251
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Projected supportive effects of Pycnogenol Ⓡ in patients suffering from multi-dimensional health impairments after a SARS-CoV2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106191. [PMID: 33045354 PMCID: PMC7546273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and has rapidly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Unlike other SARS viruses, SARS-CoV2 does not solely impact the respiratory system, but additionally leads to inflammation of endothelial cells, microvascular injuries and coagulopathies, thereby affecting multiple organs. Recent reports of patients who were infected with SARS-CoV2 suggest persistent health problems even months after the initial infection. The French maritime pine bark extract PycnogenolⓇ has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, vascular and endothelium-protective effects in over 90 human clinical studies. It is proposed that PycnogenolⓇ may be beneficial in supporting recovery and mitigating symptoms and long-term consequences resulting from a SARS-CoV2 infection in COVID-19 patients.
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252
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Sahoo S, Jhunjhunwala S, Jolly MK. The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Mathematical Model Investigates the Differing Outcomes Among CoVID-19 Patients. J Indian Inst Sci 2020; 100:673-681. [PMID: 33041543 PMCID: PMC7533167 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2—CoVID-19—is a global pandemic that has brought severe changes worldwide. Approximately 80% of the infected patients are largely asymptomatic or have mild symptoms such as fever or cough, while rest of the patients display varying degrees of severity of symptoms, with an average mortality rate of 3–4%. Severe symptoms such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome may be caused by tissue damage, which is mostly due to aggravated and unresolved innate and adaptive immune response, often resulting from a cytokine storm.Cytokine storm: A sudden acute increase in circulating levels of different inflammation causing cytokines including IL-6, IL-1, etc. Here, we discuss how an intricate interplay among infected cells and cells of innate and adaptive immune system can lead to such diverse clinicopathological outcomes. Particularly, we discuss how the emergent nonlinear dynamics of interaction among the components of adaptive and immune system components and virally infected cells can drive different disease severity. Such minimalistic yet rigorous mathematical modeling approaches are helpful in explaining how various co-morbidity risk factors, such as age and obesity, can aggravate the severity of CoVID-19 in patients. Furthermore, such approaches can elucidate how a fine-tuned balance of infected cell killing and resolution of inflammation can lead to infection clearance, while disruptions can drive different severe phenotypes. These results can help further in a rational selection of drug combinations that can effectively balance viral clearance and minimize tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sahoo
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
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253
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Rafiullah M. Can a Combination of AT1R Antagonist and Vitamin D Treat the Lung Complication of COVID-19? Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:338-341. [PMID: 32736832 PMCID: PMC7362851 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome caused by a novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 named COVID-19 and declared as a pandemic. This paper reviews the possibility of repurposing angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists and vitamin D to treat COVID-19. ACE2 protein found on the cell membranes is the target of SARS-CoV-2 for entering into the host cells. Viral spike protein-binding with ACE2 down-regulates it. As ACE2 is known to protect the lung from injuries, SARS-CoV-2-induced ACE2 deficiency may expose patients to lung damage. AT1R antagonists and vitamin D increase the expression of ACE2 independently. Besides, vitamin D suppresses the compensatory increase in renin levels following the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system by AT1R antagonists. Therefore, a combination of AT1R antagonists and vitamin D may offer protection against COVID-19 induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rafiullah
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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254
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Das S, K.R. A, Birangal SR, Nikam AN, Pandey A, Mutalik S, Joseph A. Role of comorbidities like diabetes on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: A review. Life Sci 2020; 258:118202. [PMID: 32758625 PMCID: PMC7397991 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pandemic coronavirus disease-2019, commonly known as COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious disease with a high mortality rate. Various comorbidities and their associated symptoms accompany SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the various comorbidities like hypertension, cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes considered as one of the critical comorbidity, which could affect the survival of infected patients. The severity of COVID-19 disease intensifies in patients with elevated glucose level probably via amplified pro-inflammatory cytokine response, poor innate immunity and downregulated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Thus, the use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers could worsen the glucose level in patients suffering from novel coronavirus infection. It also observed that the direct β-cell damage caused by virus, hypokalemia and cytokine and fetuin-A mediated increase in insulin resistance could also deteriorate the diabetic condition in COVID-19 patients. This review highlights the current scenario of coronavirus disease in pre-existing diabetic patients, epidemiology, molecular perception, investigations, treatment and management of COVID-19 disease in patients with pre-existing diabetes. Along with this, we have also discussed unexplored therapies and future perspectives for coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anu K.R.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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255
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Amirfakhryan H. Kawasaki-like disease in children with COVID-19: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110117. [PMID: 32721809 PMCID: PMC7367792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome- corona virus-2 (SARS-COV-2) globally, some new aspects of the disease have been reported. Recently, it has been reported the incidence of Kawasaki-like disease among children with COVID-19. Since, children had been known to be less severely affected by the virus in part due to the higher concentration of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2 receptor, this presentation has emerged concerns regarding the infection of children with SARS-COV2. ACE2 has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-proliferative characteristics through converting angiotensin (Ag)-II to Ang (1-7). ACE2 receptor is downregulated by the SARS-COV through the spike protein of SARS-CoV (SARS-S) via a process that is tightly coupled with Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. TNF-α plays a key role in aneurysmal formation of coronary arteries in Kawasaki disease (KD). Affected children by COVID-19 with genetically-susceptible to KD might have genetically under-expression of ACE2 receptor that might further decrease the expression of ACE2 due to the downregulation of the receptor by the virus in these patients. It appears that TNF- α might be the cause and the consequence of the ACE2 receptor downregulation which results in arterial walls aneurysm. Conclusion: Genetically under-expression of ACE2 receptor in children with genetically-susceptible to KD who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 possibly further downregulates the ACE2 expression by TNF-α and leads to surge of inflammation including TNF-α and progression to Kawasaki-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Amirfakhryan
- Preventative Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of South Wales, UK.
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256
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Hoevenaar M, Goossens D, Roorda J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system, type-2 diabetes, interleukin-6, and their interactions regarding the complex COVID-19 pathophysiological crossroads. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320979097. [PMID: 33283602 PMCID: PMC7724427 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320979097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the current COVID-19-pandemic, the world is currently being held hostage in various lockdowns. ACE2 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry, and is at the very center of several pathophysiological pathways regarding the RAAS, CS, KKS, T2DM, and IL-6. Their interactions with severe COVID-19 complications (e.g. ARDS and thrombosis), and potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janne Roorda
- Medical Doctor, General Practice
van Dijk, Oisterwijk, The Netherlands
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257
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Zarbafian M, Dayan S, Fabi SG. Teachings from COVID-19 and aging-An oxidative process. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:3171-3176. [PMID: 32997887 PMCID: PMC7536979 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As of June 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic has totaled over 9 000 000 cases and 470 000 deaths globally (ref. 1). Emerging data from COVID‐19 patients have suggested a clear role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2, the pathogenic agent of COVID‐19. Several comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and aging, have been associated with an increase in baseline oxidative stress, likely explaining why such individuals at risk for poor outcomes with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Similarly, the concept of oxidative stress remains one of the best supported theories to explain the mechanism behind aging. Oxidative stress through both endogenous and exogenous sources has known deleterious effects in both aging and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Herein, we will review the role of oxidative stress as a key player in both aging and COVID‐19 and highlight why some individuals may have better or poorer outcomes because of this. Additionally, we will discuss potential therapeutic pathways for effectively anti‐aging as we take away from our learnings on COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Zarbafian
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Dayan
- Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sabrina G Fabi
- Volunteer Assistant Clinical Professor, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Goldman Butterwick Groff Fabi Wu & Boen Cosmetic Laser Dermatology, San Diego, CA, USA
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258
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Penna C, Mercurio V, Tocchetti CG, Pagliaro P. Sex-related differences in COVID-19 lethality. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4375-4385. [PMID: 32698249 PMCID: PMC7405496 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries have been affected by the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. Among Western countries, Italy has been particularly hit at the beginning of the pandemic, immediately after China. In Italy and elsewhere, women seem to be less affected than men by severe/fatal COVID-19 infection, regardless of their age. Although women and men are affected differently by this infection, very few studies consider different therapeutic approaches for the two sexes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences may help to find appropriate and sex specific therapies. Here, we consider that other mechanisms are involved to explain this difference, in addition to the protection attributable to oestrogens. Several X-linked genes (such as ACE2) and Y-linked genes (SRY and SOX9) may explain sex differences. Cardiovascular comorbidities are among the major enhancers of virus lethality. In addition, the number of sex-independent, non-genetic factors that can change susceptibility and mortality is enormous, and many other factors should be considered, including gender and cultural habits in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
- National Institute of Cardiovascular ResearchesBolognaItaly
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carlo G. Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational ResearchFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
- National Institute of Cardiovascular ResearchesBolognaItaly
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259
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Aleksova A, Ferro F, Gagno G, Cappelletto C, Santon D, Rossi M, Ippolito G, Zumla A, Beltrami AP, Sinagra G. COVID-19 and renin-angiotensin system inhibition: role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - Is there any scientific evidence for controversy? J Intern Med 2020; 288:410-421. [PMID: 32459372 PMCID: PMC7283873 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are extensively used worldwide to treat many cardiovascular disorders, where they are effective in reducing both mortality and morbidity. These drugs are known to induce an increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 acts as receptor for the novel SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which raising the important issue of possible detrimental effects that RAS blockers could exert on the natural history and pathogenesis of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and associated excessive inflammation, myocarditis and cardiac arrhythmias. We review the current knowledge on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and RAS blockers and suggest a scientific rationale for continuing RAS blockers therapy in patients with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aleksova
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Ferro
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Gagno
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Cappelletto
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Santon
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Rossi
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - G Sinagra
- From the, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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260
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Moore JT, Pilkington W, Kumar D. Diseases with health disparities as drivers of COVID-19 outcome. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11038-11045. [PMID: 32816409 PMCID: PMC7461081 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced our society to come face to face with complex issues that were once theoretical but are now being played out in real time. As data from the pandemic accumulates, it is clear that COVID-19 is impacting some parts of society more than others. Unfortunately, there is an almost complete overlap between COVID-19 risk factors and conditions that are already represented as health disparities, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, lung disease and immune disorders. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological pathways that link these diseases to COVID-19 outcome. An increased awareness of the factors underlying this issue, both societal and medical, is needed to understand the long-term implications and possible solutions needed going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (JLC‐BBRI)North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - William Pilkington
- HOPE ProgramJLC‐BBRINorth Carolina Research Campus (NCRC)KannapolisNCUSA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (JLC‐BBRI)North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- HOPE ProgramJLC‐BBRINorth Carolina Research Campus (NCRC)KannapolisNCUSA
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261
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Abou-Ismail MY, Diamond A, Kapoor S, Arafah Y, Nayak L. The hypercoagulable state in COVID-19: Incidence, pathophysiology, and management. Thromb Res 2020; 194:101-115. [PMID: 32788101 PMCID: PMC7305763 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents with a large variety of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic carrier state to severe respiratory distress, multiple organ dysfunction and death. While it was initially considered primarily a respiratory illness, rapidly accumulating data suggests that COVID-19 results in a unique, profoundly prothrombotic milieu leading to both arterial and venous thrombosis. Consistently, elevated D-dimer level has emerged as an independent risk factor for poor outcomes, including death. Several other laboratory markers and blood counts have also been associated with poor prognosis, possibly due to their connection to thrombosis. At present, the pathophysiology underlying the hypercoagulable state is poorly understood. However, a growing body of data suggests that the initial events occur in the lung. A severe inflammatory response, originating in the alveoli, triggers a dysfunctional cascade of inflammatory thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature, leading to a state of local coagulopathy. This is followed, in patients with more severe disease, by a generalized hypercoagulable state that results in macro- and microvascular thrombosis. Of concern, is the observation that anticoagulation may be inadequate in many circumstances, highlighting the need for alternative or additional therapies. Numerous ongoing studies investigating the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 associated coagulopathy may provide mechanistic insights that can direct appropriate interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamed Yazan Abou-Ismail
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| | - Akiva Diamond
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Sargam Kapoor
- Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Yasmin Arafah
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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262
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A Review on the Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection: a Mechanistic View. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:536-549. [PMID: 32981023 PMCID: PMC7519857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of neurological manifestations and complications in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). More than one-quarter of patients with COVID-19 developed various neurological symptoms, ranging from headache and dizziness to more serious medical conditions, such as seizures and stroke. The recent investigations introduced hyposmia as a potential early criterion of infection with COVID-19. Despite the high mortality and morbidity rate of COVID-19, its exact mechanism of action and pathogenesis is not well characterized. The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the endothelial, neural, and glial cells. In the present study, we reviewed the most common neurological manifestations and complications that emerged after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 and discussed their possible relation to the expression and function of ACE2. Comprehensive and detailed studies are required to uncover how this virus invades the neural system as well as other critical organs.
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263
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Phillips N, Park IW, Robinson JR, Jones HP. The Perfect Storm: COVID-19 Health Disparities in US Blacks. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 8:1153-1160. [PMID: 32965660 PMCID: PMC7510013 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) accounts for over 180,000 deaths in the USA. Although COVID-19 affects all racial ethnicities, non-Hispanic Blacks have the highest mortality rates. Evidence continues to emerge, linking the disproportion of contagion and mortality from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a result of adverse social determinants of health. Yet, genetic predisposition may also play a credible role in disease transmission. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells by interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the receptor molecule angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressed on the surface of the target cells, such that polymorphisms and the expression level of ACE2 influence infectivity and consequent pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Genetic polymorphisms in other multiple genes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and interleukin-6, are also closely associated with underlying diseases, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which substantially raise SARS-CoV-2 mortality. However, it is unknown how these genetic polymorphisms contribute to the disparate mortality rates, with or without underlying diseases. Of particular interest is the potential that genetic polymorphisms in these genes may be influencing the disparity of COVID-19 mortality rates in Black communities. Here, we review the evidence that biological predisposition for high-risk comorbid conditions may be relevant to our ability to fully understand and therefore address health disparities of COVID-19 deaths in Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
- Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298620, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
- Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298620, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Janie R Robinson
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Harlan P Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
- Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298620, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
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264
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Chowdhury R, Boorla VS, Maranas CD. Computational biophysical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding with the ACE2 receptor and implications for infectivity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2573-2582. [PMID: 32983400 PMCID: PMC7500280 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel highly virulent pathogen which gains entry to human cells by binding with the cell surface receptor - angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). We computationally contrasted the binding interactions between human ACE2 and coronavirus spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of the 2002 epidemic-causing SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat coronavirus RaTG13 using the Rosetta energy function. We find that the RBD of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is highly optimized to achieve very strong binding with human ACE2 (hACE2) which is consistent with its enhanced infectivity. SARS-CoV-2 forms the most stable complex with hACE2 compared to SARS-CoV-1 (23% less stable) or RaTG13 (11% less stable). Notably, we calculate that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD lowers the binding strength of angiotensin 2 receptor type I (ATR1) which is the native binding partner of ACE2 by 44.2%. Strong binding is mediated through strong electrostatic attachments with every fourth residue on the N-terminus alpha-helix (starting from Ser19 to Asn53) as the turn of the helix makes these residues solvent accessible. By contrasting the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 Rosetta binding energy with ACE2 of different livestock and pet species we find strongest binding with bat ACE2 followed by human, feline, equine, canine and finally chicken. This is consistent with the hypothesis that bats are the viral origin and reservoir species. These results offer a computational explanation for the increased infection susceptibility by SARS-CoV-2 and allude to therapeutic modalities by identifying and rank-ordering the ACE2 residues involved in binding with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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265
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Maskell N, Perks CM. Obesity, Diabetes and COVID-19: An Infectious Disease Spreading From the East Collides With the Consequences of an Unhealthy Western Lifestyle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:582870. [PMID: 33042029 PMCID: PMC7527410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.582870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has had a global impact not seen for an infectious disease for over a century. This acute pandemic has spread from the East and has been overlaid onto a slow pandemic of metabolic diseases of obesity and diabetes consequent from the increasing adoption of a Western-lifestyle characterized by excess calorie consumption with limited physical activity. It has become clear that these conditions predispose individuals to a more severe COVID-19 with increased morbidity and mortality. There are many features of diabetes and obesity that may accentuate the clinical response to SARS-CoV-2 infection: including an impaired immune response, an atherothrombotic state, accumulation of advanced glycation end products and a chronic inflammatory state. These could prime an exaggerated cytokine response to viral infection, predisposing to the cytokine storm that triggers progression to septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-organ failure. Infection leads to an inflammatory response and tissue damage resulting in increased metabolic activity and an associated increase in the mechanisms by which cells ingest and degrade tissue debris and foreign materials. It is becoming clear that viruses have acquired an ability to exploit these mechanisms to invade cells and facilitate their own life-cycle. In obesity and diabetes these mechanisms are chronically activated due to the deteriorating metabolic state and this may provide an increased opportunity for a more profound and sustained viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. P. Holly
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Translational Health Science, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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266
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Yehualashet AS, Belachew TF. ACEIs and ARBs and Their Correlation with COVID-19: A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3217-3224. [PMID: 32982336 PMCID: PMC7502385 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s264882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some animal studies suggested that the use of ACEIs/ARBs could contribute for the prevention and treatment of the effects of the COVID-19 infection, there are also contradictory scenarios indicating that their use may exacerbate the deleterious conditions of the infection. As a result of the paradoxical issue of using ACEIs/ARBs during COVID-19, it is still an area requiring extended investigation to prove. Additionally, a trial evidence of their efficacy and the possible benefit risk analysis of these conventional drugs during COVID-19 in connection with other comorbidities like hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease associated with diabetes should also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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267
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Dan S, Pant M, Upadhyay SK. The Case Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Global Health Challenge and Paradigm in the Current Pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:315-324. [PMID: 32953401 PMCID: PMC7490208 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified from Wuhan, China, and has spread almost worldwide. Recently, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed to kill millions of people worldwide and is dangerous to society health, survival, and livelihood. The people with cardiovascular problems are noticed as most common patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a greater risk of mortality and morbidity in these patients than other patients of COVID-19. In the heart, expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and response effect of hyperactivity with angiotensin II associated to the renin-angiotensin mechanism are key factors of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. Recent Findings Mortality rates have been observed about 10.5% cases in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, a mortality rate of 52% was recorded in patients with heart failure, while 12% recovered ultimately. The occupancy of intense injury controlled by troponin elevation was a noteworthy factor in relation to mortality. Among 187 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, about 35% were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and 28% with raised troponin. Troponin elevation was identified more frequently (55%) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mortality rate in patients without cardiovascular diseases and normal troponin was 7.6%, normal troponin and cardiovascular disease with 13.3%, augmented troponin and without cardiovascular disease 37.5%, however 69.4% among cardiovascular disease and advanced troponin. Summary The study reflected a significant association of case fatality rate (CFR) to COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases which supposed to be the most common dangerous risk factor and health challenge during the current pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dan
- Department of Biotechnology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Punjab India
| | - Mohit Pant
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207 India
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268
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Czick M, Shapter C, Shapter R. COVID's Razor: RAS Imbalance, the Common Denominator Across Disparate, Unexpected Aspects of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3169-3192. [PMID: 32982349 PMCID: PMC7495349 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s265518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A modern iteration of Occam's Razor posits that "the simplest explanation is usually correct." Coronavirus Disease 2019 involves widespread organ damage and uneven mortality demographics, deemed unexpected from what was originally thought to be "a straightforward respiratory virus." The simplest explanation is that both the expected and unexpected aspects of COVID-19 share a common mechanism. Silent hypoxia, atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), stroke, olfactory loss, myocarditis, and increased mortality rates in the elderly, in men, in African-Americans, and in patients with obesity, diabetes, and cancer-all bear the fingerprints of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, suggesting that RAS is the common culprit. This article examines what RAS is and how it works, then from that baseline, the article presents the evidence suggesting RAS involvement in the disparate manifestations of COVID-19. Understanding the deeper workings of RAS helps one make sense of severe COVID-19. In addition, recognizing the role of RAS imbalance suggests potential routes to mitigate COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Czick
- University of Connecticut, Department of Anesthesia, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Robert Shapter
- Independent Consultant ( Medical Research, Medical Communications, and Medical Education), Hartford, CT, USA
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269
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Sinha S, Sehgal A, Sehgal R. Association of ACE2 receptor and ACEIs/ARBs with disease severity in COVID-19. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:161-170. [PMID: 32908071 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is found to be associated with various comorbidities which include cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. The impaired regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been seen in COVID-19 patients, but whether RAAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs), are responsible for worsening of clinical conditions remains unknown. Herein, we review the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in disease progression, its association with comorbidities and COVID-19, and summarize the clinical evidence for several potential directions for future research work on ACEIs/ARBs in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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270
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Rezaei M, Ziai SA, Fakhri S, Pouriran R. ACE2: Its potential role and regulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID-19. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2430-2442. [PMID: 32901940 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a new disease caused by the 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has swept the world and challenged its culture, economy, and health infrastructure. Forced emergence to find an effective vaccine to immunize people has led scientists to design and examine vaccine candidates all over the world. Until a vaccine is developed, however, effective treatment is needed to combat this virus, which is resistant to all conventional antiviral drugs. Accordingly, more about the structure, entry mechanism, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 is required. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the gateway to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, so our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 can help us to complete its mechanism of interaction with ACE2 and virus endocytosis, which can be interrupted by neutralizing small molecules or proteins. ACE2 also plays a crucial role in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitrasadat Rezaei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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271
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Taha M, Sano D, Hanoudi S, Esber Z, Elahi M, Gabali A, Chopra T, Draghici S, Samavati L. Platelets and renal failure in the SARS-CoV-2 syndrome. Platelets 2020; 32:130-137. [PMID: 32892687 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1817361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 utilizes metallocarboxyl peptidase angiotensin receptor (ACE) 2 to gain entry into human cells. Activation of several proteases facilitates the interaction of viral spike proteins (S1) and ACE2 receptor. This leads to cleavage of host ACE2 receptors. ACE2 activity counterbalances the angiotensin II effect, its loss may lead to elevated angiotensin II levels with modulation of platelet function, size and activity. COVID-19 disease encompasses a spectrum of systemic involvement far beyond respiratory failure alone. Several features of this disease, including the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the hypercoagulable state, remain poorly understood. Here, we show that there is a high incidence of AKI (81%) in the critically ill adults with COVID-19 in the setting of elevated D-dimer, elevated ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Strikingly, there were unique features of platelets in these patients, including larger, more granular platelets and a higher mean platelet volume (MPV). There was a significant correlation between measured D-dimer levels and MVP; but a negative correlation between MPV and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in critically ill cohort. Our data suggest that activated platelets may play a role in renal failure and possibly hypercoagulability status in COVID19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad Taha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dahlia Sano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Hematology and Oncology; Wayne State University, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Samer Hanoudi
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zahia Esber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Morvarid Elahi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ali Gabali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Teena Chopra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
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272
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Impact of glycemic control in diabetes mellitus on management of COVID-19 infection. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020; 40:340-345. [PMID: 32905072 PMCID: PMC7466921 DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus may be associated with increased severity and enhanced mortality in COVID-19 infections. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, radiological imaging, management, and outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients of diabetes mellitus and its association with glycemic control. Methods The present study was designed to evaluate the difference between uncontrolled and controlled diabetes for COVID-19 manifestations by enrolling 80 admitted COVID-19 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups, where group 1 had patients with uncontrolled diabetes as indicated by HbA1c > 8 g% and group 2 had patients with controlled diabetes as indicated by HbA1c < 8 g%. Information concerning medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, radiological imaging, management, and outcome was extracted from medical records for evaluation, interpretation, and association among both the groups. Results COVID-19 patients with uncontrolled diabetes exhibited a severe symptomatic presentation, excessive uncontrolled inflammatory responses, and hypercoagulable state. Total leukocyte count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, serum levels of IL-6, FDP, and D-dimer were significantly raised (p < 0.05) in case of uncontrolled diabetes as compared with controlled diabetes. Radiological findings detected by chest radiograph and computed tomography chest suggested severe lung involvement in uncontrolled diabetes. COVID-19 patients with uncontrolled diabetes required intensive treatment as compared with controlled diabetes group in terms of insulin therapy (p = 0.0226) and non-invasive ventilation (p = 0.0292). Patients with uncontrolled diabetes had higher mortality (p = 0.0375) and required prolonged hospitalization (p = 0.0479) as compared with controlled diabetes group. Conclusion From the current study, it can be concluded that uncontrolled diabetic condition might be a risk factor for severity and morbidity of COVID-19 patients. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus might be responsible for an overall higher susceptibility for COVID-19 infection and severity in terms of symptomatic presentation, inflammatory storm, rapid pulmonary invasion, requirement of more intensive treatment, and a poor outcome.
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273
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Muchtaridi M, Fauzi M, Khairul Ikram NK, Mohd Gazzali A, Wahab HA. Natural Flavonoids as Potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibitors for Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2020; 25:E3980. [PMID: 32882868 PMCID: PMC7504743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, coronaviruses (CoV) have posed a severe public health threat, causing an increase in mortality and morbidity rates throughout the world. The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that affected more than 215 countries with over 23 million cases and 800,000 deaths as of today. The situation is critical, especially with the absence of specific medicines or vaccines; hence, efforts toward the development of anti-COVID-19 medicines are being intensively undertaken. One of the potential therapeutic targets of anti-COVID-19 drugs is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 was identified as a key functional receptor for CoV associated with COVID-19. ACE2, which is located on the surface of the host cells, binds effectively to the spike protein of CoV, thus enabling the virus to infect the epithelial cells of the host. Previous studies showed that certain flavonoids exhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activity, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Thus, it is being postulated that these flavonoids might also interact with ACE2. This postulation might be of interest because these compounds also show antiviral activity in vitro. This article summarizes the natural flavonoids with potential efficacy against COVID-19 through ACE2 receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl Raya 21.5, Bandung-Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - M. Fauzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl Raya 21.5, Bandung-Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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274
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Zhang S, Wang X, Zhang H, Xu A, Fei G, Jiang X, Tu J, Qu G, Xu X, Li Y. The absence of coronavirus in expressed prostatic secretion in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan city. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:90-94. [PMID: 32534021 PMCID: PMC7286226 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the cellular entry of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) modulated by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the ACE2 bearing prostate is therefore hypothesized as a susceptible organ to COVID-19. To delineate whether the pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) could be detected in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS), a total of ten male patients with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited. All patients were stratified into two groups: one group with positive nasopharyngeal swabbing SARS-CoV-2 within 3 days of the EPS taken day (PNS group, n = 3) and the other group with previously positive nasopharyngeal swabbing SARS-CoV-2 but turned negative before the taken day (PNNS group, n = 7). The COVID-19 patients showed elevated inflammatory indictors, i.e. C-reaction protein (3.28 (1.14, 33.33) mg/L), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (22.50 (8.00, 78.50) mm/h), and interleukin-6 (6.49 (4.96, 21.09) pg/ml). Serum IgM against SARS-CoV-2 was only positive in the PNS group, whereas serum IgG was positive for all patients. Furthermore, our data showed for the first time that none of the COVID-19 patients had positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in EPS. To this end, this study found the negativity of SARS-CoV-2 in EPS and possibly exclude the sexual transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The first Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Aihui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Guanghe Fei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xihai Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Yonghuai Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
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275
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Kordzadeh-Kermani E, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1287-1305. [PMID: 32851877 PMCID: PMC7493723 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Despite the similarities in the pathogenesis of the beta coronaviruses, the precise infective mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. Objective: In this review, we aim to focus on the proposed theories behind the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the clinical complications related to COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a literature search in Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar for the relevant articles regarding clinical complications and pathogenesis of COVID-19. Results: Related articles were included and discussed. Conclusion: Respiratory system and the lungs are the most commonly involved sites of COVID-19 infection. Cardiovascular, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems are involved with different frequencies and degrees of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kordzadeh-Kermani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141761441, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141761441, Iran
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
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276
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Majeed J, Ajmera P, Goyal RK. Delineating clinical characteristics and comorbidities among 206 COVID-19 deceased patients in India: Emerging significance of renin angiotensin system derangement. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 167:108349. [PMID: 32712124 PMCID: PMC7377683 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM While there are rampant deaths reported worldwide due to novel corona virus (COVID-19) on one side, hypertension, diabetes and renal failure are emerging comorbidities with mortality risk due to respiratory failure on the other side. The link of these morbidities with renin angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as the site of the multiplication of COVID-19 has widely been accepted. The objective of this research report was to delineate the clinical characteristics with COVID-19 infection with RAS and to consider its significance not just for the search of novel antiviral drugs, but for the management and prevention of death of patients with COVID-19. METHODS It was a retrospective case series analysis of demographic and clinical data with associated comorbidities of 206 deaths reported in India up to 10th April 2020. The data were available from the official release from Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India. This was followed by a literature search to correlate the available evidence for their possible relationship with RAS. RESULTS The demographic data were consistent with those reported from other countries. The death (53.4%) was more common in patients with age above 60 years and men (69.3%) were more susceptible as compared to women (30.68%).We found that 50.5% of the deceased patients had pre-existing comorbidities. Diabetes and hypertension were the major comorbidities in 27.8% and 22.1% of the deceased cases respectively. Although respiratory and cardiac problems were prevalent at the time of death, the pre-existing pulmonary disease was comparatively less prevalent. Only 13.6% of the deceased were having pre-existing respiratory problems and 6.2% had cardiac ailments. We could correlate the reports that RAS plays a significant role in the prognosis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertension are at greater risk for developing COVID-19 infection. There may be massive derangement of the entire RAS after the attack of COVID-19 and hence, patients with these pre-existing comorbidities and on ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers should be monitored carefully considering the role of RAS in the prognosis of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaseela Majeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management, School of Allied Health Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneeta Ajmera
- Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India.
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277
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Mardani R, Alamdary A, Mousavi Nasab SD, Gholami R, Ahmadi N, Gholami A. Association of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19. Virus Res 2020; 289:198148. [PMID: 32866536 PMCID: PMC7455115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient levels of Vitamin D could be seen in COVID-19 patients. Increase in the ACE could be seen in COVID-19 patients with higher quantities in the individuals who died from the COVID-19. The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is higher in COVID-19 than the control group. Serum levels of vitamin D and ACE are associated with the progression and severity of the COVID-19.
In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 started to spread throughout the world causing the COVID-19 that has taken a considerable number of lives. Results obtained from several investigations have explained the virus origin, pathogenicity, and transmission. Similar to SARS coronavirus, the pulmonary angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 was introduced as the virus receptor for entering the cell. An increased body of epidemiological and clinical evidences has shown modulating effects of vitamin D in lung injuries through several mechanisms. Several clinical symptoms as well as molecular factors have shown to be related to the disease transmission and severity. In this study, vitamin D, ACE concentrations, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were measured in patients with confirmed COVID-19 in comparison with control group. Results demonstrated significant alterations in vitamin D and ACE levels as well as NLR in the patients’ group. Contribution of those factors with the prognosis and severity of the disease has been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mardani
- Viral Vaccines Production Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran Production Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Alamdary
- Viral Vaccines Production Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran Production Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - S D Mousavi Nasab
- Rotavaccine Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran Production Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Gholami
- Shoushtar University of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - N Ahmadi
- Proteomics Research Center, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A Gholami
- Viral Vaccines Production Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran Production Complex, Tehran, Iran.
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278
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Abstract
COVID-19, a symptom complex of respiratory failure induced by a highly infectious pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been classified as a pandemic. As of April 15, 2020, there have been 2 million people diagnosed with the viral infection and 130 000 deaths globally. It is highly likely that the number of infections is underrepresented secondary to variations in testing and reporting strategies globally. In this short review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 as it pertains to cardiovascular disease. We discuss the basis of cardiac pathophysiology and address some of the clinical scenarios that cardiovascular physicians may face. We introduce the concept of conservative management of acute coronary syndromes and address some complications such as myocarditis, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias that may be relevant for the management of patients presenting with COVID-19.
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279
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Chaari A, Bendriss G, Zakaria D, McVeigh C. Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response. Front Public Health 2020; 8:476. [PMID: 32984253 PMCID: PMC7481450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus pandemic continues to spread causing further public health, social, and economic issues. The disparities in the rates of death between countries poses questions about the importance of lifestyle habits and the immune status of populations. An exploration of dietary habits and COVID-19-related death might unravel associations between these two variables. Indeed, while both nutritional excess and deficiency are associated with immunodeficiency, adequate nutrition leading to an optimally functioning immune system may be associated with better outcomes with regards to preventing infection and complications of COVID-19, as well as developing a better immune response to other pathogenic viruses and microorganisms. This article outlines the key functions of the immune system and how macronutrients, micronutrients, and metabolites from the gut microbiome can be essential in the development of an efficient immune system. In addition, the effects of intermittent fasting on the inflammatory state as well as metabolic parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Chaari
- Premedical Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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280
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Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Varahram M, Folkerts G, Adcock IM. The Immune Response and Immunopathology of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2037. [PMID: 32983152 PMCID: PMC7479965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s and are named due to their crown-like shape. Sometimes, but not often, a coronavirus can infect both animals and humans. An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 previously known as 2019-nCoV) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as it spread throughout China and subsequently across the globe. As of 14th July 2020, a total of 13.1 million confirmed cases globally and 572,426 deaths had been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shares extensive genomic identity with bat coronavirus suggesting that bats are the natural host. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as that for SARS-CoV, the coronavirus associated with the SARS outbreak in 2003. It mainly spreads through the respiratory tract with lymphopenia and cytokine storms occuring in the blood of subjects with severe disease. This suggests the existence of immunological dysregulation as an accompanying event during severe illness caused by this virus. The early recognition of this immunological phenotype could assist prompt recognition of patients who will progress to severe disease. Here we review the data of the immune response during COVID-19 infection. The current review summarizes our understanding of how immune dysregulation and altered cytokine networks contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Respiratory Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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281
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Bobeck KA, Holtzclaw AW, Brown TE, Clark PA. Effective Use of Angiotensin II in Coronavirus Disease 19-Associated Mixed Shock State: A Case Report. A A Pract 2020; 14:e01221. [PMID: 32784326 PMCID: PMC7172437 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has sparked a search for effective therapies. The discovery that the virus binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor has led to investigation of the renin–angiotensin system for possible therapeutic targets. We present a case of an elderly woman with multiple comorbidities who developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a cardiomyopathy, and vasodilatory shock secondary to COVID-19 and was treated with exogenous angiotensin II. She rapidly demonstrated significant hemodynamic improvement without noted adverse effects. Thus, we propose further investigation into possible benefits of angiotensin II in shock secondary to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur W Holtzclaw
- Pulmonary, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tara E Brown
- Pulmonary, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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282
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Esenwa C, Cheng NT, Lipsitz E, Hsu K, Zampolin R, Gersten A, Antoniello D, Soetanto A, Kirchoff K, Liberman A, Mabie P, Nisar T, Rahimian D, Brook A, Lee SK, Haranhalli N, Altschul D, Labovitz D. COVID-19-Associated Carotid Atherothrombosis and Stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1993-1995. [PMID: 32819896 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a radiology-pathology case series of 3 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with acute ischemic stroke due to fulminant carotid thrombosis overlying mild atherosclerotic plaque and propose a novel stroke mechanism: COVID-associated carotid atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Esenwa
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - N T Cheng
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - E Lipsitz
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (E.L.), Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - K Hsu
- Radiology (K.H., R.Z., A.B., S.-K.L.)
| | | | | | - D Antoniello
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - A Soetanto
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - K Kirchoff
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - A Liberman
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - P Mabie
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - T Nisar
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - D Rahimian
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
| | - A Brook
- Radiology (K.H., R.Z., A.B., S.-K.L.)
| | - S-K Lee
- Radiology (K.H., R.Z., A.B., S.-K.L.)
| | - N Haranhalli
- Neurosurgery (N.H., D.A,), Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - D Altschul
- Neurosurgery (N.H., D.A,), Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - D Labovitz
- From the Department of Neurology (C.E.E., N.T.C., D.A., A.S., K.K., A.L., P.M., T.N., D.R., D.L.)
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283
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Khan N. Possible protective role of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 1:38-48. [PMID: 33196058 PMCID: PMC7665224 DOI: 10.46439/allergy.1.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a worldwide pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding and priming its viral-spike proteins with membrane-associated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Through the coordinated actions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins fuse with plasma membranes and ultimately the virus enters cells. ACE2 is integral to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and SARS-CoV-2 down-regulates protein expression levels of ACE2. Once infected, patients typically develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a number of other severe complications that result in a high rate of fatality, especially in older (>60 years) adults and in people with pre-existing medical conditions. Data now indicate clearly that among people of all age groups, COVID-19 fatalities are higher in men than women. Here, attention is focused on these sex differences and posit a role of estrogen in these differences as well as possible therapeutic and protective actions of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
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284
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Chakafana G, Mutithu D, Hoevelmann J, Ntusi N, Sliwa K. Interplay of COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases in Africa: an observational snapshot. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109:1460-1468. [PMID: 32809116 PMCID: PMC7433683 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which started around December 2019 has, at present, resulted in over 450,000 deaths globally, and approximately 1% of these deaths have been reported in Africa. Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 risk factors, namely: hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as rheumatic heart disease, compromised immunity and obesity, low case fatality rates have been recorded in many parts of Africa so far. COVID-19 severity has previously been shown to be worse in patients with CVD and hypertension. We observed the severity of COVID-19 and mortality rates in Africa, and compared outcomes with prevalence of established risk factors (hypertension and CVD). We stratified data as per the United Nations’ 5 African subregions. North African countries show a positive association between the risk factors and the mortality rates from COVID-19. However, we observed discordant patterns in the relationship between COVID-19, and either CVD or hypertension, in sub-Saharan African countries. In this paper, we also review the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it worsens CVD and postulate that the differences in modulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) axis which controls angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/ACE2 balance may be an important determinant of COVID-19 outcomes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Chakafana
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA
| | - Daniel Mutithu
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA
| | - Julian Hoevelmann
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.,Klinik für Innere Medizin III - Kardiologie, Angiologie Und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Des Saarlandes, Homburg (Saar), Deutschland
| | - Ntobeko Ntusi
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA.
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285
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Bui TQ, Phuong Loan HT, Ai My TT, Quang DT, Phuong Thuy BT, Nhan VD, Quy PT, Van Tat P, Dao DQ, Trung NT, Huynh LK, Ai Nhung NT. A density functional theory study on silver and bis-silver complexes with lighter tetrylene: are silver and bis-silver carbenes candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition? Insight from molecular docking simulation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30961-30974. [PMID: 35516033 PMCID: PMC9056359 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribavirin and remdesivir have been preclinically reported as potential drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while light silver tetrylene complexes (NHEPh-AgCl and (NHEPh-AgCl)2 with E = C, Si, and Ge) have gained significant interest due to their promising applicability on the cytological scale. Firstly, the structures and bonding states of silver-tetrylene complexes (NHE-Ag) and bis-silver-tetrylene complexes (NHE-Ag-bis) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at the BP86 level with the def2-SVP and def2-TZVPP basis sets. Secondly, the inhibitory capabilities of the carbene complexes (NHC-Ag and NHC-Ag-bis) and the two potential drugs (ribavirin and remdesivir) on human-protein ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 protease PDB6LU7 were evaluated using molecular docking simulation. The carbene ligand NHC bonds in a head-on configuration with AgCl and (AgCl)2, whereas, the other NHE (E = Si and Ge) tetrylene ligands bond in a side-on mode to the metal fragments. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the NHE-Ag bond in the complex families follows the order of NHC-Ag > NHSi-Ag > NHGe-Ag and NHSi-Ag-bis > NHGe-Ag-bis > NHC-Ag-bis. The natural bond orbital analysis implies that the [NHEPh→AgCl] and [(NHEPh)2→(AgCl)2] donations are derived mainly from the σ- and π-contributions of the ligands. The docking results indicate that both the ACE2 and PDB6LU7 proteins are strongly inhibited by silver-carbene NHC-Ag, bis-silver-carbene NHC-Ag-bis, ribavirin, and remdesivir with the docking score energy values varying from -17.5 to -16.5 kcal mol-1 and -16.9 to -16.6 kcal mol-1, respectively. The root-mean-square deviation values were recorded to be less than 2 Å in all the calculated systems. Thus, the present study suggests that silver-carbene NHC-Ag and bis-silver-carbene NHC-Ag-bis complexes are potential candidates to inhibit ACE2 and PDB6LU7, and thus potentially conducive to prevent infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Q Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City 530000 Vietnam
| | - Huynh Thi Phuong Loan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City 530000 Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Ai My
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City 530000 Vietnam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University Hue City 530000 Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Phuong Thuy
- Faculty of Fundamental Science, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Vo Duy Nhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nam Can Tho University 94000 Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot City 630000 Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Tat
- Institute of Development and Applied Economics, Hoa Sen University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modeling, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University Quy Nhon City 590000 Vietnam
| | - Lam K Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, International University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City 530000 Vietnam
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286
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A narrative review of the potential pharmacological influence and safety of ibuprofen on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), ACE2, and the immune system: a dichotomy of expectation and reality. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1141-1152. [PMID: 32797326 PMCID: PMC7427497 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently the most acute healthcare challenge in the world. Despite growing knowledge of the nature of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), treatment options are still poorly defined. The safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), specifically ibuprofen, has been openly questioned without any supporting evidence or clarity over dose, duration, or temporality of administration. This has been further conflicted by the initiation of studies to assess the efficacy of ibuprofen in improving outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. To clarify the scientific reality, a literature search was conducted alongside considerations of the pharmacological properties of ibuprofen in order to construct this narrative review. The literature suggests that double-blind, placebo-controlled study results must be reported and carefully analysed for safety and efficacy in patients with COVID-19 before any recommendations can be made regarding the use of ibuprofen in such patients. Limited studies have suggested: (i) no direct interactions between ibuprofen and SARS-CoV-2 and (ii) there is no evidence to suggest ibuprofen affects the regulation of angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for COVID-19, in human studies. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest ibuprofen may facilitate cleavage of ACE2 from the membrane, preventing membrane-dependent viral entry into the cell, the clinical significance of which is uncertain. Additionally, in vitro evidence suggests that inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB) by ibuprofen may have a role in reducing excess inflammation or cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Finally, there is no evidence that ibuprofen will aggravate or increase the chance of infection of COVID-19.
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287
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El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Jackson AU, Brotman SM, Guan L, Villicaña S, Roberts AL, Zito A, Bonnycastle L, Erdos MR, Narisu N, Stringham HM, Welch R, Yan T, Lakka T, Parker S, Tuomilehto J, Collins FS, Pajukanta P, Boehnke M, Koistinen HA, Laakso M, Falchi M, Bell JT, Scott LJ, Mohlke KL, Small KS. ACE2 expression in adipose tissue is associated with COVID-19 cardio-metabolic risk factors and cell type composition. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.11.20171108. [PMID: 32817962 PMCID: PMC7430606 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.11.20171108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 severity has varied widely, with demographic and cardio-metabolic factors increasing risk of severe reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the underlying mechanisms for this remain uncertain. We investigated phenotypic and genetic factors associated with subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 ( ACE2 ), which has been shown to act as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. In a meta-analysis of three independent studies including up to 1,471 participants, lower adipose tissue ACE2 expression was associated with adverse cardio-metabolic health indices including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity status, higher serum fasting insulin and BMI, and lower serum HDL levels (P<5.32x10 -4 ). ACE2 expression levels were also associated with estimated proportions of cell types in adipose tissue; lower ACE2 expression was associated with a lower proportion of microvascular endothelial cells (P=4.25x10 -4 ) and higher macrophage proportion (P=2.74x10 -5 ), suggesting a link to inflammation. Despite an estimated heritability of 32%, we did not identify any proximal or distal genetic variants (eQTLs) associated with adipose tissue ACE2 expression. Our results demonstrate that at-risk individuals have lower background ACE2 levels in this highly relevant tissue. Further studies will be required to establish how this may contribute to increased COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah M. Brotman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergio Villicaña
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Amy L. Roberts
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Antonino Zito
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; USA
| | - Lori Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tingfen Yan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stephen Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics and Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jordana T. Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
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288
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Chatterjee SK, Saha S, Munoz MNM. Molecular Pathogenesis, Immunopathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:196. [PMID: 32850977 PMCID: PMC7431665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a highly contagious transmittable disease caused by a recently discovered coronavirus, pathogenic SARS-CoV-2. Followed by the emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses in 2003 SARS-CoV, in 2012 MERS-CoV, now in 2019 pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, is associated with a global “pandemic” situation. In humans, the effects of these viruses are correlated with viral pneumonia, severe respiratory tract infections. It is believed that interaction between angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor and viral Spike protein mediates the coronavirus entry into human respiratory epithelial cells and establishes the host tropism. ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells. Along with viral-receptor interaction, proteolytic cleavability of S protein has been considered as the determinant of disease severity. Several studies highlight the occurrence of impaired host immune response and expression of excessive inflammatory response especially cytokines against viral infection. The mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced acute lung injury are still undefined; however, the term cytokine storm has now been recognized to be closely associated with COVID-19. The levels of inflammatory mediators from cytokine storm cause damage to the host cells. In particular, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 appears to be the key mediator in early phase of virus-receptor interaction; however, secreted IL-6 might not be representative of lung inflammation. Understanding the cellular, and molecular factors involved in immune dysregulation and the high virulence capacity of COVID-19 will help in potential targeted therapy against it. “Drug repurposing” and “molecular docking analysis” is considered as an attractive alternative approach in analyzing suitable drug candidates to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Globally, extensive research is in progress to discover a new vaccine for novel COVID-19. Moreover, our review mainly focuses on the most state-of-the-art therapeutic approach mediated by “Mannose-binding lectin (MBL).” One of the most significant molecules of innate immunity is MBL. It plays a major role in the activation of the complement system as an ante-antibody prior to the response of any particular antibody. Recombinant human MBL can be used as immunomodulators against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Nilda M Munoz
- Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines.,De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
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289
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Weenink RP, Preckel B, Hulst AH, Hermanides J, de Jong MD, Schlack WS, Stevens MF, Sperna Weiland NH, Hollmann MW. Second Update for Anaesthetists on Clinical Features of COVID-19 Patients and Relevant Management. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2542. [PMID: 32781614 PMCID: PMC7464215 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses great challenges for healthcare workers around the world, including perioperative specialists. Previously, we provided a first overview of available literature on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relevant for anaesthetists and intensivists. In the current review, we provide an update of this topic, after a literature search current through May 2020. We discuss the evidence on perioperative risk for COVID-19 patients presenting for surgery, the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the operating room, and the current literature on laboratory diagnostics. Furthermore, cardiovascular and nervous system involvement in COVID-19 are discussed, as well as considerations in diabetic patients. Lastly, the latest evidence on pharmacological treatment is summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Weenink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (LEICA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham H. Hulst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Jeroen Hermanides
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Wolfgang S. Schlack
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Markus F. Stevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Nicolaas H. Sperna Weiland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Markus W. Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (B.P.); (A.H.H.); (W.S.S.); (M.F.S.); (N.H.S.W.); (M.W.H.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (LEICA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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290
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Porzionato A, Emmi A, Stocco E, Barbon S, Boscolo-Berto R, Macchi V, De Caro R. The potential role of the carotid body in COVID-19. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L620-L626. [PMID: 32755325 PMCID: PMC7516384 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) plays a contributory role in the pathogenesis of various respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases through reflex changes in ventilation and sympathetic output. On the basis of available data about peripheral arterial chemoreception and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a potential involvement in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be hypothesized through different mechanisms. The CB could be a site of SARS-CoV-2 invasion, due to local expression of its receptor [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2] and an alternative route of nervous system invasion, through retrograde transport along the carotid sinus nerve. The CB function could be affected by COVID-19-induced inflammatory/immune reactions and/or ACE1/ACE2 imbalance, both at local or systemic level. Increased peripheral arterial chemosensitivity and reflex sympatho-activation may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients with respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aron Emmi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Stocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rafael Boscolo-Berto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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291
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Gupta I, Rizeq B, Elkord E, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Lung Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2186. [PMID: 32764454 PMCID: PMC7464614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, are emerging pandemic infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in certain group of patients. In general, SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome in addition to other organs' destruction. The main impact upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. Thus, lung cancer patients are identified as a particularly high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. On the other hand, it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), that promotes cellular entry of this virus in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Today, there are no vaccines and/or effective drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Thus, manipulation of key entry genes of this virus especially in lung cancer patients could be one of the best approaches to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group of patients. We herein provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 genes, as key entry elements as well as therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can help to better understand the applications and capacities of various remedial approaches for infected individuals, especially those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute & 4Hamad Bin Khalifa University, 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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292
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Esakandari H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fakkari-Afjadi J, Farahmandian N, Miresmaeili SM, Bahreini E. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:19. [PMID: 32774178 PMCID: PMC7402395 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or (2019-nCoV) with unknown origin spread in Hubei province of China. The epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The presence of COVID-19 was manifested by several symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to severe illness and death. The viral infection expanded internationally and WHO announced a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. To quickly diagnose and control such a highly infectious disease, suspicious individuals were isolated and diagnostic/treatment procedures were developed through patients' epidemiological and clinical data. Early in the COVID-19 outbreak, WHO invited hundreds of researchers from around the world to develop a rapid quality diagnosis, treatment and vaccines, but so far no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine has been approved by the FDA. At present, COVID-19 is managed by available antiviral drugs to improve the symptoms, and in severe cases, supportive care including oxygen and mechanical ventilation is used for infected patients. However, due to the worldwide spread of the virus, COVID-19 has become a serious concern in the medical community. According to the current data of WHO, the number of infected and dead cases has increased to 8,708,008 and 461,715, respectively (Dec 2019 -June 2020). Given the high mortality rate and economic damage to various communities to date, great efforts must be made to produce successful drugs and vaccines against 2019-nCoV infection. For this reason, first of all, the characteristics of the virus, its pathogenicity, and its infectious pathways must be well known. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of this epidemic disease based on the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Esakandari
- Department of Biology, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of biological science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fakkari-Afjadi
- Department of biology, Ashkezar branch, Islamic Azad University of Yazd, Ashkezar, Yazd Iran
| | - Navid Farahmandian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of biology, Ashkezar branch, Islamic Azad University of Yazd, Ashkezar, Yazd Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran
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293
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Diamond B. The renin-angiotensin system: An integrated view of lung disease and coagulopathy in COVID-19 and therapeutic implications. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20201000. [PMID: 32556101 PMCID: PMC7301648 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been appreciated as a major regulator of blood pressure, but has more recently been recognized as a mechanism for modulating inflammation as well. While there has been concern in COVID-19 patients over the use of drugs that target this system, the RAS has not been explored fully as a druggable target. The abbreviated description of the RAS suggests that its dysregulation may be at the center of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Feinstein Institute Hofstra Medical School/Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
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294
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Sattar Y, Ullah W, Rauf H, Virk HUH, Yadav S, Chowdhury M, Connerney M, Mamtani S, Pahuja M, Patel RD, Mir T, Almas T, Moussa Pacha H, Chadi Alraies M. COVID-19 cardiovascular epidemiology, cellular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100589. [PMID: 32724831 PMCID: PMC7359794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. These cardiovascular effects are worse in patients who have pre-existing cardiac conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coagulation abnormalities. Other predisposing risk factors include advanced age, immunocompromised state, and underlying systemic inflammatory conditions. Here we review the cellular pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment modalities of the cardiac manifestations seen in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Sattar
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai – Elmhurst Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Internal Medicine, Abington Jefferson Health, PA, USA
| | - Hiba Rauf
- Internal Medicine, American Society of Clinical Oncology, VA, USA
| | - Hafeez ul Hassan Virk
- Interventional Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Medhat Chowdhury
- Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Connerney
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai – Elmhurst Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Sahil Mamtani
- Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mohit Pahuja
- Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raj D. Patel
- Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanveer Mir
- Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Talal Almas
- Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Homam Moussa Pacha
- Cardiology Department, University of Texas, Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M. Chadi Alraies
- Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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295
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Shirazi J, Donzanti MJ, Nelson KM, Zurakowski R, Fromen CA, Gleghorn JP. Significant Unresolved Questions and Opportunities for Bioengineering in Understanding and Treating COVID-19 Disease Progression. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:259-284. [PMID: 32837585 PMCID: PMC7384395 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease that manifests itself in a multitude of ways across a wide range of tissues. Many factors are involved, and though impressive strides have been made in studying this novel disease in a very short time, there is still a great deal that is unknown about how the virus functions. Clinical data has been crucial for providing information on COVID-19 progression and determining risk factors. However, the mechanisms leading to the multi-tissue pathology are yet to be fully established. Although insights from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV have been valuable, it is clear that SARS-CoV-2 is different and merits its own extensive studies. In this review, we highlight unresolved questions surrounding this virus including the temporal immune dynamics, infection of non-pulmonary tissue, early life exposure, and the role of circadian rhythms. Risk factors such as sex and exposure to pollutants are also explored followed by a discussion of ways in which bioengineering approaches can be employed to help understand COVID-19. The use of sophisticated in vitro models can be employed to interrogate intercellular interactions and also to tease apart effects of the virus itself from the resulting immune response. Additionally, spatiotemporal information can be gleaned from these models to learn more about the dynamics of the virus and COVID-19 progression. Application of advanced tissue and organ system models into COVID-19 research can result in more nuanced insight into the mechanisms underlying this condition and elucidate strategies to combat its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Michael J. Donzanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Katherine M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jason P. Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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296
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Srivastava K. Association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100583. [PMID: 32715080 PMCID: PMC7359796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached a pandemic level. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to COVID-19-related pneumonia. The rapid increase in confirmed cases makes the prevention and control of COVID-19 extremely serious. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays remain the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection while radiographic findings (chest computed tomography [CT]) and antibody-based techniques are being introduced as supplemental tools. Novel virus also cause chronic damage to the cardiovascular system, and attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19. Acute cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality. This review suggests that cardiovascular comorbidities are common in patients with COVID-19 and such patients are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The continuation of clinically indicated ACE inhibitor and ARB medications is recommended in COVID-19. We review the basics of coronaviruses, novel molecular targets for the coronaviruses with a focus on COVID-19, along with their effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Srivastava
- Molecular Cardiology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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297
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Henry BM, Vikse J, Benoit S, Favaloro EJ, Lippi G. Hyperinflammation and derangement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19: A novel hypothesis for clinically suspected hypercoagulopathy and microvascular immunothrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:167-173. [PMID: 32348783 PMCID: PMC7195008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early clinical evidence suggests that severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are frequently characterized by hyperinflammation, imbalance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and a particular form of vasculopathy, thrombotic microangiopathy, and intravascular coagulopathy. In this paper, we present an immunothrombosis model of COVID-19. We discuss the underlying pathogenesis and the interaction between multiple systems, resulting in propagation of immunothrombosis, which through investigation in the coming weeks, may lead to both an improved understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and identification of innovative and efficient therapeutic targets to reverse the otherwise unfavorable clinical outcome of many of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Michael Henry
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Jens Vikse
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Stefanie Benoit
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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298
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Jeong IK, Yoon KH, Lee MK. Diabetes and COVID-19: Global and regional perspectives. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 166:108303. [PMID: 32623038 PMCID: PMC7332438 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been designated as a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019, when an outbreak of pneumonia cases emerged in Wuhan, China. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis, devastating the social, economic and political aspects of life. Many clinicians, health professionals, scientists, organizations, and governments have actively defeated COVID-19 and shared their experiences of the SARS-CoV2. Diabetes is one of the major risk factors for fatal outcomes from COVID-19. Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to infection because of hyperglycemia; impaired immune function; vascular complications; and comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the human body. Hence, the use of angiotensin-directed medications in patients with diabetes requires attention. The severity and mortality from COVID-19 was significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those without. Thus, the patients with diabetes should take precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we review the current knowledge of COVID-19 including the global and regional epidemiology, virology, impact of diabetes on COVID-19, treatment of COVID-19, and standard of care in the management of diabetes during this critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyung Jeong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kun Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunghyang University College of Medicine, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
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299
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Rahimi L, Malek M, Ismail-Beigi F, Khamseh ME. Challenging Issues in the Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Current Literature. Adv Ther 2020; 37:3450-3462. [PMID: 32632851 PMCID: PMC7338141 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic on March 2020. Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have underlying chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension. Patient-related outcomes are worse if there are associated comorbidities. We do not have enough evidence regarding the most appropriate management of patients with diabetes during COVID-19 infection. Insulin resistance and CVD together increase the inflammatory state of the body, which can contribute to and perhaps mediate the increase of COVID-19 severity. Hence, in addition to management of dysglycemia, other CVD risk factors should be targeted. We explore the possible pathophysiologic links between diabetes and COVID-19 and discuss various options to treat dysglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in the era of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Rahimi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mojtaba Malek
- Research Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Bhanu P, Kumar NH, Kumar SH, Relekar M, Anand DA, Kumar J. Comparative molecular docking analysis of the SARS CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein with the human ACE-2 receptors and thrombin. Bioinformation 2020; 16:532-538. [PMID: 32994678 PMCID: PMC7505244 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative molecular docking and vixualization analysis of the human thrombin with the SARS CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein and the human ACE-2 receptors is of interest. The data shows that residues spanning positions 30-41 in the ACE-2 have interaction with the spike glycoprotein (UniProt ID: Q9BYF1). Results also shows that thrombin binds with SER494 in the spike protein, and GLU37 in the ACE2 receptor. SER494 in the viral receptor-binding domain provides support for hotspot-353 reported elsewhere. These preliminary data provide insights for further probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bhanu
- Xome Life Sciences, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560100,India.,Director, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560100,India
| | - Nisha Hemandhar Kumar
- Xome Life Sciences, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560100,India
| | | | - Maitrali Relekar
- Xome Life Sciences, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Helix Biotech Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560100,India
| | - Daniel Alex Anand
- Department of Bioinformatics and The Centre for Molecular Data Science and Systems Biology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600119,India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Director, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560100,India
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