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Bianchi F, Duque ALRF, Saad SMI, Sivieri K. Gut microbiome approaches to treat obesity in humans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1081-1094. [PMID: 30554391 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising worldwide prevalence of obesity has become a major concern having many implications for the public health and the economy. It is well known that many factors such as lifestyle, increased intake of foods high in fat and sugar and a host's genetic profile can lead to obesity. Besides these factors, recent studies have pointed to the gut microbiota composition as being responsible for the development of obesity. Since then, many efforts have been made to understand the link between the gut microbiota composition and obesity, as well as the role of food ingredients, such as pro- and prebiotics, in the modulation of the gut microbiota. Studies involving the gut microbiota composition of obese individuals are however still controversial, making it difficult to treat obesity. In this sense, this mini-review deals with obesity and the relationship with gut microbiota, summarising the principal findings on gut microbiome approaches for treating obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bianchi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Rocha Faria Duque
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Susana Marta Isay Saad
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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252
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Farup PG, Aasbrenn M, Valeur J. Separating "good" from "bad" faecal dysbiosis - evidence from two cross-sectional studies. BMC OBESITY 2018; 5:30. [PMID: 30524735 PMCID: PMC6276176 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-018-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Faecal dysbiosis associated with the use of metformin has been conceived as a favourable ("good") dysbiosis and that with intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) as unfavourable ("bad"). The study aimed to construct an alternative dysbiosis index (ADI) for the separation of the dysbioses into "good" and "bad", and to validate the ADI. Methods Subjects with morbid obesity were included. Use of NNS and drugs were noted, IBS was classified according to the Rome III criteria and the severity measured with the Irritable bowel severity scoring system (IBSSS). Faecal dysbiosis was tested with GA-Map ™ Dysbiosis test (Genetic Analysis AS, Oslo, Norway). The result was given as Dysbiosis Index (DI) scores 1-5, score > 2 indicates dysbiosis. An ADI was constructed and validated in subjects with IBS at another hospital. Results Seventy-six women and 14 men aged 44.7 years (SD 8.6) with BMI 41.8 kg/m2 (SD 3.6) were included. Dysbiosis was associated with the use of NNS and metformin, but not with IBS or IBSSS. An ADI based on differences in 7 bacteria was positively and negatively associated with the "good" metformin dysbiosis and the "bad" NNS dysbiosis respectively. The ADI was also negatively associated with IBSSS (a "bad" dysbiosis). The negative associations between ADI and IBS and IBSS were confirmed in the validation group. Conclusions The new ADI, but not the DI, allowed separation of the "good" and "bad" faecal dysbiosis. Rather than merely reporting dysbiosis and degrees of dysbiosis, future diagnostic tests should distinguish between types of dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per G Farup
- 1Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway.,2Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Aasbrenn
- 3Department of Surgery, Innlandet Hospital Trust, N-2819 Gjøvik, Norway.,4Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- 5Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, N-0440 Oslo, Norway
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253
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Shan Z, Li Y, Zong G, Guo Y, Li J, Manson JE, Hu FB, Willett WC, Schernhammer ES, Bhupathiraju SN. Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two large US cohorts of female nurses. BMJ 2018; 363:k4641. [PMID: 30464025 PMCID: PMC6247172 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To prospectively evaluate the joint association of duration of rotating night shift work and lifestyle factors with risk of type 2 diabetes risk, and to quantitatively decompose this joint association to rotating night shift work only, to lifestyle only, and to their interaction. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Nurses' Health Study (1988-2012) and Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013). PARTICIPANTS 143 410 women without type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. EXPOSURES Rotating night shift work was defined as at least three night shifts per month in addition to day and evening shifts in that month. Unhealthy lifestyles included current smoking, physical activity levels below 30 minutes per day at moderate to vigorous intensity, diet in the bottom three fifths of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, and body mass index of 25 or above. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through self report and validated by a supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS During 22-24 years of follow-up, 10 915 cases of incident type 2 diabetes occurred. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 1.44) per five year increment of duration of rotating night shift work and 2.30 (1.88 to 2.83) per unhealthy lifestyle factor (ever smoking, low diet quality, low physical activity, and overweight or obesity). For the joint association of per five year increment rotating night shift work and per unhealthy lifestyle factor with type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio was 2.83 (2.15 to 3.73) with a significant additive interaction (P for interaction <0.001). The proportions of the joint association were 17.1% (14.0% to 20.8%) for rotating night shift work alone, 71.2% (66.9% to 75.8%) for unhealthy lifestyle alone, and 11.3% (7.3% to 17.3%) for their additive interaction. CONCLUSIONS Among female nurses, both rotating night shift work and unhealthy lifestyle were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The excess risk of rotating night shift work combined with unhealthy lifestyle was higher than the addition of risk associated with each individual factor. These findings suggest that most cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented by adhering to a healthy lifestyle, and the benefits could be greater in rotating night shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geng Zong
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva S Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Shilpa N Bhupathiraju
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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254
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Of ethnicity, environment, and microbiota. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:106-108. [PMID: 30405150 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Farup PG, Valeur J. Faecal Microbial Markers and Psychobiological Disorders in Subjects with Morbid Obesity. A Cross-Sectional Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8100089. [PMID: 30262766 PMCID: PMC6210697 DOI: 10.3390/bs8100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidly obese subjects have a high prevalence of comorbidity and gut microbial dysbiosis, and are thus suitable for the study of gut-brain interactions. The aim was to study the associations between the faecal microbiota’s composition and function and psychobiological comorbidity in subjects with BMI > 40 kg/m2 or >35 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications. The faecal microbiota was assessed with GA-Map dysbiosis test ™ (Genetic Analysis, Oslo Norway) and reported as dysbiosis (yes/no) and degree of dysbiosis, and the relative abundance of 39 bacteria. The microbiota’s function was assessed by measuring the absolute and relative amount of faecal short chain fatty acids. Associations were made with well-being, mental distress, fatigue, food intolerance, musculoskeletal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and degree of abdominal complaints. One hundred and two subjects were included. The results confirmed the high prevalence of comorbidity and dysbiosis (62/102; 61%) and showed a high prevalence of significant associations (41/427; 10%) between the microbiota’s composition and function and the psychobiological disorders. The abundant, but in part divergent, associations supported the close gut-brain interaction but revealed no clear-cut and straightforward communication pathways. On the contrary, the study illustrates the complexity of gut-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per G Farup
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, PB 104, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway.
- Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, N-0440 Oslo, Norway.
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257
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He Y, Wu W, Wu S, Zheng HM, Li P, Sheng HF, Chen MX, Chen ZH, Ji GY, Zheng ZDX, Mujagond P, Chen XJ, Rong ZH, Chen P, Lyu LY, Wang X, Xu JB, Wu CB, Yu N, Xu YJ, Yin J, Raes J, Ma WJ, Zhou HW. Linking gut microbiota, metabolic syndrome and economic status based on a population-level analysis. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:172. [PMID: 30249275 PMCID: PMC6154942 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is associated with economic development, lifestyle transition and dysbiosis of gut microbiota, but these associations are rarely studied at the population scale. Here, we utilised the Guangdong Gut Microbiome Project (GGMP), the largest Eastern population-based gut microbiome dataset covering individuals with different economic statuses, to investigate the relationships between the gut microbiome and host physiology, diet, geography, physical activity and socioeconomic status. RESULTS At the population level, 529 OTUs were significantly associated with MetS. OTUs from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (other than Ruminococcaceae) were mainly positively associated with MetS, whereas those from Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcaceae were negatively associated with MetS. Two hundred fourteen OTUs were significantly associated with host economic status (140 positive and 74 negative associations), and 157 of these OTUs were also MetS associated. A microbial MetS index was formulated to represent the overall gut dysbiosis of MetS. The values of this index were significantly higher in MetS subjects regardless of their economic status or geographical location. The index values did not increase with increasing personal economic status, although the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in people of higher economic status. With increased economic status, the study population tended to consume more fruits and vegetables and fewer grains, whereas meat consumption was unchanged. Sedentary time was significantly and positively associated with higher economic status. The MetS index showed an additive effect with sedentary lifestyle, as the prevalence of MetS in individuals with high MetS index values and unhealthy lifestyles was significantly higher than that in the rest of the population. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiome is associated with MetS and economic status. A prolonged sedentary lifestyle, rather than Westernised dietary patterns, was the most notable lifestyle change in our Eastern population along with economic development. Moreover, gut dysbiosis and a Western lifestyle had an additive effect on increasing MetS prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430 China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Hui-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Hua-Fang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Mu-Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Zi-Hui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430 China
| | - Gui-Yuan Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430 China
| | - Zhong-Dai-Xi Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Prabhakar Mujagond
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Zu-Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Li-Yi Lyu
- Shenzhen Fun-Poo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Xian Wang
- Shenzhen Fun-Poo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Jia-Bao Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Chong-Bin Wu
- Shenzhen Fun-Poo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Nan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430 China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Neurology, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wen-Jun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430 China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
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258
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Truax AD, Chen L, Tam JW, Cheng N, Guo H, Koblansky AA, Chou WC, Wilson JE, Brickey WJ, Petrucelli A, Liu R, Cooper DE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Young VB, Netea MG, Stienstra R, Sartor RB, Montgomery SA, Coleman RA, Ting JPY. The Inhibitory Innate Immune Sensor NLRP12 Maintains a Threshold against Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota Homeostasis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:364-378.e6. [PMID: 30212649 PMCID: PMC6161752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to high-fat diet (HFD) and inactivity, inflammation and microbiota composition contribute to obesity. Inhibitory immune receptors, such as NLRP12, dampen inflammation and are important for resolving inflammation, but their role in obesity is unknown. We show that obesity in humans correlates with reduced expression of adipose tissue NLRP12. Similarly, Nlrp12-/- mice show increased weight gain, adipose deposition, blood glucose, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and M1-macrophage polarization. Additionally, NLRP12 is required to mitigate HFD-induced inflammasome activation. Co-housing with wild-type animals, antibiotic treatment, or germ-free condition was sufficient to restrain inflammation, obesity, and insulin tolerance in Nlrp12-/- mice, implicating the microbiota. HFD-fed Nlrp12-/- mice display dysbiosis marked by increased obesity-associated Erysipelotrichaceae, but reduced Lachnospiraceae family and the associated enzymes required for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis. Lachnospiraceae or SCFA administration attenuates obesity, inflammation, and dysbiosis. These findings reveal that Nlrp12 reduces HFD-induced obesity by maintaining beneficial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka D Truax
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason W Tam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ning Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Alicia Koblansky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W June Brickey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Koenigsknecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Haluzík M, Mráz M. Intermittent Fasting and Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy: Where Do We Go From Here? Diabetes 2018; 67:1745-1747. [PMID: 30135136 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haluzík
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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260
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Yang Q, Lin SL, Kwok MK, Leung GM, Schooling CM. The Roles of 27 Genera of Human Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Heart Disease, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Their Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1916-1922. [PMID: 29800124 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of the gut microbiota presents a new opportunity to combat chronic diseases. Randomized controlled trials of probiotics suggest some associations with adiposity, lipids, and insulin resistance, but to our knowledge no trials with "hard" outcomes have been conducted. We used separate-sample Mendelian randomization to obtain estimates of the associations of 27 genera of gut microbiota with ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adiposity, lipid levels, and insulin resistance, based on summary data from CARDIoGRAAMplusC4D and other consortia. Among the 27 genera, a 1-allele increase in single nucleotide polymorphisms related to greater abundance of Bifidobacterium was associated with lower risk of ischemic heart disease (odds ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.971, 1.000; P = 0.04), a 0.011-standard-deviation lower body mass index (95% CI: -0.017, -0.005), and a 0.026-standard-deviation higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (95% CI: 0.019, 0.033), but the findings were not robust to exclusion of potential pleiotropy. We also identified Acidaminococcus, Aggregatibacter, Anaerostipes, Blautia, Desulfovibrio, Dorea, and Faecalibacterium as being nominally associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus or other risk factors. Results from our study indicate that these 8 genera of gut microbiota should be given priority in future research relating the gut microbiome to ischemic heart disease and its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shi Lin Lin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Man Ki Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York
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261
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Xu W, Luo Z, Alekseyenko AV, Martin L, Wan Z, Ling B, Qin Z, Heath SL, Maas K, Cong X, Jiang W. Distinct systemic microbiome and microbial translocation are associated with plasma level of anti-CD4 autoantibody in HIV infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12863. [PMID: 30150778 PMCID: PMC6110826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial signals have been linked to autoantibody induction. Recently, we found that purified anti-CD4 autoantibodies from the plasma of chronic HIV-1-infected patients under viral-suppressed antiretroviral therapy (ART) play a pathologic role in poor CD4+ T cell recovery. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association of systemic microbiome and anti-CD4 autoantibody production in HIV. Plasma microbiome from 12 healthy controls and 22 HIV-infected subjects under viral-suppressed ART were analyzed by MiSeq sequencing. Plasma level of autoantibodies and microbial translocation (LPS, total bacterial 16S rDNA, soluble CD14, and LPS binding protein) were analyzed by ELISA, limulus amebocyte assay, and qPCR. We found that plasma level of anti-CD4 IgGs but not anti-CD8 IgGs was increased in HIV+ subjects compared to healthy controls. HIV+ subjects with plasma anti-CD4 IgG > 50 ng/mL (high) had reduced microbial diversity compared to HIV+ subjects with anti-CD4 IgG ≤ 50 ng/mL (low). Moreover, plasma anti-CD4 IgG level was associated with elevated microbial translocation and reduced microbial diversity in HIV+ subjects. The Alphaproteobacteria class was significantly enriched in HIV+ subjects with low anti-CD4 IgG compared to patients with high anti-CD4 IgG even after controlling for false discovery rate (FDR). The microbial components were different from the phylum to genus level in HIV+ subjects with high anti-CD4 IgGs compared to the other two groups, but these differences were not significant after controlling for FDR. These results suggest that systemic microbial translocation and microbiome may associate with anti-CD4 autoantibody production in ART-treated HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Xu
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Program for Human Microbiome Research, Biomedical Informatics Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lisa Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Departments of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kendra Maas
- Microbial Analysis, Resources, and Services, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xiaomei Cong
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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262
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Regional variation limits applications of healthy gut microbiome reference ranges and disease models. Nat Med 2018; 24:1532-1535. [PMID: 30150716 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis, departure of the gut microbiome from a healthy state, has been suggested to be a powerful biomarker of disease incidence and progression1-3. Diagnostic applications have been proposed for inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and prognosis4, colorectal cancer prescreening5 and therapeutic choices in melanoma6. Noninvasive sampling could facilitate large-scale public health applications, including early diagnosis and risk assessment in metabolic7 and cardiovascular diseases8. To understand the generalizability of microbiota-based diagnostic models of metabolic disease, we characterized the gut microbiota of 7,009 individuals from 14 districts within 1 province in China. Among phenotypes, host location showed the strongest associations with microbiota variations. Microbiota-based metabolic disease models developed in one location failed when used elsewhere, suggesting that such models cannot be extrapolated. Interpolated models performed much better, especially in diseases with obvious microbiota-related characteristics. Interpolation efficiency decreased as geographic scale increased, indicating a need to build localized baseline and disease models to predict metabolic risks.
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263
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Deschasaux M, Bouter KE, Prodan A, Levin E, Groen AK, Herrema H, Tremaroli V, Bakker GJ, Attaye I, Pinto-Sietsma SJ, van Raalte DH, Snijder MB, Nicolaou M, Peters R, Zwinderman AH, Bäckhed F, Nieuwdorp M. Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in a population with varied ethnic origins but shared geography. Nat Med 2018; 24:1526-1531. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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264
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Gut microbiome: Microflora association with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:266-271. [PMID: 30138755 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities have transformed into a global epidemic. The number of people suffering from obesity has increased dramatically within the past few decades. This rise in obesity cannot alone be explained by genetic factors; however, diet, environment, lifestyle, and presence of other diseases undoubtedly contribute towards obesity etiology. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbial diversity and composition have a role to play in energy assimilation, storage, and expenditure. In this review, the impact of gut microbiota composition on metabolic functionalities, and potential therapeutics such as gut microbial modulation to manage obesity and its associated comorbidities are highlighted. Optimistically, an understanding of the gut microbiome could facilitate the innovative clinical strategies to restore the normal gut flora and improve lifestyle-related diseases in the future.
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265
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Singh A, Cresci GA, Kirby DF. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risks and Rewards and Emerging Consequences to the Gut Microbiome. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:614-624. [PMID: 30071147 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been criticized for their various adverse interactions and side effects, creating a dilemma among practitioners regarding their use. Our goal is to review the proper use and possible side effects that might be caused by or associated with PPI use. Conclusions were drawn based on the evidence supporting or refuting short-term and long-term adverse events associated with PPI use. We also looked for the evidence regarding effects of PPIs on gut microbiota and their overall safety profile. Although there are significant discrepancies in the current literature regarding various adverse effects associated with PPI use, current data suggest that PPI use is not associated with an increased risk of bone fractures, community-acquired pneumonia, cardiovascular events, hypocalcemia, and gastric malignancies. A mild increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency and chronic kidney disease, and a moderate increase in the risk of rebound hypersecretion, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and enteric infections, including Clostridium difficile, has been noted with PPI therapy. PPI's link with dementia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is not clear and requires further investigation. When used appropriately, PPIs are safe medications and are associated with minimal side effects. A clear indication and potential short-term and long-term side effects should be considered before starting PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail A Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department Gastroenterology, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald F Kirby
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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266
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Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. The proactive role of probiotics. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:27-43. [PMID: 30043184 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first part of this review focuses on the role of cells and molecules of adipose tissue involved in metabolic syndrome-induced inflammation and in the maintenance of this pathology. In the second part of the review, the potential role of probiotics-modulating metabolic syndrome-related inflammatory components is summarized and discussed. METHODS The search for the current scientific literature was carried out using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar search engines. The keywords used were: metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistant, adipose tissue, adipose tissue inflammation, chronic low-grade inflammation, immune cells, adipokines, cytokines, probiotics, and gut microbiota. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Chronic low-grade inflammation that characterized metabolic syndrome can contribute to the development of the metabolic dysfunctions involved in the pathogenesis of its comorbidities. Adipose tissue is a complex organ that performs metabolic and immune functions. During metabolic syndrome, an imbalance in the inflammatory components of adipose tissue (immune cells, cytokines, and adipocytokines), which shift from an anti-inflammatory to a pro-inflammatory profile, can provoke metabolic syndrome linked complications. Further knowledge concerning the immune function of adipose tissue may contribute to finding better alternatives for the treatment or prevention of such disorders. The control of inflammation could result in the management of many of the pathologies related to metabolic syndrome. Due to the strong evidence that gut microbiota composition plays a role modulating the body weight, adipose tissue, and the prevalence of a low-grade inflammatory status, probiotics emerge as valuable tools for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and health recovery.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to critically assess the contributing role of the gut microbiota in human obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). RECENT FINDINGS Experiments in animal and human studies have produced growing evidence for the causality of the gut microbiome in developing obesity and T2D. The introduction of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided novel insight into the interpersonal differences in microbiome composition and function. The intestinal microbiota is known to be associated with metabolic syndrome and related comorbidities. Associated diseases including obesity, T2D, and fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH) all seem to be linked to altered microbial composition; however, causality has not been proven yet. Elucidating the potential causal and personalized role of the human gut microbiota in obesity and T2D is highly prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömrüm Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenberg, Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gerdes
- Department of Internal Medicine, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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268
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Acupuncture on Obesity: Clinical Evidence and Possible Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6409389. [PMID: 30013603 PMCID: PMC6022277 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6409389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Acupuncture, as one of the complementary and alternative medicines, represents an efficient therapeutic option for obesity control. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in obesity and also summarized the available studies on exploring the mechanisms. Design We searched six databases from the inception to April 2017 without language restriction. Eligible studies consisted of acupuncture with comparative controls ((1) sham acupuncture, (2) no treatment, (3) diet and exercise, and (4) conventional medicine). The primary outcomes consisted of BMI, body weight reduction, and incidence of cardiovascular events (CVD). Secondary outcomes included waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass percent, body fat mass (kg), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) reduction, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) increase, and adverse effects. The quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Subgroup analyses were performed according to types of acupuncture. A random effects model was used to adjust for the heterogeneity of the included studies. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. Main Results We included 21 studies with 1389 participants. When compared with sham acupuncture, significant reductions in BMI (MD=-1.22, 95%CI=-1.87 to -0.56), weight (MD=-1.54, 95%CI=-2.98 to -0.11), body fat mass (kg) (MD=-1.31, 95%CI=-2.47 to -0.16), and TC (SMD=-0.63, 95%CI=-1.00 to -0.25) were found. When compared with no treatment group, significant reductions of BMI (MD=-1.92, 95%CI=-3.04 to -0.79), WHR (MD=-0.05, 95%CI=-0.09 to -0.02), TC (MD=-0.26, 95%CI=-0.48 to -0.03), and TG (MD=-0.29 95%CI=-0.39 to -0.18) were found. When compared with diet and exercise group, significant reduction in BMI (MD=-1.24, 95%CI=-1.87 to -0.62) and weight (MD=-3.27 95%CI=-5.07 to -1.47) was found. Adverse effects were reported in 5 studies. Conclusions We concluded that acupuncture is an effective treatment for obesity and inferred that neuroendocrine regulation might be involved.
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Differential metabolic effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic syndrome subjects. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29799027 PMCID: PMC5968024 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been associated with beneficial metabolic effects. However, the direct effect of oral butyrate on metabolic parameters in humans has never been studied. In this first in men pilot study, we thus treated both lean and metabolic syndrome male subjects with oral sodium butyrate and investigated the effect on metabolism. Methods Healthy lean males (n = 9) and metabolic syndrome males (n = 10) were treated with oral 4 g of sodium butyrate daily for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, insulin sensitivity was determined by a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp using [6,6-2H2]-glucose. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) uptake of glucose was visualized using 18F-FDG PET-CT. Fecal SCFA and bile acid concentrations as well as microbiota composition were determined before and after treatment. Results Oral butyrate had no effect on plasma and fecal butyrate levels after treatment, but did alter other SCFAs in both plasma and feces. Moreover, only in healthy lean subjects a significant improvement was observed in both peripheral (median Rd: from 71 to 82 µmol/kg min, p < 0.05) and hepatic insulin sensitivity (EGP suppression from 75 to 82% p < 0.05). Although BAT activity was significantly higher at baseline in lean (SUVmax: 12.4 ± 1.8) compared with metabolic syndrome subjects (SUVmax: 0.3 ± 0.8, p < 0.01), no significant effect following butyrate treatment on BAT was observed in either group (SUVmax lean to 13.3 ± 2.4 versus metabolic syndrome subjects to 1.2 ± 4.1). Conclusions Oral butyrate treatment beneficially affects glucose metabolism in lean but not metabolic syndrome subjects, presumably due to an altered SCFA handling in insulin-resistant subjects. Although preliminary, these first in men findings argue against oral butyrate supplementation as treatment for glucose regulation in human subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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270
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Oral hydroxysafflor yellow A reduces obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and serum metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:40-50. [PMID: 29787870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity, the safe and effective treatment of obesity would be beneficial. Here, we examined whether oral hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active compound from the dried florets of Carthamus tinctorius L., can reduce high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 J mice. Our results showed that the average body weight of HF group treated by HSYA was significantly lower than that of the HF group (P < 0.01). HSYA also reduced fat accumulation, ameliorated insulin resistance, restored glucose homeostasis, reduced inflammation, enhanced intestinal integrity, and increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in HF diet-fed mice. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples demonstrated that HSYA reversed HF diet induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. Particularly, HSYA increased the relative abundances of genera Akkermansia and Romboutsia, as well as SCFAs-producing bacteria, including genera Butyricimonas and Alloprevotella, whereas it decreased the phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of HF diet-fed mice. Additionally, serum metabolomics analysis revealed that HSYA increased lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), L-carnitine and sphingomyelin, and decreased phosphatidylcholines in mice fed a HF diet, as compared to HF group. These changed metabolites were mainly linked with the pathways of glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Spearman's correlation analysis further revealed that Firmicutes was positively while Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia were negatively correlated with body weight, fasting serum glucose and insulin. Moreover, Akkermansia and Butyricimonas had positive correlations with lysoPCs, suggestive of the role of gut microbiota in serum metabolites. Our findings suggest HSYA may be a potential therapeutic drug for obesity and the gut microbiota may be potential territory for targeting of HSYA.
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271
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Zhang C, Björkman A, Cai K, Liu G, Wang C, Li Y, Xia H, Sun L, Kristiansen K, Wang J, Han J, Hammarström L, Pan-Hammarström Q. Impact of a 3-Months Vegetarian Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Immune Repertoire. Front Immunol 2018; 9:908. [PMID: 29755475 PMCID: PMC5934425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern can influence the immune system directly, but may also modulate it indirectly by regulating the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the effect of a 3-months lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on the diversity of gut microbiota and the immune system in healthy omnivorous volunteers, using high-throughput sequencing technologies. The short-term vegetarian diet did not have any major effect on the diversity of the immune system and the overall composition of the metagenome. The prevalence of bacterial genera/species with known beneficial effects on the intestine, including butyrate-producers and probiotic species and the balance of autoimmune-related variable genes/families were, however, altered in the short-term vegetarians. A number of bacterial species that are associated with the expression level of IgA, a key immunoglobulin class that protects the gastrointestinal mucosal system, were also identified. Furthermore, a lower diversity of T-cell repertoire and expression level of IgE, as well as a reduced abundance of inflammation-related genes in the gut microbiota were potentially associated with a control group with long-term vegetarians. Thus, the composition and duration of the diet may have an impact on the balance of pro-/anti-inflammatory factors in the gut microbiota and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Björkman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Chunlin Wang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Yin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,iCarbonX, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
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272
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Higuera-Hernández MF, Reyes-Cuapio E, Gutiérrez-Mendoza M, Rocha NB, Veras AB, Budde H, Jesse J, Zaldívar-Rae J, Blanco-Centurión C, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Fighting obesity: Non-pharmacological interventions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25:50-55. [PMID: 29779818 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health is one of the criteria that fulfills obesity. According to epidemiological data, obesity has become a worldwide public health problem that in turn would trigger additional pathologies such as cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression, sleep disorders, just to mention a few. Then, the search for a therapeutical intervention aimed to prevent and manage obesity has been the focus of study during the last years. As one can assume, the increased prevalence of obesity has translated to search of efficient pharmaceuticals designed to manage this health issue. However, to further complicate the scenario, scientific literature has described that obesity is the result of interaction between multiple events. Therefore, pharmacological approaches have faced a serious challenge for develop the adequate treatment. Here, we argue that a wide range of non-pharmacological/invasive techniques can be used to manage obesity, such as diets, cognitive behavioral interventions, exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation. Combining these techniques may allow improving quality of life of obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Higuera-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Elena Reyes-Cuapio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Marissa Gutiérrez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barciela Veras
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Dom Bosco Catholic, University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso del Sur, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Iceland; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johanna Jesse
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaime Zaldívar-Rae
- Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurión
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
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273
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Nguyen TT, Kosciolek T, Eyler LT, Knight R, Jeste DV. Overview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:50-61. [PMID: 29407287 PMCID: PMC5849533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. In addition to being serious mental illnesses, these disorders are associated with considerable systemic physiological dysfunction, including chronic inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. The advent of sophisticated sequencing techniques has led to a growing interest in the potential role of gut microbiota in human health and disease. Advances in this area have transformed our understanding of a number of medical conditions and have generated a new perspective suggesting that gut microbiota might be involved in the development and maintenance of brain/mental health. Animal models have demonstrated strong though indirect evidence for a contributory role of intestinal microbiota in psychiatric symptomatology and have linked the microbiome with neuropsychiatric conditions. We present a systematic review of clinical studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The published literature has a number of limitations; however, the investigations suggest that these disorders are associated with reduced microbial diversity and show global community differences compared to non-psychiatric comparison samples. In some reports, specific microbial taxa were associated with clinical disease characteristics, including physical health, depressive and psychotic symptoms, and sleep, but little information on the functional potential of those community changes. Studies also suggest increased intestinal inflammation and permeability, which may be among the principal mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis impacts systemic physiological functioning. We highlight gaps in the current literature and implications for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, and outline future directions for microbiome research in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Nguyen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, California, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, California, United States.
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Haluzík M, Kratochvílová H, Haluzíková D, Mráz M. Gut as an emerging organ for the treatment of diabetes: focus on mechanism of action of bariatric and endoscopic interventions. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R1-R17. [PMID: 29378901 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its accompanying pathologies such as obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia represents one of the most important challenges of current medicine. Despite intensive efforts, high percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes does not achieve treatment goals and struggle with increasing body weight and poor glucose control. While novel classes of antidiabetic medications such as incretin-based therapies and gliflozins have some favorable characteristics compared to older antidiabetics, the only therapeutic option shown to substantially modify the progression of diabetes or to achieve its remission is bariatric surgery. Its efficacy in the treatment of diabetes is well established, but the exact underlying modes of action are still only partially described. They include restriction of food amount, enhanced passage of chymus into distal part of small intestine with subsequent modification of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids secretion, neural mechanisms, changes in gut microbiota and many other possible mechanisms underscoring the importance of the gut in the regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition to bariatric surgery, less-invasive endoscopic methods based on the principles of bariatric surgery were introduced and showed promising results. This review highlights the role of the intestine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis focusing on the mechanisms of action of bariatric and especially endoscopic methods of the treatment of diabetes. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to less invasive endoscopic treatments of diabetes and obesity that may complement and widen current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kratochvílová
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports MedicineGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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275
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Early-Life Exposure to Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and the Developmental Origins of Childhood Obesity: Global Evidence from Human and Rodent Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020194. [PMID: 29439389 PMCID: PMC5852770 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly consumed by children and pregnant women around the world, yet their long-term health impact is unclear. Here, we review an emerging body of evidence suggesting that early-life exposure to NNS may adversely affect body composition and cardio-metabolic health. Some observational studies suggest that children consuming NNS are at increased risk for obesity-related outcomes; however, others find no association or provide evidence of confounding. Fewer studies have examined prenatal NNS exposure, with mixed results from different analytical approaches. There is a paucity of RCTs evaluating NNS in children, yielding inconsistent results that can be difficult to interpret due to study design limitations (e.g., choice of comparator, multifaceted interventions). The majority of this research has been conducted in high-income countries. Some rodent studies demonstrate adverse metabolic effects from NNS, but most have used extreme doses that are not relevant to humans, and few have distinguished prenatal from postnatal exposure. Most studies focus on synthetic NNS in beverages, with few examining plant-derived NNS or NNS in foods. Overall, there is limited and inconsistent evidence regarding the impact of early-life NNS exposure on the developmental programming of obesity and cardio-metabolic health. Further research and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate these effects and inform dietary recommendations for expectant mothers and children worldwide.
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276
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Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites play pivotal roles in host physiology and pathology. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as a group of metabolites, exert positive regulatory effects on energy metabolism, hormone secretion, immune inflammation, hypertension, and cancer. The functions of SCFAs are related to their activation of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors and their inhibition of histone acetylation. Though controversial, growing evidence suggests that SCFAs, which regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, have been involved in kidney disease through the activation of the gut–kidney axis; however, the molecular relationship among gut microbiota–derived metabolites, signaling pathways, and kidney disease remains to be elucidated. This review will provide an overview of the physiology and functions of SCFAs in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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277
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Haro C, García-Carpintero S, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Alcalá-Díaz JF, Landa BB, Clemente JC, Pérez-Martínez P, López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F, Camargo A. Consumption of Two Healthy Dietary Patterns Restored Microbiota Dysbiosis in Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28940737 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The consumption of two healthy diets (Mediterranean (MED) and low-fat (LF) diets) may restore the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS The differences in bacterial community at baseline and after 2 years of dietary intervention of 106 subjects from the CORDIOPREV study were analyzed, 33 of whom were obese patients with severe metabolic disease (5 criteria for metabolic syndrome) (MetS-OB), 32 obese patients without metabolic dysfunction (2 or less criteria for metabolic syndrome) (NonMetS-OB) and 41 non-obese subjects (NonMetS-NonOB). Our study showed a marked dysbiosis in people with severe metabolic disease (Met-OB), compared with obese people without MetS (NonMetS-OB) and non-obese people (NonMetS-NonOB). This disbiotic pattern was reversed by consumption of both MED (35% of calories as fat (22% MUFA fat, 6% PUFA fat and <10% saturated fat) or LF (<30% total fat (<10% saturated fat, 12%-14% MUFA fat and 6-8% PUFA fat) diets, whereas no significant microbiota changes were observed in NonMetS-NonOB and NonMetS-OB groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the chronic intake of two healthy dietary patterns partially restores the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients with coronary heart disease, depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Haro
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, GC9 Nutrigenomics, Institute Maimonides for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, GC9 Nutrigenomics, Institute Maimonides for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Blanca B Landa
- Instituto for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - José C Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - José López-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, GC9 Nutrigenomics, Institute Maimonides for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Jiménez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, GC9 Nutrigenomics, Institute Maimonides for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, GC9 Nutrigenomics, Institute Maimonides for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
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278
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Litwinoff EMS, Gold MY, Singh K, Hu J, Li H, Cadwell K, Schmidt AM. Myeloid ATG16L1 does not affect adipose tissue inflammation or body mass in mice fed high fat diet. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 12:174-186. [PMID: 29103907 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An influx of lipid-loaded macrophages characterizes visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation, which is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. Depletion of macrophage lipids accompanies increased whole body insulin sensitivity, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Deficiency of autophagy protein ATG16L1 is associated with increases in inflammatory diseases and lipid metabolism, but the connection between ATG16L1, IR, and obesity remains elusive. We hypothesize that myeloid ATG16L1 contributes to lipid loading in macrophages and to IR. METHODS Wild-type (WT) bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with fatty acids and assessed for markers of autophagy. Myeloid-deficient Atg16l1 and littermate control male mice were fed high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) for 3 months starting at 8 weeks of age. Mice were assessed for body mass, fat and lean mass, glucose and insulin sensitivity, food consumption and adipose inflammation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorted VAT macrophages were assessed for lipid content and expression of autophagy related genes. RESULTS VAT and VAT macrophages from HFD-fed WT mice did not show differences in autophagy protein and gene expression compared to tissue from LFD-fed mice. Fatty acid-treated BMDMs increased neutral lipid content but did not change autophagy protein expression. HFD-fed Atg16l1 myeloid-deficient and littermate mice demonstrated no differences in body mass, glucose or insulin sensitivity, food consumption, fat or lean mass, macrophage lipid content, or adipose tissue inflammation. CONCLUSION ATG16L1 does not contribute to obesity, IR, adipose tissue inflammation or lipid loading in macrophages in mice fed HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M S Litwinoff
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Merav Y Gold
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Karan Singh
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jiyuan Hu
- Departments of Population Health (Biostatistics) and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Departments of Population Health (Biostatistics) and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, and the Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, and the Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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279
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Abstract
Animal studies indicate that the composition of gut microbiota may be involved in the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be a promising approach to improve insulin sensitivity by favourably modifying the composition of the gut microbial community, reducing intestinal endotoxin concentrations and decreasing energy harvest. The aim of the present review was to investigate the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics (a combination of probiotics and prebiotics) on insulin resistance in human clinical trials and to discuss the potential mechanisms whereby probiotics and prebiotics improve glucose metabolism. The anti-diabetic effects of probiotics include reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines via a NF-κB pathway, reduced intestinal permeability, and lowered oxidative stress. SCFA play a key role in glucose homeostasis through multiple potential mechanisms of action. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors on L-cells by SCFA promotes the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY resulting in increased insulin and decreased glucagon secretion, and suppressed appetite. SCFA can decrease intestinal permeability and decrease circulating endotoxins, lowering inflammation and oxidative stress. SCFA may also have anti-lipolytic activities in adipocytes and improve insulin sensitivity via GLUT4 through the up-regulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase signalling in muscle and liver tissues. Resistant starch and synbiotics appear to have favourable anti-diabetic effects. However, there are few human interventions. Further well-designed human clinical studies are required to develop recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes with pro- and prebiotics.
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280
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications are becoming increasingly prevalent. Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes is known as diabetic enteropathy (DE) and may manifest as either diarrhea, fecal incontinence, constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, and vomiting or a combination of symptoms. The long-held belief that vagal autonomic neuropathy is the primary cause of DE has recently been challenged by newer theories of disease development. Specifically, hyperglycemia and the resulting oxidative stress on neural networks, including the nitrergic neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), are now believed to play a central role in the development of DE. DE occurs in the majority of patients with diabetes; however, tools for early diagnosis and targeted therapy to counter the detrimental and potentially irreversible effects on the small bowel are lacking. Delay in diagnosis is further compounded by the fact that DE symptoms overlap with those of gastroparesis or can be confused with side effects from diabetes medications. Still, early recognition of the presence of DE is essential to mitigating symptoms and preventing further progression of complications including dysmotility and malabsorption. Current diagnostic modalities include manometry, wireless motility capsule (SmartPill™), and scintigraphy; however, these are not regularly utilized in clinical practice due to limited availability. Several medications are available for symptom relief in DE patients including rifaximin for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and somatostatin analogues for diarrhea. While rodent models on stem cell therapy and alteration of the microbiome are promising, there is still a great need for further research on the pathologic underpinnings and development of novel treatment modalities for DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gotfried
- Temple University Digestive Disease Center, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Priest
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University & Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Schey
- Temple University Digestive Disease Center, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University & Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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281
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López-Moreno J, García-Carpintero S, Jimenez-Lucena R, Haro C, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Blanco-Rojo R, Yubero-Serrano EM, Tinahones FJ, Delgado-Lista J, Pérez-Martínez P, Roche HM, López-Miranda J, Camargo A. Effect of Dietary Lipids on Endotoxemia Influences Postprandial Inflammatory Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7756-7763. [PMID: 28793772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) results in postprandial metabolic alterations that predisposes one to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress. We aimed to assess the effect of the consumption of the quantity and quality of dietary fat on fasting and postprandial plasma lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A subgroup of 75 subjects with metabolic syndrome was randomized to receive 1 of 4 diets: HSFA, rich in saturated fat; HMUFA, rich in monounsaturated fat; LFHCC n-3, low-fat, rich in complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; LFHCC low-fat, rich in complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with placebo, for 12 weeks each. We administered a fat challenge reflecting the fatty acid composition of the diets at postintervention. We determined the plasma lipoproteins and glucose and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and adipose tissue. LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP) plasma levels were determined by ELISA, at fasting and postprandial (4 h after a fat challenge) states. We observed a postprandial increase in LPS levels after the intake of the HSFA meal, whereas we did not find any postprandial changes after the intake of the other three diets. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between the LPS plasma levels and the gene expression of IkBa and MIF1 in PBMC. No statistically significant differences in the LBP plasma levels at fasting or postprandial states were observed. Our results suggest that the consumption of HSFA diet increases the intestinal absorption of LPS which, in turn, increases postprandial endotoxemia levels and the postprandial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Moreno
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Jimenez-Lucena
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Haro
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Oriol A Rangel-Zúñiga
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ruth Blanco-Rojo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena M Yubero-Serrano
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria , 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Helen M Roche
- UCD Institute of Food & Health/UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health and Population Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - José López-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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282
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Jirapinyo P, Thompson CC. Training in bariatric endoscopy. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tgie.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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283
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284
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Guigas
- Department of Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
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285
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Donovan SM. Introduction to the special focus issue on the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition and function and future opportunities for nutritional modulation of the gut microbiome to improve human health. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:75-81. [PMID: 28282253 PMCID: PMC5390819 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1299309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, application of culture-independent, next generation DNA sequencing has dramatically enhanced our understanding of the composition of the gut microbiome and its association with human states of health and disease. Host genetics, age, and environmental factors such as where and who you live with, use of pre-, pro- and antibiotics, exercise and diet influence the short- and long-term composition of the microbiome. Dietary intake is a key determinant of microbiome composition and diversity and studies to date have linked long-term dietary patterns as well as short-term dietary interventions to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. The goal of this special focus issue was to review the role of diet in regulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota across the lifespan, from pregnancy to old age. Overall dietary patterns, as well as perturbations such as undernutrition and obesity, as well as the effects of dietary fiber/prebiotics and fat composition are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
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