301
|
Bezerra KRV, Tanaka SCSV, Silva VRS, Paschoinni MC, Grecco RLDS, Soardi FC, Balarin MAS. Contribution of rs1799998 polymorphism in CYP11B2 gene in susceptibility to preeclampsia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-93042020000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: the present study aimed to evaluate the association between the rs1799998 polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene and the susceptibility to preeclampsia (PE) in a Brazilian population. Methods: the study group comprised 61 women who were diagnosed with PE. The control group included 116 women who did not show changes in their blood pressure levels during their pregnancies. The rs1799998 polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene was amplified by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the SNPStat program to evaluate the risk of the CYP11B2 gene rs1799998 polymorphism contributing to PE. Results: the PE group had the following genotypes: 1.64% CC, 91.80% CT, and 6.56% TT. In the control group, the observed genotypic frequencies were: 11% CC, 73% CT, and 16% TT. The genotypic frequency distribution did not fit the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in either study group. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant difference for the rs1799998 polymorphism in the recessive model. Conclusion: the results suggest an association between the recessive model of C/C genotype of the rs1799998 polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene and susceptibility to PE.
Collapse
|
302
|
Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, Calabriso N, Santarpino G, Verri T, De Caterina R. Effects of Olive Oil on Blood Pressure: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061548. [PMID: 32466599 PMCID: PMC7352724 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing access to antihypertensive medications has improved longevity and quality of life in hypertensive patients. Nevertheless, hypertension still remains a major risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction, suggesting the need to implement management of pre- and hypertensive patients. In addition to antihypertensive medications, lifestyle changes, including healthier dietary patterns, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to favorably affect blood pressure and are now recommended as integrative tools in hypertension management. An analysis of the effects of nutritional components of the Mediterranean diet(s) on blood pressure has therefore become mandatory. After a literature review of the impact of Mediterranean diet(s) on cardiovascular risk factors, we here analyze the effects of olive oil and its major components on blood pressure in healthy and cardiovascular disease individuals and examine underlying mechanisms of action. Both experimental and human studies agree in showing anti-hypertensive effects of olive oil. We conclude that due to its high oleic acid and antioxidant polyphenol content, the consumption of olive oil may be advised as the optimal fat choice in the management protocols for hypertension in both healthy and cardiovascular disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.D.C.); Tel.: +39-083-229-8860 (M.M.); +39-050-996-751 (R.D.C.)
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Maria Annunziata Carluccio
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santarpino
- Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
- GVM Care & Research, Città di Lecce Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.D.C.); Tel.: +39-083-229-8860 (M.M.); +39-050-996-751 (R.D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
AlQudah M, Hale TM, Czubryt MP. Targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:92-108. [PMID: 32422329 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components such as collagen in tissues or organs. Fibrosis can develop in the heart, kidneys, liver, skin or any other body organ in response to injury or maladaptive reparative processes, reducing overall function and leading eventually to organ failure. A variety of cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) interacts with the potent Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) pro-fibrotic pathway to mediate fibrosis in many cell and tissue types. RAAS consists of both classical and alternative pathways, which act to potentiate or antagonize fibrotic signaling mechanisms, respectively. This review provides an overview of recent literature describing the roles of RAAS in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, particularly in the liver, heart, kidney and skin, and with a focus on RAAS interactions with TGFβ signaling. Targeting RAAS to combat fibrosis represents a promising therapeutic approach, particularly given the lack of strategies for treating fibrosis as its own entity, thus animal and clinical studies to examine the impact of natural and synthetic substances to alter RAAS signaling as a means to treat fibrosis are reviewed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, United States
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, Hirano K, Szeiffova Bacova B. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082844. [PMID: 32325836 PMCID: PMC7215427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A perennial task is to prevent the occurrence and/or recurrence of most frequent or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). VF may be lethal in cases without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or with failure of this device. Incidences of AF, even the asymptomatic ones, jeopardize the patient's life due to its complication, notably the high risk of embolic stroke. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in subclinical AF screening and searching for novel electrophysiological and molecular markers. Considering the worldwide increase in cases of thyroid dysfunction and diseases, including thyroid carcinoma, we aimed to explore the implication of thyroid hormones in pro-arrhythmic signaling in the pathophysiological setting. The present review provides updated information about the impact of altered thyroid status on both the occurrence and recurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, predominantly AF. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of both thyroid status monitoring and AF screening in the general population, as well as in patients with thyroid dysfunction and malignancies. Real-world data on early AF identification in relation to thyroid function are scarce. Even though symptomatic AF is rare in patients with thyroid malignancies, who are under thyroid suppressive therapy, clinicians should be aware of potential interaction with asymptomatic AF. It may prevent adverse consequences and improve the quality of life. This issue may be challenging for an updated registry of AF in clinical practice. Thyroid hormones should be considered a biomarker for cardiac arrhythmias screening and their tailored management because of their multifaceted cellular actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narcis Tribulova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (B.S.B.); Tel.: +421-2-32295-423 (B.S.B.)
| | - Lin Hai Kurahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Peter Hlivak
- Department of Arrhythmias and Pacing, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pod Krásnou Hôrkou 1, 83348 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Barbara Szeiffova Bacova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (B.S.B.); Tel.: +421-2-32295-423 (B.S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease: A focus on current and future therapeutic targets. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22 Suppl 1:16-31. [PMID: 32267077 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease around the globe and is one of the main complications in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The standard treatment for DKD is drugs controlling hyperglycemia and high blood pressure. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition have yielded promising results in DKD, but many diabetic patients on such treatments nevertheless continue to develop DKD, leading to kidney failure and cardiovascular comorbidities. New therapeutic options are urgently required. We review here the promising therapeutic avenues based on insights into the mechanisms of DKD that have recently emerged, including mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, endothelin receptor A inhibition, anti-inflammatory agents, autophagy activators and epigenetic remodelling. The involvement of several molecular mechanisms in DKD pathogenesis, together with the genetic and epigenetic variability of this condition, makes it difficult to target this heterogeneous patient population with a single drug. Personalized medicine, taking into account the genetic and mechanistic variability, may therefore improve renal and cardiovascular protection in diabetic patients with DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Wang K, Zhu H, Zhao H, Zhang K, Tian Y. Application of carbamyl in structural optimization. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103757. [PMID: 32217370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbamyl is considered a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It has a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-epilepsy, for which the best evidence is a number of marketed carbamyl-containing drugs. Carbamyl is formed of primary amine and carbonyl moieties that act as hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen acceptors with residues of targets respectively, which are benefit for improving pharmacological activities. In other cases, the introduced carbamyl improves drug-like properties including oral bioavailability. In this review, we introduce the carbamyl-containing drugs and the application of carbamyl in structural optimization as a result of enhancing activities or/and drug-like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuanglei Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongxi Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongqian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yongshou Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
Gideon A, Sauter C, Fieres J, Berger T, Renner B, Wirtz PH. Kinetics and Interrelations of the Renin Aldosterone Response to Acute Psychosocial Stress: A Neglected Stress System. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5618777. [PMID: 31711229 PMCID: PMC7034950 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis and its dysfunction relates to negative health consequences. Acute psychosocial stress seems to activate the RAAS in humans, but stress kinetics and interrelations of RAAS parameters compared with a nonstress control group remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE We systematically investigated in a randomized placebo-controlled design stress kinetics and interrelations of the reactivity of RAAS parameters measured in plasma and saliva to standardized acute psychosocial stress induction. METHODS 58 healthy young men were assigned to either a stress or a placebo control group. The stress group underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), while the control group underwent the placebo TSST. We repeatedly assessed plasma renin, and plasma and salivary aldosterone before and up to 3 hours after stress/placebo. We simultaneously assessed salivary cortisol to validate successful stress induction and to test for interrelations. RESULTS Acute psychosocial stress induced significant increases in all endocrine measures compared with placebo-stress (all P ≤ .041). Highest renin levels were observed 1 minute after stress, and highest aldosterone and cortisol levels 10 and 20 minutes after stress, with salivary aldosterone starting earlier at 1 minute after stress. Renin completed recovery at 10 minutes, cortisol at 60 minutes, salivary aldosterone at 90 minutes, and plasma aldosterone at 180 minutes after stress. Stress increase scores of all endocrine measures related to each other, as did renin and cortisol areas under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi) and salivary and plasma aldosterone AUCi (all P ≤ .047). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in humans acute psychosocial stress induces a differential and interrelated RAAS parameter activation pattern. Potential implications for stress-related cardiovascular risk remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Gideon
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christine Sauter
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Judy Fieres
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thilo Berger
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Petra H. Wirtz, PhD, Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Associations Between Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, Matrix Metalloproteinase 3, Angiotensinogen, and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor and Risk of Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2020; 42:458-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
309
|
De Oliveira TV, Guimarães AP, Bressan GC, Maia ER, Coimbra JSDR, Polêto MD, De Oliveira EB. Structural and molecular bases of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by bovine casein-derived peptides: an in silico molecular dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1386-1403. [PMID: 32066337 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1730243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation process, and its inhibition is one of the main drug targets for the treatment of hypertension. Though various peptides from milk proteins are well-known for their ACE-inhibitory capacity, research devoted to understand the molecular bases of such property remain scarce, specifically for such peptides. Therefore, in this work, computational molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations were performed to enlighten the intermolecular interactions involved in ACE inhibition by six different casein-derived peptides (FFVAPFPEVFGK, FALPQYLK, ALNEINQFYQK, YLGYLEQLLR, HQGLPQEVLNENLLR and NAVPITPTLNR). Two top ranked docking poses for each peptide (one with N- and the other C-terminal peptide extremity oriented towards the ACE active site) were selected for dynamic simulations (50 ns; GROMOS53A6 force field), and the results were correlated to in vitro ACE inhibition capacity. Two molecular features appeared to be essential for peptides to present high ACE inhibition capacity in vitro: i) to interact with the S1 active site residues (Ala354, Glu384, and Tyr523) by hydrogen bonds; ii) to interact with Zn2+ coordinated residues (His383, His387, and Glu411) by short-lenght hydrogen bonds, as observed in the cases of ALNEINQFYQK (IACE = 80.7%), NAVPITPTLNR (IACE = 80.7%), and FALPQYLK (IACE = 79.0%). Regardless of the temporal stability of these strong interactions, they promoted some disruption of Zn2+ tetrahedral coordination during the molecular dynamics trajectories, and were pointed as the main reason for the greatest ACE inhibition by these peptides. On the other hand, peptides with intermediate inhibition capacity (50% < IACE < 45%) interacted mainly by weaker interactions (e.g.: electrostatic and hydrophobic) with the Zn2+ coordinated residues, and were not able to change significantly its tetrahedral coordination structure. These findings may: i) assist the discrimination in silico of "good" and "bad" ACE-inhibitory peptides from other food sources, and/or ii) aid in designing de novo new molecules with ACE-inhibitory capacity. Communicated by Ramaswamy Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Guimarães
- Departamento de Química (DEQ), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (DBB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine Rose Maia
- Laboratório de Estudos Estruturais Moleculares (LEEM), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Depólo Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral (DBG), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
310
|
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: present status and future directions. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31857581 PMCID: PMC6923411 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical importance of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has recently become apparent. HFpEF refers to heart failure (HF) symptoms with normal or near-normal cardiac function on echocardiography. Common clinical features of HFpEF include diastolic dysfunction, reduced compliance, and ventricular hypokinesia. HFpEF differs from the better-known HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite having a "preserved ejection fraction," patients with HFpEF have symptoms such as shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and limited exercise capability. Furthermore, the mortality rate and cumulative survival rate are as severe in HFpEF as they are in HFrEF. While beta-blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulators can improve the survival rate in HFrEF, no known therapeutic agents show similar effectiveness in HFpEF. Researchers have examined molecular events in the development of HFpEF using small and middle-sized animal models. This review discusses HFpEF with regard to etiology and clinical features and introduces the use of mouse and other animal models of human HFpEF.
Collapse
|
311
|
Gomolka RS, Ciritsis A, Meier A, Rossi C. Quantification of sodium T1 in abdominal tissues at 3 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 33:439-446. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
312
|
Thompson-Brazill KA. Pain Control in the Cardiothoracic Surgery Patient. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2019; 31:389-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
313
|
Lu Q, Davel AP, McGraw AP, Rao SP, Newfell BG, Jaffe IZ. PKCδ Mediates Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation by Angiotensin II to Modulate Smooth Muscle Cell Function. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2101-2114. [PMID: 31373631 PMCID: PMC6735772 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) ligand aldosterone both contribute to cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and adverse vascular remodeling. We previously demonstrated that AngII activates MR-mediated gene transcription in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), yet the mechanism and the impact on SMC function are unknown. Using an MR-responsive element-driven transcriptional reporter assay, we confirm that AngII induces MR transcriptional activity in vascular SMCs and endothelial cells, but not in Cos1 or human embryonic kidney-293 cells. AngII activation of MR was blocked by the MR antagonist spironolactone or eplerenone and the protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) inhibitor rottlerin, implicating both in the mechanism. Similarly, small interfering RNA knockdown of PKCδ in SMCs prevented AngII-mediated MR activation, whereas knocking down of MR blocked both aldosterone- and AngII-induced MR function. Coimmunoprecipitation studies reveal that endogenous MR and PKCδ form a complex in SMCs that is enhanced by AngII treatment in association with increased serine phosphorylation of the MR N terminus. AngII increased mRNA expression of the SMC-MR target gene, FKBP51, via an MR-responsive element in intron 5 of the FKBP51 gene. The impact of AngII on FKBP51 reporter activity and gene expression in SMCs was inhibited by spironolactone and rottlerin. Finally, the AngII-induced increase in SMC number was also blocked by the MR antagonist spironolactone and the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin. These data demonstrate that AngII activates MR transcriptional regulatory activity, target gene regulation, and SMC proliferation in a PKCδ-dependent manner. This new mechanism may contribute to synergy between MR and AngII in driving SMC dysfunction and to the cardiovascular benefits of MR and AngII receptor blockade in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana P Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam P McGraw
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sitara P Rao
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brenna G Newfell
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Iris Z. Jaffe, MD, PhD, Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, 800 Washington Street, Box 80, Boston, Massachusetts 02111. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Verma A, Zhu P, de Kloet A, Krause E, Sumners C, Li Q. Angiotensin receptor expression revealed by reporter mice and beneficial effects of AT2R agonist in retinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107770. [PMID: 31449794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital role in cardiovascular physiology and body homeostasis. In addition to circulating RAS, a local RAS exists in the retina. Dysfunction of local RAS, resulting in increased levels of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and activation of AT1R-mediated signaling pathways, contributes to tissue pathophysiology and end-organ damage. Activation of AT2R on other hand is known to counteract the effects of AT1R activation and produce anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. We examined the expression of angiotensin receptors in the retina by using transgenic dual reporter mice and by real-time RT-PCR. We further evaluated the effects of C21, a selective agonist of AT2R, in reducing Ang II, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in cultured human ARPE-19 cells. We showed that both AT1Ra and AT2R positive cells are detected in different cell types of the eye, including the RPE/choroid complex, ciliary body/iris, and neural retina. AT1Ra is more abundantly expressed than AT2R in mouse retina, consistent with previous reports. In the neural retina, AT1Ra are also detected in photoreceptors whereas AT2R are mostly expressed in the inner retinal neurons and RGCs. In cultured human RPE cells, activation of AT2R with C21 significantly blocked Ang II, LPS and hydrogen peroxide -induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression; Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and MG132-induced apoptosis, comparable to the effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), another protective component of the RAS, although C21 is more potent in reducing some of the effects induced by Ang II, whereas Ang-(1-7) is more effective in reducing some of the LPS and hydrogen peroxide-induced effects. These results suggest that activation of AT2R may represent a new therapeutic approach for retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Annette de Kloet
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eric Krause
- College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Zhu P, Verma A, Prasad T, Li Q. Expression and Function of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D and Its Ligand Alamandine in Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:513-527. [PMID: 31392515 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists in the retina and plays a critical role in retinal neurovascular function. The protective axis of RAS comprising of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor attenuate the deleterious actions of increased levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector peptide of RAS. A new peptide, alamandine, and its receptor Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) have been recently identified that share structural and functional similarity to Ang-(1-7) and its receptor, Mas, establishing another new protective axis of RAS. Here, we examined the expression and cellular localization of MrgD in the retina, the effect of MrgD deficiency on mouse retinal structure and function, as well as the biological function of alamandine in cultured retinal cells. We showed that MrgD is expressed in the retinal neurons, retinal vasculature, Müller glial and RPE cells, similar to Mas receptor expression. MrgD-deficient mice did not exhibit gross change in retinal morphology and thickness; however, these mice did show a progressive decrease in both scotopic and photopic a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, and increase in retinal capillary loss with age compared to age-matched wild-type mice. In vitro studies in human retinal cells showed that alamandine attenuated the Ang II and LPS-induced increases in inflammatory cytokine gene expression, NF-κB activation, Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced production of reactive oxygen species, comparable to that mediated by Ang-(1-7). These results support the notion that alamandine/MrgD may represent another new protective axis of RAS in the retina exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
Seong HY, Cho HM, Kim M, Kim I. Maternal High-Fructose Intake Induces Multigenerational Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Hypertension 2019; 74:518-525. [PMID: 31327271 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although maternal high-fructose intake induces cardiometabolic syndrome in adult offspring, whether it induces hypertension in successive multiple generations has not yet been studied. We hypothesized that maternal high-fructose intake induces multigenerational activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Pregnant mice were offered 20% fructose in drinking water, of which subsequent first to fourth generation offspring were raised without being offered fructose. Blood pressure was measured via the tail-cuff method, mRNA expression was determined using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fibrosis was evaluated using trichrome staining. Maternal high-fructose intake statistically significantly increased blood pressure in the first and second, but not the third and fourth, generation offspring as compared to the control group, with maximal increases in serum renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in the third generation offspring. It increased the mRNA expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes as well as the expression of renin in the kidneys in the first to third generation offspring, with the exception of the vasodilatory Mas1 gene, the mRNA expression of which was the lowest in the second generation offspring. Moreover, it maximally increased fibrosis and the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the second generation offspring and increased the mRNA expression of oxidative factors in the first to third generation offspring, but maximally decreased the mRNA expression of antioxidant-encoding Sod1 in the second generation offspring. Maternal high-fructose intake induces multigenerational activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and the results of this study implicate that it epigenetically induces cardiometabolic syndrome in multiple generations of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeong Seong
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science (H.Y.S.)
| | - Mina Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - InKyeom Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence program, Department of Biomedical Science (I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
Patel AR, Patel AR, Singh S, Singh S, Khawaja I. The Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension. Cureus 2019; 11:e4858. [PMID: 31410341 PMCID: PMC6684296 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. Hypertension (HTN) is defined by the presence of a chronic elevation of systemic arterial pressure above a certain threshold value (≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic). On the surface, OSA and HTN appear very different from one another. Despite this, they share several common risk factors including obesity, male gender, and advancing age. In 2003, the Seventh Joint National Committee (JNC VII) recognized OSA as a secondary cause of HTN. As physicians, our goal is to understand the OSA-HTN association better through academic study regarding its epidemiology, its pathophysiology, and its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avani R Patel
- Internal Medicine, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Fremont, USA
| | - Amar R Patel
- Internal Medicine, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Fremont, USA
| | - Shivank Singh
- Internal Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, CHN
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Pulmonary Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, USA
| | - Imran Khawaja
- Pulmonary Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
318
|
Yan YR, Zhang L, Lin YN, Wei Y, Li N, Sun XW, Zhou JP, Li QY. The Association of Salivary Biomarkers With the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Concomitant Hypertension. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:468-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
319
|
Zitouni H, Raguema N, Gannoun MBA, Hebert-Stutter M, Zouari I, Maleh W, Faleh R, Letaifa DB, Almawi WY, Fournier T, Mahjoub T, Guibourdenche J. Impact of obesity on the association of active renin and plasma aldosterone concentrations, and aldosterone-to-renin ratio with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 14:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
320
|
Patel S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 182:27-36. [PMID: 29678491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder, afflicting females of reproductive age. This syndrome leads to infertility, insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular problems, including a litany of other health issues. PCOS is a polygenic, polyfactorial, systemic, inflammatory, dysregulated steroid state, autoimmune disease, manifesting largely due to lifestyle errors. The advent of biochemical tests and ultrasound scanning has enabled the detection of PCOS in the affected females. Subsequently, a huge amount of insight on PCOS has been garnered in recent times. Interventions like oral contraceptive pills, metformin, and hormone therapy have been developed to bypass or reverse the ill effects of PCOS. However, lifestyle correction to prevent aberrant immune activation and to minimize the exposure to inflammatory agents, appears to be the sustainable therapy of PCOS. This holistic review with multiple hypotheses might facilitate to devise better PCOS management approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Patel S, Homaei A, El-Seedi HR, Akhtar N. Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:526-532. [PMID: 29885636 PMCID: PMC7172164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden,Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Muscogiuri G, Siasos G, Vryonidou A. Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R135-R146. [PMID: 29540487 PMCID: PMC5881435 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent medical attention. The aim of this review is to present updated information regarding: (1) the definition and prevalence of hypokalemia, (2) the physiology of potassium homeostasis, (3) the various causes leading to hypokalemia, (4) the diagnostic steps for the assessment of hypokalemia and (5) the appropriate treatment of hypokalemia depending on the cause. Practical algorithms for the optimal diagnostic, treatment and follow-up strategy are presented, while an individualized approach is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kardalas
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesEvangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes'Aghia Sophia' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive EndocrinologyFirst Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- First Department of CardiologyHippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesHellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
de Souza-Neto FP, Carvalho Santuchi M, de Morais E Silva M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, da Silva RF. Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541937 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1-7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis. While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Melissa Carvalho Santuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mario de Morais E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
324
|
da Cunha Martins A, Carneiro MFH, Grotto D, Adeyemi JA, Barbosa F. Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:61-82. [PMID: 29446707 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1432025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) are toxic elements widely distributed in the environment. Exposure to these elements was attributed to produce several acute and chronic illnesses including hypertension. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the most frequently proposed mechanisms underlying hypertension associated with As, Cd, and Hg exposure including: oxidative stress, impaired nitric oxide (NO) signaling, modified vascular response to neurotransmitters and disturbed vascular muscle Ca2+ signaling, renal damage, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system. Due to the complexity of the vascular system, a combination rather than a singular mechanism needs to be considered. In addition, epidemiological findings showing the relationship between various biomarkers of metal exposure and hypertension are described. Given the complex etiology of hypertension, further epidemiological studies evaluating the roles of confounding factors such as age, gender, and life style are still necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airton da Cunha Martins
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- b Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia , Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba-SP , Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Mechanisms of macular edema: Beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:20-68. [PMID: 29126927 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macular edema consists of intra- or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of central vision. Major causes of macular edema include diabetes, branch and central retinal vein occlusion, choroidal neovascularization, posterior uveitis, postoperative inflammation and central serous chorioretinopathy. The healthy retina is maintained in a relatively dehydrated, transparent state compatible with optimal light transmission by multiple active and passive systems. Fluid accumulation results from an imbalance between processes governing fluid entry and exit, and is driven by Starling equation when inner or outer blood-retinal barriers are disrupted. The multiple and intricate mechanisms involved in retinal hydro-ionic homeostasis, their molecular and cellular basis, and how their deregulation lead to retinal edema, are addressed in this review. Analyzing the distribution of junction proteins and water channels in the human macula, several hypotheses are raised to explain why edema forms specifically in the macular region. "Pure" clinical phenotypes of macular edema, that result presumably from a single causative mechanism, are detailed. Finally, diabetic macular edema is investigated, as a complex multifactorial pathogenic example. This comprehensive review on the current understanding of macular edema and its mechanisms opens perspectives to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this sight-threatening condition.
Collapse
|