 18 of 69 (26.1%) of individuals did not have angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor-blocking Abs, whereas responses to the receptor-binding domain of wild-type (p = 0.03), B.1.1.7 (p = 0.04), and B.1.617.2 (p = 0.02) were significantly lower in those who were >60 y. Ex vivo IFN-γ T cell ELISPOT responses were seen in 10 of 66 (15.1%), whereas only a few expressed CD107a. However, >85% had a high frequency of cultured IFN-γ T cell ELISPOT responses and B cell ELISPOTs. Virus-specific Abs were maintained at ≥16 wk after receiving a single dose of AZD1222, although levels were lower to variants of concern, especially in older individuals. A single dose induced a high frequency of memory T and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Pradeep Darshana Pushpakumara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Achala Kamaladasa
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka Sepali Aberathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shyrar Tanussiya Ramu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Banuri Gunasekera
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayesha Wijesinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Osanda Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Kuruppu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushali Ranasinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshni Jayathilaka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shashika Dayarathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinithi Ekanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeewantha Jayamali
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayanathara Gamalath
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushika Mudunkotiwa
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayasha Somathilake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhushika Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Harvie
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thashmi Nimasha
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshan Madusanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Tibutius Jayadas
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiong K Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
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12-month SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistency in a Tyrolean COVID-19 cohort. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:1265-1271. [PMID: 34812944 PMCID: PMC8609251 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Short-term antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown previously. The further development remains to be determined. Methods We prospectively followed 29 coronavirus disease 2019 cases, mean age 44 ± 13.2 years. Except for one participant in whom rheumatoid arthritis existed, all other cases were previously healthy. We determined anti-viral binding antibodies at 2–10 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after disease onset as well as neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against wild type at 6 and 12 months and the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants at month 12. Three binding antibody assays were used, targeting the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), the S1 subunit of the spike protein, and the receptor binding domain (RBD). Results Antibodies to the RBD persisted for 12 months in all cases with increasing concentrations, whereas antibodies to S1 dropped below cut-off point in 7 participants and NCP antibodies were above cut-off point in only 5 subjects at month 12. The NAb against wild type were detected in all but 2 samples at 12 months of follow-up but clearly less frequently when targeting the variants. In 5 participants who were vaccinated against COVID-19 there was a strong increase of antibodies against S1 and RBD as well as an increase of NAb titres against wild type and the variants. Conclusion There was a persisting antibody response against SARS-CoV‑2 up to 12 months after COVID-19 with declining concentrations except for RBD and a strong increase of all antibody concentrations after vaccination. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-021-01985-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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264
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Poon MML, Rybkina K, Kato Y, Kubota M, Matsumoto R, Bloom NI, Zhang Z, Hastie KM, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Wells SB, Ural BB, Lam N, Szabo PA, Dogra P, Lee YS, Gray JI, Bradley MC, Brusko MA, Brusko TM, Saphire EO, Connors TJ, Sette A, Crotty S, Farber DL. SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabl9105. [PMID: 34618554 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M L Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yu Kato
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nathaniel I Bloom
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven B Wells
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Basak B Ural
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoon S Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua I Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marissa C Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Erica O Saphire
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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265
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Islam MR, Oraby T, McCombs A, Chowdhury MM, Al-Mamun M, Tyshenko MG, Kadelka C. Evaluation of the United States COVID-19 vaccine allocation strategy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259700. [PMID: 34788345 PMCID: PMC8598051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticipating an initial shortage of vaccines for COVID-19, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States developed priority vaccine allocations for specific demographic groups in the population. This study evaluates the performance of the CDC vaccine allocation strategy with respect to multiple potentially competing vaccination goals (minimizing mortality, cases, infections, and years of life lost (YLL)), under the same framework as the CDC allocation: four priority vaccination groups and population demographics stratified by age, comorbidities, occupation and living condition (congested or non-congested). METHODS AND FINDINGS We developed a compartmental disease model that incorporates key elements of the current pandemic including age-varying susceptibility to infection, age-varying clinical fraction, an active case-count dependent social distancing level, and time-varying infectivity (accounting for the emergence of more infectious virus strains). The CDC allocation strategy is compared to all other possibly optimal allocations that stagger vaccine roll-out in up to four phases (17.5 million strategies). The CDC allocation strategy performed well in all vaccination goals but never optimally. Under the developed model, the CDC allocation deviated from the optimal allocations by small amounts, with 0.19% more deaths, 4.0% more cases, 4.07% more infections, and 0.97% higher YLL, than the respective optimal strategies. The CDC decision to not prioritize the vaccination of individuals under the age of 16 was optimal, as was the prioritization of health-care workers and other essential workers over non-essential workers. Finally, a higher prioritization of individuals with comorbidities in all age groups improved outcomes compared to the CDC allocation. CONCLUSION The developed approach can be used to inform the design of future vaccine allocation strategies in the United States, or adapted for use by other countries seeking to optimize the effectiveness of their vaccine allocation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rafiul Islam
- Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Tamer Oraby
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States of America
| | - Audrey McCombs
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Mihrab Chowdhury
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Al-Mamun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Tyshenko
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claus Kadelka
- Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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266
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SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) variants induce pathogenic patterns in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice distinct from early strains. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6559. [PMID: 34772941 PMCID: PMC8589842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) show increased transmissibility and enhanced antibody neutralization resistance. Here we demonstrate in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice that B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 are 100-fold more lethal than the original SARS-CoV-2 bearing 614D. B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 cause more severe organ lesions in K18-hACE2 mice than early SARS-CoV-2 strains bearing 614D or 614G, with B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 infection resulting in distinct tissue-specific cytokine signatures, significant D-dimer depositions in vital organs and less pulmonary hypoxia signaling before death. However, K18-hACE2 mice with prior infection of early SARS-CoV-2 strains or intramuscular immunization of viral spike or receptor binding domain are resistant to the lethal reinfection of B.1.1.7 or B.1.351, despite having reduced neutralization titers against these VOC than early strains. Our results thus distinguish pathogenic patterns in K18-hACE2 mice caused by B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 infection from those induced by early SARS-CoV-2 strains, and help inform potential medical interventions for combating COVID-19. Mutant SARS-CoV-2 strains such as B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 have been termed variants of concerns (VoC) due to their enhanced virulence. Here the authors show, using K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse models, that these two VoCs are also more pathogenic in mice, and induce immunity and pathology distinct from those from the earlier variants.
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267
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Cabanes L, Rubio C, Martinez O, Naval E. [Natural humoral immunity one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2021; 40:526-527. [PMID: 34785832 PMCID: PMC8585602 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Rubio
- S. Microbiología. Hospital Universitario La Ribera (Alzira, Valencia), Spain
| | - O Martinez
- S. Microbiología. Hospital Universitario La Ribera (Alzira, Valencia), Spain
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268
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Tian X, Jiang W, Zhang H, Lu X, Li L, Liu W, Li J. Persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Asymptomatic Patients in Correctional Facilities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:789374. [PMID: 34858383 PMCID: PMC8631518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global health disaster with millions of death worldwide, and the substantial proportion of asymptomatic carriers poses a huge threat to public health. The long-term antibody responses and neutralization activity during natural asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. In this study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and neutralization assay with purified SARS-CoV-2S and N proteins to study the antibody responses of 156 individuals with natural asymptomatic infection. We found robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 156 patients from 6 to 12 months. Although the antibody responses gradually decreased, S-IgG was more stable than N-IgG. S-IgG was still detected in 79% of naturally infected individuals after 12 months of infection. Moderate to potent neutralization activities were also observed in 98.74% of patients 6 months after infection. However, this proportion decreased at 8-month (46.15%) and 10-month (39.11%) after infection, respectively. Only 23.72% of patients displayed potent neutralization activity at 12 months. This study strongly supports the long-term presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with natural asymptomatic infection, although the magnitude of the antibody responses started to cripple 6 months after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiXi Lu
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Libo Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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269
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Dong Y, Dai T, Wang B, Zhang L, Zeng LH, Huang J, Yan H, Zhang L, Zhou F. The way of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development: success and challenges. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:387. [PMID: 34753918 PMCID: PMC8575680 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To halt the pandemic, multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed and several have been allowed for emergency use and rollout worldwide. With novel SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging and circulating widely, whether the original vaccines that were designed based on the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 were effective against these variants has been a contentious discussion. Moreover, some studies revealed the long-term changes of immune responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and the factors that might impact the vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, in this review, we have summarized the influence of mutational hotspots on the vaccine efficacy and characteristics of variants of interest and concern. We have also discussed the reasons that might result in discrepancies in the efficacy of different vaccines estimated in different trials. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the duration of immune responses after natural infection or vaccination and shed light on the factors that may affect the immunity induced by the vaccines, such as special disease conditions, sex, and pre-existing immunity, with the aim of aiding in combating COVID-19 and distributing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under the prevalence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetian Dong
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an, China
| | - Tong Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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270
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Mahallawi WH, Fakher MH, Alsarani MA, Aljohani RH, Al-Mutabgani SA, Ibrahim NA. A Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Primes a Strong Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19-Recovered Patients. Viral Immunol 2021; 35:122-128. [PMID: 34747643 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has affected hundreds of millions of people globally. The development of safe and effective vaccines represents an urgent demand. A total of 136 participants were recruited in this study, including 75 men and 61 women. The participants were divided into two groups: those who were virus naïve (never infected) and those who had recovered from COVID-19. Each group included individuals who received either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA or the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure anti-S IgG antibody concentrations in sequential serum samples obtained before vaccine administration, after the first vaccine dose, and after the second vaccine dose. We compared the antibody responses of individuals with confirmed prior COVID-19 infection with those of individuals without prior evidence of infection. All participants who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 who received one dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA or the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine showed significant anti-S IgG antibody levels. No sex-related differences were observed when we compared antibody levels between men and women. In infection-naïve participants ≥60 years, a second vaccine dose was necessary to achieve higher levels of antibody when comparing the IgG antibody levels after receiving the first and second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Fakher
- Central Blood Bank and Regional Laboratory, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nadir A Ibrahim
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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271
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Koutsakos M, Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Juno JA. T follicular helper cells in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:355-365. [PMID: 34730247 PMCID: PMC8667651 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0821-464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective mechanism to reduce the impact of COVID‐19. Induction of neutralizing antibodies is a strong correlate of protection from infection and severe disease. An understanding of the cellular events that underpin the generation of effective neutralizing antibodies is therefore key to the development of efficacious vaccines that target emerging variants of concern. Analysis of the immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and vaccination has identified circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH) as a robust correlate of the neutralizing antibody response. Here, we discuss the analysis of cTFH cells and their lymphoid counterparts in human humoral immune responses during COVID‐19, and in response to vaccination with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike. We discuss the phenotypic heterogeneity of cTFH cells and the utility of cTFH subsets as informative biomarkers for development of humoral immunity. We posit that the analysis of the most effective cTFH will be critical to inducing durable immunity to new variants of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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272
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Redirecting host preexisting influenza A virus immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1611-1623. [PMID: 34731283 PMCID: PMC8563826 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We tested the concept that host preexisting influenza A virus immunity can be redirected to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis through systemic administration of influenza A virus–related peptides to targeted tumors. Mice infected with influenza A virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) were used as a model of a host with preexisting viral immunity. The extent to which preexisting influenza A immunity in PR8-immunized mice can be redirected to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis was first examined by ectopic expression of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) and hemagglutinin (HA) in syngeneic mammary tumor cells via lentiviral transduction. Then, the feasibility of implementing this strategy using a systemic therapy approach was assessed by systemic delivery of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-compatible peptides to targeted mammary tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in mice using a novel HER2-targeting single-lipid nanoparticle (SLNP). Our results show that preexisting influenza A immunity in PR8-immunized mice could be quickly redirected to syngeneic tumors expressing influenza A NP and HA, leading to strong inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis and improvement of survival compared to the findings in antigen-naïve control mice. MHC-I-compatible peptides could be delivered to targeted mammary tumors in mice using the HER2-targeting SLNP for antigen presentation, which subsequently redirected preexisting influenza A immunity to the tumors to exert antitumor activities. In conclusion, preexisting influenza A immunity can be repurposed for cancer immunotherapy through systemic delivery of influenza A–related peptides to targeted tumors. Further development of the strategy for clinical translation is warranted.
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273
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Kim W, Zhou JQ, Sturtz AJ, Horvath SC, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Kalaidina E, Thapa M, Alsoussi WB, Haile A, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Parra-Rodriguez L, Mudd PA, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Pusic I, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.10.31.466651. [PMID: 34751268 PMCID: PMC8575138 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.31.466651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures where vaccine-responding B cells acquire affinity-enhancing somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) 1-4 . Induction of the latter is a hallmark of durable immunity after vaccination 5 . SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust GC response in humans 6-8 , but the maturation dynamics of GC B cells and propagation of their progeny throughout the B cell diaspora have not been elucidated. Here we show that anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-binding GC B cells were detectable in draining lymph nodes for at least six months in 10 out of 15 individuals who had received two doses of BNT162b2, a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Six months after vaccination, circulating S-binding MBCs were detected in all participants (n=42) and S-specific IgG-secreting BMPCs were detected in 9 out of 11 participants. Using a combined approach of single-cell RNA sequencing of responding blood and lymph node B cells from eight participants and expression of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies, we tracked the evolution of 1540 S-specific B cell clones. SHM accumulated along the B cell differentiation trajectory, with early blood plasmablasts showing the lowest frequencies, followed by MBCs and lymph node plasma cells whose SHM largely overlapped with GC B cells. By three months after vaccination, the frequency of SHM within GC B cells had doubled. Strikingly, S + BMPCs detected six months after vaccination accumulated the highest level of SHM, corresponding with significantly enhanced anti-S polyclonal antibody avidity in blood at that time point. This study documents the induction of affinity-matured BMPCs after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in humans, providing a foundation for the sustained high efficacy observed with these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q. Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J. Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C. Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kalaidina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wafaa B. Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K. Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William D. Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A. Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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274
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Deepak P, Kim W, Paley MA, Yang M, Carvidi AB, Demissie EG, El-Qunni AA, Haile A, Huang K, Kinnett B, Liebeskind MJ, Liu Z, McMorrow LE, Paez D, Pawar N, Perantie DC, Schriefer RE, Sides SE, Thapa M, Gergely M, Abushamma S, Akuse S, Klebert M, Mitchell L, Nix D, Graf J, Taylor KE, Chahin S, Ciorba MA, Katz P, Matloubian M, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Wu GF, Whelan SPJ, Buchser WJ, Gensler LS, Nakamura MC, Ellebedy AH, Kim AHJ. Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 : A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:1572-1585. [PMID: 34461029 PMCID: PMC8407518 DOI: 10.7326/m21-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic inflammatory disease (CID) treated with immunosuppressive medications have increased risk for severe COVID-19. Although mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination provides protection in immunocompetent persons, immunogenicity in immunosuppressed patients with CID is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the immunogenicity of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with CID. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING Two U.S. CID referral centers. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of adults with confirmed CID eligible for early COVID-19 vaccination, including hospital employees of any age and patients older than 65 years. Immunocompetent participants were recruited separately from hospital employees. All participants received 2 doses of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 between 10 December 2020 and 20 March 2021. Participants were assessed within 2 weeks before vaccination and 20 days after final vaccination. MEASUREMENTS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) IgG+ binding in all participants, and neutralizing antibody titers and circulating S-specific plasmablasts in a subset to assess humoral response after vaccination. RESULTS Most of the 133 participants with CID (88.7%) and all 53 immunocompetent participants developed antibodies in response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, although some with CID developed numerically lower titers of anti-S IgG. Anti-S IgG antibody titers after vaccination were lower in participants with CID receiving glucocorticoids (n = 17) than in those not receiving them; the geometric mean of anti-S IgG antibodies was 357 (95% CI, 96 to 1324) for participants receiving prednisone versus 2190 (CI, 1598 to 3002) for those not receiving it. Anti-S IgG antibody titers were also lower in those receiving B-cell depletion therapy (BCDT) (n = 10). Measures of immunogenicity differed numerically between those who were and those who were not receiving antimetabolites (n = 48), tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (n = 39), and Janus kinase inhibitors (n = 11); however, 95% CIs were wide and overlapped. Neutralization titers seemed generally consistent with anti-S IgG results. Results were not adjusted for differences in baseline clinical factors, including other immunosuppressant therapies. LIMITATIONS Small sample that lacked demographic diversity, and residual confounding. CONCLUSION Compared with nonusers, patients with CID treated with glucocorticoids and BCDT seem to have lower SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody responses. These preliminary findings require confirmation in a larger study. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Marcus Program in Precision Medicine Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakkal Deepak
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Michael A Paley
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Monica Yang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Alexander B Carvidi
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Emanuel G Demissie
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Alia A El-Qunni
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Alem Haile
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Katherine Huang
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Baylee Kinnett
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Mariel J Liebeskind
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Lily E McMorrow
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Diana Paez
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Niti Pawar
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Dana C Perantie
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Rebecca E Schriefer
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Shannon E Sides
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Maté Gergely
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Suha Abushamma
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Sewuese Akuse
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Michael Klebert
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Lynne Mitchell
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Darren Nix
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Jonathan Graf
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Kimberly E Taylor
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Salim Chahin
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Patricia Katz
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Mehrdad Matloubian
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.)
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - William J Buchser
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Lianne S Gensler
- University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California (L.S.G., M.C.N.)
| | - Mary C Nakamura
- University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California (L.S.G., M.C.N.)
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.)
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275
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Lau EHY, Hui DSC, Tsang OTY, Chan WH, Kwan MYW, Chiu SS, Cheng SMS, Ko RLW, Li JKC, Chaothai S, Tsang CH, Poon LLM, Peiris M. Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses after infection and estimates of the duration of protection. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101174. [PMID: 34746725 PMCID: PMC8556690 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duration of immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected people remains unclear. Neutralizing antibody responses are the best available correlate of protection against re-infection. Recent studies estimated that the correlate of 50% protection from re-infection was 20% of the mean convalescent neutralizing antibody titre. METHODS We collected sera from a cohort of 124 individuals with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections from Prince of Wales Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Queen Mary Hospitals of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, for periods up to 386 days after symptom onset and tested these for antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using 50% virus plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT50), surrogate neutralization tests and spike receptor binding domain (RBD) binding antibody. Patients were recruited from 21 January 2020 to 16 February 2021 and follow-up samples were collected until 9th March 2021. FINDINGS Because the rate of antibody waning slows with time, we fitted lines of decay to 115 sera from 62 patients collected beyond 90 days after symptom onset and estimate that PRNT50 antibody will remain detectable for around 1,717 days after symptom onset and that levels conferring 50% protection will be maintained for around 990 days post-symptom onset, in symptomatic patients. This would potentially be affected by emerging virus variants. PRNT titres wane faster in children. There was a high level of correlation between PRNT50 antibody titers and the % of inhibition in surrogate virus neutralization tests. INTERPRETATION The data suggest that symptomatic COVID-19 disease is followed by relatively long-lived protection from re-infection by antigenically similar viruses. FUNDING Health and Medical Research Fund, Commissioned research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) (Reference Nos. COVID190126 and COVID1903003) from the Food and Health Bureau and the Theme-based Research Scheme project no. T11-712/19-N, the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong SAR Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric HY Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - David SC Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen TY Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Mike YW Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel MS Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald LW Ko
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - John KC Li
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi H Tsang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo LM Poon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
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276
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Vacharathit V, Srichatrapimuk S, Manopwisedjaroen S, Kirdlarp S, Srisaowakarn C, Setthaudom C, Inrueangsri N, Pisitkun P, Kunakorn M, Hongeng S, Sungkanuparph S, Thitithanyanont A. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies decline over one year and patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia display a unique cytokine profile. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:227-234. [PMID: 34536610 PMCID: PMC8442529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rages on worldwide, there is an urgent need to characterize immune correlates of protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to identify immune determinants of COVID-19 severity. METHODS This study examined the longitudinal profiles of neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients clinically diagnosed with mild symptoms, pneumonia, or severe pneumonia, up to 12 months after illness onset, using live-virus neutralization. Multiplex, correlation, and network analyses were used to characterize serum-derived inflammatory cytokine profiles in all severity groups. RESULTS Peak NAb titers correlated with disease severity, and NAb titers declined over the course of 12 months regardless of severity. Multiplex analyses revealed that IP-10, IL-6, IL-7, and VEGF-α were significantly elevated in severe pneumonia cases compared to those with mild symptoms and pneumonia cases. Correlation and network analyses further suggested that cytokine network formation was distinct in different COVID-19 severity groups. CONCLUSIONS The study findings inform on the long-term kinetics of naturally acquired serological immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the importance of identifying key cytokine networks for potential therapeutic immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimvara Vacharathit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirawat Srichatrapimuk
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | | | - Suppachok Kirdlarp
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Chanya Srisaowakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chavachol Setthaudom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanthicha Inrueangsri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Kunakorn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Sungkanuparph
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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277
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Maguire TJA, Hallett SR, Pickering S, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su JZ, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1433-1442. [PMID: 34654917 PMCID: PMC8556155 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine design and vaccination rollout need to take into account a detailed understanding of antibody durability and cross-neutralizing potential against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants of concern (VOCs). Analyses of convalescent sera provide unique insights into antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity induced by variant spike proteins, which are putative vaccine candidates. Using sera from 38 individuals infected in wave 1, we show that cross-neutralizing activity can be detected up to 305 days pos onset of symptoms, although sera were less potent against B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B1.351 (Beta). Over time, despite a reduction in overall neutralization activity, differences in sera neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha and Beta variants decreased, which suggests that continued antibody maturation improves tolerance to spike mutations. We also compared the cross-neutralizing activity of wave 1 sera with sera from individuals infected with the Alpha, the Beta or the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants up to 79 days post onset of symptoms. While these sera neutralize the infecting VOC and parental virus to similar levels, cross-neutralization of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC lineages is reduced. These findings will inform the optimization of vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Zhe Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Tiyo BT, Schmitz GJH, Ortega MM, da Silva LT, de Almeida A, Oshiro TM, Duarte AJDS. What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1152. [PMID: 34833028 PMCID: PMC8619084 DOI: 10.3390/life11111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body's many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.
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Zhu W, Feng J, Li C, Wang H, Zhong Y, Zhou L, Zhang X, Zhang T. COVID-19 Risk Assessment for the Tokyo Olympic Games. Front Public Health 2021; 9:730611. [PMID: 34760863 PMCID: PMC8572808 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.730611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As of June 7, 2021, the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to more than 200 countries. The global number of reported cases is more than 172.9 million, with more than 3.7 million deaths, and the number of infected individuals is still growing rapidly. Consequently, events and activities around the world were canceled or postponed, and the preparation for sporting events were greatly challenged. Under such circumstances, about 11,000 athletes from ~206 countries are arriving in Tokyo for the 32nd Summer Olympic Games. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to assess the occurrence and spread risk of COVID-19 for the Games. Objectives: To explore effective prevention and control measures for COVID-19 in large international events through simulations of different interventions according to risk assessment. Methods: We used a random model to calculate the number of initial infected patients and used Poisson distribution to determine the number of initial infected patients based on the number of countries involved. Furthermore, to simulate the COVID-19 transmission, the susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered-hospitalized (SEIARH) model was established based on the susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) mathematical model of epidemic diseases. According to risk assessment indicators produced by different scenarios of the simulated interventions, the risk of COVID-19 transmission in Tokyo Olympic Games was assessed. Results: The current COVID-19 prevention measures proposed by the Japan Olympic Committee need to be enhanced. And large-scale vaccination will effectively control the spread of COVID-19. When the protective efficacy of vaccines is 78.1% or 89.8%, and if the vaccination rate of athletes reaches 80%, an epidemic prevention barrier can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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280
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Corbett KS, Gagne M, Wagner DA, O' Connell S, Narpala SR, Flebbe DR, Andrew SF, Davis RL, Flynn B, Johnston TS, Stringham CD, Lai L, Valentin D, Van Ry A, Flinchbaugh Z, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Sriparna M, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Tucker C, Choi A, Koch M, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Alvarado GS, Henry AR, Laboune F, Schramm CA, Zhang Y, Yang ES, Wang L, Choe M, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Wei S, Lamb E, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Donaldson MM, Marquez J, Todd JPM, Cook A, Dodson A, Pekosz A, Boritz E, Ploquin A, Doria-Rose N, Pessaint L, Andersen H, Foulds KE, Misasi J, Wu K, Carfi A, Nason MC, Mascola J, Moore IN, Edwards DK, Lewis MG, Suthar MS, Roederer M, McDermott A, Douek DC, Sullivan NJ, Graham BS, Seder RA. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 beta variant in mRNA-1273 vaccine-boosted nonhuman primates. Science 2021; 374:1343-1353. [PMID: 34672695 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danielle A Wagner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah O' Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dillon R Flebbe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shayne F Andrew
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel L Davis
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher D Stringham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne P Werner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manjari Sriparna
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Courtney Tucker
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela S Alvarado
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evan Lamb
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saule T Nurmukhambetova
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha J Provost
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitzi M Donaldson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Josue Marquez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul M Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eli Boritz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Misasi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Mehul S Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jochum S, Kirste I, Hortsch S, Grunert VP, Legault H, Eichenlaub U, Kashlan B, Pajon R. Clinical utility of Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay in COVID-19 vaccination: An exploratory analysis of the mRNA-1273 phase 1 trial. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34642699 PMCID: PMC8509092 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.04.21264521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The ability to quantify an immune response after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential. This study assessed the clinical utility of the quantitative Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay (ACOV2S) using samples from the 2019-nCoV vaccine (mRNA-1273) phase 1 trial (NCT04283461). Methods Samples from 30 healthy participants, aged 18–55 years, who received two injections with mRNA-1273 at a dose of 25 μg (n=15) or 100 μg (n=15), were collected at Days 1 (first vaccination), 15, 29 (second vaccination), 43 and 57. ACOV2S results (shown in U/mL – equivalent to BAU/mL per the first WHO international standard) were compared with results from ELISAs specific to antibodies against the Spike protein (S-2P) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) as well as neutralization tests including nanoluciferase (nLUC80), live-virus (PRNT80), and a pseudovirus neutralizing antibody assay (PsVNA50). Results RBD-specific antibodies were already detectable by ACOV2S at the first time point of assessment (d15 after first vaccination), with seroconversion before in all but 2 participants (25 μg dose group); all had seroconverted by Day 29. Across all post-baseline visits, geometric mean concentration of antibody levels were 3.27–7.48-fold higher in the 100 μg compared with the 25 μg dose group. ACOV2S measurements were highly correlated with those from RBD ELISA (Pearson’s r=0.938; p<0.0001) and S-2P ELISA (r=0.918; p<0.0001). For both ELISAs, heterogeneous baseline results and smaller increases in antibody levels following the second vs first vaccination compared with ACOV2S were observed. ACOV2S showed absence of any baseline noise indicating high specificity detecting vaccine-induced antibody response. Moderate–strong correlations were observed between ACOV2S and neutralization tests (nLUC80 r=0.933; PsVNA50, r=0.771; PRNT80, r=0.672; all p≤0.0001). Conclusion The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay (ACOV2S) can be regarded as a highly valuable method to assess and quantify the presence of RBD-directed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination, and may indicate the presence of neutralizing antibodies. As a fully automated and standardized method, ACOV2S could qualify as the method of choice for consistent quantification of vaccine-induced humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imke Kirste
- Roche Diagnostics Operations, Indianapolis, USA
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282
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Jeewandara C, Aberathna IS, Pushpakumara PD, Kamaladasa A, Guruge D, Wijesinghe A, Gunasekera B, Tanussiya S, Kuruppu H, Ranasinghe T, Dayarathne S, Dissanayake O, Gamalath N, Ekanayake D, Jayamali J, Jayathilaka D, Dissanayake M, Jayadas TT, Mudunkotuwa A, Somathilake G, Harvie M, Nimasha T, Danasekara S, Wijayamuni R, Schimanski L, Rijal P, Tan TK, Dong T, Townsend A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Persistence of antibody and T cell responses to the Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV vaccine in Sri Lankan individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34704105 PMCID: PMC8547537 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.21265030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine the kinetics and persistence of immune responses following the Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV, we investigated immune responses in a cohort of Sri Lankan individuals. Methods SARS-CoV-2 specific total antibodies were measured in 20-to-39 year (n=61), 40-to-59-year and those >60 years of age (n=22) by ELISA, 12 weeks after the second dose of the vaccine. ACE2 receptor blocking antibodies (ACE2R-Ab), antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral virus (WT) and variants of concern, were measured in a sub cohort. T cell responses and memory B cell responses were assessed by ELISpot assays. Results 193/203 (95.07%) of individuals had detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific total antibodies, while 67/110 (60.9%) had ACE2R-Ab. 14.3% to 16.7% individuals in the 20 to 39 age groups had detectable antibodies to the RBD of the WT and VOC, while the positivity rates of those >60 years of age was <10%. 14/49 (28.6%) had IFN γ ELISpot responses to overlapping peptides of the spike protein, while memory B cell responses were detected in 9/20 to the S1 recombinant protein. The total antibody levels and ACE2R-Ab declined after 2 to 12 weeks from the second dose, while ex vivo T cell responses remained unchanged. The decline in ACE2R-Ab levels was significant among the 40 to 59 (p=0.0007) and ≥60 (p=0.005) age groups. Conclusions Antibody responses declined in all age groups, especially in those >60 years, while T cell responses persisted. The effect of waning of immunity on hospitalization and severe disease should be assessed by long term efficacy studies.
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283
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Schiffner J, Backhaus I, Rimmele J, Schulz S, Möhlenkamp T, Klemens JM, Zapf D, Solbach W, Mischnik A. Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Public Health 2021; 9:732787. [PMID: 34646805 PMCID: PMC8502872 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.732787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schiffner
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Insa Backhaus
- Medical Faculty, Centre for Health and Society, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sociology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julia Maria Klemens
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dorinja Zapf
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Werner Solbach
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
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Caucci S, Corvaro B, Tiano SML, Valenza A, Longo R, Marinelli K, Ferreri ML, Spiridigliozzi P, Salvoni G, Bagnarelli P, Menzo S. Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1124. [PMID: 34696232 PMCID: PMC8537215 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
After over one year of evolution, through billions of infections in humans, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a score of slightly divergent lineages. A few different amino acids in the spike proteins of these lineages can hamper both natural immunity against reinfection, and vaccine efficacy. In this study, the in vitro neutralizing potency of sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinated subjects was analyzed against six different SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including the latest B.1.617.2 (or Delta variant), in order to assess the cross-neutralization by anti-spike antibodies. After both single dose vaccination, or natural infection, the neutralizing activity was low and fully effective only against the original lineage, while a double dose or a single dose of vaccine, even one year after natural infection, boosted the cross-neutralizing activity against different lineages. Neither binding, nor the neutralizing activity of sera after vaccination, could predict vaccine failure, underlining the need for additional immunological markers. This study points at the importance of the anamnestic response and repeated vaccine stimulations to elicit a reasonable cross-lineage neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Benedetta Corvaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Sofia Maria Luigia Tiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Anna Valenza
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberta Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Katia Marinelli
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Monica Lucia Ferreri
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Patrik Spiridigliozzi
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanna Salvoni
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Patrizia Bagnarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Stefano Menzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.C.); (B.C.); (S.M.L.T.); (P.B.)
- Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.V.); (K.M.); (M.L.F.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
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285
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Ryckman T, Chin ET, Prince L, Leidner D, Long E, Studdert DM, Salomon JA, Alarid-Escudero F, Andrews JR, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Outbreaks of COVID-19 variants in US prisons: a mathematical modelling analysis of vaccination and reopening policies. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e760-e770. [PMID: 34364404 PMCID: PMC8342313 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of prisons have experienced disproportionate COVID-19-related health harms. To control outbreaks, many prisons in the USA restricted in-person activities, which are now resuming even as viral variants proliferate. This study aims to use mathematical modelling to assess the risks and harms of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons under a range of policies, including resumption of activities. METHODS We obtained daily resident-level data for all California state prisons from Jan 1, 2020, to May 15, 2021, describing prison layouts, housing status, sociodemographic and health characteristics, participation in activities, and COVID-19 testing, infection, and vaccination status. We developed a transmission-dynamic stochastic microsimulation parameterised by the California data and published literature. After an initial infection is introduced to a prison, the model evaluates the effect of various policy scenarios on infections and hospitalisations over 200 days. Scenarios vary by vaccine coverage, baseline immunity (0%, 25%, or 50%), resumption of activities, and use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that reduce transmission by 75%. We simulated five prison types that differ by residential layout and demographics, and estimated outcomes with and without repeated infection introductions over the 200 days. FINDINGS If a viral variant is introduced into a prison that has resumed pre-2020 contact levels, has moderate vaccine coverage (ranging from 36% to 76% among residents, dependent on age, with 40% coverage for staff), and has no baseline immunity, 23-74% of residents are expected to be infected over 200 days. High vaccination coverage (90%) coupled with NPIs reduces cumulative infections to 2-54%. Even in prisons with low room occupancies (ie, no more than two occupants) and low levels of cumulative infections (ie, <10%), hospitalisation risks are substantial when these prisons house medically vulnerable populations. Risks of large outbreaks (>20% of residents infected) are substantially higher if infections are repeatedly introduced. INTERPRETATION Balancing benefits of resuming activities against risks of outbreaks presents challenging trade-offs. After achieving high vaccine coverage, prisons with mostly one-to-two-person cells that have higher baseline immunity from previous outbreaks can resume in-person activities with low risk of a widespread new outbreak, provided they maintain widespread NPIs, continue testing, and take measures to protect the medically vulnerable. FUNDING Horowitz Family Foundation, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Science Foundation, Open Society Foundation, Advanced Micro Devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ryckman
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Chin
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lea Prince
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Leidner
- California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Long
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David M Studdert
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Alarid-Escudero
- Division of Public Administration, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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286
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Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:626-636. [PMID: 34373623 PMCID: PMC8351583 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Where 2020 saw the development and testing of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented pace, the first half of 2021 has seen vaccine rollout in many countries. In this Progress article, we provide a snapshot of ongoing vaccine efficacy studies, as well as real-world data on vaccine effectiveness and the impact of virus variants of concern. Where they have been deployed in a high proportion of the adult population, the currently approved vaccines have been extremely effective in preventing COVID-19, particularly severe disease. Nonetheless, there are still significant challenges in ensuring equitable vaccine access around the globe and lessons that can be learned for controlling this pandemic and for the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie L Higham
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin F Pierce
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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287
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Bertoletti A, Le Bert N, Qui M, Tan AT. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2307-2312. [PMID: 34471260 PMCID: PMC8408362 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, antibodies and T cells act together to prevent pathogen spread and remove virus-infected cells. Virus-specific adaptive immunity can, however, also trigger pathological processes characterized by localized or systemic inflammatory events. The protective and/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. Here, we review the works that have elucidated the function of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in patients and in vaccinated individuals. Understanding whether SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are more linked to protection or pathogenesis is pivotal to define future therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to manage the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Qui
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony T Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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288
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IgG Antibodies Develop to Spike but Not to the Nucleocapsid Viral Protein in Many Asymptomatic and Light COVID-19 Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101945. [PMID: 34696374 PMCID: PMC8539461 DOI: 10.3390/v13101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 appeared in late 2019, many studies on the immune response to COVID-19 have been conducted, but the asymptomatic or light symptom cases were somewhat understudied as respective individuals often did not seek medical help. Here, we analyze the production of the IgG antibodies to viral nucleocapsid (N) protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and assess the serum neutralization capabilities in a cohort of patients with different levels of disease severity. In half of light or asymptomatic cases the antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein, which serve as the main target in many modern test systems, were not detected. They were detected in all cases of moderate or severe symptoms, and severe lung lesions correlated with respective higher signals. Antibodies to RBD were present in the absolute majority of samples, with levels being sometimes higher in light symptom cases. We thus suggest that the anti-RBD/anti-N antibody ratio may serve as an indicator of the disease severity. Anti-RBD IgG remained detectable after a year or more since the infection, even with a slight tendency to raise over time, and the respective signal correlated with the serum capacity to inhibit the RBD interaction with the ACE-2 receptor.
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289
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Qiu L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Chen G, Chen Z, Ming C, Lu X, Gong N. Long-Term Clinical and Immunological Impact of Severe COVID-19 on a Living Kidney Transplant Recipient - A Case Report. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741765. [PMID: 34567007 PMCID: PMC8456079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of COVID-19 on transplant recipients remains unknown. We describe the case of a 30-year-old male kidney transplant recipient from Wuhan, China that was treated for severe COVID-19 in February 2020. He suffered an acute lung and renal injury and required systemic treatment including adjustment of his immunosuppressant regime. He was followed up to 1-year after discharge. No chronic lung fibrosis or deterioration of his pulmonary function was observed. Despite COVID-19 mediated damage to his renal tubular cells, no transplant rejection occurred. His immunological profile demonstrated both cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2 reactivity and specific humoral immunity, indicating that it is beneficial for the transplanted patients to be immunized with SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. This case will help guide clinical decision making for immunocompromised individuals that become infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Changsheng Ming
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Lu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nianqiao Gong
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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290
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Reyes RA, Clarke K, Gonzales SJ, Cantwell AM, Garza R, Catano G, Tragus RE, Patterson TF, Bol S, Bunnik EM. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells express markers of durable immunity after non-severe COVID-19 but not after severe disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.09.24.461732. [PMID: 34611662 PMCID: PMC8491845 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.24.461732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a robust B cell response, resulting in the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of COVID-19 severity on the memory B cell response and characterize changes in the memory B cell compartment between recovery and five months post-symptom onset. Using high-parameter spectral flow cytometry, we analyzed the phenotype of memory B cells with reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in recovered individuals who had been hospitalized with non-severe (n=8) or severe (n=5) COVID-19. One month after symptom onset, a substantial proportion of spike-specific IgG + B cells showed an activated phenotype. In individuals who experienced non-severe disease, spike-specific IgG + B cells showed increased expression of markers associated with durable B cell memory, including T-bet, FcRL5, and CD11c, which was not observed after severe disease. Five months post-symptom onset, the majority of spike-specific memory B cells had a resting phenotype and the percentage of spike-specific T-bet + IgG + memory B cells decreased to baseline levels. Collectively, our results suggest that the memory B cell response elicited during non-severe COVID-19 may be of higher quality than the response after severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael A. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S. Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angelene M. Cantwell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rolando Garza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Catano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robin E. Tragus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas F. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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291
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Immunity after COVID-19 and vaccination: follow-up study over 1 year among medical personnel. Infection 2021; 50:439-446. [PMID: 34562263 PMCID: PMC8475821 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term course of immunity among individuals with a history of COVID-19, in particular among those who received a booster vaccination, has not been well defined so far. METHODS SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA over 1 year among 136 health care workers infected during the first COVID-19 wave and in a subgroup after booster vaccination approximately 1 year later. Furthermore, spike-protein-reactive memory T cells were quantified approximately 7 months after the infection and after booster vaccination. Thirty healthy individuals without history of COVID-19 who were routinely vaccinated served as controls. RESULTS Levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM- and IgA-antibodies showed a rapid decay over time, whereas IgG-antibody levels decreased more slowly. Among individuals with history of COVID-19, booster vaccination induced very high IgG- and to a lesser degree IgA-antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher after booster vaccination than after recovery from COVID-19. After vaccination with a two-dose schedule, healthy control subjects developed similar antibody levels as compared to individuals with history of COVID-19 and booster vaccination. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell counts did not correlate with antibody levels. None of the study participants suffered from a reinfection. CONCLUSIONS Booster vaccination induces high antibody levels in individuals with a history of COVID-19 that exceeds by far levels observed after recovery. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels of similar magnitude were achieved in healthy, COVID-19-naïve individuals after routine two-dose vaccination.
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292
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Donzelli A, Alessandria M, Orlando L. Comparison of hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 2021 versus 2020 in Italy: surprises and implications. F1000Res 2021; 10:964. [PMID: 34909193 PMCID: PMC8596176 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.73132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) emphasized by the media indicate that COVID-19 vaccination reduces related infections, hospitalizations and deaths. However, a comparison showed significantly more hospitalizations and intensive care unit accesses in the corresponding months and days in 2021 versus 2020 and no significant differences in deaths. The combination of non-alternative hypotheses may help explain the discrepancy between the results in the entire population and the vaccination's success claimed by the ISS in reducing infections, serious cases and deaths: a bias: counting as unvaccinated also "those vaccinated with 1 dose in the two weeks following the inoculation", and as incompletely vaccinated also "those vaccinated with 2 doses within two weeks of the 2nd inoculation".a systematic error: counting as unvaccinated also "vaccinated with 1 dose in the two weeks following the inoculation", and as incompletely vaccinated also "vaccinated with 2 doses within two weeks of the 2nd inoculation". Many reports show an increase in COVID-19 cases in these time-windows, and related data should be separated levels of protective effectiveness in vaccinated people, often considered stable, actually show signs of progressive reduction over time, which could contribute to reducing the overall population resultunvaccinated people show more severe disease than in 2020, supporting also in humans the theory of imperfect vaccines, which offer less resistance to the entry of germs than the resistance later encountered inside the human body. This favors the selection of more resistant and virulent mutants, that can be spread by vaccinated people. This damages first the unvaccinated people, but ultimately the whole community. An open scientific debate is needed to discuss these hypotheses, following the available evidence (as well as to discuss the inconsistent theory of unvaccinated young people as reservoirs of viruses/mutants), to assess the long-term and community impact of different vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Donzelli
- Scientific Committee of the Foundation Allineare Sanità e Salute, Milan, Italy, Italy
| | - Marco Alessandria
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italia, Italy
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293
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294
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Romero-Alvarez D, López-Cevallos DF, Torres I. Uninformative and unuseful: why it is necessary to actively challenge COVID-19 antibody testing postvaccination. Public Health 2021; 199:32-33. [PMID: 34534887 PMCID: PMC8384579 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to assess the evidence on the usefulness of postvaccination testing of COVID-19 antibodies. Study design We used a descriptive analytical approach. Methods We synthesized insights of studies on the immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection or vaccination and recommendations by regulatory institutions, such as the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. Results Based on the multiple humoral and cellular responses elicited by either the virus or the vaccines, the high variability of antibodies in blood, and the lack of correlation between the presence of antibodies and active cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2, there has been explicit advice against assessing immunological status postvaccination. Conclusions Postvaccination antibody testing is not warranted to assess immunity status for COVID-19. Patients may misinterpret results, leading to the spread of misinformation regarding vaccine efficacy or the need to continue self-protection or the protection of others. Therefore, public health authorities should actively challenge the promotion and commercialization of this type of tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Romero-Alvarez
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, KS, USA; OneHealth Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - D F López-Cevallos
- School of Language, Culture & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - I Torres
- Fundación Octaedro, Quito, Ecuador
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295
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Ma MJ. Reply to Choe et al. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1099-1100. [PMID: 34161575 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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296
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Yue L, Xie T, Yang T, Zhou J, Chen H, Zhu H, Li H, Xiang H, Wang J, Yang H, Zhao H, Wei X, Zhang Y, Xie Z. A third booster dose may be necessary to mitigate neutralizing antibody fading after inoculation with two doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. J Med Virol 2021; 94:35-38. [PMID: 34516026 PMCID: PMC8661707 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianhong Xie
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailian Zhu
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingchen Wei
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhongping Xie
- Department of Vaccine and Diagnostics, The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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297
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Erice A, Varillas-Delgado D, Caballero C. Decline of antibody titres 3 months after two doses of BNT162b2 in non-immunocompromised adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:139.e1-139.e4. [PMID: 34508885 PMCID: PMC8426320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess the antibody response in non-immunocompromised adults after two doses of BNT162b2. Methods Prospective, single-centre observational study in non-immunocompromised adults aged 18 years or more who received two doses of BNT162b2. The study contemplates analyses of serum samples collected 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the second dose of BNT162b2; results of the 1.5- and 3-month time-points are presented in this report. Antibodies against the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (anti-RBD antibodies) were measured using a commercial quantitative immunoassay. A threshold of 4160 AU/mL (corresponding to an ID50 of 1:250) was used as surrogate marker for serum neutralizing activity. Results Of 273 hospital workers who received two doses of BNT162b2, 260 (95%) agreed to participate in the study; 2/260 (0.8%) were excluded because of immunocompromised conditions. At the time of this report, 230/258 (89%) participants (mean age 46.0 years (SD 11.4 years); 143/230 (62%) female; 87/230 (38%) male) had completed 3 months of follow up after the second dose of BNT162b2. Thirty-six (16%) of the 230 had documented mild SARS-CoV-2 infection before receiving the first dose of BNT162b2. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) anti-RBD titres 1.5 months after vaccination were 9356 (5844–16 876) AU/mL; 3 months after vaccination, median anti-RBD titres had declined to 3952 (2190–8561) AU/mL (p < 0.001). Of 199/230 (86.5%) participants who had anti-RBD titres above 4160 AU/mL 1.5 months after the second dose of BNT162b2, only 95/230 (41%) maintained anti-RBD titres above this level 3 months after vaccination (p < 0.001). Conclusions The decline of anti-RBD antibodies 3 months after the second dose of BNT162b2 is of concern because it raises the possibility of a short-lived humoral immunity after vaccination. Booster doses of BNT162b2 might be required to maintain high titres of anti-RBD antibodies over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Erice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Asepeyo, Coslada (Madrid), Spain; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
| | | | - Cristina Caballero
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Hospital Asepeyo, Coslada (Madrid), Spain.
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298
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Kealy L, Good-Jacobson KL. Advances in understanding the formation and fate of B-cell memory in response to immunization or infection. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab018. [PMID: 36845573 PMCID: PMC8499879 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory has the potential to provide lifelong protection against recurrent infections. As such, it has been crucial to the success of vaccines. Yet, the recent pandemic has illuminated key gaps in our knowledge related to the factors influencing effective memory formation and the inability to predict the longevity of immune protection. In recent decades, researchers have acquired a number of novel and powerful tools with which to study the factors underpinning humoral memory. These tools have been used to study the B-cell fate decisions that occur within the germinal centre (GC), a site where responding B cells undergo affinity maturation and are one of the major routes for memory B cell and high-affinity long-lived plasma cell formation. The advent of single-cell sequencing technology has provided an enhanced resolution for studying fate decisions within the GC and cutting-edge techniques have enabled researchers to model this reaction with more accuracy both in vitro and in silico. Moreover, modern approaches to studying memory B cells have allowed us to gain a better appreciation for the heterogeneity and adaptability of this vital class of B cells. Together, these studies have facilitated important breakthroughs in our understanding of how these systems operate to ensure a successful immune response. In this review, we describe recent advances in the field of GC and memory B-cell biology in order to provide insight into how humoral memory is formed, as well as the potential for generating lasting immunity to novel pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Kealy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence address. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Ground floor reception, 23 Innovation Walk (Bldg 77), Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia. Tel: (+613) 990-29510; E-mail: ; Twitter: @KimLJacobson
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections trigger viral RNA sensors such as TLR7 and RIG-I, thereby leading to production of type I interferon (IFN) and other inflammatory mediators. Expression of viral proteins in the context of this inflammation leads to stereotypical antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses that clear the virus. Immunity is then maintained through long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and by memory B and T cells that can initiate anamnestic responses. Each of these steps is consistent with prior knowledge of acute RNA virus infections. Yet there are certain concepts, while not entirely new, that have been resurrected by the biology of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections and deserve further attention. These include production of anti-IFN autoantibodies, early inflammatory processes that slow adaptive humoral immunity, immunodominance of antibody responses, and original antigenic sin. Moreover, multiple different vaccine platforms allow for comparisons of pathways that promote robust and durable adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schenten
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Durner J, Beikler T, Watts DC, Becker M, Draenert ME. SARS-CoV-2 and regular patient treatment - from the use of rapid antigen testing up to treatment specific precaution measures. Head Face Med 2021; 17:39. [PMID: 34481505 PMCID: PMC8417659 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic poses a continued challenge for all parties involved especially for the dentist as routine operation must be resumed. Rapid Antigen Tests (RATs) are actually recommended to identify and minimize infectious risks. However, there is still no guideline on the implementation of RATs in a dental or medical setting. METHODS Based on data and an extensive literature research regarding rapid antigen testing and reflecting the recommendations given by the various professional societies a task force was formed to determine a specific testing and treatment strategy. RESULTS A comprehensive test and treatment strategy and risk analysis was developed with practical suggestions for a wide range of typical activities in dental and medical offices. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants via aerosols and droplets as well as the difficulties to maintain the minimum distance form special challenges to the dental routine. RATs might in addition to optimal and necessary hygienic standards in combination with the use of adequate personal protection equipment be an important instrument in managing the challenges. CONCLUSIONS The present work gives recommendations for dental routine operation (dental practices, outpatient clinics) to provide the necessary dental care for the population while protecting the doctor, practice team and patient at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Durner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestr. 70, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Laboratory Becker & Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52 (Building O58), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marc Becker
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestr. 70, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory Becker & Colleagues, Führichstr. 70, 81671, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam E Draenert
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestr. 70, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
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