351
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Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:254-264. [PMID: 26852256 PMCID: PMC5192018 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Puberty marks the end of childhood and is a period when individuals undergo physiological and psychological changes to achieve sexual maturation and fertility. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls puberty and reproduction and is tightly regulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory factors. This axis is active in the embryonic and early postnatal stages of life and is subsequently restrained during childhood, and its reactivation culminates in puberty initiation. The mechanisms underlying this reactivation are not completely known. The age of puberty onset varies between individuals and the timing of puberty initiation is associated with several health outcomes in adult life. In this Series paper, we discuss pubertal markers, epidemiological trends of puberty initiation over time, and the mechanisms whereby genetic, metabolic, and other factors control secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to determine initiation of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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352
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Okada Y, Muramatsu T, Suita N, Kanai M, Kawakami E, Iotchkova V, Soranzo N, Inazawa J, Tanaka T. Significant impact of miRNA-target gene networks on genetics of human complex traits. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22223. [PMID: 26927695 PMCID: PMC4772006 DOI: 10.1038/srep22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of microRNA (miRNA) on the genetics of human complex traits, especially in the context of miRNA-target gene networks, has not been fully assessed. Here, we developed a novel analytical method, MIGWAS, to comprehensively evaluate enrichment of genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in miRNA–target gene networks. We applied the method to the GWAS results of the 18 human complex traits from >1.75 million subjects, and identified significant enrichment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), kidney function, and adult height (P < 0.05/18 = 0.0028, most significant enrichment in RA with P = 1.7 × 10−4). Interestingly, these results were consistent with current literature-based knowledge of the traits on miRNA obtained through the NCBI PubMed database search (adjusted P = 0.024). Our method provided a list of miRNA and target gene pairs with excess genetic association signals, part of which included drug target genes. We identified a miRNA (miR-4728-5p) that downregulates PADI2, a novel RA risk gene considered as a promising therapeutic target (rs761426, adjusted P = 2.3 × 10−9). Our study indicated the significant impact of miRNA–target gene networks on the genetics of human complex traits, and provided resources which should contribute to drug discovery and nucleic acid medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Naomasa Suita
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Advanced Medicinal Research Laboratories, Tsukuba Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Tsukuba 300-4247, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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353
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Corre C, Shinoda G, Zhu H, Cousminer DL, Crossman C, Bellissimo C, Goldenberg A, Daley GQ, Palmert MR. Sex-specific regulation of weight and puberty by the Lin28/let-7 axis. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:179-91. [PMID: 26698568 PMCID: PMC4772724 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth and pubertal timing differ in boys and girls. Variants in/near LIN28B associate with age at menarche (AAM) in genome-wide association studies and some AAM-related variants associate with growth in a sex-specific manner. Sex-specific growth patterns in response to Lin28b perturbation have been detected in mice, and overexpression of Lin28a has been shown to alter pubertal timing in female mice. To investigate further how Lin28a and Lin28b affect growth and puberty in both males and females, we evaluated Lin28b loss-of-function (LOF) mice and Lin28a gain-of-function (GOF) mice. Because both Lin28a and Lin28b can act via the conserved microRNA let-7, we also examined let-7 GOF mice. As reported previously, Lin28b LOF led to lighter body weights only in male mice while Lin28a GOF yielded heavier mice of both sexes. Let-7 GOF mice weighed less than controls, and males were more affected than females. Timing of puberty was assessed by vaginal opening (VO) and preputial separation (PS). Male Lin28b LOF and male let-7 GOF, but not female, mice displayed alteration of pubertal timing, with later PS than controls. In contrast, both male and female Lin28a GOF mice displayed late onset of puberty. Together, these data point toward a complex system of regulation by Lin28a, Lin28b, and let-7, in which Lin28b and let-7 can impact both puberty and growth in a sex-specific manner, raising the possibility that this pathway may contribute to differential regulation of male and female growth and puberty in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Corre
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gen Shinoda
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Zhu
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Crossman
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Bellissimo
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Q Daley
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Palmert
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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354
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Lu Y, Day FR, Gustafsson S, Buchkovich ML, Na J, Bataille V, Cousminer DL, Dastani Z, Drong AW, Esko T, Evans DM, Falchi M, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Hedman ÅK, Haring R, Hysi PG, Iles MM, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Lagou V, Li R, Li X, Locke A, Lu C, Mägi R, Perry JRB, Pers TH, Qi Q, Sanna M, Schmidt EM, Scott WR, Shungin D, Teumer A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Walker RW, Westra HJ, Zhang M, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Zhu Z, Afzal U, Ahluwalia TS, Bakker SJL, Bellis C, Bonnefond A, Borodulin K, Buchman AS, Cederholm T, Choh AC, Choi HJ, Curran JE, de Groot LCPGM, De Jager PL, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, Enneman AW, Eury E, Evans DS, Forsen T, Friedrich N, Fumeron F, Garcia ME, Gärtner S, Han BG, Havulinna AS, Hayward C, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Ittermann T, Kent JW, Kolcic I, Laatikainen T, Lahti J, Leach IM, Lee CG, Lee JY, Liu T, Liu Y, Lobbens S, Loh M, Lyytikäinen LP, Medina-Gomez C, Michaëlsson K, Nalls MA, Nielson CM, Oozageer L, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Polašek O, Ripatti S, Sarzynski MA, Shin CS, Narančić NS, Spira D, Srikanth P, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Sung YJ, Swart KMA, Taittonen L, Tanaka T, Tikkanen E, van der Velde N, van Schoor NM, Verweij N, Wright AF, Yu L, Zmuda JM, Eklund N, Forrester T, Grarup N, Jackson AU, Kristiansson K, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Lichtner P, Luan J, Mahajan A, Männistö S, Palmer CD, Ried JS, Scott RA, Stancáková A, Wagner PJ, Demirkan A, Döring A, Gudnason V, Kiel DP, Kühnel B, Mangino M, Mcknight B, Menni C, O'Connell JR, Oostra BA, Shuldiner AR, Song K, Vandenput L, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, White CC, Boehnke M, Boettcher Y, Cooper RS, Forouhi NG, Gieger C, Grallert H, Hingorani A, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Laakso M, Langenberg C, Linneberg A, Luke A, Mckenzie CA, Palotie A, Pedersen O, Peters A, Strauch K, Tayo BO, Wareham NJ, Bennett DA, Bertram L, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bouchard C, Campbell H, Cho NH, Cummings SR, Czerwinski SA, Demuth I, Eckardt R, Eriksson JG, Ferrucci L, Franco OH, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hastie N, Heliövaara M, Hofman A, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Knekt PB, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Lehtimäki T, Lind L, Liu Y, Orwoll ES, Osmond C, Perola M, Pérusse L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Sørensen TIA, Stumvoll M, Tönjes A, Towne B, Tranah GJ, Tremblay A, Uitterlinden AG, van der Harst P, Vartiainen E, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Vohl MC, Völzke H, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wild S, Wilson JF, Yengo L, Bishop DT, Borecki IB, Chambers JC, Cupples LA, Dehghan A, Deloukas P, Fatemifar G, Fox C, Furey TS, Franke L, Han J, Hunter DJ, Karjalainen J, Karpe F, Kaplan RC, Kooner JS, McCarthy MI, Murabito JM, Morris AP, Bishop JAN, North KE, Ohlsson C, Ong KK, Prokopenko I, Richards JB, Schadt EE, Spector TD, Widén E, Willer CJ, Yang J, Ingelsson E, Mohlke KL, Hirschhorn JN, Pospisilik JA, Zillikens MC, Lindgren C, Kilpeläinen TO, Loos RJF. New loci for body fat percentage reveal link between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10495. [PMID: 26833246 PMCID: PMC4740398 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of adiposity and its links to cardiometabolic disease risk, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of body fat percentage (BF%) in up to 100,716 individuals. Twelve loci reached genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10(-8)), of which eight were previously associated with increased overall adiposity (BMI, BF%) and four (in or near COBLL1/GRB14, IGF2BP1, PLA2G6, CRTC1) were novel associations with BF%. Seven loci showed a larger effect on BF% than on BMI, suggestive of a primary association with adiposity, while five loci showed larger effects on BMI than on BF%, suggesting association with both fat and lean mass. In particular, the loci more strongly associated with BF% showed distinct cross-phenotype association signatures with a range of cardiometabolic traits revealing new insights in the link between adiposity and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York
10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 750
85
Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, 751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin L. Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599, USA
| | - Jianbo Na
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Veronique Bataille
- West Herts NHS Trust, Herts
HP2 4AD, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Diana L. Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Human Genetics, Lady
Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University,
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
H3T1E2
| | - Alexander W. Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu,
Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge
2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - David M. Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland
4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UKnited
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public
Health, Imperial College London, London
W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis,
Missouri
63108, USA
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Åsa K. Hedman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 750
85
Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, 751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine,
University Medicine Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
- European University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied
Public Health, 18055
Rostock, Germany
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mark M. Iles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK
Leeds Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds
LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School
of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London,
London
EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics,
Hinxton, Cambridge
CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Rui Li
- Department Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Human Genetics, Lady
Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University,
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
H3T1E2
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Adam Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02118, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu,
Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tune H. Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT
and Harvard, Cambridge
02142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum
Institut, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
10461, USA
| | - Marianna Sanna
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public
Health, Imperial College London, London
W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ellen M. Schmidt
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College
London, London
W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex
UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical
Science, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University
Hosptial, 205 02
Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of
Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87
Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University,
901 85
Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics,
University Medicine Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York
10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of
Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02446, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine,
Boston, Massachusetts
02446, USA
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College
London, London
W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex
UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane
4072, Australia
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College
London, London
W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex
UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty
of Health and Medical Sceinces, University of Copenhagen, 2200
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital
Region, 2200
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820
Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Medicine, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019
Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000
Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, 59000
Lille, France
| | - Katja Borodulin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aron S. Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
60612, USA
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical
Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey C. Choh
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Wright State University
Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
45420, USA
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of
Medicine, Seoul
03080, Korea
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas
Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas
78520
| | | | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of
Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department
of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | | | - Anke W. Enneman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019
Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000
Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, 59000
Lille, France
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute,
San Francisco, California
94107, USA
| | - Tom Forsen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care,
University of Helsinki, FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine,
University Medicine Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frédéric Fumeron
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,
F-75006
Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S
1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006
Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris
Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,
F-75006
Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138,
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006
Paris, France
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Simone Gärtner
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald,
17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong
Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do
370914, Korea
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Hans Hillege
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research
Institute, San Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Split, Split
21000, Croatia
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital District of North Karelia, FI-80210
Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University
of Eastern Finland, FI-70211
Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of
Helsinki, FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine G. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong
Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do
370914, Korea
| | - Tian Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of
Vertebrate Genomics, 14195
Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development,
14194
Berlin, Germany
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina
27599-7280, USA
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019
Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000
Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, 59000
Lille, France
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College
London, London
W2 1PG, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for
Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical
Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore
138648, Singapore
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, FI-33014
Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and
School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520
Tampere, Finland
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala
University, 751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Carrie M. Nielson
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
- Bone & Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UKnited
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Split, Split
21000, Croatia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of
Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot
Place, Edinburgh
EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics,
Hinxton, Cambridge
CB10 1SA, UK
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki,
FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, Seoul
03080, Korea
| | | | - Dominik Spira
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics;
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
13347
Berlin, Germany
- Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center,
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353
Berlin, Germany
| | - Priya Srikanth
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
- Bone & Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics;
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
13347
Berlin, Germany
- Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center,
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353
Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Karin M. A. Swart
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University
Medical Center, 1081 BT
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
1081 BT
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leena Taittonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu,
FI-90014
Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Vaasa Central Hospital,
FI-65100
Vaasa, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki,
FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University
Medical Center, 1081 BT
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
1081 BT
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
60612, USA
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, USA
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research
Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona
JMAAW15, Jamaica
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210
Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210
Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland,
70210
Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, 70029
Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge
2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and
Kuopio University Hospital, 70210
Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter J. Wagner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, 3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur
201, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine,
Reykjavik
101, Iceland
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02115
- Institute for Aging Research Hebrew Senior Life,
Boston, Massachusetts
02131, USA
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Barbara Mcknight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington
98101, USA
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public
Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
Seattle, Washington
98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington
98195, USA
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
21201, USA
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, 3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans
Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
21042, USA
| | - Kijoung Song
- Genetics, Projects Clinical Platforms and Sciences,
GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19112, USA
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, 413 45
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, 3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, 2300
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne
(CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02118, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
| | - Yvonne Boettcher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of
Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
61053, USA
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College
London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg,
9220
Aalborg, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health,
DK2600
Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL,
London
WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL,
London
WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210
Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland,
70210
Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, 70029
Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL,
London
WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup
Hospital, 2600
Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Amy Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of
Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
61053, USA
| | - Colin A. Mckenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research
Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona
JMAAW15, Jamaica
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics,
Hinxton, Cambridge
CB10 1SA, UK
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic
Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit,
Boston, Massachusetts
02114, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München—German Research Center for Environmental
Health, 85764
Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology,
Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität,
81377
Munich, Germany
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of
Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
61053, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
60612, USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College
London, London
W6 8RP, UK
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome
Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental
Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562
Lübeck, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas
Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas
78520
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of
Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot
Place, Edinburgh
EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Nam H. Cho
- Ajou University School of Medicine, Department of Preventive
Medicine, Suwon Kyoung-gi
443-721, Korea
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute,
San Francisco, California
94107, USA
| | - Stefan A. Czerwinski
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Wright State University
Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
45420, USA
| | - Ilja Demuth
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics;
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
13347
Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics,
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
13353
Berlin, Germany
| | - Rahel Eckardt
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics;
Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
13347
Berlin, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care,
University of Helsinki, FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019
Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000
Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, 59000
Lille, France
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Medicine, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern
Denmark, 5000
Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina
27599-7280, USA
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University
Hospital, FI-33521
Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
School of Medicine, FI-33014
Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and
University of Helsinki, FI-00029
Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu
University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90029
Oulu, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, FI-33014
Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and
School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520
Tampere, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University,
751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences,
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
27157, USA
| | - Eric S. Orwoll
- Bone & Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
97239, USA
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton,
Southampton General Hospital, Southampton
SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu,
Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University,
Québec City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval
University, Québec City, Quebec,
Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku
University Hospital, FI-20521
Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular
Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520
Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis,
Missouri
63108, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of
Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot
Place, Edinburgh
EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UKnited
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg
Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000
Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine,
04103
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bradford Towne
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Wright State University
Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
45420, USA
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute,
San Francisco, California
94107, USA
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University,
Québec City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity
Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3501
DG
Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,
FI-00271
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku,
FI-20521
Turku, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval
University, Québec City, Quebec,
Canada
G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University,
Québec City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
- DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), partner site
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of
Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
02142, USA
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University,
Newcastle
NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine,
University Medicine Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Greifswald, 17475
Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of
Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh
EH8 9AG, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of
Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot
Place, Edinburgh
EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019
Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, 59000
Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, 59000
Lille, France
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK
Leeds Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds
LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis,
Missouri
63108, USA
- Analytical Genetics Group, Regeneron Genetics Center,
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
10591, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College
London, London
W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex
UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
W12 0HS, UK
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02118, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham
Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
01702, USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
3000CA
Rotterdam/Zuidholland, The Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School
of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London,
London
EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics,
Hinxton, Cambridge
CB10 1SA, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research
of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah
21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazaleh Fatemifar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UKnited
| | - Caroline Fox
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts
02115, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham
Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
01702, USA
| | - Terrence S. Furey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen,
Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of
Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center,
Indianapolis, Indiana
46202, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge
2142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, 9700 RB
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre,
Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
10461, USA
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex
UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
W12 0HS, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London
W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre,
Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts
02118, USA
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham
Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
01702, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool
L69 3GA, UK
| | - Julia A. N. Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK
Leeds Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds
LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kari E. North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of
Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina
27599-7400, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, 413 45
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL,
London
WC1B 5JU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public
Health, Imperial College London, London
W12 0NN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Human Genetics, Lady
Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University,
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
H3T1E2
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General
Hospital, McGill University, Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
H3T1E2
- Department of Twin Research, King's College
London, London
SE1 1E7, UK
- Division of Endocrinology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish
General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
H3T1E2
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, FI-00290
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane
4072, Australia
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 750
85
Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, 751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
California
94305, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599, USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge
2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - John Andrew Pospisilik
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of
Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-76108
Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center,
3015GE
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands
Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam
The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge
2142, USA
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford
OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Tuomas Oskari Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York
10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of
Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York, 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
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355
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Cousminer DL, Widén E, Palmert MR. The genetics of pubertal timing in the general population: recent advances and evidence for sex-specificity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:57-65. [PMID: 26574646 PMCID: PMC4734379 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article overviews advances in the genetics of puberty based on studies in the general population, describes evidence for sex-specific genetic effects on pubertal timing, and briefly reviews possible mechanisms mediating sexually dimorphic genetic effects. RECENT FINDINGS Pubertal timing is highly polygenic, and many loci are conserved among ethnicities. A number of identified loci underlie both pubertal timing and related traits such as height and BMI. It is increasingly apparent that understanding the factors modulating the onset of puberty is important because the timing of this developmental stage is associated with a wider range of adult health outcomes than previously appreciated. Although most of the genetic effects underlying the timing of puberty are common between boys and girls, some effects show sex-specificity and many are epigenetically modulated. Several potential mechanisms, including hormone-independent ones, may be responsible for observed sex differences. SUMMARY Studies of pubertal timing in the general population have provided new knowledge about the genetic architecture of this complex trait. Increasing attention paid to sex-specific effects may provide key insights into the sexual dimorphism in pubertal timing and even into the associations between puberty and adult health risks by identifying common underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark R. Palmert
- Division of Endocrinology, the Hospital for Sick Children
- The Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
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356
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Withdrawn: Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 2016:4-22. [PMID: 27454361 PMCID: PMC6958992 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045.2016.1.test] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3)substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery. (Endocrine Reviews 36: 603-621, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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357
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Zhang W, Li H, Li Z, Li Q. A two-phase procedure for non-normal quantitative trait genetic association study. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:52. [PMID: 26821800 PMCID: PMC4730615 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonparametric trend test (NPT) is well suitable for identifying the genetic variants associated with quantitative traits when the trait values do not satisfy the normal distribution assumption. If the genetic model, defined according to the mode of inheritance, is known, the NPT derived under the given genetic model is optimal. However, in practice, the genetic model is often unknown beforehand. The NPT derived from an uncorrected model might result in loss of power. When the underlying genetic model is unknown, a robust test is preferred to maintain satisfactory power. RESULTS We propose a two-phase procedure to handle the uncertainty of the genetic model for non-normal quantitative trait genetic association study. First, a model selection procedure is employed to help choose the genetic model. Then the optimal test derived under the selected model is constructed to test for possible association. To control the type I error rate, we derive the joint distribution of the test statistics developed in the two phases and obtain the proper size. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is more robust than existing methods through the simulation results and application to gene DNAH9 from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 for associated with Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody further demonstrate its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Control, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Huiyun Li
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhaohai Li
- Department of Statistics, George Washington University, Washington, 20052, DC, USA.
| | - Qizhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Control, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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358
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Perry JRB, McMahon G, Day FR, Ring SM, Nelson SM, Lawlor DA. Genome-wide association study identifies common and low-frequency variants at the AMH gene locus that strongly predict serum AMH levels in males. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:382-8. [PMID: 26604150 PMCID: PMC4706112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is an essential messenger of sexual differentiation in the foetus and is an emerging biomarker of postnatal reproductive function in females. Due to a paucity of adequately sized studies, the genetic determinants of circulating AMH levels are poorly characterized. In samples from 2815 adolescents aged 15 from the ALSPAC study, we performed the first genome-wide association study of serum AMH levels across a set of ∼9 m '1000 Genomes Reference Panel' imputed genetic variants. Genetic variants at the AMH protein-coding gene showed considerable allelic heterogeneity, with both common variants [rs4807216 (P(Male) = 2 × 10(-49), Beta: ∼0.9 SDs per allele), rs8112524 (P(Male) = 3 × 10(-8), Beta: ∼0.25)] and low-frequency variants [rs2385821 (P(Male) = 6 × 10(-31), Beta: ∼1.2, frequency 3.6%)] independently associated with apparently large effect sizes in males, but not females. For all three SNPs, we highlight mechanistic links to AMH gene function and demonstrate highly significant sex interactions (P(Het) 0.0003-6.3 × 10(-12)), culminating in contrasting estimates of trait variance explained (24.5% in males versus 0.8% in females). Using these SNPs as a genetic proxy for AMH levels, we found no evidence in additional datasets to support a biological role for AMH in complex traits and diseases in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK and
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359
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Ruth KS, Beaumont RN, Tyrrell J, Jones SE, Tuke MA, Yaghootkar H, Wood AR, Freathy RM, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Murray A. Genetic evidence that lower circulating FSH levels lengthen menstrual cycle, increase age at menopause and impact female reproductive health. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:473-81. [PMID: 26732621 PMCID: PMC4716809 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How does a genetic variant in the FSHB promoter, known to alter FSH levels, impact female reproductive health? SUMMARY ANSWER The T allele of the FSHB promoter polymorphism (rs10835638; c.-211G>T) results in longer menstrual cycles and later menopause and, while having detrimental effects on fertility, is protective against endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The FSHB promoter polymorphism (rs10835638; c.-211G>T) affects levels of FSHB transcription and, as a result, circulating levels of FSH. FSH is required for normal fertility and genetic variants at the FSHB locus are associated with age at menopause and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We used cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank to look at associations between the FSHB promoter polymorphism and reproductive traits, and performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for length of menstrual cycle. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We included white British individuals aged 40-69 years in 2006-2010, in the May 2015 release of genetic data from UK Biobank. We tested the FSH-lowering T allele of the FSHB promoter polymorphism (rs10835638; c.-211G>T) for associations with 29, mainly female, reproductive phenotypes in up to 63 350 women and 56 608 men. We conducted a GWAS in 9534 individuals to identify genetic variants associated with length of menstrual cycle. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The FSH-lowering T allele of the FSHB promoter polymorphism (rs10835638; MAF 0.16) was associated with longer menstrual cycles [0.16 SD (c. 1 day) per minor allele; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-0.20; P = 6 × 10(-16)], later age at menopause (0.13 years per minor allele; 95% CI 0.04-0.22; P = 5.7 × 10(-3)), greater female nulliparity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; P = 4.8 × 10(-3)] and lower risk of endometriosis (OR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.69-0.90; P = 4.1 × 10(-4)). The FSH-lowering T allele was not associated with other female reproductive illnesses or conditions in our study and we did not replicate associations with male infertility or PCOS. In the GWAS for menstrual cycle length, only variants near the FSHB gene reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-9)). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The data included might be affected by recall bias. Cycle length was not available for 25% of women still cycling (1% did not answer, 6% did not know and for 18% cycle length was recorded as 'irregular'). Women with a cycle length recorded were aged over 40 and were approaching menopause; however, we did not find evidence that this affected the results. Many of the groups with illnesses had relatively small sample sizes and so the study may have been under-powered to detect an effect. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We found a strong novel association between a genetic variant that lowers FSH levels and longer menstrual cycles, at a locus previously robustly associated with age at menopause. The variant was also associated with nulliparity and endometriosis risk. These findings should now be verified in a second independent group of patients. We conclude that lifetime differences in circulating levels of FSH between individuals can influence menstrual cycle length and a range of reproductive outcomes, including menopause timing, infertility, endometriosis and PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
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360
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Mendle J, Moore SR, Briley DA, Harden KP. Puberty, Socioeconomic Status, and Depression in Girls: Evidence for Gene × Environment Interactions. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:3-16. [PMID: 32864196 PMCID: PMC7450762 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614563598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we tested for Gene × Environment interactions in the association between pubertal timing and adolescent depression by examining how socioeconomic factors might moderate age at menarche's relation with depressive symptoms. Participants comprised 630 female twin and sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Consistent with previous studies, results showed that genetic predispositions toward later menarche were associated with fewer depressive symptoms and that genetic predispositions toward earlier menarche were associated with more depressive symptoms. However, this pattern was subtle and evident only in girls from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. Although girls from lower socioeconomic families showed the highest overall levels of depression, their symptoms appeared unrelated to timing of physical development through either a genetic or an environmental path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mendle
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University of Texas at Austin
| | - Sarah R. Moore
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University of Texas at Austin
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361
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Paracchini S, Diaz R, Stein J. Advances in Dyslexia Genetics—New Insights Into the Role of Brain Asymmetries. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:53-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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362
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Lomniczi A, Wright H, Castellano JM, Matagne V, Toro CA, Ramaswamy S, Plant TM, Ojeda SR. Epigenetic regulation of puberty via Zinc finger protein-mediated transcriptional repression. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10195. [PMID: 26671628 PMCID: PMC4703871 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In primates, puberty is unleashed by increased GnRH release from the hypothalamus following an interval of juvenile quiescence. GWAS implicates Zinc finger (ZNF) genes in timing human puberty. Here we show that hypothalamic expression of several ZNFs decreased in agonadal male monkeys in association with the pubertal reactivation of gonadotropin secretion. Expression of two of these ZNFs, GATAD1 and ZNF573, also decreases in peripubertal female monkeys. However, only GATAD1 abundance increases when gonadotropin secretion is suppressed during late infancy. Targeted delivery of GATAD1 or ZNF573 to the rat hypothalamus delays puberty by impairing the transition of a transcriptional network from an immature repressive epigenetic configuration to one of activation. GATAD1 represses transcription of two key puberty-related genes, KISS1 and TAC3, directly, and reduces the activating histone mark H3K4me2 at each promoter via recruitment of histone demethylase KDM1A. We conclude that GATAD1 epitomizes a subset of ZNFs involved in epigenetic repression of primate puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Hollis Wright
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Castellano
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Valerie Matagne
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Carlos A Toro
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Suresh Ramaswamy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Tony M Plant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Sergio R Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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363
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Abstract
As age at pubertal onset declines and age at first pregnancy increases, the mechanisms that regulate female reproductive lifespan become increasingly relevant to population health. The timing of menarche and menopause can have profound effects not only on fertility but also on the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Genetic studies have identified dozens of highly penetrant rare mutations associated with reproductive disorders, and also ∼175 common genetic variants associated with the timing of puberty or menopause. These findings, alongside other functional studies, have highlighted a diverse range of mechanisms involved in reproductive ageing, implicating core biological processes such as cell cycle regulation and energy homeostasis. The aim of this article is to review the contribution of such genetic findings to our understanding of the molecular regulation of reproductive timing, as well as the biological basis of the epidemiological links between reproductive ageing and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R.B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
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364
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:603-21. [PMID: 26394276 PMCID: PMC4702497 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3) substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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365
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Ong KK. DOHAD and early pubertal timing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015. [PMCID: PMC4429053 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2015-s1-o12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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366
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Fagny M, Patin E, MacIsaac JL, Rotival M, Flutre T, Jones MJ, Siddle KJ, Quach H, Harmant C, McEwen LM, Froment A, Heyer E, Gessain A, Betsem E, Mouguiama-Daouda P, Hombert JM, Perry GH, Barreiro LB, Kobor MS, Quintana-Murci L. The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10047. [PMID: 26616214 PMCID: PMC4674682 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic history of African populations is increasingly well documented, yet their patterns of epigenomic variation remain uncharacterized. Moreover, the relative impacts of DNA sequence variation and temporal changes in lifestyle and habitat on the human epigenome remain unknown. Here we generate genome-wide genotype and DNA methylation profiles for 362 rainforest hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers. We find that the current habitat and historical lifestyle of a population have similarly critical impacts on the methylome, but the biological functions affected strongly differ. Specifically, methylation variation associated with recent changes in habitat mostly concerns immune and cellular functions, whereas that associated with historical lifestyle affects developmental processes. Furthermore, methylation variation—particularly that correlated with historical lifestyle—shows strong associations with nearby genetic variants that, moreover, are enriched in signals of natural selection. Our work provides new insight into the genetic and environmental factors affecting the epigenomic landscape of human populations over time. Genetic and environmental factors affect genome-wide patterns of epigenetic variation. Here, the authors show that while current habitat and historical lifestyle impact the methylome of rainforest hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers, the biological functions affected and the degree of genetic control differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Fagny
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Paris 75015, France
| | - Etienne Patin
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V5Z 4H4
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Meaghan J Jones
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V5Z 4H4
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Hélène Quach
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Christine Harmant
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V5Z 4H4
| | - Alain Froment
- IRD-MNHN, Sorbonne Universités, UMR208, Paris 75005, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, UMR7206, Paris 75005, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Edouard Betsem
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris 75015, France.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, BP1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Mouguiama-Daouda
- Laboratoire Langue, Culture et Cognition (LCC), Université Omar Bongo, BP 13131 Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - George H Perry
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V5Z 4H4
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris 75015, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris 75015, France
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367
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Lee JJ, Vattikuti S, Chow CC. Uncovering the Genetic Architectures of Quantitative Traits. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 14:28-34. [PMID: 27076877 PMCID: PMC4816193 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify loci in the human genome affecting a phenotype of interest. This review summarizes some recent work on conceptual and methodological aspects of GWAS. The average effect of gene substitution at a given causal site in the genome is the key estimand in GWAS, and we argue for its fundamental importance. Implicit in the definition of average effect is a linear model relating genotype to phenotype. The fraction of the phenotypic variance ascribable to polymorphic sites with nonzero average effects in this linear model is called the heritability, and we describe methods for estimating this quantity from GWAS data. Finally, we show that the theory of compressed sensing can be used to provide a sharp estimate of the sample size required to identify essentially all sites contributing to the heritability of a given phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shashaank Vattikuti
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carson C Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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368
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Day FR, Bulik-Sullivan B, Hinds DA, Finucane HK, Murabito JM, Tung JY, Ong KK, Perry JRB. Shared genetic aetiology of puberty timing between sexes and with health-related outcomes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8842. [PMID: 26548314 PMCID: PMC4667609 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the genetic regulation of puberty timing has come largely from studies of rare disorders and population-based studies in women. Here, we report the largest genomic analysis for puberty timing in 55,871 men, based on recalled age at voice breaking. Analysis across all genomic variants reveals strong genetic correlation (0.74, P=2.7 × 10−70) between male and female puberty timing. However, some loci show sex-divergent effects, including directionally opposite effects between sexes at the SIM1/MCHR2 locus (Pheterogeneity=1.6 × 10−12). We find five novel loci for puberty timing (P<5 × 10−8), in addition to nine signals in men that were previously reported in women. Newly implicated genes include two retinoic acid-related receptors, RORB and RXRA, and two genes reportedly disrupted in rare disorders of puberty, LEPR and KAL1. Finally, we identify genetic correlations that indicate shared aetiologies in both sexes between puberty timing and body mass index, fasting insulin levels, lipid levels, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Past studies on genetics of puberty relied on rare disorders or age of menarche in women. Here, Day et al. examine puberty timing in men by the age of voice breaking, and find some loci with sexually dimorphic effects and genetic architectures shared with other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - David A Hinds
- 23andMe Inc., 899 W. Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe Inc., 899 W. Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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369
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Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon. Nature 2015; 528:405-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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370
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Bulik-Sullivan B, Finucane HK, Anttila V, Gusev A, Day FR, Loh PR, Duncan L, Perry JRB, Patterson N, Robinson EB, Daly MJ, Price AL, Neale BM. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1236-41. [PMID: 26414676 PMCID: PMC4797329 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2387] [Impact Index Per Article: 265.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identifying genetic correlations between complex traits and diseases can provide useful etiological insights and help prioritize likely causal relationships. The major challenges preventing estimation of genetic correlation from genome-wide association study (GWAS) data with current methods are the lack of availability of individual-level genotype data and widespread sample overlap among meta-analyses. We circumvent these difficulties by introducing a technique-cross-trait LD Score regression-for estimating genetic correlation that requires only GWAS summary statistics and is not biased by sample overlap. We use this method to estimate 276 genetic correlations among 24 traits. The results include genetic correlations between anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia, anorexia and obesity, and educational attainment and several diseases. These results highlight the power of genome-wide analyses, as there currently are no significantly associated SNPs for anorexia nervosa and only three for educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laramie Duncan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise B Robinson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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371
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Finucane HK, Bulik-Sullivan B, Gusev A, Trynka G, Reshef Y, Loh PR, Anttila V, Xu H, Zang C, Farh K, Ripke S, Day FR, Consortium R, Purcell S, Stahl E, Lindstrom S, Perry JRB, Okada Y, Raychaudhuri S, Daly M, Patterson N, Neale BM, Price AL. Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1228-35. [PMID: 26414678 PMCID: PMC4626285 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1484] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that some functional categories of the genome contribute disproportionately to the heritability of complex diseases. Here we analyze a broad set of functional elements, including cell type-specific elements, to estimate their polygenic contributions to heritability in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 17 complex diseases and traits with an average sample size of 73,599. To enable this analysis, we introduce a new method, stratified LD score regression, for partitioning heritability from GWAS summary statistics while accounting for linked markers. This new method is computationally tractable at very large sample sizes and leverages genome-wide information. Our findings include a large enrichment of heritability in conserved regions across many traits, a very large immunological disease-specific enrichment of heritability in FANTOM5 enhancers and many cell type-specific enrichments, including significant enrichment of central nervous system cell types in the heritability of body mass index, age at menarche, educational attainment and smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K. Finucane
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yakir Reshef
- Department of Computer Science, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chongzhi Zang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Farh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Epigenomics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Shaun Purcell
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eli Stahl
- The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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372
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Day FR, Ruth KS, Thompson DJ, Lunetta KL, Pervjakova N, Chasman DI, Stolk L, Finucane HK, Sulem P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Esko T, Johnson AD, Elks CE, Franceschini N, He C, Altmaier E, Brody JA, Franke LL, Huffman JE, Keller MF, McArdle PF, Nutile T, Porcu E, Robino A, Rose LM, Schick UM, Smith JA, Teumer A, Traglia M, Vuckovic D, Yao J, Zhao W, Albrecht E, Amin N, Corre T, Hottenga JJ, Mangino M, Smith AV, Tanaka T, Abecasis G, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antoniou AC, Arndt V, Arnold AM, Barbieri C, Beckmann MW, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Benitez J, Bernstein L, Bielinski SJ, Blomqvist C, Boerwinkle E, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Borresen-Dale AL, Boutin TS, Brauch H, Brenner H, Brüning T, Burwinkel B, Campbell A, Campbell H, Chanock SJ, Chapman JR, Chen YDI, Chenevix-Trench G, Couch FJ, Coviello AD, Cox A, Czene K, Darabi H, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dörk T, dos-Santos-Silva I, Dunning AM, Eicher JD, Fasching PA, Faul JD, Figueroa J, Flesch-Janys D, Gandin I, Garcia ME, García-Closas M, Giles GG, Girotto GG, Goldberg MS, González-Neira A, Goodarzi MO, Grove ML, Gudbjartsson DF, Guénel P, Guo X, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hamann U, Henderson BE, Hocking LJ, Hofman A, Homuth G, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu FB, Huang J, Humphreys K, Hunter DJ, Jakubowska A, Jones SE, Kabisch M, Karasik D, Knight JA, Kolcic I, Kooperberg C, Kosma VM, Kriebel J, Kristensen V, Lambrechts D, Langenberg C, Li J, Li X, Lindström S, Liu Y, Luan J, Lubinski J, Mägi R, Mannermaa A, Manz J, Margolin S, Marten J, Martin NG, Masciullo C, Meindl A, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Milani L, Milne RL, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nalls M, Neale BM, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Newman AB, Nordestgaard BG, Olson JE, Padmanabhan S, Peterlongo P, Peters U, Petersmann A, Peto J, Pharoah PD, Pirastu NN, Pirie A, Pistis G, Polasek O, Porteous D, Psaty BM, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Raffel LJ, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rudolph A, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Sanna S, Sawyer EJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Schmidt F, Schmutzler RK, Schoemaker MJ, Scott RA, Seynaeve CM, Simard J, Sorice R, Southey MC, Stöckl D, Strauch K, Swerdlow A, Taylor KD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Toland AE, Tomlinson I, Truong T, Tryggvadottir L, Turner ST, Vozzi D, Wang Q, Wellons M, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BB, Wright AF, Yannoukakos D, Zemunik T, Zheng W, Zygmunt M, Bergmann S, Boomsma DI, Buring JE, Ferrucci L, Montgomery GW, Gudnason V, Spector TD, van Duijn CM, Alizadeh BZ, Ciullo M, Crisponi L, Easton DF, Gasparini PP, Gieger C, Harris TB, Hayward C, Kardia SL, Kraft P, McKnight B, Metspalu A, Morrison AC, Reiner AP, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Ulivi S, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Price AL, Stefansson K, Visser JA, Ong KK, Chang-Claude J, Murabito JM, Perry JR, Murray A. Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1294-1303. [PMID: 26414677 PMCID: PMC4661791 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Menopause timing has a substantial impact on infertility and risk of disease, including breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report a dual strategy in ∼70,000 women to identify common and low-frequency protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause (ANM). We identified 44 regions with common variants, including two regions harboring additional rare missense alleles of large effect. We found enrichment of signals in or near genes involved in delayed puberty, highlighting the first molecular links between the onset and end of reproductive lifespan. Pathway analyses identified major association with DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including the first common coding variant in BRCA1 associated with any complex trait. Mendelian randomization analyses supported a causal effect of later ANM on breast cancer risk (∼6% increase in risk per year; P = 3 × 10(-14)), likely mediated by prolonged sex hormone exposure rather than DDR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine S. Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Deborah J. Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hilary K. Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Cathy E. Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98101 USA
| | - Lude L. Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaux F. Keller
- Merck Pharmaceuticals, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ursula M. Schick
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States of America
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alice M. Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Suzette J. Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K. Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thibaud S Boutin
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Ross Chapman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesotta, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel dos-Santos-Silva
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - John D. Eicher
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giorgia G. Girotto
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mark S. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics,Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Samuel E. Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Julia A. Knight
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Judith Manz
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Neven
- KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janet E. Olson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Nicola N. Pirastu
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia F. Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
| | - Elinor J. Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Division of Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Minouk J. Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Caroline M. Seynaeve
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37203, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce B.H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study and Biobank, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos“, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States of America
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paolo P. Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | | | - AOCS Investigators
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Generation Scotland
- A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS in Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - John R.B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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Tan LJ, Wang ZE, Wu KH, Chen XD, Zhu H, Lu S, Tian Q, Liu XG, Papasian CJ, Deng HW. Bivariate Genome-Wide Association Study Implicates ATP6V1G1 as a Novel Pleiotropic Locus Underlying Osteoporosis and Age at Menarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1457-66. [PMID: 26312577 PMCID: PMC4702453 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age at menarche (AAM) is determined by the overall duration of endocrine-tissue sex hormone exposure levels. Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disease, is characterized primarily by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of low trauma fractures. Bone was an endocrine organ regulating the synthesis and secretion of sex steroid hormones. The mutual dependence between bone and gonads underscore the importance of genetic approaches to identify novel pleiotropic genetic factors coregulating BMD and AAM. In this study, we performed a bivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) to explore novel ethnic common loci and/or genes that may influence both AAM and BMD. METHODS We analyzed genotyping data available for 826 unrelated Chinese subjects using genome-wide human genotyping arrays. After quality control, a total of 702 413 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association using a bivariate linear regression model. The interesting SNPs were replicated in three independent cohorts including 1728 unrelated Caucasians, 709 African-Americans, and 408 Hispanic-Americans. RESULTS We found four SNPs (rs10817638, rs7851259, rs10982287, and rs4979427), located upstream of the ATP6V1G1 gene, were bivariately associated with hip BMD-AAM (P = 4.90 × 10(-7), P = 1.07 × 10(-6), P = 1.28 × 10(-5), and P = 5.42 × 10(-5), respectively). These four SNPs were replicated in African-Americans, with corresponding values of P = 1.95 × 10(-2), P = 3.18 × 10(-2), P = 2.57 × 10(-2), and P = 3.64 × 10(-2), respectively. rs10817638 and rs10982287 were further replicated in Caucasians (P = 1.76 × 10(-2) and P = 9.42 × 10(-3), respectively) and Hispanic-Americans (P = 8.37 × 10(-3) and P = 1.52 × 10(-3), respectively). Meta-analyses yielded stronger association signals for rs10817638 and rs10982287 with combined values of P = 3.02 × 10(-9) and P = 3.49 × 10(-9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study implicated ATP6V1G1 as a novel pleiotropic gene underlying variation of both BMD and AAM. The findings enhance our knowledge of genetic associations between BMD and AAM and provide a rationale for subsequent functional studies of these implicated genes in the pathophysiology of diseases/traits, such as osteoporosis and AAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Zhuo-Er Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Ke-Hao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Xiang-Ding Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Hu Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Qing Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Xiao-Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics (L.-J.T., Z.-E.W., K.-H.W., X.-D.C., H.Z., S.L., H.-W.D.), College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Q.T., H.-W.D.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; School of Life Science and Technology (X.-G.L.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; and Department of Basic Medical Science (C.J.P.), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
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Day FR, Forouhi NG, Ong KK, Perry JRB. Season of birth is associated with birth weight, pubertal timing, adult body size and educational attainment: a UK Biobank study. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00031. [PMID: 27123493 PMCID: PMC4832516 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Season of birth, a marker of in utero vitamin D exposure, has been associated with a wide range of health outcomes. Using a dataset of ∼450,000 participants from the UK Biobank study, we aimed to assess the impact of this seasonality on birth weight, age at menarche, adult height and body mass index (BMI). Birth weight, age at menarche and height, but not BMI, were highly significantly associated with season of birth. Individuals born in summer (June-July-August) had higher mean birth weight (P = 8 × 10-10), later pubertal development (P = 1.1 × 10-45) and taller adult height (P = 6.5 × 10-9) compared to those born in all other seasons. Concordantly, those born in winter (December-January-February) showed directionally opposite differences in these outcomes. A secondary comparison of the extreme differences between months revealed higher odds ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for low birth weight in February vs. September (1.23 [1.15-1.32], P = 4.4 × 10-10), for early puberty in September vs. July (1.22 [1.16-1.28], P = 7.3 × 10-15) and for short stature in December vs. June (1.09 [1.03-1.17], P = 0.006). The above associations were also seen with total hours of sunshine during the second trimester, but not during the first three months after birth. Additional associations were observed with educational attainment; individuals born in autumn vs. summer were more likely to continue in education post age 16 years (P = 1.1 × 10-91) or attain a degree-level qualification (P = 4 × 10-7). However, unlike other outcomes, an abrupt difference was seen between those born in August vs. September, which flank the start of the school year. Our findings provide support for the 'fetal programming' hypothesis, refining and extending the impact that season of birth has on childhood growth and development. Whilst other mechanisms may contribute to these associations, these findings are consistent with a possible role of in utero vitamin D exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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375
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Hochner H, Allard C, Granot-Hershkovitz E, Chen J, Sitlani CM, Sazdovska S, Lumley T, McKnight B, Rice K, Enquobahrie DA, Meigs JB, Kwok P, Hivert MF, Borecki IB, Gomez F, Wang T, van Duijn C, Amin N, Rotter JI, Stamatoyannopoulos J, Meiner V, Manor O, Dupuis J, Friedlander Y, Siscovick DS. Parent-of-Origin Effects of the APOB Gene on Adiposity in Young Adults. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005573. [PMID: 26451733 PMCID: PMC4599806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cardio-metabolic traits account for a small proportion of the traits' heritability. To date, most association studies have not considered parent-of-origin effects (POEs). Here we report investigation of POEs on adiposity and glycemic traits in young adults. The Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow-Up Study (JPS), comprising 1250 young adults and their mothers was used for discovery. Focusing on 18 genes identified by previous GWAS as associated with cardio-metabolic traits, we used linear regression to examine the associations of maternally- and paternally-derived offspring minor alleles with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose and insulin. We replicated and meta-analyzed JPS findings in individuals of European ancestry aged ≤50 belonging to pedigrees from the Framingham Heart Study, Family Heart Study and Erasmus Rucphen Family study (total N≅4800). We considered p<2.7x10-4 statistically significant to account for multiple testing. We identified a common coding variant in the 4th exon of APOB (rs1367117) with a significant maternally-derived effect on BMI (β = 0.8; 95%CI:0.4,1.1; p = 3.1x10-5) and WC (β = 2.7; 95%CI:1.7,3.7; p = 2.1x10-7). The corresponding paternally-derived effects were non-significant (p>0.6). Suggestive maternally-derived associations of rs1367117 were observed with fasting glucose (β = 0.9; 95%CI:0.3,1.5; p = 4.0x10-3) and insulin (ln-transformed, β = 0.06; 95%CI:0.03,0.1; p = 7.4x10-4). Bioinformatic annotation for rs1367117 revealed a variety of regulatory functions in this region in liver and adipose tissues and a 50% methylation pattern in liver only, consistent with allelic-specific methylation, which may indicate tissue-specific POE. Our findings demonstrate a maternal-specific association between a common APOB variant and adiposity, an association that was not previously detected in GWAS. These results provide evidence for the role of regulatory mechanisms, POEs specifically, in adiposity. In addition this study highlights the benefit of utilizing family studies for deciphering the genetic architecture of complex traits. To date, genetic variants identified in large-scale genetic studies using recent technical and methodological advances explain only a small proportion of the genetic basis of obesity, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. These studies were typically conducted in samples of unrelated individuals. Here we utilize a family-based approach to identify genetic variants associated with obesity-related traits. Specifically, we examined the separate contribution of maternally- vs. paternally-inherited common genetic variants to these traits. By examining 1250 young adults and their mothers from Jerusalem, we show that a specific genetic variant, rs1367117, located in the APOB gene on chromosome 2 is related to body mass index and waist circumference when inherited from mother and not from father. This maternal effect is not restricted to Jerusalemites, but is also seen in a large sample of individuals of European descent from independent family studies worldwide. Our findings provide support of the role of complex genetic mechanisms in obesity, and highlight the benefit of utilizing family studies for uncovering genetic pathways underlying common risk factors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Hochner
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Allard
- Département de Mathématiques, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Sitlani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandra Sazdovska
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James B. Meigs
- Harvard Medical School and General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pui Kwok
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Felicia Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - John Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Manor
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David S. Siscovick
- New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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376
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The Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Q63R Variant Modulates the Relationship between Childhood Obesity and Age at Menarche. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140142. [PMID: 26447698 PMCID: PMC4598176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ovary is an important site where gene variants modulate pubertal timing. The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is expressed in the ovary, plays a role in folliculogenesis and ovulation, and can be modulated by estrogens. Obesity is strictly associated with early menarche and is characterized by sex hormone and endocannabinoid derangement. Aim In this study, we investigated the role of the CB2 receptor in determining the age at menarche in obese girls. Methods We studied a cohort of 240 obese girls (age 11.9±3 years; BMI z-score 2.8±0.8). The age at menarche (if it had already occurred) was recorded at the time of the visit or via phonecall. The CNR2 rs35761398 polymorphism, which leads to the CB2 Q63R variant, was detected by the TaqMan assay. Results In total, 105 patients were homozygous for the R63-coding allele (RR), 113 were QR and 22 were QQ. Variance analysis revealed a significantly earlier age of menarche in subjects carrying the Q63 allele, which was also found after adjusting for BMI z-score (11±1.2 vs. 11.6±1.2 years, p = 0.0003). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients homozygous for the Q allele had a 2.2-fold higher risk (odds ratio = 2.2; CI1.1–3.4; p = 0.02) of presenting with an early menarche (age at menarche <12 years). Conclusion We demonstrated for the first time the association between the CB2 Q63R functional variant and the age at menarche in a cohort of Italian obese girls.
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O’Mara TA, Glubb DM, Painter JN, Cheng T, Dennis J, Attia J, Holliday EG, McEvoy M, Scott RJ, Ashton K, Proietto T, Otton G, Shah M, Ahmed S, Healey CS, Gorman M, Martin L, Hodgson S, Fasching PA, Hein A, Beckmann MW, Ekici AB, Hall P, Czene K, Darabi H, Li J, Dürst M, Runnebaum I, Hillemanns P, Dörk T, Lambrechts D, Depreeuw J, Annibali D, Amant F, Zhao H, Goode EL, Dowdy SC, Fridley BL, Winham SJ, Salvesen HB, Njølstad TS, Trovik J, Werner HMJ, Tham E, Liu T, Mints M, Bolla MK, Michailidou K, Tyrer JP, Wang Q, Hopper JL, Peto J, Swerdlow AJ, Burwinkel B, Brenner H, Meindl A, Brauch H, Lindblom A, Chang-Claude J, Couch FJ, Giles GG, Kristensen VN, Cox A, Pharoah PDP, Dunning AM, Tomlinson I, Easton DF, Thompson DJ, Spurdle AB. Comprehensive genetic assessment of the ESR1 locus identifies a risk region for endometrial cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:851-61. [PMID: 26330482 PMCID: PMC4559752 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to estrogen is a well-established risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC), particularly for cancers of endometrioid histology. The physiological function of estrogen is primarily mediated by estrogen receptor alpha, encoded by ESR1. Consequently, several studies have investigated whether variation at the ESR1 locus is associated with risk of EC, with conflicting results. We performed comprehensive fine-mapping analyses of 3633 genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6607 EC cases and 37 925 controls. There was evidence of an EC risk signal located at a potential alternative promoter of the ESR1 gene (lead SNP rs79575945, P=1.86×10(-5)), which was stronger for cancers of endometrioid subtype (P=3.76×10(-6)). Bioinformatic analysis suggests that this risk signal is in a functionally important region targeting ESR1, and eQTL analysis found that rs79575945 was associated with expression of SYNE1, a neighbouring gene. In summary, we have identified a single EC risk signal located at ESR1, at study-wide significance. Given SNPs located at this locus have been associated with risk for breast cancer, also a hormonally driven cancer, this study adds weight to the rationale for performing informed candidate fine-scale genetic studies across cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A O’Mara
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Dylan M Glubb
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Jodie N Painter
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Timothy Cheng
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | | | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Katie Ashton
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tony Proietto
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Otton
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Catherine S Healey
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Maggie Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynn Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Shirley Hodgson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Ingo Runnebaum
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Hannover Medical School, Clinics of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Hannover Medical School, Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Depreeuw
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniela Annibali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frederic Amant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Hui Zhao
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sean C Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Tormund S Njølstad
- Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Henrica MJ Werner
- Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Emma Tham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Miriam Mints
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - RENDOCAS
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - AOCS Group
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Julian Peto
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Tumor Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic, 3004, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3004, Australia
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, 0310, Norway
- The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Oncology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, 1478, Norway
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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Yang J, Bakshi A, Zhu Z, Hemani G, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Lee SH, Robinson MR, Perry JRB, Nolte IM, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Snieder H, Esko T, Milani L, Mägi R, Metspalu A, Hamsten A, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Ingelsson E, Soranzo N, Keller MC, Wray NR, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1114-20. [PMID: 26323059 PMCID: PMC4589513 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a method (GREML-LDMS) to estimate heritability for human complex traits in unrelated individuals using whole-genome sequencing data. We demonstrate using simulations based on whole-genome sequencing data that ∼97% and ∼68% of variation at common and rare variants, respectively, can be captured by imputation. Using the GREML-LDMS method, we estimate from 44,126 unrelated individuals that all ∼17 million imputed variants explain 56% (standard error (s.e.) = 2.3%) of variance for height and 27% (s.e. = 2.5%) of variance for body mass index (BMI), and we find evidence that height- and BMI-associated variants have been under natural selection. Considering the imperfect tagging of imputation and potential overestimation of heritability from previous family-based studies, heritability is likely to be 60-70% for height and 30-40% for BMI. Therefore, the missing heritability is small for both traits. For further discovery of genes associated with complex traits, a study design with SNP arrays followed by imputation is more cost-effective than whole-genome sequencing at current prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Populational Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael E Goddard
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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379
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Casarini L, Santi D, Marino M. Impact of gene polymorphisms of gonadotropins and their receptors on human reproductive success. Reproduction 2015; 150:R175-84. [PMID: 26370242 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins and their receptors' genes carry several single-nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in endocrine genotypes modulating reproductive parameters, diseases, and lifespan leading to important implications for reproductive success and potential relevance during human evolution. Here we illustrate common genotypes of the gonadotropins and gonadotropin receptors' genes and their clinical implications in phenotypes relevant for reproduction such as ovarian cycle length, age of menopause, testosterone levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, and cancer. We then discuss their possible role in human reproduction and adaptation to the environment. Gonadotropins and their receptors' variants are differently distributed among human populations. Some hints suggest that they may be the result of natural selection that occurred in ancient times, increasing the individual chance of successful mating, pregnancy, and effective post-natal parental cares. The gender-related differences in the regulation of the reproductive endocrine systems imply that many of these genotypes may lead to sex-dependent effects, increasing the chance of mating and reproductive success in one sex at the expenses of the other sex. Also, we suggest that sexual conflicts within the FSH and LH-choriogonadotropin receptor genes contributed to maintain genotypes linked to subfertility among humans. Because the distribution of polymorphic markers results in a defined geographical pattern due to human migrations rather than natural selection, these polymorphisms may have had only a weak impact on reproductive success. On the contrary, such genotypes could acquire relevant consequences in the modern, developed societies in which parenthood attempts often occur at a later age, during a short, suboptimal reproductive window, making clinical fertility treatments necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy Unit of EndocrinologyDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesCenter for Genomic ResearchUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, ItalyAzienda USL of ModenaNOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
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380
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Nead KT, Sharp SJ, Thompson DJ, Painter JN, Savage DB, Semple RK, Barker A, Perry JRB, Attia J, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Holliday E, Lotta LA, O'Mara T, McEvoy M, Pharoah PDP, Scott RJ, Spurdle AB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Scott RA. Evidence of a Causal Association Between Insulinemia and Endometrial Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv178. [PMID: 26134033 PMCID: PMC4572886 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated with endometrial cancer risk in numerous observational studies. However, the causality of these associations is uncertain. Here we use a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to assess whether insulinemia and T2D are causally associated with endometrial cancer. METHODS We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with T2D (49 variants), fasting glucose (36 variants), fasting insulin (18 variants), early insulin secretion (17 variants), and body mass index (BMI) (32 variants) as instrumental variables in MR analyses. We calculated MR estimates for each risk factor with endometrial cancer using an inverse-variance weighted method with SNP-endometrial cancer associations from 1287 case patients and 8273 control participants. RESULTS Genetically predicted higher fasting insulin levels were associated with greater risk of endometrial cancer (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation = 2.34, 95% confidence internal [CI] = 1.06 to 5.14, P = .03). Consistently, genetically predicted higher 30-minute postchallenge insulin levels were also associated with endometrial cancer risk (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.76, P = .003). We observed no associations between genetic risk of type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.04, P = .16) or higher fasting glucose (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.50, P = .99) and endometrial cancer. In contrast, endometrial cancer risk was higher in individuals with genetically predicted higher BMI (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 2.24 to 6.64, P = 1.2x10(-6)). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence to support a causal association of higher insulin levels, independently of BMI, with endometrial cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Jodie N Painter
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - David B Savage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Robert K Semple
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Adam Barker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - John Attia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Alison M Dunning
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Douglas F Easton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Tracy O'Mara
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Mark McEvoy
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Rodney J Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS).
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381
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Boehm U, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT, de Roux N, Dodé C, Dunkel L, Dwyer AA, Giacobini P, Hardelin JP, Juul A, Maghnie M, Pitteloud N, Prevot V, Raivio T, Tena-Sempere M, Quinton R, Young J. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:547-64. [PMID: 26194704 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is the master hormone regulating the reproductive axis. CHH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with >25 different causal genes identified to date. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. The association of CHH with a defective sense of smell (anosmia or hyposmia), which is found in ∼50% of patients with CHH is termed Kallmann syndrome and results from incomplete embryonic migration of GnRH-synthesizing neurons. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of puberty. A timely diagnosis and treatment to induce puberty can be beneficial for sexual, bone and metabolic health, and might help minimize some of the psychological effects of CHH. In most cases, fertility can be induced using specialized treatment regimens and several predictors of outcome have been identified. Patients typically require lifelong treatment, yet ∼10-20% of patients exhibit a spontaneous recovery of reproductive function. This Consensus Statement summarizes approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of CHH and discusses important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Boehm
- University of Saarland School of Medicine, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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382
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Chen B, Xie F, Tang C, Ma G, Wei L, Chen Z. Study of Five Pubertal Transition-Related Gene Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Artery Disease in a Chinese Han Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136496. [PMID: 26305337 PMCID: PMC4549330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (DLK-rs10144321, SIX6-rs1254337, MKRN3-rs12148769, LIN28B-rs7759938, and KCNK9-rs1469039) were found to be strongly associated with age at menarche. Recent studies also suggested that age at menarche is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Since an association between these five SNPs and premature coronary artery disease (CAD) has never been reported, we investigated whether these SNPs are associated with premature CAD and its severity in a Chinese Han population. Methods We enrolled 432 consecutive patients including 198 with premature CAD (<55 years in men and <65 years in women) and 234 controls. All subjects were genotyped for the five SNPs by the PCR-ligase detection reaction method. The associations between these SNPs and premature CAD and its severity were analyzed. Results The following genotypes were identified: GG, AG, and AA at rs10144321 and rs12148769; TT, AT, and AA at rs1254337; CC, CT, and TT at rs1469039; and TT and CT at rs7759938. Significant differences in genotype distribution frequencies at rs1254337 were found between controls and patients with premature CAD (P<0.05). No associations were found between the five SNPs and the severity of coronary lesions (all P>0.05). Compared with controls, patients with premature CAD had a higher prevalence of T2DM and dyslipidemia, and the proportion of patients with T2DM rose significantly with an increase in the number of stenosed coronary vessels (all P<0.05). After adjustment for the clinical parameters in multivariable analysis, three factors were identified that significantly increased the risk of premature CAD: the AA genotype at rs1254337 (OR: 2.388, 95% CI: 1.190–4.792, P = 0.014), male gender (OR: 1.565, 95% CI: 1.012–2.420, P = 0.044), and T2DM (OR 2.252, 95% CI: 1.233–4.348, P = 0.015). Conclusions Among the five pubertal transition-related gene polymorphisms, we identified an association between rs1254337 and premature CAD in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Fangyi Xie
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- * E-mail:
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383
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Abstract
A recent progress on stature genetics has revealed simple genetic architecture in livestock animals in contrast to that in humans. PLAG1 and/or NCAPG‐LCORL, both of which are known as a locus for adult human height, have been detected for association with body weight/height in cattle and horses, and for selective sweep in dogs and pigs. The findings indicate a significant impact of these loci on mammalian growth or body size and usefulness of the natural variants for selective breeding. However, association with an unfavorable trait, such as late puberty or risk for a neuropathic disease, was also reported for the respective loci, indicating an importance to discriminate between causality and association. Here I review the recent findings on quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stature in livestock animals, mainly focusing on the PLAG1 and NCAPG‐LCORL loci. I also describe our recent efforts to identify the causative variation for the third major locus for carcass weight in Japanese Black cattle.
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384
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Lunetta KL, Day FR, Sulem P, Ruth KS, Tung JY, Hinds DA, Esko T, Elks CE, Altmaier E, He C, Huffman JE, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Robino A, Rose LM, Schick UM, Stolk L, Teumer A, Thompson DJ, Traglia M, Wang CA, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Antoniou AC, Barbieri C, Coviello AD, Cucca F, Demerath EW, Dunning AM, Gandin I, Grove ML, Gudbjartsson DF, Hocking LJ, Hofman A, Huang J, Jackson RD, Karasik D, Kriebel J, Lange EM, Lange LA, Langenberg C, Li X, Luan J, Mägi R, Morrison AC, Padmanabhan S, Pirie A, Polasek O, Porteous D, Reiner AP, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Sala CF, Schlessinger D, Scott RA, Stöckl D, Visser JA, Völker U, Vozzi D, Wilson JG, Zygmunt M, Boerwinkle E, Buring JE, Crisponi L, Easton DF, Hayward C, Hu FB, Liu S, Metspalu A, Pennell CE, Ridker PM, Strauch K, Streeten EA, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Ulivi S, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Wellons M, Franceschini N, Chasman DI, Thorsteinsdottir U, Murray A, Stefansson K, Murabito JM, Ong KK, Perry JRB. Rare coding variants and X-linked loci associated with age at menarche. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7756. [PMID: 26239645 PMCID: PMC4538850 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 100 loci have been identified for age at menarche by genome-wide association studies; however, collectively these explain only ∼3% of the trait variance. Here we test two overlooked sources of variation in 192,974 European ancestry women: low-frequency protein-coding variants and X-chromosome variants. Five missense/nonsense variants (in ALMS1/LAMB2/TNRC6A/TACR3/PRKAG1) are associated with age at menarche (minor allele frequencies 0.08-4.6%; effect sizes 0.08-1.25 years per allele; P<5 × 10(-8)). In addition, we identify common X-chromosome loci at IGSF1 (rs762080, P=9.4 × 10(-13)) and FAAH2 (rs5914101, P=4.9 × 10(-10)). Highlighted genes implicate cellular energy homeostasis, post-transcriptional gene silencing and fatty-acid amide signalling. A frequently reported mutation in TACR3 for idiopathic hypogonatrophic hypogonadism (p.W275X) is associated with 1.25-year-later menarche (P=2.8 × 10(-11)), illustrating the utility of population studies to estimate the penetrance of reportedly pathogenic mutations. Collectively, these novel variants explain ∼0.5% variance, indicating that these overlooked sources of variation do not substantially explain the 'missing heritability' of this complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Katherine S. Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Joyce Y. Tung
- 23andMe Inc., 1390 Shorebird Way, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - David A. Hinds
- 23andMe Inc., 1390 Shorebird Way, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cathy E. Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ursula M. Schick
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Deborah J. Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Carol A. Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, WA-6009, Australia
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition—University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesotta, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste 34137, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, the Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rebecca D. Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ethan M. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Cinzia F. Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, WA-6009, Australia
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A. Streeten
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition—University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015GE, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Does salt have a permissive role in the induction of puberty? Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:463-7. [PMID: 26190310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is starting earlier than ever before and there are serious physiological and sociological implications as a result of this development. Current research has focused on the potential role of high caloric, and commensurate high adiposity, contributions to early puberty. However, girls with normal BMI also appear to be initiating puberty earlier. Westernized diets, in addition to being high in fat and sugar, are also high in salt. To date, no research has investigated a link between elevated salt and the reproductive axis. We hypothesize that a high salt diet can result in an earlier onset of puberty through three mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive. (1) High salt activates neurokinin B, a hormone that is involved in both the reproductive axis and salt regulation, and this induces kisspeptin release and ultimate activation of the reproductive axis. (2) Vasopressin released in response to high salt acts on vasopressin receptors expressed on kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, thereby stimulating gonadotropin releasing hormone and subsequently luteinizing hormone secretion. (3) Salt induces metabolic changes that affect the reproductive axis. Specifically, salt acts indirectly to modulate adiposity, ties in with the obesity epidemic, and further compounds the pathologic effects of obesity. Our overall hypothesis offers an additional cause behind the induction of puberty and provides testable postulates to determine the mechanism of potential salt-mediated affects on puberty.
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386
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Plant TM. Neuroendocrine control of the onset of puberty. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 38:73-88. [PMID: 25913220 PMCID: PMC4457677 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is based on the Geoffrey Harris Memorial Lecture presented at the 8th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology, which was held in Sydney, August 2014. It provides the development of our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of puberty since Harris proposed in his 1955 monograph (Harris, 1955) that "a major factor responsible for puberty is an increased rate of release of pituitary gonadotrophin" and posited "that a neural (hypothalamic) stimulus, via the hypophysial portal vessels, may be involved." Emphasis is placed on the neurobiological mechanisms governing puberty in highly evolved primates, although an attempt is made to reverse translate a model for the timing of puberty in man and monkey to non-primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony M Plant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, USA.
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387
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Cousminer DL, Leinonen JT, Sarin AP, Chheda H, Surakka I, Wehkalampi K, Ellonen P, Ripatti S, Dunkel L, Palotie A, Widén E. Targeted resequencing of the pericentromere of chromosome 2 linked to constitutional delay of growth and puberty. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128524. [PMID: 26030606 PMCID: PMC4452275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is the most common cause of pubertal delay. CDGP is defined as the proportion of the normal population who experience pubertal onset at least 2 SD later than the population mean, representing 2.3% of all adolescents. While adolescents with CDGP spontaneously enter puberty, they are at risk for short stature, decreased bone mineral density, and psychosocial problems. Genetic factors contribute heavily to the timing of puberty, but the vast majority of CDGP cases remain biologically unexplained, and there is no definitive test to distinguish CDGP from pathological absence of puberty during adolescence. Recently, we published a study identifying significant linkage between a locus at the pericentromeric region of chromosome 2 (chr 2) and CDGP in Finnish families. To investigate this region for causal variation, we sequenced chr 2 between the genomic coordinates of 79-124 Mb (genome build GRCh37) in the proband and affected parent of the 13 families contributing most to this linkage signal. One gene, DNAH6, harbored 6 protein-altering low-frequency variants (< 6% in the Finnish population) in 10 of the CDGP probands. We sequenced an additional 135 unrelated Finnish CDGP subjects and utilized the unique Sequencing Initiative Suomi (SISu) population reference exome set to show that while 5 of these variants were present in the CDGP set, they were also present in the Finnish population at similar frequencies. Additional variants in the targeted region could not be prioritized for follow-up, possibly due to gaps in sequencing coverage or lack of functional knowledge of non-genic genomic regions. Thus, despite having a well-characterized sample collection from a genetically homogeneous population with a large population-based reference sequence dataset, we were unable to pinpoint variation in the linked region predisposing delayed puberty. This study highlights the difficulties of detecting genetic variants under linkage regions for complex traits and suggests that advancements in annotation of gene function and regulatory regions of the genome will be critical for solving the genetic background of complex phenotypes like CDGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaakko T. Leinonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Himanshu Chheda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Medical and Population Genomics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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388
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Abreu AP, Macedo DB, Brito VN, Kaiser UB, Latronico AC. A new pathway in the control of the initiation of puberty: the MKRN3 gene. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:R131-9. [PMID: 25957321 PMCID: PMC4573396 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pubertal timing is influenced by complex interactions among genetic, nutritional, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The role of MKRN3, an imprinted gene located in the Prader-Willi syndrome critical region (chromosome 15q11-13), in pubertal initiation was first described in 2013 after the identification of deleterious MKRN3 mutations in five families with central precocious puberty (CPP) using whole-exome sequencing analysis. Since then, additional loss-of-function mutations of MKRN3 have been associated with the inherited premature sexual development phenotype in girls and boys from different ethnic groups. In all of these families, segregation analysis clearly demonstrated autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance, but with exclusive paternal transmission, consistent with the monoallelic expression of MKRN3 (a maternally imprinted gene). Interestingly, the hypothalamic Mkrn3 mRNA expression pattern in mice correlated with a putative inhibitory input on puberty initiation. Indeed, the initiation of puberty depends on a decrease in factors that inhibit the release of GnRH combined with an increase in stimulatory factors. These recent human and animal findings suggest that MKRN3 plays an inhibitory role in the reproductive axis to represent a new pathway in pubertal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Hypertension, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAUnidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7° andar, sala 7037, CEP: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delanie B Macedo
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Hypertension, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAUnidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7° andar, sala 7037, CEP: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius N Brito
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Hypertension, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAUnidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7° andar, sala 7037, CEP: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Hypertension, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAUnidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7° andar, sala 7037, CEP: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Hypertension, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAUnidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoDisciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7° andar, sala 7037, CEP: 05403-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Männik K, Mägi R, Macé A, Cole B, Guyatt A, Shihab HA, Maillard AM, Alavere H, Kolk A, Reigo A, Mihailov E, Leitsalu L, Ferreira AM, Nõukas M, Teumer A, Salvi E, Cusi D, McGue M, Iacono WG, Gaunt TR, Beckmann JS, Jacquemont S, Kutalik Z, Pankratz N, Timpson N, Metspalu A, Reymond A. Copy number variations and cognitive phenotypes in unselected populations. JAMA 2015; 313:2044-54. [PMID: 26010633 PMCID: PMC4684269 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The association of copy number variations (CNVs), differing numbers of copies of genetic sequence at locations in the genome, with phenotypes such as intellectual disability has been almost exclusively evaluated using clinically ascertained cohorts. The contribution of these genetic variants to cognitive phenotypes in the general population remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical features conferred by CNVs associated with known syndromes in adult carriers without clinical preselection and to assess the genome-wide consequences of rare CNVs (frequency ≤0.05%; size ≥250 kilobase pairs [kb]) on carriers' educational attainment and intellectual disability prevalence in the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The population biobank of Estonia contains 52,000 participants enrolled from 2002 through 2010. General practitioners examined participants and filled out a questionnaire of health- and lifestyle-related questions, as well as reported diagnoses. Copy number variant analysis was conducted on a random sample of 7877 individuals and genotype-phenotype associations with education and disease traits were evaluated. Our results were replicated on a high-functioning group of 993 Estonians and 3 geographically distinct populations in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Phenotypes of genomic disorders in the general population, prevalence of autosomal CNVs, and association of these variants with educational attainment (from less than primary school through scientific degree) and prevalence of intellectual disability. RESULTS Of the 7877 in the Estonian cohort, we identified 56 carriers of CNVs associated with known syndromes. Their phenotypes, including cognitive and psychiatric problems, epilepsy, neuropathies, obesity, and congenital malformations are similar to those described for carriers of identical rearrangements ascertained in clinical cohorts. A genome-wide evaluation of rare autosomal CNVs (frequency, ≤0.05%; ≥250 kb) identified 831 carriers (10.5%) of the screened general population. Eleven of 216 (5.1%) carriers of a deletion of at least 250 kb (odds ratio [OR], 3.16; 95% CI, 1.51-5.98; P = 1.5e-03) and 6 of 102 (5.9%) carriers of a duplication of at least 1 Mb (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.29-8.54; P = .008) had an intellectual disability compared with 114 of 6819 (1.7%) in the Estonian cohort. The mean education attainment was 3.81 (P = 1.06e-04) among 248 (≥250 kb) deletion carriers and 3.69 (P = 5.024e-05) among 115 duplication carriers (≥1 Mb). Of the deletion carriers, 33.5% did not graduate from high school (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.95; P = .005) and 39.1% of duplication carriers did not graduate high school (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.27-2.8; P = 1.6e-03). Evidence for an association between rare CNVs and lower educational attainment was supported by analyses of cohorts of adults from Italy and the United States and adolescents from the United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Known pathogenic CNVs in unselected, but assumed to be healthy, adult populations may be associated with unrecognized clinical sequelae. Additionally, individually rare but collectively common intermediate-size CNVs may be negatively associated with educational attainment. Replication of these findings in additional population groups is warranted given the potential implications of this observation for genomics research, clinical care, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Männik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aurélien Macé
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ben Cole
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anna Guyatt
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hashem A. Shihab
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. Maillard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helene Alavere
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kolk
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Leitsalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne-Maud Ferreira
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erika Salvi
- Deparment of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Deparment of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Matt McGue
- University of Minnesota Department of Psychology, 75 E. River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- University of Minnesota Department of Psychology, 75 E. River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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390
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Ruhrmann S, Stridh P, Kular L, Jagodic M. Genomic imprinting: A missing piece of the Multiple Sclerosis puzzle? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:49-57. [PMID: 26002250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for parent-of-origin effects in complex diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) strongly suggests a role for epigenetic mechanisms in their pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the importance of accounting for parent-of-origin when identifying new risk variants for complex diseases and discuss how genomic imprinting, one of the best-characterized epigenetic mechanisms causing parent-of-origin effects, may impact etiology of complex diseases. While the role of imprinted genes in growth and development is well established, the contribution and molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of genomic imprinting in immune functions and inflammatory diseases are still largely unknown. Here we discuss emerging roles of imprinted genes in the regulation of inflammatory responses with a particular focus on the Dlk1 cluster that has been implicated in etiology of experimental MS-like disease and Type 1 Diabetes. Moreover, we speculate on the potential wider impact of imprinting via the action of imprinted microRNAs, which are abundantly present in the Dlk1 locus and predicted to fine-tune important immune functions. Finally, we reflect on how unrelated imprinted genes or imprinted genes together with non-imprinted genes can interact in so-called imprinted gene networks (IGN) and suggest that IGNs could partly explain observed parent-of-origin effects in complex diseases. Unveiling the mechanisms of parent-of-origin effects is therefore likely to teach us not only about the etiology of complex diseases but also about the unknown roles of this fascinating phenomenon underlying uneven genetic contribution from our parents. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetics dynamics in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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391
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Dopico XC, Evangelou M, Ferreira RC, Guo H, Pekalski ML, Smyth DJ, Cooper N, Burren OS, Fulford AJ, Hennig BJ, Prentice AM, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E, Wallace C, Todd JA. Widespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiology. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7000. [PMID: 25965853 PMCID: PMC4432600 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal variations are rarely considered a contributing component to human tissue function or health, although many diseases and physiological process display annual periodicities. Here we find more than 4,000 protein-coding mRNAs in white blood cells and adipose tissue to have seasonal expression profiles, with inverted patterns observed between Europe and Oceania. We also find the cellular composition of blood to vary by season, and these changes, which differ between the United Kingdom and The Gambia, could explain the gene expression periodicity. With regards to tissue function, the immune system has a profound pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile during European winter, with increased levels of soluble IL-6 receptor and C-reactive protein, risk biomarkers for cardiovascular, psychiatric and autoimmune diseases that have peak incidences in winter. Circannual rhythms thus require further exploration as contributors to various aspects of human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marina Evangelou
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nicholas Cooper
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Oliver S. Burren
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anthony J. Fulford
- MRC International Nutrition Group at MRC Unit The Gambia & London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Branwen J. Hennig
- MRC International Nutrition Group at MRC Unit The Gambia & London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- MRC International Nutrition Group at MRC Unit The Gambia & London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- CRTD—DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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392
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Howard M, Charalambous M. Molecular basis of imprinting disorders affecting chromosome 14: lessons from murine models. Reproduction 2015; 149:R237-49. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental inheritance of chromosome 14q32 causes developmental failure during gestation and early postnatal development due to mis-expression of a cluster of imprinted genes under common epigenetic control. Two syndromes associated with chromosome 14q32 abnormalities have been described, Kagami–Ogata and Temple syndromes. Both of these syndromes are characterised by specific impairments of intrauterine development, placentation and early postnatal survival. Such abnormalities arise because the processes of intrauterine growth and postnatal adaptation are critically modulated by the dosage of imprinted genes in the chromosome 14q32 cluster. Much of our understanding of how the imprinted genes in this cluster are regulated, as well as their individual functions in the molecular pathways controlling growth and postnatal adaptation, has come from murine models. Mouse chromosome 12qF1 contains an imprinted region syntenic to human chromosome 14q32, collectively referred to as the Dlk1–Dio3 cluster. In this review, we will summarise the wealth of information derived from animal models of chromosome 12 imprinted gene mis-regulation, and explore the relationship between the functions of individual genes and the phenotypic result of their mis-expression. As there is often a considerable overlap between the functions of genes in the Dlk1–Dio3 cluster, we propose that the expression dosage of these genes is controlled by common regulatory mechanisms to co-ordinate the timing of growth and postnatal adaptation. While the diseases associated with mis-regulated chromosome 14 imprinting are rare, studies carried out in mice on the functions of the affected genes as well as their normal regulatory mechanisms have revealed new mechanistic pathways for the control of growth and survival in early life.
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393
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Fung JN, Rogers PA, Montgomery GW. Identifying the Biological Basis of GWAS Hits for Endometriosis1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:87. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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394
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Zhu J, Choa REY, Guo MH, Plummer L, Buck C, Palmert MR, Hirschhorn JN, Seminara SB, Chan YM. A shared genetic basis for self-limited delayed puberty and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E646-54. [PMID: 25636053 PMCID: PMC4399304 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Delayed puberty (DP) is a common issue and, in the absence of an underlying condition, is typically self limited. Alhough DP seems to be heritable, no specific genetic cause for DP has yet been reported. In contrast, many genetic causes have been found for idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), a rare disorder characterized by absent or stalled pubertal development. OBJECTIVE The objective of this retrospective study, conducted at academic medical centers, was to determine whether variants in IHH genes contribute to the pathogenesis of DP. SUBJECTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES Potentially pathogenic variants in IHH genes were identified in two cohorts: 1) DP family members of an IHH proband previously found to have a variant in an IHH gene, with unaffected family members serving as controls, and 2) DP individuals with no family history of IHH, with ethnically matched control subjects drawn from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. RESULTS In pedigrees with an IHH proband, the proband's variant was shared by 53% (10/19) of DP family members vs 12% (4/33) of unaffected family members (P = .003). In DP subjects with no family history of IHH, 14% (8/56) had potentially pathogenic variants in IHH genes vs 5.6% (1 907/33 855) of controls (P = .01). Potentially pathogenic variants were found in multiple DP subjects for the genes IL17RD and TAC3. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that variants in IHH genes can contribute to the pathogenesis of self-limited DP. Thus, at least in some cases, self-limited DP shares an underlying pathophysiology with IHH.
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395
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Day FR, Perry JRB, Ong KK. Genetic Regulation of Puberty Timing in Humans. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:247-255. [PMID: 25968239 PMCID: PMC6309186 DOI: 10.1159/000431023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of puberty timing has relevance to developmental and human biology and to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent large-scale genome-wide association studies on puberty timing and adult height, body mass index (BMI) and central body shape provide evidence for shared biological mechanisms that regulate these traits. There is a substantial genetic overlap between age at menarche in women and BMI, with almost invariable directional consistency with the epidemiological associations between earlier menarche and higher BMI. By contrast, the genetic loci identified for age at menarche are largely distinct from those identified for central body shape, while alleles that confer earlier menarche can be associated with taller or shorter adult height. The findings of population-based studies on age at menarche show increasing relevance for other studies of rare monogenic disorders and enrich our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the timing of puberty and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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396
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Oldehinkel AJ, Rosmalen JG, Buitelaar JK, Hoek HW, Ormel J, Raven D, Reijneveld SA, Veenstra R, Verhulst FC, Vollebergh WA, Hartman CA. Cohort Profile Update: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:76-76n. [PMID: 25431468 PMCID: PMC4339762 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAILS consists of a population cohort (N = 2230) and a clinical cohort (N = 543), both of which were followed from about age 11 years onwards. To date, the population cohort has been assessed five times over a period of 11 years, with retention rates ranging between 80% and 96%. The clinical cohort has been assessed four times over a period of 8 years, with retention rates ranging between 77% and 85%. Since the IJE published a cohort profile on the TRAILS in 2008, the participants have matured from adolescents into young adults. The focus shifted from parents and school to entry into the labour market and family formation, including offspring. Furthermore, psychiatric diagnostic interviews were administered, the database was linked to a Psychiatric Case Registry, and the availability of genome-wide SNP variations opened the door to genome-wide association studies regarding a wide range of (endo)phenotypes. With some delay, TRAILS data are available to researchers outside the TRAILS consortium without costs; access can be obtained by submitting a publication proposal (see www.trails.nl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Gm Rosmalen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Hoek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Raven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Am Vollebergh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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397
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Hagen CP, Sørensen K, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Mieritz MG, Tinggaard J, Wohlfart-Veje C, Petersen JH, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Almstrup K, Juul A. Pubertal onset in girls is strongly influenced by genetic variation affecting FSH action. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6412. [PMID: 25231187 PMCID: PMC4166707 DOI: 10.1038/srep06412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at pubertal onset varies substantially in healthy girls. Although genetic factors are responsible for more than half of the phenotypic variation, only a small part has been attributed to specific genetic polymorphisms identified so far. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estradiol synthesis which is responsible for breast development. We assessed the effect of three polymorphisms influencing FSH action on age at breast deveopment in a population-based cohort of 964 healthy girls. Girls homozygous for FSHR -29AA (reduced FSH receptor expression) entered puberty 7.4 (2.5–12.4) months later than carriers of the common variants FSHR -29GG+GA, p = 0.003. To our knowledge, this is the strongest genetic effect on age at pubertal onset in girls published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper P Hagen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Sørensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Mouritsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel G Mieritz
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Tinggaard
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Wohlfart-Veje
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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