251
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Metabolic reprogramming & inflammation: Fuelling the host response to pathogens. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:450-468. [PMID: 27780657 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Successful immune responses to pathogens rely on efficient host innate processes to contain and limit bacterial growth, induce inflammatory response and promote antigen presentation for the development of adaptive immunity. This energy intensive process is regulated through multiple mechanisms including receptor-mediated signaling, control of phago-lysomal fusion events and promotion of bactericidal activities. Inherent macrophage activities therefore are dynamic and are modulated by signals and changes in the environment during infection. So too does the way these cells obtain their energy to adapt to altered homeostasis. It has emerged recently that the pathways employed by immune cells to derive energy from available or preferred nutrients underline the dynamic changes associated with immune activation. In particular, key breakpoints have been identified in the metabolism of glucose and lipids which direct not just how cells derive energy in the form of ATP, but also cellular phenotype and activation status. Much of this comes about through altered flux and accumulation of intermediate metabolites. How these changes in metabolism directly impact on the key processes required for anti-microbial immunity however, is less obvious. Here, we examine the 2 key nutrient utilization pathways employed by innate cells to fuel central energy metabolism and examine how these are altered in response to activation during infection, emphasising how certain metabolic switches or 'reprogramming' impacts anti-microbial processes. By examining carbohydrate and lipid pathways and how the flux of key intermediates intersects with innate immune signaling and the induction of bactericidal activities, we hope to illustrate the importance of these metabolic switches for protective immunity and provide a potential mechanism for how altered metabolic conditions in humans such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia alter the host response to infection.
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252
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LXR agonist treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm restores cholesterol efflux and triggers apoptosis. Blood 2016; 128:2694-2707. [PMID: 27702801 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-724807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) neoplasm (BPDCN) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis that derives from PDCs. No consensus for optimal treatment modalities is available today and the full characterization of this leukemia is still emerging. We identified here a BPDCN-specific transcriptomic profile when compared with those of acute myeloid leukemia and T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as the transcriptomic signature of primary PDCs. This BPDCN gene signature identified a dysregulation of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, some of them being liver X receptor (LXR) target genes. LXR agonist treatment of primary BPDCN cells and BPDCN cell lines restored LXR target gene expression and increased cholesterol efflux via the upregulation of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1. LXR agonist treatment was responsible for limiting BPDCN cell proliferation and inducing intrinsic apoptotic cell death. LXR activation in BPDCN cells was shown to interfere with 3 signaling pathways associated with leukemic cell survival, namely: NF-κB activation, as well as Akt and STAT5 phosphorylation in response to the BPDCN growth/survival factor interleukin-3. These effects were increased by the stimulation of cholesterol efflux through a lipid acceptor, the apolipoprotein A1. In vivo experiments using a mouse model of BPDCN cell xenograft revealed a decrease of leukemic cell infiltration and BPDCN-induced cytopenia associated with increased survival after LXR agonist treatment. This demonstrates that cholesterol homeostasis is modified in BPDCN and can be normalized by treatment with LXR agonists which can be proposed as a new therapeutic approach.
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253
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Basha G, Ordobadi M, Scott WR, Cottle A, Liu Y, Wang H, Cullis PR. Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of siRNA to Osteocytes Leads to Effective Silencing of SOST and Inhibition of Sclerostin In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e363. [PMID: 27623445 PMCID: PMC5056992 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sclerostin is a protein secreted by osteocytes that is encoded by the SOST gene; it decreases bone formation by reducing osteoblast differentiation through inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway. Silencing the SOST gene using RNA interference (RNAi) could therefore be an effective way to treat osteoporosis. Here, we investigate the utility of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations of siRNA to silence the SOST gene in vitro and in vivo. It is shown that primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) provide a useful model system in which the SOST gene can be induced by incubation in osteogenic media, allowing development of optimized SOST siRNA for silencing the SOST gene. Incubation of MEF cells with LNP containing optimized SOST siRNA produced significant, prolonged knockdown of the induced SOST gene in vitro, which was associated with an increase in osteogenic markers. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of LNP containing SOST siRNA to mice showed significant accumulation of LNP in osteocytes in compact bone, depletion of SOST mRNA and subsequent reduction of circulating sclerostin protein, establishing the potential utility for LNP siRNA systems to promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genc Basha
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mina Ordobadi
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilder R Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Cottle
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haitang Wang
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- NanoMedicines Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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254
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Dutta P, Hoyer FF, Sun Y, Iwamoto Y, Tricot B, Weissleder R, Magnani JL, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. E-Selectin Inhibition Mitigates Splenic HSC Activation and Myelopoiesis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice With Myocardial Infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1802-8. [PMID: 27470513 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. After myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerotic plaques are infiltrated by inflammatory myeloid cells that aggravate the disease and increase the risk of secondary myocardial ischemia. Splenic myelopoiesis provides a steady flow of myeloid cells to inflamed atherosclerotic lesions after MI. Therefore, targeting myeloid cell production in the spleen could ameliorate increased atherosclerotic plaque inflammation after MI. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here we show that MI increases splenic myelopoiesis by driving hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into the cell cycle. In an atherosclerotic mouse model, E-selectin inhibition decreased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the spleen after MI. This led to reduced extramedullary myelopoiesis and decreased myeloid cell accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, we observed stable atherosclerotic plaque features, including smaller plaque size, reduced necrotic core area, and thicker fibrous cap after E-selectin inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting E-selectin attenuated inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, likely by reducing leukocyte recruitment into plaques and by mitigating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activation in the spleen of mice with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Dutta
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Benoit Tricot
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - John L Magnani
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston (P.D., F.F.H., Y.S., Y.I., B.T., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); and GlycoMimetics Inc, Rockville, MD (J.L.M.).
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Aryal B, Rotllan N, Araldi E, Ramírez CM, He S, Chousterman BG, Fenn AM, Wanschel A, Madrigal-Matute J, Warrier N, Martín-Ventura JL, Swirski FK, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12313. [PMID: 27460411 PMCID: PMC4974469 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in macrophages has profound effects on macrophage gene expression and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we report that angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is the most highly upregulated gene in foamy macrophages and it's absence in haematopoietic cells results in larger atherosclerotic plaques, characterized by bigger necrotic core areas and increased macrophage apoptosis. Furthermore, hyperlipidemic mice deficient in haematopoietic ANGPTL4 have higher blood leukocyte counts, which is associated with an increase in the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) population. ANGPTL4-deficient CMPs have higher lipid raft content, are more proliferative and less apoptotic compared with the wild-type (WT) CMPs. Finally, we observe that ANGPTL4 deficiency in macrophages promotes foam cell formation by enhancing CD36 expression and reducing ABCA1 localization in the cell surface. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that haematopoietic ANGPTL4 deficiency increases atherogenesis through regulating myeloid progenitor cell expansion and differentiation, foam cell formation and vascular inflammation. Angiopoietin-like 4 protein (ANGPTL4) is a regulator of lipoprotein metabolism whose role in atherosclerosis has been controversial. Here the authors show that ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells increases atherogenesis by promoting myeloid progenitor cell expansion and differentiation, foam cell formation and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Aryal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Cristina M Ramírez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Shun He
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin G Chousterman
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ashley M Fenn
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Amarylis Wanschel
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Nikhil Warrier
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jose L Martín-Ventura
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jimenez-Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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256
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Bradfield PF, Menon A, Miljkovic-Licina M, Lee BP, Fischer N, Fish RJ, Kwak B, Fisher EA, Imhof BA. Divergent JAM-C Expression Accelerates Monocyte-Derived Cell Exit from Atherosclerotic Plaques. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159679. [PMID: 27442505 PMCID: PMC4956249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, caused in part by monocytes in plaques, continues to be a disease that afflicts the modern world. Whilst significant steps have been made in treating this chronic inflammatory disease, questions remain on how to prevent monocyte and macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. Junctional Adhesion Molecule C (JAM-C) expressed by vascular endothelium directs monocyte transendothelial migration in a unidirectional manner leading to increased inflammation. Here we show that interfering with JAM-C allows reverse-transendothelial migration of monocyte-derived cells, opening the way back out of the inflamed environment. To study the role of JAM-C in plaque regression we used a mouse model of atherosclerosis, and tested the impact of vascular JAM-C expression levels on monocyte reverse transendothelial migration using human cells. Studies in-vitro under inflammatory conditions revealed that overexpression or gene silencing of JAM-C in human endothelium exposed to flow resulted in higher rates of monocyte reverse-transendothelial migration, similar to antibody blockade. We then transplanted atherosclerotic, plaque-containing aortic arches from hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice into wild-type normolipidemic recipient mice. JAM-C blockade in the recipients induced greater emigration of monocyte-derived cells and further diminished the size of atherosclerotic plaques. Our findings have shown that JAM-C forms a one-way vascular barrier for leukocyte transendothelial migration only when present at homeostatic copy numbers. We have also shown that blocking JAM-C can reduce the number of atherogenic monocytes/macrophages in plaques by emigration, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Bradfield
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Arjun Menon
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States of America
| | - Marijana Miljkovic-Licina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Boris P. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- NovImmune S.A., 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States of America
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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257
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Ma X, Feng Y. Hypercholesterolemia Tunes Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1162. [PMID: 27447612 PMCID: PMC4964534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pathological basis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis is featured as a chronic inflammation. Hypercholesterolemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. Accumulated studies have shown that hypercholesterolemia is associated with myeloid cell expansion, which stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses, strengthens inflammation, and accelerates atherosclerosis progression. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in bone marrow (BM) expresses a panel of lipoprotein receptors to control cholesterol homeostasis. Deficiency of these receptors abrogates cellular cholesterol efflux, resulting in HSPC proliferation and differentiation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Reduction of the cholesterol level in the lipid rafts by infusion of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or its major apolipoprotein, apoA-I, reverses hypercholesterolemia-induced HSPC expansion. Apart from impaired cholesterol metabolism, inhibition of reactive oxygen species production suppresses HSPC activation and leukocytosis. These data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypercholesterolemia on HSPC proliferation and differentiation could be multifaceted. Furthermore, dyslipidemia also regulates HSPC-neighboring cells, resulting in HSPC mobilization. In the article, we review how hypercholesterolemia evokes HSPC activation and mobilization directly or via its modification of BM microenvironment. We hope this review will bring light to finding key molecules to control HSPC expansion, inflammation, and atherosclerosis for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China.
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258
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Wang W, Tang Y, Wang Y, Tascau L, Balcerek J, Tong W, Levine RL, Welch C, Tall AR, Wang N. LNK/SH2B3 Loss of Function Promotes Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Circ Res 2016; 119:e91-e103. [PMID: 27430239 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human genome-wide association studies have revealed novel genetic loci that are associated with coronary heart disease. One such locus resides in LNK/SH2B3, which in mice is expressed in hematopoietic cells and suppresses thrombopoietin signaling via its receptor myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene. However, the mechanisms underlying the association of LNK single-nucleotide polymorphisms with coronary heart disease are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To understand the functional effects of LNK single-nucleotide polymorphisms and explore the mechanisms whereby LNK loss of function impacts atherosclerosis and thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using human cord blood, we show that the common TT risk genotype (R262W) of LNK is associated with expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and enhanced megakaryopoiesis, demonstrating reduced LNK function and increased myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling. In mice, hematopoietic Lnk deficiency leads to accelerated arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis, but only in the setting of hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia acts synergistically with LNK deficiency to increase interleukin 3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling in bone marrow myeloid progenitors, whereas in platelets cholesterol loading combines with Lnk deficiency to increase activation. Platelet LNK deficiency increases myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling and AKT activation, whereas cholesterol loading decreases SHIP-1 phosphorylation, acting convergently to increase AKT and platelet activation. Together with increased myelopoiesis, platelet activation promotes prothrombotic and proatherogenic platelet/leukocyte aggregate formation. CONCLUSIONS LNK (R262W) is a loss-of-function variant that promotes thrombopoietin/myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene signaling and platelet and leukocyte production. In mice, LNK deficiency is associated with both increased platelet production and activation. Hypercholesterolemia acts in platelets and hematopoietic progenitors to exacerbate thrombosis and atherosclerosis associated with LNK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yang Tang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Liana Tascau
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Joanna Balcerek
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wei Tong
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ross L Levine
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carrie Welch
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nan Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.W., Y.T., Y.W., L.T., C.W., A.R.T., N.W.); Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (W.T.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.B., W.T.); and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.L.L.) and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Krishack PA, Sontag TJ, Getz GS, Reardon CA. Serum amyloid A regulates monopoiesis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) mice. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2650-60. [PMID: 27339627 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that feeding a Western-type diet (WTD) to Ldlr(-/-) mice lacking serum amyloid A (SAA) (Saa(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice), the level of total blood monocytes was higher than in Ldlr(-/-) mice. In this investigation we demonstrate that higher levels of bone marrow monocytes and macrophage-dendritic cell progenitor (MDP) cells were found in WTD-fed Saa(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice compared to Ldlr(-/-) mice and lower levels of GMP cells and CMP cells in Ldlr(-/-) mice. These data indicate that SAA regulates the level of bone marrow monocytes and their myeloid progenitors in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette A Krishack
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL, USA
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260
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Zhu YP, Thomas GD, Hedrick CC. 2014 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Transcriptional Control of Monocyte Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1722-33. [PMID: 27386937 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.304054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are key immune cells involved in the early progression of atherosclerosis. Transcription factors that control their development in the bone marrow are important therapeutic targets to control the numbers and functions of these cells in disease. This review highlights what is currently known about the transcription factors that are critical for monocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Graham D Thomas
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA.
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261
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1734-41. [PMID: 27386935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and those where different results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL
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Zhu L, Giunzioni I, Tavori H, Covarrubias R, Ding L, Zhang Y, Ormseth M, Major AS, Stafford JM, Linton MF, Fazio S. Loss of Macrophage Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 Confers Resistance to the Antiatherogenic Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1483-95. [PMID: 27365402 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiatherosclerotic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blockade in patients with systemic inflammatory states are not conclusively demonstrated, which suggests that effects depend on the cause of inflammation. Macrophage LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and apoE contribute to inflammation through different pathways. We studied the antiatherosclerosis effects of TNF-α blockade in hyperlipidemic mice lacking either LRP1 (MΦLRP1(-/-)) or apoE from macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS Lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from either wild-type, MΦLRP1(-/-), apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)/MΦLRP1(-/-)(DKO) mice, and then treated with the TNF-α inhibitor adalimumab while fed a Western-type diet. Adalimumab reduced plasma TNF-α concentration, suppressed blood ly6C(hi) monocyte levels and their migration into the lesion, and reduced lesion cellularity and inflammation in both wild-type→LDLR(-/-) and apoE(-/-)→LDLR(-/-) mice. Overall, adalimumab reduced lesion burden by 52% to 57% in these mice. Adalimumab reduced TNF-α and blood ly6C(hi) monocyte levels in MΦLRP1(-/-)→LDLR(-/-) and DKO→LDLR(-/-) mice, but it did not suppress ly6C(hi) monocyte migration into the lesion or atherosclerosis progression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that TNF-α blockade exerts antiatherosclerotic effects that are dependent on the presence of macrophage LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Ilaria Giunzioni
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Hagai Tavori
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Roman Covarrubias
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Lei Ding
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Youmin Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Michelle Ormseth
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Amy S Major
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - John M Stafford
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - MacRae F Linton
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.)
| | - Sergio Fazio
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., R.C., L.D., Y.Z., A.S.M., M.F.L.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (L.Z., J.M.S.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (M.O.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.); and Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (I.G., H.T., S.F.).
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched apoB containing plasma lipoproteins lead to increased foam cell formation, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Unregulated uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by circulating monocytes and other peripheral blood cells takes place through scavenger receptors and over time causes disruption in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. As lipoproteins are taken up, their CE core is hydrolyzed by liposomal lipases to generate free cholesterol (FC). FC can be either re-esterified and stored as CE droplets or shuttled to the plasma membrane for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated efflux. Because cholesterol is an essential component of all cellular membranes, some FC may be incorporated into microdomains or lipid rafts. These platforms are essential for receptor signaling and transduction, requiring rapid assembly and disassembly. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 plays a major role in regulating microdomain cholesterol and is most efficient when lipid-poor apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) packages raft cholesterol into soluble particles that are eventually catabolized by the liver. If FC is not effluxed from the cell, it becomes esterified, CE droplets accumulate and microdomain cholesterol content becomes poorly regulated. This dysregulation leads to prolonged activation of immune cell signaling pathways, resulting in receptor oversensitization. The availability of apoAI or other amphipathic α-helix-rich apoproteins relieves the burden of excess microdomain cholesterol in immune cells allowing a reduction in immune cell proliferation and infiltration, thereby stimulating regression of foam cells in the artery. Therefore, cellular balance between FC and CE is essential for proper immune cell function and prevents chronic immune cell overstimulation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Bossaller L, Christ A, Pelka K, Nündel K, Chiang PI, Pang C, Mishra N, Busto P, Bonegio RG, Schmidt RE, Latz E, Marshak-Rothstein A. TLR9 Deficiency Leads to Accelerated Renal Disease and Myeloid Lineage Abnormalities in Pristane-Induced Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1044-53. [PMID: 27354219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, life-threatening autoimmune disorder, leading to multiple organ pathologies and kidney destruction. Analyses of numerous murine models of spontaneous SLE have revealed a critical role for endosomal TLRs in the production of autoantibodies and development of other clinical disease manifestations. Nevertheless, the corresponding TLR9-deficient autoimmune-prone strains consistently develop more severe disease pathology. Injection of BALB/c mice with 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD), commonly known as pristane, also results in the development of SLE-like disease. We now show that Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice injected i.p. with TMPD develop more severe autoimmunity than do their TLR-sufficient cohorts. Early indications include an increased accumulation of TLR7-expressing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes at the site of injection, upregulation of IFN-regulated gene expression in the peritoneal cavity, and an increased production of myeloid lineage precursors (common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte myeloid precursors) in the bone marrow. TMPD-injected Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice develop higher autoantibody titers against RNA, neutrophil cytoplasmic Ags, and myeloperoxidase than do TMPD-injected wild-type BALB/c mice. The TMP-injected Tlr9(-/-) mice, and not the wild-type mice, also develop a marked increase in glomerular IgG deposition and infiltrating granulocytes, much more severe glomerulonephritis, and a reduced lifespan. Collectively, the data point to a major role for TLR7 in the response to self-antigens in this model of experimental autoimmunity. Therefore, the BALB/c pristane model recapitulates other TLR7-driven spontaneous models of SLE and is negatively regulated by TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bossaller
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
| | - Anette Christ
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Pelka
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nündel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Ping-I Chiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Catherine Pang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Busto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 021184
| | - Reinhold Ernst Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Eicke Latz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53217 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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265
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Archer AM, Saber R, Rose S, Shaffer A, Misharin AV, Tsai F, Haines Iii GK, Dominguez S, Eren M, Vaughan DE, Cuda CM, Perlman H. ApoE deficiency exacerbates the development and sustainment of a semi-chronic K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis model. J Transl Med 2016; 14:170. [PMID: 27287704 PMCID: PMC4901400 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The risk for developing cardiovascular disease is greater in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in the general population. While patients with RA also have dyslipidemia, the impact of dyslipidemia on the severity of inflammatory arthritis and associated cardiovascular disease is unclear. Currently, there are conflicting results regarding arthritis incidence in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice, which spontaneously exhibit both hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Here, we utilize a distinct approach to investigate the contribution of a hyperlipidemic environment on the development of arthritis and atherosclerosis in mice lacking ApoE. Methods K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) was assessed in C57BL/6 (control) and ApoE−/− mice using clinical indices and immunohistochemical staining. Ankle synoviums were processed for flow cytometry. Aortic atherosclerosis was quantitated using Sudan IV staining. Serum cholesterol and cytokine levels were determined via enzymatic and luminex bead-based assays, respectively. Results ApoE−/− mice developed a sustained and enhanced semi-chronic inflammatory arthritis as compared to control mice. ApoE−/− mice had increased numbers of foamy macrophages, enhanced joint inflammation and amplified collagen deposition versus controls. The presence of arthritis did not exacerbate serum cholesterol levels or significantly augment the level of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. However, arthritic ApoE−/− mice exhibited a marked elevation of IL-6 as compared to non-arthritic ApoE−/− mice and arthritic C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions Loss of ApoE potentiates a semi-chronic inflammatory arthritis. This heightened inflammatory response was associated with an increase in circulating IL-6 and in the number of foamy macrophages within the joint. Moreover, the foamy macrophages within the arthritic joint are reminiscent of those within unstable atherosclerotic lesions and suggest a pathologic role for foamy macrophages in propagating arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0912-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Archer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rana Saber
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shawn Rose
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Immunoscience Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Shaffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - FuNien Tsai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Salina Dominguez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mesut Eren
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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266
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The underlying cause of the majority of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis. In the past, atherosclerosis was considered to be the result of passive lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. However, today's picture of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much more complex, with a key role for immune cells and inflammation in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, especially elevated (modified) LDL levels. Knowledge on immune cells and immune responses in atherosclerosis has progressed tremendously over the past decades, and the same is true for the role of lipid metabolism and the different lipid components. However, it is largely unknown how lipids and the immune system interact. In this review, we will describe the effect of lipids on immune cell development and function, and the effects of immune cells on lipid metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, novel data have emerged that show that immune cells are affected, and behave differently in a hyperlipidemic environment. Moreover, immune cells have reported to be able to affect lipid metabolism. SUMMARY In this review, we will summarize the latest findings on the interactions between lipids and the immune system, and we will discuss the potential consequences of these novel insights for future therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaftenaar
- aDivision of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden bDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands cInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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267
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Zhao JF, Shyue SK, Kou YR, Lu TM, Lee TS. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Channel Involved in Atherosclerosis and Macrophage-Foam Cell Formation. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:812-23. [PMID: 27313495 PMCID: PMC4910600 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (TRPA1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, yet its role and the underlying mechanism in atherosclerosis remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of TRPA1 in atherosclerosis and foam-cell formation in vivo in mice and in vitro in mouse macrophages. Histopathology was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, levels of cytokines and lipid profile were evaluated by assay kits, and protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. TRPA1 expression was increased in macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic aortas of apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Atherosclerotic lesions, hyperlipidemia and systemic inflammation were worsened with chronic administration of the TRPA1 channel antagonist HC030031 or genetic ablation of TRPA1 (TRPA1-/-) in apoE-/- mice. Treatment with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC, a TRPA1 agonist) retarded the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice but not apoE-/-TRPA1-/- mice. Mouse macrophages showed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) activated TRPA1 channels. OxLDL-induced lipid accumulation of macrophages was exacerbated by HC030031 or loss of function of TRPA1. Inhibition of TRPA1 activity did not alter oxLDL internalization but impaired cholesterol efflux by downregulating the ATP-binding cassette transporters. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammatory response was attenuated in AITC-activated macrophages. TRPA1 may be a pivotal regulator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cholesterol metabolism of macrophage foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Zhao
- 1. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- 2. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ru Kou
- 1. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Min Lu
- 3. Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; 4. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- 1. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; 5. Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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268
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Shai SY, Danchuk S, Tang R, Snarski P, Li Z, Lobelle-Rich P, Wang M, Wang D, Yu H, Korthuis R, Delafontaine P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Deficiency in Macrophages Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Induces an Unstable Plaque Phenotype in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2016; 133:2263-78. [PMID: 27154724 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that systemic infusion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and reduces atherosclerotic burden in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice. Monocytes/macrophages express high levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and play a pivotal role in atherogenesis, but the potential effects of IGF-1 on their function are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine mechanisms whereby IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to explore the potential involvement of monocytes/macrophages, we created monocyte/macrophage-specific IGF1R knockout (MΦ-IGF1R-KO) mice on an Apoe(-/-) background. We assessed atherosclerotic burden, plaque features of stability, and monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Phenotypic changes of IGF1R-deficient macrophages were investigated in culture. MΦ-IGF1R-KO significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation, as assessed by Oil Red O staining of en face aortas and aortic root cross-sections, and changed plaque composition to a less stable phenotype, characterized by increased macrophage and decreased α-smooth muscle actin-positive cell population, fibrous cap thinning, and decreased collagen content. Brachiocephalic artery lesions of MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice had histological features implying plaque vulnerability. Macrophages isolated from MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice showed enhanced proinflammatory responses on stimulation by interferon-γ and oxidized low-density lipoprotein and elevated antioxidant gene expression levels. Moreover, IGF1R-deficient macrophages had decreased expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 and reduced lipid efflux. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that macrophage IGF1R signaling suppresses macrophage and foam cell accumulation in lesions and reduces plaque vulnerability, providing a novel mechanism whereby IGF-1 exerts antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.).
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Richard Tang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Snarski
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Zhaohui Li
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Lobelle-Rich
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Meifang Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Derek Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Hong Yu
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Ronald Korthuis
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
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269
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Kraakman MJ, Dragoljevic D, Kammoun HL, Murphy AJ. Is the risk of cardiovascular disease altered with anti-inflammatory therapies? Insights from rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e84. [PMID: 27350883 PMCID: PMC4910124 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of CVD, which is complex and multifactorial with an elevated risk observed in people with either metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence now links obesity with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and has renewed our understanding of this condition and its associated comorbidities. An emerging theme linking disease states with atherosclerosis is the increased production of myeloid cells, which can initiate and exacerbate atherogenesis. Although anti-inflammatory drug treatments exist and have been successfully used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a commonly observed side effect is dyslipidemia, inadvertently, a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms leading to dyslipidemia associated with anti-inflammatory drug use and whether CVD risk is actually increased by this dyslipidemia are of great therapeutic importance and currently remain poorly understood. Here we review recent data providing links between inflammation, hematopoiesis, dyslipidemia and CVD risk in the context of anti-inflammatory drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kraakman
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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270
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Monette JS, Hutchins PM, Ronsein GE, Wimberger J, Irwin AD, Tang C, Sara JD, Shao B, Vaisar T, Lerman A, Heinecke JW. Patients With Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Have Impaired Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Reduced HDL Particle Concentration. Circ Res 2016; 119:83-90. [PMID: 27114438 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coronary endothelial dysfunction (ED)-an early marker of atherosclerosis-increases the risk of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that cholesterol efflux capacity and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentration predict coronary ED better than HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 80 subjects with nonobstructive (<30% stenosis) coronary artery disease. ED was defined as <50% change in coronary blood flow in response to intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine during diagnostic coronary angiography. Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL particle concentration (HDL-PIMA) were assessed with validated assays. Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA were both strong, inverse predictors of ED (P<0.001 and 0.005, respectively). In contrast, HDL-C and other traditional lipid risk factors did not differ significantly between control and ED subjects. Large HDL particles were markedly decreased in ED subjects (33%; P=0.005). After correction for HDL-C, both efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA remained significant predictors of ED status. HDL-PIMA explained cholesterol efflux capacity more effectively than HDL-C (r=0.54 and 0.36, respectively). The efflux capacities of isolated HDL and serum HDL correlated strongly (r=0.49). CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA are reduced in subjects with coronary ED, independently of HDL-C. Alterations in HDL-PIMA and HDL itself account for a much larger fraction of the variation in cholesterol efflux capacity than does HDL-C. A selective decrease in large HDL particles may contribute to impaired cholesterol efflux capacity in ED subjects. These observations support a role for HDL size, concentration, and function as markers-and perhaps mediators-of coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Monette
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jake Wimberger
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Angela D Irwin
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Chongren Tang
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jaskanwal D Sara
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Baohai Shao
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Amir Lerman
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.).
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271
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Metabolic reprogramming through fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) regulates macrophage inflammatory potential and adipose inflammation. Mol Metab 2016; 5:506-526. [PMID: 27408776 PMCID: PMC4921943 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A novel approach to regulate obesity-associated adipose inflammation may be through metabolic reprogramming of macrophages (MΦs). Broadly speaking, MΦs dependent on glucose are pro-inflammatory, classically activated MΦs (CAM), which contribute to adipose inflammation and insulin resistance. In contrast, MΦs that primarily metabolize fatty acids are alternatively activated MΦs (AAM) and maintain tissue insulin sensitivity. In actuality, there is much flexibility and overlap in the CAM-AAM spectrum in vivo dependent upon various stimuli in the microenvironment. We hypothesized that specific lipid trafficking proteins, e.g. fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), would direct MΦ fatty acid transport and metabolism to limit inflammation and contribute to the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis. Methods Bone marrow derived MΦs (BMDMs) from Fatp1−/− and Fatp1+/+ mice were used to investigate FATP1-dependent substrate metabolism, bioenergetics, metabolomics, and inflammatory responses. We also generated C57BL/6J chimeric mice by bone marrow transplant specifically lacking hematopoetic FATP1 (Fatp1B−/−) and controls Fatp1B+/+. Mice were challenged by high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) and analyses including MRI, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, flow cytometric, histologic, and protein quantification assays were conducted. Finally, an FATP1-overexpressing RAW 264.7 MΦ cell line (FATP1-OE) and empty vector control (FATP1-EV) were developed as a gain of function model to test effects on substrate metabolism, bioenergetics, metabolomics, and inflammatory responses. Results Fatp1 is downregulated with pro-inflammatory stimulation of MΦs. Fatp1−/− BMDMs and FATP1-OE RAW 264.7 MΦs demonstrated that FATP1 reciprocally controled metabolic flexibility, i.e. lipid and glucose metabolism, which was associated with inflammatory response. Supporting our previous work demonstrating the positive relationship between glucose metabolism and inflammation, loss of FATP1 enhanced glucose metabolism and exaggerated the pro-inflammatory CAM phenotype. Fatp1B−/− chimeras fed a HFD gained more epididymal white adipose mass, which was inflamed and oxidatively stressed, compared to HFD-fed Fatp1B+/+ controls. Adipose tissue macrophages displayed a CAM-like phenotype in the absence of Fatp1. Conversely, functional overexpression of FATP1 decreased many aspects of glucose metabolism and diminished CAM-stimulated inflammation in vitro. FATP1 displayed acyl-CoA synthetase activity for long chain fatty acids in MΦs and modulated lipid mediator metabolism in MΦs. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that FATP1 is a novel regulator of MΦ activation through control of substrate metabolism. Absence of FATP1 exacerbated pro-inflammatory activation in vitro and increased local and systemic components of the metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed Fatp1B−/− mice. In contrast, gain of FATP1 activity in MΦs suggested that Fatp1-mediated activation of fatty acids, substrate switch to glucose, oxidative stress, and lipid mediator synthesis are potential mechanisms. We demonstrate for the first time that FATP1 provides a unique mechanism by which the inflammatory tone of adipose and systemic metabolism may be regulated. FATP1-mediated activation of fatty acids is a novel approach to limit inflammation. Fatp1 deficiency primed macrophages for pro-inflammatory activation. Lack of Fatp1 led to greater HFD-induced adipose inflammation. Fatp1−/− adipose tissue macrophages were classically activated.
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272
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Christ A, Bekkering S, Latz E, Riksen NP. Long-term activation of the innate immune system in atherosclerosis. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:384-93. [PMID: 27113267 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to reverse the pathologic consequences of vulnerable plaques are often stymied by the complex treatment resistant pro-inflammatory environment within the plaque. This suggests that pro-atherogenic stimuli, such as LDL cholesterol and high fat diets may impart longer lived signals on (innate) immune cells that persist even after reversing the pro-atherogenic stimuli. Recently, a series of studies challenged the traditional immunological paradigm that innate immune cells cannot display memory characteristics. Epigenetic reprogramming in these myeloid cell subsets, after exposure to certain stimuli, has been shown to alter the expression of genes upon re-exposure. This phenomenon has been termed trained innate immunity or innate immune memory. The changed responses of 'trained' innate immune cells can confer nonspecific protection against secondary infections, suggesting that innate immune memory has likely evolved as an ancient mechanism to protect against pathogens. However, dysregulated processes of immunological imprinting mediated by trained innate immunity may also be detrimental under certain conditions as the resulting exaggerated immune responses could contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Pro-atherogenic stimuli most likely cause epigenetic modifications that persist for prolonged time periods even after the initial stimulus has been removed. In this review we discuss the concept of trained innate immunity in the context of a hyperlipidemic environment and atherosclerosis. According to this idea the epigenome of myeloid (progenitor) cells is presumably modified for prolonged periods of time, which, in turn, could evoke a condition of continuous immune cell over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Christ
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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273
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Wang N, Tall AR. Cholesterol in platelet biogenesis and activation. Blood 2016; 127:1949-53. [PMID: 26929273 PMCID: PMC4841038 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-631259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for atherothrombotic disease, largely attributed to its impact on atherosclerotic lesional cells such as macrophages. Platelets are involved in immunity and inflammation and impact atherogenesis, primarily by modulating immune and inflammatory effector cells. There is evidence that hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of atherosclerosis and thrombosis by modulating platelet biogenesis and activity. This review highlights recent findings on the impact of aberrant cholesterol metabolism on platelet biogenesis and activity and their relevance in atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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274
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Wang W, Oh S, Koester M, Abramowicz S, Wang N, Tall AR, Welch CL. Enhanced Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Activity in Hypercholesterolemic, B6-Ldlr-/-, Cdkn2a-Deficient Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:213-22. [PMID: 27098250 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies for coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction revealed a 58 kb risk locus on 9p21.3. Refined genetic analyses revealed unique haplotype blocks conferring susceptibility to atherosclerosis per se versus risk for acute complications in the presence of underlying coronary artery disease. The cell proliferation inhibitor locus, CDKN2A, maps just upstream of the myocardial infarction risk block, is at least partly regulated by the noncoding RNA, ANRIL, overlapping the risk block, and has been associated with platelet counts in humans. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that CDKN2A deficiency predisposes to increased platelet production, leading to increased platelet activation in the setting of hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet production and activation were measured in B6-Ldlr(-/-)Cdkn2a(+/-) mice and a congenic strain carrying the region of homology with the human 9p21.3/CDKN2A locus. The strains exhibit decreased expression of CDKN2A (both p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF)) but not CDKN2B (p15(INK4b)). Compared with B6-Ldlr(-/-) controls, both Cdkn2a-deficient strains exhibited increased platelet counts and bone marrow megakaryopoiesis. The platelet overproduction phenotype was reversed by treatment with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, PD0332991/palbociclib, that mimics the endogenous effect of p16(INK4a). Western diet feeding resulted in increased platelet activation, increased thrombin/antithrombin complex, and decreased bleeding times in Cdkn2a-deficient mice compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Together, the data suggest that one or more Cdkn2a transcripts modulate platelet production and activity in the setting of hypercholesterolemia, amenable to pharmaceutical intervention. Enhanced platelet production and activation may predispose to arterial thrombosis, suggesting an explanation, at least in part, for the association of 9p21.3 and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Seon Oh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mark Koester
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sandra Abramowicz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nan Wang
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Carrie L Welch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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275
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Murphy AJ, Tall AR. Disordered haematopoiesis and athero-thrombosis. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1113-21. [PMID: 26869607 PMCID: PMC4823636 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, is characterized by a lipid-driven infiltration of inflammatory cells in large and medium arteries. Increased production and activation of monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets, driven by hypercholesterolaemia and defective high-density lipoproteins-mediated cholesterol efflux, tissue necrosis and cytokine production after myocardial infarction, or metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes, contribute to atherogenesis and athero-thrombosis. This suggests that in addition to traditional approaches of low-density lipoproteins lowering and anti-platelet drugs, therapies directed at abnormal haematopoiesis, including anti-inflammatory agents, drugs that suppress myelopoiesis, and excessive platelet production, rHDL infusions and anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents, may help to prevent athero-thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3165, Australia
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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276
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Sarrazy V, Viaud M, Westerterp M, Ivanov S, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Guinamard R, Gautier EL, Thorp EB, De Vivo DC, Yvan-Charvet L. Disruption of Glut1 in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Prevents Myelopoiesis and Enhanced Glucose Flux in Atheromatous Plaques of ApoE(-/-) Mice. Circ Res 2016; 118:1062-77. [PMID: 26926469 PMCID: PMC4824305 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflamed atherosclerotic plaques can be visualized by noninvasive positron emission and computed tomographic imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose, a glucose analog, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Here, we directly investigated the role of Glut1-mediated glucose uptake in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We first showed that the enhanced glycolytic flux in atheromatous plaques of ApoE(-/-) mice was associated with the enhanced metabolic activity of hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells and higher Glut1 expression in these cells. Mechanistically, the regulation of Glut1 in ApoE(-/-) hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells was not because of alterations in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α signaling or the oxygenation status of the bone marrow but was the consequence of the activation of the common β subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3 receptor driving glycolytic substrate utilization by mitochondria. By transplanting bone marrow from WT, Glut1(+/-), ApoE(-/-), and ApoE(-/-)Glut1(+/-) mice into hypercholesterolemic ApoE-deficient mice, we found that Glut1 deficiency reversed ApoE(-/-) hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cell proliferation and expansion, which prevented the myelopoiesis and accelerated atherosclerosis of ApoE(-/-) mice transplanted with ApoE(-/-) bone marrow and resulted in reduced glucose uptake in the spleen and aortic arch of these mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified that Glut1 connects the enhanced glucose uptake in atheromatous plaques of ApoE(-/-) mice with their myelopoiesis through regulation of hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cell maintenance and myelomonocytic fate and suggests Glut1 as potential drug target for atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Division
- Cytokine Receptor Common beta Subunit/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Energy Metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/deficiency
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/physiology
- Glycolysis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/deficiency
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/physiology
- Metformin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multipotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Myelopoiesis/physiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/physiology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sarrazy
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Manon Viaud
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Marit Westerterp
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Sophie Giorgetti-Peraldi
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Rodolphe Guinamard
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Edward B Thorp
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.)
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France (V.S., M.V., S.I., S.G.-P., R.G., L.Y.-C.); Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.W.) and Department of Neurology (D.C.D.V.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Pierre & Marie Curie University, Université Paris 06, Paris, France (E.L.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France (E.L.G.); and Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (E.B.T.).
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277
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. ApoE knockout and knockin mice: the history of their contribution to the understanding of atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:758-66. [PMID: 27015743 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE is a multifunctional protein that is expressed by many cell types that influences many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. In humans, there are three major allelic variants that differentially influence lipoprotein metabolism and risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Apoe-deficient mice and human apoE isoform knockin mice, as well as hypomorphic Apoe mice, have significantly contributed to our understanding of the role of apoE in lipoprotein metabolism, monocyte/macrophage biology, and atherosclerosis. This brief history of these mouse models will highlight their contribution to the understanding of the role of apoE in these processes. These Apoe(-/-) mice have also been extensively utilized as an atherosensitive platform upon which to assess the impact of modulator genes on the development and regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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278
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Linking CD11b (+) Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer T Cells to Plaque Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6467375. [PMID: 27051078 PMCID: PMC4804096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6467375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death and disability in our Western society. To investigate whether the dynamics of leukocyte (sub)populations could be predictive for plaque inflammation during atherosclerosis, we analyzed innate and adaptive immune cell distributions in blood, plaques, and lymphoid tissue reservoirs in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice and in blood and plaques from patients undergoing endarterectomy. Firstly, there was predominance of the CD11b+ conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subset in the plaque. Secondly, a strong inverse correlation was observed between CD11b+ cDC or natural killer T (NKT) cells in blood and markers of inflammation in the plaque (including CD3, T-bet, CCR5, and CCR7). This indicates that circulating CD11b+ cDC and NKT cells show great potential to reflect the inflammatory status in the atherosclerotic plaque. Our results suggest that distinct changes in inflammatory cell dynamics may carry biomarker potential reflecting atherosclerotic lesion progression. This not only is crucial for a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis but also bares therapeutic potential, since immune cell-based therapies are emerging as a promising novel strategy in the battle against atherosclerosis and its associated comorbidities. The cDC-NKT cell interaction in atherosclerosis serves as a good candidate for future investigations.
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279
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic disease. The accumulation of myeloid cells in the arterial intima, including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), is a feature of early stages of disease. For decades, it has been known that monocyte recruitment to the intima contributes to the burden of lesion macrophages. Yet, this paradigm may require reevaluation in light of recent advances in understanding of tissue macrophage ontogeny, their capacity for self-renewal, as well as observations that macrophages proliferate throughout atherogenesis and that self-renewal is critical for maintenance of macrophages in advanced lesions. The rate of atherosclerotic lesion formation is profoundly influenced by innate and adaptive immunity, which can be regulated locally within atherosclerotic lesions, as well as in secondary lymphoid organs, the bone marrow and the blood. DCs are important modulators of immunity. Advances in the past decade have cemented our understanding of DC subsets, functions, hematopoietic origin, gene expression patterns, transcription factors critical for differentiation, and provided new tools for study of DC biology. The functions of macrophages and DCs overlap to some extent, thus it is important to reassess the contributions of each of these myeloid cells taking into account strict criteria of cell identification, ontogeny, and determine whether their key roles are within atherosclerotic lesions or secondary lymphoid organs. This review will highlight key aspect of macrophage and DC biology, summarize how these cells participate in different stages of atherogenesis and comment on complexities, controversies, and gaps in knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron I. Cybulsky
- From the Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.I.C., C.S.R.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (M.I.C., C.S.R.) and Immunology (C.S.R.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Researches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (C.C.)
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- From the Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.I.C., C.S.R.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (M.I.C., C.S.R.) and Immunology (C.S.R.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Researches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (C.C.)
| | - Clinton S. Robbins
- From the Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.I.C., C.S.R.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (M.I.C., C.S.R.) and Immunology (C.S.R.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Researches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (C.C.)
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280
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Lindau A, Härdtner C, Hergeth SP, Blanz KD, Dufner B, Hoppe N, Anto-Michel N, Kornemann J, Zou J, Gerhardt LMS, Heidt T, Willecke F, Geis S, Stachon P, Wolf D, Libby P, Swirski FK, Robbins CS, McPheat W, Hawley S, Braddock M, Gilsbach R, Hein L, von zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Zirlik A, Hilgendorf I. Atheroprotection through SYK inhibition fails in established disease when local macrophage proliferation dominates lesion progression. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:20. [PMID: 26891724 PMCID: PMC4759214 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages in the arterial intima sustain chronic inflammation during atherogenesis. Under hypercholesterolemic conditions murine Ly6Chigh monocytes surge in the blood and spleen, infiltrate nascent atherosclerotic plaques, and differentiate into macrophages that proliferate locally as disease progresses. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) may participate in downstream signaling of various receptors that mediate these processes. We tested the effect of the SYK inhibitor fostamatinib on hypercholesterolemia-associated myelopoiesis and plaque formation in Apoe−/− mice during early and established atherosclerosis. Mice consuming a high cholesterol diet supplemented with fostamatinib for 8 weeks developed less atherosclerosis. Histologic and flow cytometric analysis of aortic tissue showed that fostamatinib reduced the content of Ly6Chigh monocytes and macrophages. SYK inhibition limited Ly6Chigh monocytosis through interference with GM-CSF/IL-3 stimulated myelopoiesis, attenuated cell adhesion to the intimal surface, and blocked M-CSF stimulated monocyte to macrophage differentiation. In Apoe−/− mice with established atherosclerosis, however, fostamatinib treatment did not limit macrophage accumulation or lesion progression despite a significant reduction in blood monocyte counts, as lesional macrophages continued to proliferate. Thus, inhibition of hypercholesterolemia-associated monocytosis, monocyte infiltration, and differentiation by SYK antagonism attenuates early atherogenesis but not established disease when local macrophage proliferation dominates lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lindau
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Härdtner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja P Hergeth
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kelly Daryll Blanz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Dufner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto-Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kornemann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiadai Zou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Louisa M S Gerhardt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Heidt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Willecke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Serjosha Geis
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Shaun Hawley
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von zur Mühlen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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281
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Dubeykovskaya Z, Si Y, Chen X, Worthley DL, Renz BW, Urbanska AM, Hayakawa Y, Xu T, Westphalen CB, Dubeykovskiy A, Chen D, Friedman RA, Asfaha S, Nagar K, Tailor Y, Muthupalani S, Fox JG, Kitajewski J, Wang TC. Neural innervation stimulates splenic TFF2 to arrest myeloid cell expansion and cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10517. [PMID: 26841680 PMCID: PMC4742920 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in the spleen during cancer and promote progression through suppression of cytotoxic T cells. An anti-inflammatory reflex arc involving the vagus nerve and memory T cells is necessary for resolution of acute inflammation. Failure of this neural circuit could promote procarcinogenic inflammation and altered tumour immunity. Here we show that splenic TFF2, a secreted anti-inflammatory peptide, is released by vagally modulated memory T cells to suppress the expansion of MDSCs through CXCR4. Splenic denervation interrupts the anti-inflammatory neural arc, resulting in the expansion of MDSCs and colorectal cancer. Deletion of Tff2 recapitulates splenic denervation to promote carcinogenesis. Colorectal carcinogenesis could be suppressed through transgenic overexpression of TFF2, adenoviral transfer of TFF2 or transplantation of TFF2-expressing bone marrow. TFF2 is important to the anti-inflammatory reflex arc and plays an essential role in arresting MDSC proliferation. TFF2 offers a potential approach to prevent and to treat cancer. During colorectal inflammation and cancer, myeloid cells accumulate in the spleen and suppress the host immunity response. In this study, the authors use a mouse model of colitis to demonstrate that upon vagus stimulation splenic memory T cells release TFF2, which suppresses the expansion of myeloid cells and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina Dubeykovskaya
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yiling Si
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aleksandra M Urbanska
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - C Benedikt Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Dubeykovskiy
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Pb 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karan Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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282
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van den Berg SM, Seijkens TTP, Kusters PJH, Beckers L, den Toom M, Smeets E, Levels J, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E. Diet-induced obesity in mice diminishes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow. FASEB J 2016; 30:1779-88. [PMID: 26813974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, characterized by leukocytosis and inflammation in the adipose tissue. Continuous activation of the immune system is a stressor for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Here we studied how diet-induced obesity (DIO) affects HSPC population dynamics in the BM. Eight groups of age-matched C57Bl/6 mice received a high-fat diet (45% kilocalories from fat) ranging from 1 d up to 18 wk. The obesogenic diet caused decreased proliferation of lineage(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) (LSK) cells in the BM and a general suppression of progenitor cell populations including common lymphoid progenitors and common myeloid progenitors. Within the LSK population, DIO induced a shift in stem cells that are capable of self-renewal toward maturing multipotent progenitor cells. The higher differentiation potential resulted in increased lymphoid and myeloid ex vivo colony-forming capacity. In a competitive BM transplantation, BM from obese animals showed impaired multilineage reconstitution when transplanted into chow-fed mice. Our data demonstrate that obesity stimulates the differentiation and reduces proliferation of HSPCs in the BM, leading to a decreased HSPC population. This implies that the effects of obesity on HSPCs hampers proper functioning of the immune system.-Van den Berg, S. M., Seijkens, T. T. P., Kusters, P. J. H., Beckers, L., den Toom, M., Smeets, E., Levels, J., de Winther, M. P. J., Lutgens, E. Diet-induced obesity in mice diminishes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe den Toom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Smeets
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Levels
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
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283
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Huang LH, Melton EM, Li H, Sohn P, Rogers MA, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ, Fiering SN, Hickey WF, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase 1 Deficiency Reduces Lesion Macrophage Content and Suppresses Atherosclerosis Progression. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6232-44. [PMID: 26801614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.713818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (Acat1) converts cellular cholesterol to cholesteryl esters and is considered a drug target for treating atherosclerosis. However, in mouse models for atherosclerosis, global Acat1 knockout (Acat1(-/-)) did not prevent lesion development. Acat1(-/-) increased apoptosis within lesions and led to several additional undesirable phenotypes, including hair loss, dry eye, leukocytosis, xanthomatosis, and a reduced life span. To determine the roles of Acat1 in monocytes/macrophages in atherosclerosis, we produced a myeloid-specific Acat1 knockout (Acat1(-M/-M)) mouse and showed that, in the Apoe knockout (Apoe(-/-)) mouse model for atherosclerosis, Acat1(-M/-M) decreased the plaque area and reduced lesion size without causing leukocytosis, dry eye, hair loss, or a reduced life span. Acat1(-M/-M) enhanced xanthomatosis in apoe(-/-) mice, a skin disease that is not associated with diet-induced atherosclerosis in humans. Analyses of atherosclerotic lesions showed that Acat1(-M/-M) reduced macrophage numbers and diminished the cholesterol and cholesteryl ester load without causing detectable apoptotic cell death. Leukocyte migration analysis in vivo showed that Acat1(-M/-M) caused much fewer leukocytes to appear at the activated endothelium. Studies in inflammatory (Ly6C(hi)-positive) monocytes and in cultured macrophages showed that inhibiting ACAT1 by gene knockout or by pharmacological inhibition caused a significant decrease in integrin β 1 (CD29) expression in activated monocytes/macrophages. The sparse presence of lesion macrophages without Acat1 can therefore, in part, be attributed to decreased interaction between inflammatory monocytes/macrophages lacking Acat1 and the activated endothelium. We conclude that targeting ACAT1 in a myeloid cell lineage suppresses atherosclerosis progression while avoiding many of the undesirable side effects caused by global Acat1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | - Elaina M Melton
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | - Haibo Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | - Paul Sohn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | | | | | - William F Hickey
- Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and
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284
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Wang X, Gao M, Schouteden S, Roebroek A, Eggermont K, van Veldhoven PP, Liu G, Peters T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Verfaillie CM, Feng Y. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells directly contribute to arteriosclerotic progression via integrin β2. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1230-40. [PMID: 25546260 PMCID: PMC4409030 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies described the association between hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion in the bone marrow (BM), leukocytosis in the peripheral blood, and accelerated atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that circulating HSPC may home to inflamed vessels, where they might contribute to inflammation and neointima formation. We demonstrated that Lin− Sca-1+ cKit+ (LSK cells) in BM and peripheral blood of LDLr−/− mice on high fat diet expressed significantly more integrin β2, which was responsible for LSK cell adhesion and migration toward ICAM-1 in vitro, and homing to injured arteries in vivo, all of which were blocked with an anti-CD18 blocking antibody. When homed LSK cells were isolated from ligated artery and injected to irradiated recipients, they resulted in BM reconstitution. Injection of CD18+/+ LSK cells to immunodeficient Balb/C Rag2− γC−/− recipients resulted in more severe inflammation and reinforced neointima formation in the ligated carotid artery, compared to mice injected with PBS and CD18−/− LSK cells. Hypercholesterolemia stimulated ERK phosphorylation (pERK) in LSK cells of LDLr−/− mice in vivo. Blockade of pERK reduced ARF1 expression, leading to decreased integrin β2 function on HSPC. In addition, integrin β2 function could be regulated via ERK-independent LRP1 pathway. Integrin β2 expression on HSPC is regulated by hypercholesterolemia, specifically LDL, in pERK-dependent and -independent manners, leading to increased homing and localization of HSPC to injured arteries, which is highly correlated with arteriosclerosis. Stem Cells2015;33:1230–1240
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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285
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Al-Sharea A, Lee MKS, Moore XL, Fang L, Sviridov D, Chin-Dusting J, Andrews KL, Murphy AJ. Native LDL promotes differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:762-72. [PMID: 26676845 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of monocytes in atherosclerosis is dependent upon increased levels of plasma lipoproteins which accumulate in the blood vessel wall. The extracellular milieu can influence the phenotype of monocyte subsets (classical: CD14++CD16-, intermediate: CD14+CD16+ and non-classical: CD14dimCD16++) and macrophages (M1 or M2) and consequently the initiation, progression and/or regression of atherosclerosis. However, it is not known what effect lipoproteins, in particular native low-density lipoproteins (nLDL), have on the polarisation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages in the presence of nLDL. nLDL increased gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in macrophages polarised towards the M1 phenotype while decreasing the M2 surface markers, CD206 and CD200R and the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGFβ and IL-10. Compared to the classical and intermediate subsets, the non-classical subset-derived macrophages had a reduced ability to respond to M1 stimuli (LPS and IFNγ). nLDL enhanced the TNFα and IL-6 gene expression in macrophages from all monocyte subsets, indicating an inflammatory effect of nLDL. Further, the classical and intermediate subsets both responded to M2 stimuli (IL-4) with upregulation of TGFβ and SR-B1 mRNA; an effect, which was reduced by nLDL. In contrast, the non-classical subset failed to respond to IL-4 or nLDL, suggesting it may be unable to polarise into M2 macrophages. Our data suggests that monocyte interaction with nLDL significantly affects macrophage polarisation and that this interaction appears to be subset dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Murphy
- Dr. Andrew J. Murphy, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Road central, Melbourne, VIC 8008, Australia, Tel.: +61 3 8532 1292, Fax: +61 3 8532 1100, E-mail:
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286
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Pamir N, Hutchins P, Ronsein G, Vaisar T, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Lusis AJ, Heinecke JW. Proteomic analysis of HDL from inbred mouse strains implicates APOE associated with HDL in reduced cholesterol efflux capacity via the ABCA1 pathway. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:246-57. [PMID: 26673204 PMCID: PMC4727420 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity associates strongly and negatively with the incidence and prevalence of human CVD. We investigated the relationships of HDL’s size and protein cargo with its cholesterol efflux capacity using APOB-depleted serum and HDLs isolated from five inbred mouse strains with different susceptibilities to atherosclerosis. Like humans, mouse HDL carried >70 proteins linked to lipid metabolism, the acute-phase response, proteinase inhibition, and the immune system. HDL’s content of specific proteins strongly correlated with its size and cholesterol efflux capacity, suggesting that its protein cargo regulates its function. Cholesterol efflux capacity with macrophages strongly and positively correlated with retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and PLTP, but not APOA1. In contrast, ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux correlated strongly with HDL’s content of APOA1, APOC3, and APOD, but not RBP4 and PLTP. Unexpectedly, APOE had a strong negative correlation with ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. Moreover, the ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL isolated from APOE-deficient mice was significantly greater than that of HDL from wild-type mice. Our observations demonstrate that the HDL-associated APOE regulates HDL’s ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. These findings may be clinically relevant because HDL’s APOE content associates with CVD risk and ABCA1 deficiency promotes unregulated cholesterol accumulation in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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287
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Qing H, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Aono J, Jones KL, Heywood EB, Howatt D, Binkley CM, Daugherty A, Liang Y, Bruemmer D. Deficiency of the NR4A orphan nuclear receptor NOR1 in hematopoietic stem cells accelerates atherosclerosis. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2419-29. [PMID: 24806827 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The NR4A orphan nuclear receptor NOR1 functions as a constitutively active transcription factor regulating cellular inflammation and proliferation. In this study, we used bone marrow transplantation to determine the selective contribution of NOR1 expression in hematopoietic stem cells to the development of atherosclerosis. Reconstitution of lethally irradiated apoE(-/-) mice with NOR1-deficient hematopoietic stem cells accelerated atherosclerosis formation and macrophage recruitment following feeding a diet enriched in saturated fat. NOR1 deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells induced splenomegaly and monocytosis, specifically the abundance of inflammatory Ly6C(+) monocytes. Bone marrow transplantation studies further confirmed that NOR1 suppresses the proliferation of macrophage and dendritic progenitor (MDP) cells. Expression analysis identified RUNX1, a critical regulator of hematopoietic stem cell expansion, as a target gene suppressed by NOR1 in MDP cells. Finally, in addition to inducing Ly6C(+) monocytosis, NOR1 deletion increased the replicative rate of lesional macrophages and induced local foam cell formation within the atherosclerotic plaque. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that NOR1 deletion in hematopoietic stem cells accelerates atherosclerosis formation by promoting myelopoiesis in the stem cell compartment and by inducing local proatherogenic activities in the macrophage, including lesional macrophage proliferation and foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qing
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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288
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Vasanthakumar A, Zullow H, Lepore JB, Thomas K, Young N, Anastasi J, Reardon CA, Godley LA. Epigenetic Control of Apolipoprotein E Expression Mediates Gender-Specific Hematopoietic Regulation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3643-54. [PMID: 26417967 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations play a central role in the control of normal and malignant blood cell development. We demonstrate here that expression of a truncated DNA methyltransferase 3B isoform DNMT3B7, which has been shown to alter cellular epigenetic patterns, decreases the overall number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and markedly diminishes blood cell reconstitution within the female hormonal microenvironment. Gene expression profiling of HSPCs isolated from DNMT3B7 transgenic embryos identified Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) as overexpressed. The CpG island controlling Apoe expression had lower levels of modified cytosines in DNMT3B7 transgenic HSPCs, corresponding with the observed increase in gene expression. Furthermore, we observed that spleens and bone marrows of female mice transplanted with DNMT3B7 transgenic HSPCs express very high levels of Apoe. Finally, the introduction of Apoe-overexpressing HSPCs into male recipients decreased bone marrow engraftment, recapitulating our original observations in female recipients. Our work reveals a dynamic interplay between the intrinsic epigenetic changes in HSPCs and extrinsic endocrine factors acting on these cells to regulate the efficiency of HSPC engraftment and reconstitution. We have identified a novel mechanism by which gender-specific hormones modulate HSPC function, which could serve as a target for augmenting hematopoiesis in cases with limited HSC functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Vasanthakumar
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hayley Zullow
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Janet B Lepore
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenya Thomas
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Young
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Anastasi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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289
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Wolf D, Zirlik A, Ley K. Beyond vascular inflammation--recent advances in understanding atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3853-69. [PMID: 26100516 PMCID: PMC4577451 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most life-threatening pathology worldwide. Its major clinical complications, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, are on the rise in many regions of the world--despite considerable progress in understanding cause, progression, and consequences of atherosclerosis. Originally perceived as a lipid-storage disease of the arterial wall (Die cellularpathologie in ihrer begründung auf physiologische und pathologische gewebelehre. August Hirschwald Verlag Berlin, [1871]), atherosclerosis was recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease in 1986 (New Engl J Med 314:488-500, 1986). The presence of lymphocytes in atherosclerotic lesions suggested autoimmune processes in the vessel wall (Clin Exp Immunol 64:261-268, 1986). Since the advent of suitable mouse models of atherosclerosis (Science 258:468-471, 1992; Cell 71:343-353, 1992; J Clin Invest 92:883-893, 1993) and the development of flow cytometry to define the cellular infiltrate in atherosclerotic lesions (J Exp Med 203:1273-1282, 2006), the origin, lineage, phenotype, and function of distinct inflammatory cells that trigger or inhibit the inflammatory response in the atherosclerotic plaque have been studied. Multiphoton microscopy recently enabled direct visualization of antigen-specific interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in the vessel wall (J Clin Invest 122:3114-3126, 2012). Vascular immunology is now emerging as a new field, providing evidence for protective as well as damaging autoimmune responses (Int Immunol 25:615-622, 2013). Manipulating inflammation and autoimmunity both hold promise for new therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular disease. Ongoing work (J Clin Invest 123:27-36, 2013; Front Immunol 2013; Semin Immunol 31:95-101, 2009) suggests that it may be possible to develop antigen-specific immunomodulatory prevention and therapy-a vaccine against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Atherogenesis Research Group, Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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290
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review relates recent findings that highlight the role of the spleen as an active donor of monocytes during inflammation, with a special focus on atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The contribution of hypercholesterolemia and monocytes/macrophages to atherosclerotic lesion formation is undisputable. The origin of plaque macrophages is, however, still a subject of debate as to whether they derive from local amplification of (resident) macrophages or from continuous recruitment and differentiation of monocytes. Recently, the spleen has emerged as an important reservoir of monocytes that contributes to lesion growth. The regulation of monocyte mobilization from the splenic compartment has, therefore, raised a keen interest in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. SUMMARY Impaired regulation of cholesterol metabolism increases the proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in both the bone marrow and the spleen. Recent findings identified the implication of angiotensin II, red pulp macrophages and B-lymphocytes as partners of monocyte expansion in, and mobilization from the spleen. Future studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of monocyte mobilization and its precise roles in atherosclerosis, and whether modulation of the splenic components may become a promising future direction in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Potteaux
- aINSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité bRéanimation médicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France cDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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291
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Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Modulate the Distribution and Extravasation of Ly6C/Gr1(low) Monocytes. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1802-15. [PMID: 26344769 PMCID: PMC4590546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are heterogeneous effector cells involved in the maintenance and restoration of tissue integrity. However, their response to hyperlipidemia remains poorly understood. Here, we report that in the presence of elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, induced by administration of poloxamer 407, the blood numbers of non-classical Ly6C/Gr1(low) monocytes drop, while the number of bone marrow progenitors remains similar. We observed an increased crawling and retention of the Gr1(low) monocytes at the endothelial interface and a marked accumulation of CD68(+) macrophages in several organs. Hypertriglyceridemia was accompanied by an increased expression of tissue, and plasma CCL4 and blood Gr1(low) monocyte depletion involved a pertussis-toxin-sensitive receptor axis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a triglyceride-rich environment can alter blood monocyte distribution, promoting the extravasation of Gr1(low) cells. The behavior of these cells in response to dyslipidemia highlights the significant impact that high levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may have on innate immune cells.
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292
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Hussein MA, Shrestha E, Ouimet M, Barrett TJ, Leone S, Moore KJ, Hérault Y, Fisher EA, Garabedian MJ. LXR-Mediated ABCA1 Expression and Function Are Modulated by High Glucose and PRMT2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135218. [PMID: 26288135 PMCID: PMC4545936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High cholesterol and diabetes are major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Regression of atherosclerosis is mediated in part by the Liver X Receptor (LXR) through the induction of genes involved in cholesterol transport and efflux. In the context of diabetes, regression of atherosclerosis is impaired. We proposed that changes in glucose levels modulate LXR-dependent gene expression. Using a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) cultured in normal or diabetes relevant high glucose conditions we found that high glucose inhibits the LXR-dependent expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), but not ABCG1. To probe for this mechanism, we surveyed the expression of a host of chromatin-modifying enzymes and found that Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 2 (PRMT2) was reduced in high compared to normal glucose conditions. Importantly, ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux were reduced in Prmt2-/- compared to wild type BMDMs. Monocytes from diabetic mice also showed decreased expression of Prmt2 compared to non-diabetic counterparts. Thus, PRMT2 represents a glucose-sensitive factor that plays a role in LXR-mediated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux and lends insight to the presence of increased atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryem A. Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elina Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tessa J. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Leone
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yann Hérault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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293
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Abstract
Monocytes are part of the vertebrate innate immune system. Blood monocytes are produced by bone marrow and splenic progenitors that derive from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, HSCs proliferate at higher levels that in turn increase production of hematopoietic cells, including monocytes. Once produced in hematopoietic niches, monocytes intravasate blood vessels, circulate, and migrate to sites of inflammation. Monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic plaque and the ischemic heart depends on various chemokines, such as CCL2, CX3 CL1, and CCL5. Once in tissue, monocytes can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages are end effector cells that regulate the steady state and tissue healing, but they can also promote disease. At sites of inflammation, monocytes and macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines, which can exacerbate disease progression. Macrophages can also phagocytose tissue debris and produce pro-healing cytokines. Additionally, macrophages are antigen-presenting cells and can prime T cells. The tissue environment, including cytokines and types of inflammation, instructs macrophage specialization. Understanding monocytosis and its consequences in disease will reveal new therapeutic opportunities without compromising steady state functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Dutta
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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294
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Wang L, Yang M, Arias A, Song L, Li F, Tian F, Qin M, Yukht A, Williamson IK, Shah PK, Sharifi BG. Splenocytes seed bone marrow of myeloablated mice: implication for atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125961. [PMID: 26038819 PMCID: PMC4454495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including cardiovascular diseases. In this process, the spleen is seeded with mobilized bone marrow cells that augment its hematopoietic ability. It is unclear whether these immigrant cells that are produced/reprogrammed in spleen are similar or different from those found in the bone marrow. To begin to understand this, we investigated the relative potency of adult splenocytes per se to repopulate bone marrow of lethally-irradiated mice and its functional consequences in atherosclerosis. The splenocytes were harvested from GFP donor mice and transplanted into myeloablated wild type recipient mice without the inclusion of any bone marrow helper cells. We found that adult splenocytes repopulated bone marrow of myeloablated mice and the transplanted cells differentiated into a full repertoire of myeloid cell lineages. The level of monocytes/macrophages in the bone marrow of recipient mice was dependent on the cell origin, i.e., the donor splenocytes gave rise to significantly more monocytes/macrophages than the donor bone marrow cells. This occurred despite a significantly lower number of hematopoietic stem cells being present in the donor splenocytes when compared with donor bone marrow cells. Atherosclerosis studies revealed that donor splenocytes displayed a similar level of atherogenic and atheroprotective activities to those of donor bone marrow cells. Cell culture studies showed that the phenotype of macrophages derived from spleen is different from those of bone marrow. Together, these results demonstrate that splenocytes can seed bone marrow of myeloablated mice and modulate atherosclerosis. In addition, our study shows the potential of splenocytes for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Arias
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Song
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Tian
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minghui Qin
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ada Yukht
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ian K. Williamson
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Behrooz G. Sharifi
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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295
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Abstract
Diet, exercise, stress, and sleep are receiving attention as environmental modifiers of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, the culprit condition of myocardial infarction and stroke. Accumulating data indicate that psychosocial stress and a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet aggravate cardiovascular disease, whereas regular physical activity and healthy sleeping habits help prevent it. Here, we raise the possibility that inflammation-associated leukocyte production plays a causal role in lifestyle effects on atherosclerosis progression. Specifically, we explore whether and how potent real-life disease modifiers influence hematopoiesis' molecular and cellular machinery. Lifestyle, we hypothesize, may rearrange hematopoietic topography, diverting production from the bone marrow to the periphery, thus propagating a quantitative and qualitative drift of the macrophage supply chain. These changes may involve progenitor-extrinsic and intrinsic communication nodes that connect organ systems along neuroimmune and immunometabolic axes, ultimately leading to an altered number and phenotype of lesional macrophages. We propose that, in conjunction with improved public health policy, future therapeutics could aim to modulate the quantitative and qualitative output, as well as the location, of the hematopoietic tree to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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296
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Li K, Ching D, Luk FS, Raffai RL. Apolipoprotein E enhances microRNA-146a in monocytes and macrophages to suppress nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015; 117:e1-e11. [PMID: 25904598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.305844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts anti-inflammatory properties that protect against atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms by which apoE suppresses the cellular activation of leukocytes commonly associated with atherosclerosis remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that apoE suppresses inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulating cellular microRNA levels in these leukocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS An assessment of apoE expression among such leukocyte subsets in wild-type mice revealed that only macrophages and monocytes express apoE abundantly. An absence of apoE expression in macrophages and monocytes resulted in enhanced nuclear factor-κB signaling and an exaggerated inflammatory response on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. This correlated with reduced levels of microRNA-146a, a critical negative regulator of nuclear factor-κB signaling. Ectopic apoE expression in Apoe(-/-) macrophages and monocytes raised miR-146a levels, whereas its silencing in wild-type cells had an opposite effect. Mechanistically, apoE increased the expression of transcription factor purine-rich PU-box-binding protein 1, which raised levels of pri-miR-146 transcripts, demonstrating that apoE exerts transcriptional control over miR-146a. In vivo, even a small amount of apoE expression in macrophages and monocytes of hypomorphic apoE mice led to increased miR-146a levels, and inhibited macrophage proinflammatory responses, Ly-6C(high) monocytosis, and atherosclerosis in the settings of hyperlipidemia. Accordingly, cellular enrichment of miR-146a through the systemic delivery of miR-146a mimetics in Apoe(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice attenuated monocyte/macrophage activation and atherosclerosis in the absence of plasma lipid reduction. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that cellular apoE expression suppresses nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammation and atherosclerosis by enhancing miR-146a levels in monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Daniel Ching
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Fu Sang Luk
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Robert L Raffai
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
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297
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Vergori L, Lauret E, Gaceb A, Beauvillain C, Andriantsitohaina R, Martinez MC. PPARα Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Maturation and Myeloid Lineage Differentiation Through a NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Mechanism in Mice. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1292-303. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vergori
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques; Institut de Biologie en Santé Université d'Angers; Angers France
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biofarmaceutic; University of Bari; Bari Italy
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Emilie Lauret
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques; Institut de Biologie en Santé Université d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques; Institut de Biologie en Santé Université d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
- INSERM U892, CNRS UMR6299; Université d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques; Institut de Biologie en Santé Université d'Angers; Angers France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
| | - M. Carmen Martinez
- INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques; Institut de Biologie en Santé Université d'Angers; Angers France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers; Angers France
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298
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Dutta P, Hoyer FF, Grigoryeva LS, Sager HB, Leuschner F, Courties G, Borodovsky A, Novobrantseva T, Ruda VM, Fitzgerald K, Iwamoto Y, Wojtkiewicz G, Sun Y, Da Silva N, Libby P, Anderson DG, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Macrophages retain hematopoietic stem cells in the spleen via VCAM-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:497-512. [PMID: 25800955 PMCID: PMC4387283 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dutta et al. show that targeting VACM-1 expression in splenic macrophages impairs extramedullary hematopoiesis, thus reducing inflammation in mouse ischemic heart and atherosclerotic plaques. Splenic myelopoiesis provides a steady flow of leukocytes to inflamed tissues, and leukocytosis correlates with cardiovascular mortality. Yet regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity in the spleen is incompletely understood. Here, we show that red pulp vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)+ macrophages are essential to extramedullary myelopoiesis because these macrophages use the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 to retain HSCs in the spleen. Nanoparticle-enabled in vivo RNAi silencing of the receptor for macrophage colony stimulation factor (M-CSFR) blocked splenic macrophage maturation, reduced splenic VCAM-1 expression and compromised splenic HSC retention. Both, depleting macrophages in CD169 iDTR mice or silencing VCAM-1 in macrophages released HSCs from the spleen. When we silenced either VCAM-1 or M-CSFR in mice with myocardial infarction or in ApoE−/− mice with atherosclerosis, nanoparticle-enabled in vivo RNAi mitigated blood leukocytosis, limited inflammation in the ischemic heart, and reduced myeloid cell numbers in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Dutta
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lubov S Grigoryeva
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Hendrik B Sager
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | | | - Vera M Ruda
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gregory Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yuan Sun
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Nicolas Da Silva
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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299
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Döring Y. Not growth but death: GM-CSF/IL-23 axis drives atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by enhancing macrophage and DC apoptosis. Circ Res 2015; 116:222-4. [PMID: 25593270 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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300
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Stansfield BK, Ingram DA. Clinical significance of monocyte heterogeneity. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:5. [PMID: 25852821 PMCID: PMC4384980 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are primitive hematopoietic cells that primarily arise from the bone marrow, circulate in the peripheral blood and give rise to differentiated macrophages. Over the past two decades, considerable attention to monocyte diversity and macrophage polarization has provided contextual clues into the role of myelomonocytic derivatives in human disease. Until recently, human monocytes were subdivided based on expression of the surface marker CD16. "Classical" monocytes express surface markers denoted as CD14(++)CD16(-) and account for greater than 70% of total monocyte count, while "non-classical" monocytes express the CD16 antigen with low CD14 expression (CD14(+)CD16(++)). However, recognition of an intermediate population identified as CD14(++)CD16(+) supports the new paradigm that monocytes are a true heterogeneous population and careful identification of specific subpopulations is necessary for understanding monocyte function in human disease. Comparative studies of monocytes in mice have yielded more dichotomous results based on expression of the Ly6C antigen. In this review, we will discuss the use of monocyte subpopulations as biomarkers of human disease and summarize correlative studies in mice that may yield significant insight into the contribution of each subset to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia ; Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia ; Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St, BIW-6033, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - David A Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia ; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, RR208, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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