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Hok S, Allasia V, Andrio E, Naessens E, Ribes E, Panabières F, Attard A, Ris N, Clément M, Barlet X, Marco Y, Grill E, Eichmann R, Weis C, Hückelhoven R, Ammon A, Ludwig-Müller J, Voll LM, Keller H. The receptor kinase IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 attenuates abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1506-18. [PMID: 25274985 PMCID: PMC4226379 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, membrane-bound receptor kinases are essential for developmental processes, immune responses to pathogens and the establishment of symbiosis. We previously identified the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) receptor kinase IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (IOS1) as required for successful infection with the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. We report here that IOS1 is also required for full susceptibility of Arabidopsis to unrelated (hemi)biotrophic filamentous oomycete and fungal pathogens. Impaired susceptibility in the absence of IOS1 appeared to be independent of plant defense mechanism. Instead, we found that ios1-1 plants were hypersensitive to the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), displaying enhanced ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, root elongation, and stomatal opening. These findings suggest that IOS1 negatively regulates ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. The expression of ABA-sensitive COLD REGULATED and RESISTANCE TO DESICCATION genes was diminished in Arabidopsis during infection. This effect on ABA signaling was alleviated in the ios1-1 mutant background. Accordingly, ABA-insensitive and ABA-hypersensitive mutants were more susceptible and resistant to oomycete infection, respectively, showing that the intensity of ABA signaling affects the outcome of downy mildew disease. Taken together, our findings suggest that filamentous (hemi)biotrophs attenuate ABA signaling in Arabidopsis during the infection process and that IOS1 participates in this pathogen-mediated reprogramming of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hok
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Valérie Allasia
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Emilie Andrio
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Elodie Naessens
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Elsa Ribes
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Franck Panabières
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Agnès Attard
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Nicolas Ris
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Mathilde Clément
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Yves Marco
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Erwin Grill
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Corina Weis
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Alexandra Ammon
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Lars M Voll
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
| | - Harald Keller
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1355 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France (S.H., V.A., E.A., E.N., E.R., F.P., Ag.A., N.R., H.K.);Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (M.C.);Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (X.B., Y.M.);Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Botanik (E.G.) and Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie (R.E., C.W., R.H.), 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.); andFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (Al.A., L.M.V.)
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Tateda C, Zhang Z, Shrestha J, Jelenska J, Chinchilla D, Greenberg JT. Salicylic acid regulates Arabidopsis microbial pattern receptor kinase levels and signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4171-87. [PMID: 25315322 PMCID: PMC4247590 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.131938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are mediated by cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and include the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, callose deposition in the cell wall, and the generation of the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA). SA acts in a positive feedback loop with ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6 (ACD6), a membrane protein that contributes to immunity. This work shows that PRRs associate with and are part of the ACD6/SA feedback loop. ACD6 positively regulates the abundance of several PRRs and affects the responsiveness of plants to two PAMPs. SA accumulation also causes increased levels of PRRs and potentiates the responsiveness of plants to PAMPs. Finally, SA induces PRR- and ACD6-dependent signaling to induce callose deposition independent of the presence of PAMPs. This PAMP-independent effect of SA causes a transient reduction of PRRs and ACD6-dependent reduced responsiveness to PAMPs. Thus, SA has a dynamic effect on the regulation and function of PRRs. Within a few hours, SA signaling promotes defenses and downregulates PRRs, whereas later (within 24 to 48 h) SA signaling upregulates PRRs, and plants are rendered more responsive to PAMPs. These results implicate multiple modes of signaling for PRRs in response to PAMPs and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Tateda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Zhongqin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jay Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Joanna Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean T Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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403
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Gurung S, Mamidi S, Bonman JM, Xiong M, Brown-Guedira G, Adhikari TB. Genome-wide association study reveals novel quantitative trait Loci associated with resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases of spring wheat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108179. [PMID: 25268502 PMCID: PMC4182470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated wheat development and deployment of high-yielding, climate resilient, and disease resistant cultivars can contribute to enhanced food security and sustainable intensification. To facilitate gene discovery, we assembled an association mapping panel of 528 spring wheat landraces of diverse geographic origin for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). All accessions were genotyped using an Illumina Infinium 9K wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and 4781 polymorphic SNPs were used for analysis. To identify loci underlying resistance to the major leaf spot diseases and to better understand the genomic patterns, we quantified population structure, allelic diversity, and linkage disequilibrium. Our results showed 32 loci were significantly associated with resistance to the major leaf spot diseases. Further analysis identified QTL effective against major leaf spot diseases of wheat which appeared to be novel and others that were previously identified by association analysis using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and bi-parental mapping. In addition, several identified SNPs co-localized with genes that have been implicated in plant disease resistance. Future work could aim to select the putative novel loci and pyramid them in locally adapted wheat cultivars to develop broad-spectrum resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases of wheat via marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Gurung
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, California, United States of America
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Bonman
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Mai Xiong
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gina Brown-Guedira
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Center for Integrated Pest Management and Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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404
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Weng K, Li ZQ, Liu RQ, Wang L, Wang YJ, Xu Y. Transcriptome of Erysiphe necator-infected Vitis pseudoreticulata leaves provides insight into grapevine resistance to powdery mildew. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14049. [PMID: 26504551 PMCID: PMC4596327 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM), which is caused by the pathogen Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burr., is the single most damaging disease of cultivated grapes (Vitis vinifera) worldwide. However, little is known about the transcriptional response of grapes to infection with PM. RNA-seq analysis was used for deep sequencing of the leaf transcriptome to study PM resistance in Chinese wild grapes (V. pseudoreticulata Baihe 35-1) to better understand the interaction between host and pathogen. Greater than 100 million (M) 90-nt cDNA reads were sequenced from a cDNA library derived from PM-infected leaves. Among the sequences obtained, 6541 genes were differentially expressed (DEG) and were annotated with Gene Ontology terms and by pathway enrichment. The significant categories that were identified included the following: defense, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) responses; systemic acquired resistance (SAR); hypersensitive response; plant-pathogen interaction; flavonoid biosynthesis; and plant hormone signal transduction. Various putative secretory proteins were identified, indicating potential defense responses to PM infection. In all, 318 putative R-genes and 183 putative secreted proteins were identified, including the defense-related R-genes BAK1, MRH1 and MLO3 and the defense-related secreted proteins GLP and PR5. The expression patterns of 16 genes were further illuminated by RT-qPCR. The present study identified several candidate genes and pathways that may contribute to PM resistance in grapes and illustrated that RNA-seq is a powerful tool for studying gene expression. The RT-qPCR results reveal that effective resistance responses of grapes to PM include enhancement of JA and SAR responses and accumulation of phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhi-Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yue-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, shanxi 712100, China.
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405
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Vaahtera L, Brosché M, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjärvi J. Specificity in ROS signaling and transcript signatures. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1422-41. [PMID: 24180661 PMCID: PMC4158988 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS), important signaling molecules in plants, are involved in developmental control and stress adaptation. ROS production can trigger broad transcriptional changes; however, it is not clear how specificity in transcriptional regulation is achieved. RECENT ADVANCES A large collection of public transcriptome data from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is available for analysis. These data can be used for the analysis of biological processes that are associated with ROS signaling and for the identification of suitable transcriptional indicators. Several online tools, such as Genevestigator and Expression Angler, have simplified the task to analyze, interpret, and visualize this wealth of data. CRITICAL ISSUES The analysis of the exact transcriptional responses to ROS requires the production of specific ROS in distinct subcellular compartments with precise timing, which is experimentally difficult. Analyses are further complicated by the effect of ROS production in one subcellular location on the ROS accumulation in other compartments. In addition, even subtle differences in the method of ROS production or treatment can lead to significantly different outcomes when various stimuli are compared. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the difficulty of inducing ROS production specifically with regard to ROS type, subcellular localization, and timing, we propose that the concept of a "ROS marker gene" should be re-evaluated. We suggest guidelines for the analysis of transcriptional data in ROS signaling. The use of "ROS signatures," which consist of a set of genes that together can show characteristic and indicative responses, should be preferred over the use of individual marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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406
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Maintz J, Cavdar M, Tamborski J, Kwaaitaal M, Huisman R, Meesters C, Kombrink E, Panstruga R. Comparative Analysis of MAMP-induced Calcium Influx in Arabidopsis Seedlings and Protoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1813-25. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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407
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Maierhofer T, Diekmann M, Offenborn JN, Lind C, Bauer H, Hashimoto K, S. Al-Rasheid KA, Luan S, Kudla J, Geiger D, Hedrich R. Site- and kinase-specific phosphorylation-mediated activation of SLAC1, a guard cell anion channel stimulated by abscisic acid. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra86. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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408
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Hou S, Wang X, Chen D, Yang X, Wang M, Turrà D, Di Pietro A, Zhang W. The secreted peptide PIP1 amplifies immunity through receptor-like kinase 7. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004331. [PMID: 25188390 PMCID: PMC4154866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, innate immune responses are initiated by plasma membrane-located pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon recognition of elicitors, including exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces more than 1000 secreted peptide candidates, but it has yet to be established whether any of these act as elicitors. Here we identified an A. thaliana gene family encoding precursors of PAMP-induced secreted peptides (prePIPs) through an in-silico approach. The expression of some members of the family, including prePIP1 and prePIP2, is induced by a variety of pathogens and elicitors. Subcellular localization and proteolytic processing analyses demonstrated that the prePIP1 product is secreted into extracellular spaces where it is cleaved at the C-terminus. Overexpression of prePIP1 and prePIP2, or exogenous application of PIP1 and PIP2 synthetic peptides corresponding to the C-terminal conserved regions in prePIP1 and prePIP2, enhanced immune responses and pathogen resistance in A. thaliana. Genetic and biochemical analyses suggested that the receptor-like kinase 7 (RLK7) functions as a receptor of PIP1. Once perceived by RLK7, PIP1 initiates overlapping and distinct immune signaling responses together with the DAMP PEP1. PIP1 and PEP1 cooperate in amplifying the immune responses triggered by the PAMP flagellin. Collectively, these studies provide significant insights into immune modulation by Arabidopsis endogenous secreted peptides. Both animals and plants have evolved mechanisms to trigger innate immunity through perception of exogenous and endogenous molecules. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, endogenous molecules such as the peptide elicitor PEP1 activate the immune response by means of cell surface-located receptors. Here we describe a new gene family in A. thaliana named prePIPs, whose members encode secreted peptide precursors, and show that one of its members, prePIP1, is secreted into extracellular space and cleaved at the C-terminus. Exogenous application of PIP1, the synthetic 13-amino acid peptide corresponding to the conserved C-terminal region of prePIP1, triggered immune responses and led to enhanced pathogen resistance in A. thaliana. We further provide evidence showing that PIP1 signals via the receptor-like kinase 7 (RLK7) and employs both shared and distinct components with the PEP1 signaling pathway. Both PIP1 and PEP1 cooperatively amplify the immune response triggered by flg22, the active epitope of bacterial flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Donghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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409
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Li B, Lu D, Shan L. Ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:737-746. [PMID: 25275148 PMCID: PMC4183980 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen invasion. The activation of PRRs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. Protein post-translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss the specific regulation of PRR activation and signalling by protein ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation, with a particular focus on the bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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410
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McLachlan DH, Kopischke M, Robatzek S. Gate control: guard cell regulation by microbial stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1049-1063. [PMID: 25040778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically increase and decrease their volume to control the pore size in response to environmental cues. Stresses can trigger similar or opposing movements: for example, drought induces closure of stomata, whereas many pathogens exploit stomata and cause them to open to facilitate entry into plant tissues. The latter is an active process as stomatal closure is part of the plant's immune response. Stomatal research has contributed much to clarify the signalling pathways of abiotic stress, but guard cell signalling in response to microbes is a relatively new area of research. In this article, we discuss present knowledge of stomatal regulation in response to microbes and highlight common points of convergence, and differences, compared to stomatal regulation by abiotic stresses. We also expand on the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate these processes to promote disease, for example by delivering effectors to inhibit closure or trigger opening of stomata. The study of pathogen effectors in stomatal manipulation will aid our understanding of guard cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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411
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Ronzier E, Corratgé-Faillie C, Sanchez F, Prado K, Brière C, Leonhardt N, Thibaud JB, Xiong TC. CPK13, a noncanonical Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, specifically inhibits KAT2 and KAT1 shaker K+ channels and reduces stomatal opening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:314-26. [PMID: 25037208 PMCID: PMC4149717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2) (+)-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) form a large family of 34 genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Based on their dependence on Ca(2+), CPKs can be sorted into three types: strictly Ca(2+)-dependent CPKs, Ca(2+)-stimulated CPKs (with a significant basal activity in the absence of Ca(2+)), and essentially calcium-insensitive CPKs. Here, we report on the third type of CPK, CPK13, which is expressed in guard cells but whose role is still unknown. We confirm the expression of CPK13 in Arabidopsis guard cells, and we show that its overexpression inhibits light-induced stomatal opening. We combine several approaches to identify a guard cell-expressed target. We provide evidence that CPK13 (1) specifically phosphorylates peptide arrays featuring Arabidopsis K(+) Channel KAT2 and KAT1 polypeptides, (2) inhibits KAT2 and/or KAT1 when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and (3) closely interacts in plant cells with KAT2 channels (Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy). We propose that CPK13 reduces stomatal aperture through its inhibition of the guard cell-expressed KAT2 and KAT1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ronzier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Claire Corratgé-Faillie
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Frédéric Sanchez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Karine Prado
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Christian Brière
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thibaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
| | - Tou Cheu Xiong
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 386, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, SupAgro, and Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France (E.R., C.C.-F., F.S., K.P., J.-B.T., T.C.X.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.);Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Boite Postale 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.B.); andLaboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille II, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 St. Paul Lez Durance, France (N.L.)
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Romeis T, Herde M. From local to global: CDPKs in systemic defense signaling upon microbial and herbivore attack. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1-10. [PMID: 24681995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are multifunctional proteins in which a calmodulin-like calcium-sensor and a protein kinase effector domain are combined in one molecule. Not surprisingly, CDPKs were primarily recognized as signaling mediators, which perceive rapid intracellular changes of Ca(2+) ion concentration, for example triggered by environmental stress cues, and relay them into specific phosphorylation events to induce further downstream stress responses. In the context of both, plant exposure to biotrophic pathogens-derived signals as well as plant attack by herbivores and wounding, CDPKs were shown to undergo rapid biochemical activation within seconds to minutes after stimulation and to induce local defence-responses including respective changes in gene expression patterns. In addition, CDPK function was correlated with the control of either salicylic acid-mediated or jasmonic acid-mediated phytohormone signaling pathways, mediating long term resistance to either biotrophic bacterial pathogens or herbivores also in distal parts of a plant. It has long been unclear how an individual enzyme can affect both rapid local as well as long-term distal immune responses. Here, we discuss recently raised topics from the field of CDPK research, in particular with a view on the identification of in vivo phosphorylation targets, which provide first mechanistic insights into the dual role of these enzymes: On the one hand as component of a self-activating circuit responsible for rapid plasma-membrane anchored cell-to-cell signal propagation from local to distal plant sites. On the other hand as nuclear-located regulators of transcription factor activity. Finally, we will highlight the dual function of calcium sensors in plasma-membrane/calcium-mediated signal propagation and in phytohormone signaling-dependent systemic resistance in immune responses to both, bacterial pathogens and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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414
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Chen CW, Panzeri D, Yeh YH, Kadota Y, Huang PY, Tao CN, Roux M, Chien SC, Chin TC, Chu PW, Zipfel C, Zimmerli L. The Arabidopsis malectin-like leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase IOS1 associates with the pattern recognition receptors FLS2 and EFR and is critical for priming of pattern-triggered immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3201-19. [PMID: 25070640 PMCID: PMC4145141 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors such as FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate the first layer of plant immunity termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). A reverse genetics approach with genes responsive to the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) revealed IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (IOS1) as a critical PTI player. Arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Accordingly, ios1 mutants demonstrated defective PTI responses, notably delayed upregulation of PTI marker genes, lower callose deposition, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities upon bacterial infection or MAMP treatment. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing IOS1 were more resistant to P. syringae and demonstrated a primed PTI response. In vitro pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analyses supported the existence of complexes between the membrane-localized IOS1 and FLS2 and EFR. IOS1 also associated with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) in a ligand-independent manner and positively regulated FLS2/BAK1 complex formation upon MAMP treatment. Finally, ios1 mutants were defective in BABA-induced resistance and priming. This work reveals IOS1 as a regulatory protein of FLS2- and EFR-mediated signaling that primes PTI activation upon bacterial elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Dario Panzeri
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Pin-Yao Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Nan Tao
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Milena Roux
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Shiao-Chiao Chien
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Chin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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415
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Xie K, Chen J, Wang Q, Yang Y. Direct phosphorylation and activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase by a calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3077-89. [PMID: 25035404 PMCID: PMC4145133 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a pivotal point of convergence for many signaling pathways in eukaryotes. In the classical MAPK cascade, a signal is transmitted via sequential phosphorylation and activation of MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase (MKK), and MAPK. The activation of MAPK is dependent on dual phosphorylation of a TXY motif by an MKK, which is considered the sole kinase to phosphorylate and activate MAPK. Here, we report a novel regulatory mechanism of MAPK phosphorylation and activation besides the canonical MAPK cascade. A rice (Oryza sativa) calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), CPK18, was identified as an upstream kinase of MAPK (MPK5) in vitro and in vivo. Curiously, CPK18 was shown to phosphorylate and activate MPK5 without affecting the phosphorylation of its TXY motif. Instead, CPK18 was found to predominantly phosphorylate two Thr residues (Thr-14 and Thr-32) that are widely conserved in MAPKs from land plants. Further analyses reveal that the newly identified CPK18-MPK5 pathway represses defense gene expression and negatively regulates rice blast resistance. Our results suggest that land plants have evolved an MKK-independent phosphorylation pathway that directly connects calcium signaling to the MAPK machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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416
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Pecher P, Eschen-Lippold L, Herklotz S, Kuhle K, Naumann K, Bethke G, Uhrig J, Weyhe M, Scheel D, Lee J. The Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 target a subclass of 'VQ-motif'-containing proteins to regulate immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:592-606. [PMID: 24750137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play key roles in plant immune signalling, and elucidating their regulatory functions requires the identification of the pathway-specific substrates. We used yeast two-hybrid interaction screens, in vitro kinase assays and mass spectrometry-based phosphosite mapping to study a family of MAPK substrates. Site-directed mutagenesis and promoter-reporter fusion studies were performed to evaluate the impact of substrate phosphorylation on downstream signalling. A subset of the Arabidopsis thaliana VQ-motif-containing proteins (VQPs) were phosphorylated by the MAPKs MPK3 and MPK6, and renamed MPK3/6-targeted VQPs (MVQs). When plant protoplasts (expressing these MVQs) were treated with the flagellin-derived peptide flg22, several MVQs were destabilized in vivo. The MVQs interact with specific WRKY transcription factors. Detailed analysis of a representative member of the MVQ subset, MVQ1, indicated a negative role in WRKY-mediated defence gene expression - with mutation of the VQ-motif abrogating WRKY binding and causing mis-regulation of defence gene expression. We postulate the existence of a variety of WRKY-VQP-containing transcriptional regulatory protein complexes that depend on spatio-temporal VQP and WRKY expression patterns. Defence gene transcription can be modulated by changing the composition of these complexes - in part - through MAPK-mediated VQP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pecher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Siska Herklotz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Katja Kuhle
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Kai Naumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerit Bethke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Joachim Uhrig
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Weyhe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
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417
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Savatin DV, Bisceglia NG, Marti L, Fabbri C, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. The Arabidopsis NUCLEUS- AND PHRAGMOPLAST-LOCALIZED KINASE1-Related Protein Kinases Are Required for Elicitor-Induced Oxidative Burst and Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1188-1202. [PMID: 24812107 PMCID: PMC4081331 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is activated through complex and cross-talking transduction pathways that include a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation cascade. Here, we have investigated the role in immunity of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene subfamily that encodes the mitogen-activated protein triple kinases indicated as ARABIDOPSIS NUCLEUS- AND PHRAGMOPLAST-LOCALIZED KINASE1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (ANP1), ANP2, and ANP3. For this study, we used representative danger signals (elicitors) belonging to the classes of the damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, i.e. oligogalacturonides, linear fragments derived from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, and the peptide elf18 derived from the bacterial elongation factor thermo-unstable. Analyses of single and double as well as conditional triple mutants show that ANPs are required for elicitor-triggered defense responses and protection against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Notably, ANPs are also required for both the elicitor-induced oxidative burst and the transduction of the hydrogen peroxide signal but not for the inhibition of auxin-induced gene expression, indicating that this response can be uncoupled from the activation of defense responses. Our findings point to ANPs as key transduction elements that coordinate damage- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and orchestrate reactive oxygen species accumulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Valentin Savatin
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nora Gigli Bisceglia
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Marti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabbri
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione "Cenci Bolognetti," Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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418
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Frei dit Frey N, Garcia AV, Bigeard J, Zaag R, Bueso E, Garmier M, Pateyron S, de Tauzia-Moreau ML, Brunaud V, Balzergue S, Colcombet J, Aubourg S, Martin-Magniette ML, Hirt H. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis immune-related MAPKs uncovers a role for MPK3 as negative regulator of inducible defences. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R87. [PMID: 24980080 PMCID: PMC4197828 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of immune responses in animals and plants. In Arabidopsis, perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) activates the MAPKs MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. Increasing information depicts the molecular events activated by MAMPs in plants, but the specific and cooperative contributions of the MAPKs in these signalling events are largely unclear. RESULTS In this work, we analyse the behaviour of MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 mutants in early and late immune responses triggered by the MAMP flg22 from bacterial flagellin. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals that 36% of the flg22-upregulated genes and 68% of the flg22-downregulated genes are affected in at least one MAPK mutant. So far MPK4 was considered as a negative regulator of immunity, whereas MPK3 and MPK6 were believed to play partially redundant positive functions in defence. Our work reveals that MPK4 is required for the regulation of approximately 50% of flg22-induced genes and we identify a negative role for MPK3 in regulating defence gene expression, flg22-induced salicylic acid accumulation and disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Among the MAPK-dependent genes, 27% of flg22-upregulated genes and 76% of flg22-downregulated genes require two or three MAPKs for their regulation. The flg22-induced MAPK activities are differentially regulated in MPK3 and MPK6 mutants, both in amplitude and duration, revealing a highly interdependent network. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a new set of distinct functions for MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 and indicate that the plant immune signalling network is choreographed through the interplay of these three interwoven MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Frei dit Frey
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
- Present address: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), UMR 5546, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge B.P. 42617 Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Ana Victoria Garcia
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Rim Zaag
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Eduardo Bueso
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes (IBP), CNRS-Université Paris-Sud - UMR 8618 - Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, Cedex 91405, France
| | - Stéphanie Pateyron
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), Plateforme Transcriptome, UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Marie-Ludivine de Tauzia-Moreau
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), Plateforme Transcriptome, UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 518 MIA, Paris 75005, France
- INRA, UMR 518 MIA, Paris 75005, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196 - Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry 91057, France
- Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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419
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Campos ML, Kang JH, Howe GA. Jasmonate-triggered plant immunity. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:657-75. [PMID: 24973116 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated organisms, ranging from microbial pathogens to vertebrate herbivores. The underlying mechanism of JA-triggered immunity (JATI) can be conceptualized as a multi-stage signal transduction cascade involving: i) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that couple the perception of danger signals to rapid synthesis of bioactive JA; ii) an evolutionarily conserved JA signaling module that links fluctuating JA levels to changes in the abundance of transcriptional repressor proteins; and iii) activation (de-repression) of transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of myriad chemical and morphological defense traits. Multiple negative feedback loops act in concert to restrain the duration and amplitude of defense responses, presumably to mitigate potential fitness costs of JATI. The convergence of diverse plant- and non-plant-derived signals on the core JA module indicates that JATI is a general response to perceived danger. However, the modular structure of JATI may accommodate attacker-specific defense responses through evolutionary innovation of PRRs (inputs) and defense traits (outputs). The efficacy of JATI as a defense strategy is highlighted by its capacity to shape natural populations of plant attackers, as well as the propensity of plant-associated organisms to subvert or otherwise manipulate JA signaling. As both a cellular hub for integrating informational cues from the environment and a common target of pathogen effectors, the core JA module provides a focal point for understanding immune system networks and the evolution of chemical diversity in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Campos
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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420
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Singh P, Yekondi S, Chen PW, Tsai CH, Yu CW, Wu K, Zimmerli L. Environmental History Modulates Arabidopsis Pattern-Triggered Immunity in a HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1-Dependent Manner. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2676-2688. [PMID: 24963055 PMCID: PMC4114959 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are exposed to a fluctuating environment, and individuals exposed to contrasting environmental factors develop different environmental histories. Whether different environmental histories alter plant responses to a current stress remains elusive. Here, we show that environmental history modulates the plant response to microbial pathogens. Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to repetitive heat, cold, or salt stress were more resistant to virulent bacteria than Arabidopsis grown in a more stable environment. By contrast, long-term exposure to heat, cold, or exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not provide enhanced protection against bacteria. Enhanced resistance occurred with priming of Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-responsive genes and the potentiation of PTI-mediated callose deposition. In repetitively stress-challenged Arabidopsis, PTI-responsive genes showed enrichment for epigenetic marks associated with transcriptional activation. Upon bacterial infection, enrichment of RNA polymerase II at primed PTI marker genes was observed in environmentally challenged Arabidopsis. Finally, repetitively stress-challenged histone acetyltransferase1-1 (hac1-1) mutants failed to demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacteria, priming of PTI, and increased open chromatin states. These findings reveal that environmental history shapes the plant response to bacteria through the development of a HAC1-dependent epigenetic mark characteristic of a primed PTI response, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the primed state in plants and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Singh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hong Tsai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Yu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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421
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Kissoudis C, van de Wiel C, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:207. [PMID: 24904607 PMCID: PMC4032886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. Omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Taking into account that most data originate from imposition of individual stress factors, this review summarizes these findings in a physiological context, following the pathogenesis timeline and highlighting potential differential interactions occurring between abiotic and biotic stress signaling across the different cellular compartments and at the whole plant level. Potential effects of abiotic stress on resistance components such as extracellular receptor proteins, R-genes and systemic acquired resistance will be elaborated, as well as crosstalk at the levels of hormone, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling. Breeding targets and strategies are proposed focusing on either manipulation and deployment of individual common regulators such as transcription factors or pyramiding of non- (negatively) interacting components such as R-genes with abiotic stress resistance genes. We propose that dissection of broad spectrum stress tolerance conferred by priming chemicals may provide an insight on stress cross regulation and additional candidate genes for improving crop performance under combined stress. Validation of the proposed strategies in lab and field experiments is a first step toward the goal of achieving tolerance to combinatorial stress in crops.
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422
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Zhao C, Nie H, Shen Q, Zhang S, Lukowitz W, Tang D. EDR1 physically interacts with MKK4/MKK5 and negatively regulates a MAP kinase cascade to modulate plant innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004389. [PMID: 24830651 PMCID: PMC4022593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades play important roles in the regulation of plant defense. The Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) EDR1 negatively regulates plant defense responses and cell death. However, how EDR1 functions, and whether it affects the regulation of MAPK cascades, are not well understood. Here, we showed that EDR1 negatively regulates the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 kinase cascade in Arabidopsis. We found that edr1 mutants have highly activated MPK3/MPK6 kinase activity and higher levels of MPK3/MPK6 proteins than wild type. EDR1 physically interacts with MKK4 and MKK5, and this interaction requires the N-terminal domain of EDR1. EDR1 also negatively affects MKK4/MKK5 protein levels. In addition, the mpk3, mkk4 and mkk5 mutations suppress edr1-mediated resistance, and over-expression of MKK4 or MKK5 causes edr1-like resistance and mildew-induced cell death. Taken together, our data indicate that EDR1 physically associates with MKK4/MKK5 and negatively regulates the MAPK cascade to fine-tune plant innate immunity. Plant immunity must be tightly regulated, as over- or constitutive activation of plant defenses can cause detrimental effects, such as dwarf stature and enhanced cell death. EDR1, a Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase, negatively regulates defenses in Arabidopsis. The highly conserved MAPK cascades modulate diverse biological processes, including plant immunity. However, whether EDR1 affects the regulation of one of the MAPK pathways was not previously known. Here, we show that EDR1 physically associates with MKK4 and MKK5, two MAP kinase kinases, and negatively regulates the protein levels of MKK4, MKK5, MPK3 and MPK6. We further show that edr1-mediated disease resistance requires MKK4, MKK5 and MPK3 function. Over-expression of MKK4 or MKK5 in wild-type increased resistance to powdery mildew and caused mildew-induced cell death. Our study suggests that EDR1 negatively regulates defenses and directly modulates the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 cascade to fine-tune plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Malinovsky FG, Fangel JU, Willats WGT. The role of the cell wall in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:178. [PMID: 24834069 PMCID: PMC4018530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often co-dependent. A primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell walls whilst avoiding detection by the plant's immune receptors. While some receptors sense conserved microbial features, others monitor physical changes caused by an infection attempt. Detection of microbes leads to activation of appropriate defense responses that then challenge the attack. Plant cell walls are formidable and dynamic barriers. They are constructed primarily of complex carbohydrates joined by numerous distinct connection types, and are subject to extensive post-synthetic modification to suit prevailing local requirements. Multiple changes can be triggered in cell walls in response to microbial attack. Some of these are well described, but many remain obscure. The study of the myriad of subtle processes underlying cell wall modification poses special challenges for plant glycobiology. In this review we describe the major molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cell walls in plant defense against pathogen attack. In so doing, we also highlight some of the challenges inherent in studying these interactions, and briefly describe the analytical potential of molecular probes used in conjunction with carbohydrate microarray technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke G. Malinovsky
- DNRF Center DynaMo and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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424
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Cheng C, Gao X, Feng B, Sheen J, Shan L, He P. Plant immune response to pathogens differs with changing temperatures. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2530. [PMID: 24067909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature fluctuation is a key determinant for microbial invasion and host evasion. In contrast to mammals that maintain constant body temperature, plant temperature oscillates on a daily basis. It remains elusive how plants operate inducible defenses in response to temperature fluctuation. Here we report that ambient temperature changes lead to pronounced shifts of the following two distinct plant immune responses: pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plants preferentially activate ETI signaling at relatively low temperatures (10-23 °C), whereas they switch to PTI signaling at moderately elevated temperatures (23-32 °C). The Arabidopsis arp6 and hta9hta11 mutants, phenocopying plants grown at elevated temperatures, exhibit enhanced PTI and yet reduced ETI responses. As the secretion of bacterial effectors favours low temperatures, whereas bacteria multiply vigorously at elevated temperatures accompanied with increased microbe-associated molecular pattern production, our findings suggest that temperature oscillation might have driven dynamic co-evolution of distinct plant immune signaling responding to pathogen physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA [2]
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425
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Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Stransfeld L, Asai S, Ntoukakis V, Jones JD, Shirasu K, Menke F, Jones A, Zipfel C. Direct regulation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by the PRR-associated kinase BIK1 during plant immunity. Mol Cell 2014; 54:43-55. [PMID: 24630626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst is a conserved signaling output in immunity across kingdoms. In plants, perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by hitherto unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that RBOHD exists in complex with the receptor kinases EFR and FLS2, which are the PRRs for bacterial EF-Tu and flagellin, respectively. The plasma-membrane-associated kinase BIK1, which is a direct substrate of the PRR complex, directly interacts with and phosphorylates RBOHD upon PAMP perception. BIK1 phosphorylates different residues than calcium-dependent protein kinases, and both PAMP-induced BIK1 activation and BIK1-mediated phosphorylation of RBOHD are calcium independent. Importantly, phosphorylation of these residues is critical for the PAMP-induced ROS burst and antibacterial immunity. Our study reveals a rapid regulatory mechanism of a plant RBOH, which occurs in parallel with and is essential for its paradigmatic calcium-based regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shuta Asai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan Dg Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Frank Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexandra Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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426
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Swatek KN, Wilson RS, Ahsan N, Tritz RL, Thelen JJ. Multisite phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins by calcium-dependent protein kinases. Biochem J 2014; 459:15-25. [PMID: 24438037 PMCID: PMC4127189 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant 14-3-3 proteins are phosphorylated at multiple sites in vivo; however, the protein kinase(s) responsible are unknown. Of the 34 CPK (calcium-dependent protein kinase) paralogues in Arabidopsis thaliana, three (CPK1, CPK24 and CPK28) contain a canonical 14-3-3-binding motif. These three, in addition to CPK3, CPK6 and CPK8, were tested for activity against recombinant 14-3-3 proteins χ and ε. Using an MS-based quantitative assay we demonstrate phosphorylation of 14-3-3 χ and ε at a total of seven sites, one of which is an in vivo site discovered in Arabidopsis. CPK autophosphorylation was also comprehensively monitored by MS and revealed a total of 45 sites among the six CPKs analysed, most of which were located within the N-terminal variable and catalytic domains. Among these CPK autophosphorylation sites was Tyr463 within the calcium-binding EF-hand domain of CPK28. Of all CPKs assayed, CPK28, which contained an autophosphorylation site (Ser43) within a canonical 14-3-3-binding motif, showed the highest activity against 14-3-3 proteins. Phosphomimetic mutagenesis of Ser72 to aspartate on 14-3-3χ, which is adjacent to the 14-3-3-binding cleft and conserved among all 14-3-3 isoforms, prevented 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of phosphorylated nitrate reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby N. Swatek
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Rashaun S. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca L. Tritz
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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427
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Garcia AV, Charrier A, Schikora A, Bigeard J, Pateyron S, de Tauzia-Moreau ML, Evrard A, Mithöfer A, Martin-Magniette ML, Virlogeux-Payant I, Hirt H. Salmonella enterica flagellin is recognized via FLS2 and activates PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:657-74. [PMID: 24198231 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. Recent evidence indicates that plants recognize S. enterica and raise defense responses. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction of S. enterica with plants are still largely unclear. Here, we show that flagellin from S. enterica represents a prominent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which induces PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) via the recognition of the flg22 domain by the receptor kinase FLS2. The Arabidopsis fls2 mutant shows reduced though not abolished PTI activation, indicating that plants rely also on recognition of other S. enterica PAMPs. Interestingly, the S. enterica type III secretion system (T3SS) mutant prgH- induced stronger defense gene expression than wild-type bacteria in Arabidopsis, suggesting that T3SS effectors are involved in defense suppression. Furthermore, we observe that S. enterica strains show variation in the flg22 epitope, which results in proteins with reduced PTI-inducing activity. Altogether, these results show that S. enterica activates PTI in Arabidopsis and suggest that, in order to accomplish plant colonization, S. enterica evolved strategies to avoid or suppress PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Garcia
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA/CNRS/Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, 91057 Evry, France
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Prince DC, Drurey C, Zipfel C, Hogenhout SA. The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 and the cytochrome P450 PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 contribute to innate immunity to aphids in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:2207-19. [PMID: 24586042 PMCID: PMC3982773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.235598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against microbial pathogens has been recently demonstrated. However, it is currently unclear if this layer of immunity mediated by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) also plays a role in basal resistance to insects, such as aphids. Here, we show that PTI is an important component of plant innate immunity to insects. Extract of the green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae) triggers responses characteristic of PTI in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two separate eliciting GPA-derived fractions trigger induced resistance to GPA that is dependent on the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC-EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3, which is a key regulator of several leucine-rich repeat-containing PRRs. BAK1 is required for GPA elicitor-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and callose deposition. Arabidopsis bak1 mutant plants are also compromised in immunity to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), for which Arabidopsis is normally a nonhost. Aphid-derived elicitors induce expression of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3), a key cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin, which is a major Arabidopsis phytoalexin that is toxic to GPA. PAD3 is also required for induced resistance to GPA, independently of BAK1 and reactive oxygen species production. Our results reveal that plant innate immunity to insects may involve early perception of elicitors by cell surface-localized PRRs, leading to subsequent downstream immune signaling.
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429
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Zhang H, Liu WZ, Zhang Y, Deng M, Niu F, Yang B, Wang X, Wang B, Liang W, Deyholos MK, Jiang YQ. Identification, expression and interaction analyses of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) genes in canola (Brassica napus L.). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:211. [PMID: 24646378 PMCID: PMC4000008 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil-producing crops in China and worldwide. The yield and quality of canola is frequently threatened by environmental stresses including drought, cold and high salinity. Calcium is a well-known ubiquitous intracellular secondary messenger in plants. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are Ser/Thr protein kinases found only in plants and some protozoans. CPKs are Ca2+ sensors that have both Ca2+ sensing function and kinase activity within a single protein and play crucial roles in plant development and responses to various environmental stresses. RESULTS In this study, we mined the available expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of B. napus and identified a total of 25 CPK genes, among which cDNA sequences of 23 genes were successfully cloned from a double haploid cultivar of canola. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that they could be clustered into four subgroups. The subcellular localization of five selected BnaCPKs was determined using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as the reporter. Furthermore, the expression levels of 21 BnaCPK genes in response to salt, drought, cold, heat, abscisic acid (ABA), low potassium (LK) and oxidative stress were studied by quantitative RT-PCR and were found to respond to multiple stimuli, suggesting that canola CPKs may be convergence points of different signaling pathways. We also identified and cloned five and eight Clade A basic leucine zipper (bZIP) and protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) genes from canola and, using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), determined the interaction between individual BnaCPKs and BnabZIPs or BnaPP2Cs (Clade A). We identified novel, interesting interaction partners for some of the BnaCPK proteins. CONCLUSION We present the sequences and characterization of CPK gene family members in canola for the first time. This work provides a foundation for further crop improvement and improved understanding of signal transduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wu-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Min Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Boya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wanwan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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430
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Rayapuram N, Bonhomme L, Bigeard J, Haddadou K, Przybylski C, Hirt H, Pflieger D. Identification of novel PAMP-triggered phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events in Arabidopsis thaliana by quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2137-51. [PMID: 24601666 DOI: 10.1021/pr401268v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling cascades rely strongly on protein kinase-mediated substrate phosphorylation. Currently a major challenge in signal transduction research is to obtain high confidence substrate phosphorylation sites and assign them to specific kinases. In response to bacterial flagellin, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), we searched for rapidly phosphorylated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining multistage activation (MSA) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation modes, which generate complementary spectra and identify phosphopeptide sites with increased reliability. Of a total of 825 phosphopeptides, we identified 58 to be differentially phosphorylated. These peptides harbor kinase motifs of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), as well as yet unknown protein kinases. Importantly, 12 of the phosphopeptides show reduced phosphorylation upon flagellin treatment. Since protein abundance levels did not change, these results indicate that flagellin induces not only various protein kinases but also protein phosphatases, even though a scenario of inhibited kinase activity may also be possible.
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431
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Gao X, Cox KL, He P. Functions of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANTS 2014; 3:160-76. [PMID: 27135498 PMCID: PMC4844305 DOI: 10.3390/plants3010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An increase of cytosolic Ca2+ is generated by diverse physiological stimuli and stresses, including pathogen attack. Plants have evolved two branches of the immune system to defend against pathogen infections. The primary innate immune response is triggered by the detection of evolutionarily conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), which is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). The second branch of plant innate immunity is triggered by the recognition of specific pathogen effector proteins and known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is essential in both plant PTI and ETI responses. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have emerged as important Ca2+ sensor proteins in transducing differential Ca2+ signatures, triggered by PAMPs or effectors and activating complex downstream responses. CDPKs directly transmit calcium signals by calcium binding to the elongation factor (EF)-hand domain at the C-terminus and substrate phosphorylation by the catalytic kinase domain at the N-terminus. Emerging evidence suggests that specific and overlapping CDPKs phosphorylate distinct substrates in PTI and ETI to regulate diverse plant immune responses, including production of reactive oxygen species, transcriptional reprogramming of immune genes, and the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kevin L Cox
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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432
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Trotta A, Rahikainen M, Konert G, Finazzi G, Kangasjärvi S. Signalling crosstalk in light stress and immune reactions in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130235. [PMID: 24591720 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of plants is tightly connected with the evolution of microbial pathogens and herbivores, which use photosynthetic end products as a source of life. In these interactions, plants, as the stationary party, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense, signal and respond to the presence of external stress agents. Chloroplasts are metabolically versatile organelles that carry out fundamental functions in determining appropriate immune reactions in plants. Besides photosynthesis, chloroplasts host key steps in the biosynthesis of amino acids, stress hormones and secondary metabolites, which have a great impact on resistance against pathogens and insect herbivores. Changes in chloroplast redox signalling pathways and reactive oxygen species metabolism also mediate local and systemic signals, which modulate plant resistance to light stress and disease. Moreover, interplay among chloroplastic signalling networks and plasma membrane receptor kinases is emerging as a key mechanism that modulates stress responses in plants. This review highlights the central role of chloroplasts in the signalling crosstalk that essentially determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, , Turku 20014, Finland
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433
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434
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Valmonte GR, Arthur K, Higgins CM, MacDiarmid RM. Calcium-dependent protein kinases in plants: evolution, expression and function. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:551-69. [PMID: 24363288 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are plant proteins that directly bind calcium ions before phosphorylating substrates involved in metabolism, osmosis, hormone response and stress signaling pathways. CPKs are a large multigene family of proteins that are present in all plants studied to date, as well as in protists, oomycetes and green algae, but are not found in animals and fungi. Despite the increasing evidence of the importance of CPKs in developmental and stress responses from various plants, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of CPKs from algae to higher plants has not been undertaken. This paper describes the evolution of CPKs from green algae to plants using a broadly sampled phylogenetic analysis and demonstrates the functional diversification of CPKs based on expression and functional studies in different plant species. Our findings reveal that CPK sequence diversification into four major groups occurred in parallel with the terrestrial transition of plants. Despite significant expansion of the CPK gene family during evolution from green algae to higher plants, there is a high level of sequence conservation among CPKs in all plant species. This sequence conservation results in very little correlation between CPK evolutionary groupings and functional diversity, making the search for CPK functional orthologs a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gardette R Valmonte
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
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435
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Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase complex BAK1/BIK1 mediates Arabidopsis innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3632-7. [PMID: 24532660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318817111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sessile plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to modulate diverse biological processes, including plant innate immunity. Phosphorylation of the RLK/RLCK complex constitutes an essential step to initiate immune signaling. Two Arabidopsis plasma membrane-resident RLKs, flagellin-sensing 2 and brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1), interact with RLCK Botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1) to initiate plant immune responses to bacterial flagellin. BAK1 directly phosphorylates BIK1 and positively regulates plant immunity. Classically defined as a serine/threonine kinase, BIK1 is shown here to possess tyrosine kinase activity with mass spectrometry, immunoblot, and genetic analyses. BIK1 is autophosphorylated at multiple tyrosine (Y) residues in addition to serine/threonine residues. Importantly, BAK1 is able to phosphorylate BIK1 at both tyrosine and serine/threonine residues. BIK1Y150 is likely catalytically important as the mutation blocks both tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase activity, whereas Y243 and Y250 are more specifically involved in tyrosine phosphorylation. The BIK1 tyrosine phosphorylation plays a crucial role in BIK1-mediated plant innate immunity as the transgenic plants carrying BIK1Y150F, Y243F, or Y250F (the mutation of tyrosine to phenylalanine) failed to complement the bik1 mutant deficiency in immunity. Our data indicate that plant RLCK BIK1 is a nonreceptor dual-specificity kinase and both tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase activities are required for its functions in plant immune signaling. Together with the previous finding of BAK1 to be autophosphorylated at tyrosine residues, our results unveiled the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade as a common regulatory mechanism that controls membrane-resident receptor signaling in plants and metazoans.
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436
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Hamel LP, Sheen J, Séguin A. Ancient signals: comparative genomics of green plant CDPKs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:79-89. [PMID: 24342084 PMCID: PMC3932502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are multifunctional proteins that combine calcium-binding and signaling capabilities within a single gene product. This unique versatility enables multiple plant biological processes to be controlled, including developmental programs and stress responses. The genome of flowering plants typically encodes around 30 CDPK homologs that cluster in four conserved clades. In this review, we take advantage of the recent availability of genome sequences from green algae and early land plants to examine how well the previously described CDPK family from angiosperms compares to the broader evolutionary states associated with early diverging green plant lineages. Our analysis suggests that the current architecture of the CDPK family was shaped during the colonization of the land by plants, whereas CDPKs from ancestor green algae have continued to evolve independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Hamel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.
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437
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Maldonado-Bonilla LD, Eschen-Lippold L, Gago-Zachert S, Tabassum N, Bauer N, Scheel D, Lee J. The Arabidopsis tandem zinc finger 9 protein binds RNA and mediates pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:412-25. [PMID: 24285750 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induces multiple defense mechanisms to limit pathogen growth. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana tandem zinc finger protein 9 (TZF9) is phosphorylated by PAMP-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and is required to trigger a full PAMP-triggered immune response. Analysis of a tzf9 mutant revealed attenuation in specific PAMP-triggered reactions such as reactive oxygen species accumulation, MAPK activation and, partially, the expression of several PAMP-responsive genes. In accordance with these weaker PAMP-triggered responses, tzf9 mutant plants exhibit enhanced susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Visualization of TZF9 localization by fusion to green fluorescent protein revealed cytoplasmic foci that co-localize with marker proteins of processing bodies (P-bodies). This localization pattern is affected by inhibitor treatments that limit mRNA availability (such as cycloheximide or actinomycin D) or block nuclear export (leptomycin B). Coupled with its ability to bind the ribohomopolymers poly(rU) and poly(rG), these results suggest involvement of TZF9 in post-transcriptional regulation, such as mRNA processing or storage pathways, to regulate plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D Maldonado-Bonilla
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
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438
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Gurung S, Mamidi S, Bonman JM, Xiong M, Brown-Guedira G, Adhikari TB. Genome-wide association study reveals novel quantitative trait Loci associated with resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases of spring wheat. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25268502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated wheat development and deployment of high-yielding, climate resilient, and disease resistant cultivars can contribute to enhanced food security and sustainable intensification. To facilitate gene discovery, we assembled an association mapping panel of 528 spring wheat landraces of diverse geographic origin for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). All accessions were genotyped using an Illumina Infinium 9K wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and 4781 polymorphic SNPs were used for analysis. To identify loci underlying resistance to the major leaf spot diseases and to better understand the genomic patterns, we quantified population structure, allelic diversity, and linkage disequilibrium. Our results showed 32 loci were significantly associated with resistance to the major leaf spot diseases. Further analysis identified QTL effective against major leaf spot diseases of wheat which appeared to be novel and others that were previously identified by association analysis using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and bi-parental mapping. In addition, several identified SNPs co-localized with genes that have been implicated in plant disease resistance. Future work could aim to select the putative novel loci and pyramid them in locally adapted wheat cultivars to develop broad-spectrum resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases of wheat via marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Gurung
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, California, United States of America
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - J Michael Bonman
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Mai Xiong
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gina Brown-Guedira
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tika B Adhikari
- Center for Integrated Pest Management and Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Henty-Ridilla JL, Li J, Day B, Staiger CJ. ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR4 regulates actin dynamics during innate immune signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:340-52. [PMID: 24464292 PMCID: PMC3963580 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically triggers rearrangements to actin cytoskeletal arrays during innate immune signaling. However, the signaling cascades linking PRR activation by MAMPs to cytoskeleton remodeling are not well characterized. Here, we developed a system to dissect, at high spatial and temporal resolution, the regulation of actin dynamics during innate immune signaling in plant cells. Within minutes of MAMP perception, we detected changes to single actin filament turnover in epidermal cells treated with bacterial and fungal MAMPs. These MAMP-induced alterations phenocopied an ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR4 (ADF4) knockout mutant. Moreover, actin arrays in the adf4 mutant were unresponsive to a bacterial MAMP, elf26, but responded normally to the fungal MAMP, chitin. Together, our data provide strong genetic and cytological evidence for the inhibition of ADF activity regulating actin remodeling during innate immune signaling. This work is the first to directly link an ADF/cofilin to the cytoskeletal rearrangements elicited directly after pathogen perception in plant or mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-6254
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
- The Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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440
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Savatin DV, Gramegna G, Modesti V, Cervone F. Wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:470. [PMID: 25278948 PMCID: PMC4165286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. Wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. Plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. The constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle or lignin, or by metabolites that act as toxins or deterrents for herbivores. Plants are also able to sense the injured tissue as an altered self and induce responses similar to those activated by pathogen infection. Endogenous molecules released from wounded tissue may act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate the plant innate immunity. Wound-induced responses are both rapid, such as the oxidative burst and the expression of defense-related genes, and late, such as the callose deposition, the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and of hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., chitinases and gluganases). Typical examples of DAMPs involved in the response to wounding are the peptide systemin, and the oligogalacturonides, which are oligosaccharides released from the pectic component of the cell wall. Responses to wounding take place both at the site of damage (local response) and systemically (systemic response) and are mediated by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Cervone
- *Correspondence: Felice Cervone, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza–University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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441
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Hung CY, Aspesi Jr P, Hunter MR, Lomax AW, Perera IY. Phosphoinositide-signaling is one component of a robust plant defense response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:267. [PMID: 24966862 PMCID: PMC4052902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide pathway and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) have been implicated in plant responses to many abiotic stresses; however, their role in response to biotic stress is not well characterized. In the current study, we show that both basal defense and systemic acquired resistance responses are affected in transgenic plants constitutively expressing the human type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (InsP 5-ptase) which have greatly reduced InsP3 levels. Flagellin induced Ca(2+)-release as well as the expressions of some flg22 responsive genes were attenuated in the InsP 5-ptase plants. Furthermore, the InsP 5-ptase plants were more susceptible to virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The InsP 5-ptase plants had lower basal salicylic acid (SA) levels and the induction of SAR in systemic leaves was reduced and delayed. Reciprocal exudate experiments showed that although the InsP 5-ptase plants produced equally effective molecules that could trigger PR-1 gene expression in wild type plants, exudates collected from either wild type or InsP 5-ptase plants triggered less PR-1 gene expression in InsP 5-ptase plants. Additionally, expression profiles indicated that several defense genes including PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, and AIG1 were basally down regulated in the InsP 5-ptase plants compared with wild type. Upon pathogen attack, expression of these genes was either not induced or showed delayed induction in systemic leaves. Our study shows that phosphoinositide signaling is one component of the plant defense network and is involved in both basal and systemic responses. The dampening of InsP3-mediated signaling affects Ca(2+) release, modulates defense gene expression and compromises plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Imara Y. Perera
- *Correspondence: Imara Y. Perera, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA e-mail:
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442
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Zhang L, Du L, Poovaiah B. Calcium signaling and biotic defense responses in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e973818. [PMID: 25482778 PMCID: PMC4623097 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.973818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) acts as an important second messenger in plant cells. Cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration in plant cells changes rapidly and dynamically in response to various endogenous or environmental cues. Elevation in calcium concentration in plant cells is an essential early event during plant defense responses. Alterations in the Ca(2+) concentration are sensed by Ca(2+)-binding proteins, including calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinases and calcineurin B-like proteins, which relay or decode the encoded Ca(2+) signals into specific cellular and physiological responses in order to survive challenges by pathogens. Genetic and functional studies have revealed that Ca(2+) signaling plays both positive and negative roles in regulating the establishment of defense responses. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that actions of Ca(2+)-mediated signaling could be regulated by other cell signaling systems such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system to mount precise and prompt plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Horticulture; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- Current Address: Department of Plant Pathology; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Liqun Du
- Department of Horticulture; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - B.W. Poovaiah
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Horticulture; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- Correspondence to: B.W. Poovaiah;
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443
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Rodríguez A, Shimada T, Cervera M, Alquézar B, Gadea J, Gómez-Cadenas A, De Ollas CJ, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L, Peña L. Terpene down-regulation triggers defense responses in transgenic orange leading to resistance against fungal pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:321-39. [PMID: 24192451 PMCID: PMC3875811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid volatiles are isoprene compounds that are emitted by plants to communicate with the environment. In addition to their function in repelling herbivores and attracting carnivorous predators in green tissues, the presumed primary function of terpenoid volatiles released from mature fruits is the attraction of seed-dispersing animals. Mature oranges (Citrus sinensis) primarily accumulate terpenes in peel oil glands, with d-limonene accounting for approximately 97% of the total volatile terpenes. In a previous report, we showed that down-regulation of a d-limonene synthase gene alters monoterpene levels in orange antisense (AS) fruits, leading to resistance against Penicillium digitatum infection. A global gene expression analysis of AS versus empty vector (EV) transgenic fruits revealed that the down-regulation of d-limonene up-regulated genes involved in the innate immune response. Basal levels of jasmonic acid were substantially higher in the EV compared with AS oranges. Upon fungal challenge, salicylic acid levels were triggered in EV samples, while jasmonic acid metabolism and signaling were drastically increased in AS orange peels. In nature, d-limonene levels increase in orange fruit once the seeds are fully viable. The inverse correlation between the increase in d-limonene content and the decrease in the defense response suggests that d-limonene promotes infection by microorganisms that are likely involved in facilitating access to the pulp for seed-dispersing frugivores.
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Lozano-Durán R, Macho AP, Boutrot F, Segonzac C, Somssich IE, Zipfel C. The transcriptional regulator BZR1 mediates trade-off between plant innate immunity and growth. eLife 2013; 2:e00983. [PMID: 24381244 PMCID: PMC3875382 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the trade-off between plant innate immunity and steroid-mediated growth are controversial. Here, we report that activation of the transcription factor BZR1 is required and sufficient for suppression of immune signaling by brassinosteroids (BR). BZR1 induces the expression of several WRKY transcription factors that negatively control early immune responses. In addition, BZR1 associates with WRKY40 to mediate the antagonism between BR and immune signaling. We reveal that BZR1-mediated inhibition of immunity is particularly relevant when plant fast growth is required, such as during etiolation. Thus, BZR1 acts as an important regulator mediating the trade-off between growth and immunity upon integration of environmental cues. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00983.001 Like all organisms, plants must perform a careful balancing act with their resources. Investing in the growth of new roots or leaves can allow a plant to better exploit its environment—but it must not be at the expense of leaving the plant vulnerable to attack by pests and pathogens. As such, there is an obvious trade-off between allocating resources to growth or defense against disease. This trade-off must be finely balanced, and must also be responsive to different cues in the environment that would favor either growth or defense. The plant’s immune system is able to detect invading microbes, and trigger a defensive response against them. At the surface of plant cells, proteins called pattern recognition receptors are able to recognize specific molecules that are the tell-tale signs of microbes and pathogens—such as the proteins in the molecular tails that bacteria use to move around. For many pattern recognition receptors, signaling that they have recognized a potential invading microbe requires the actions of a co-receptor called BAK1. Interestingly, BAK1 also interacts with the receptor that identifies brassinosteroids—hormones that stimulate plant growth. Since growth and a functioning immune system are both reliant on BAK1, it was hypothesized that competition for this co-receptor could have a role in the trade-off between the two processes in plants. However, this explanation was controversial and the mechanisms underlying the trade-off still required clarification. Now, Lozano-Durán et al. have debunked the idea that competition for BAK1 is directly responsible for the trade-off between growth and immunity. By examining how BAK1 interacts with immune receptors in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the trade-off was actually shown to be independent of BAK1. Instead, it was discovered that activation of a protein, called BZR1, reprogramed gene expression to ‘switch off’ immune signaling in response to brassinosteroids. Lozano-Durán et al. also show that BZR1 allows the balance of the trade-off between growth and immunity to be shifted in response to cues from the environment. The suppression of the immune system by BZR1 was particularly pronounced when the conditions required fast plant growth—for example, when they mimicked the conditions experienced by seedlings before they emerge from the soil, and must grow swiftly to reach the light before they starve. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00983.002
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Transcriptomics-based screen for genes induced by flagellin and repressed by pathogen effectors identifies a cell wall-associated kinase involved in plant immunity. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R139. [PMID: 24359686 PMCID: PMC4053735 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbe-associated molecular patterns, such as those present in bacterial flagellin, are powerful inducers of the innate immune response in plants. Successful pathogens deliver virulence proteins, termed effectors, into the plant cell where they can interfere with the immune response and promote disease. Engineering the plant immune system to enhance disease resistance requires a thorough understanding of its components. Results We describe a high-throughput screen, using RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, to identify tomato genes whose expression is enhanced by the flagellin microbe-associated molecular pattern flgII-28, but reduced by activities of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) type III effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Gene ontology terms for this category of Flagellin-induced repressed by effectors (FIRE) genes showed enrichment for genes encoding certain subfamilies of protein kinases and transcription factors. At least 25 of the FIRE genes have been implicated previously in plant immunity. Of the 92 protein kinase-encoding FIRE genes, 33 were subjected to virus-induced gene silencing and their involvement in pattern-triggered immunity was tested with a leaf-based assay. Silencing of one FIRE gene, which encodes the cell wall-associated kinase SlWAK1, compromised the plant immune response resulting in increased growth of Pst and enhanced disease symptoms. Conclusions Our transcriptomic approach identifies FIRE genes that represent a pathogen-defined core set of immune-related genes. The analysis of this set of candidate genes led to the discovery of a cell wall-associated kinase that participates in plant defense. The FIRE genes will be useful for further elucidation of the plant immune system.
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446
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Westwood JH, Groen SC, Du Z, Murphy AM, Anggoro DT, Tungadi T, Luang-In V, Lewsey MG, Rossiter JT, Powell G, Smith AG, Carr JP. A trio of viral proteins tunes aphid-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83066. [PMID: 24349433 PMCID: PMC3859657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virus-induced deterrence to aphid feeding is believed to promote plant virus transmission by encouraging migration of virus-bearing insects away from infected plants. We investigated the effects of infection by an aphid-transmitted virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), on the interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the natural hosts for CMV, with Myzus persicae (common names: ‘peach-potato aphid’, ‘green peach aphid’). Methodology/Principal Findings Infection of Arabidopsis (ecotype Col-0) with CMV strain Fny (Fny-CMV) induced biosynthesis of the aphid feeding-deterrent 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MI3M). 4MI3M inhibited phloem ingestion by aphids and consequently discouraged aphid settling. The CMV 2b protein is a suppressor of antiviral RNA silencing, which has previously been implicated in altering plant-aphid interactions. Its presence in infected hosts enhances the accumulation of CMV and the other four viral proteins. Another viral gene product, the 2a protein (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), triggers defensive signaling, leading to increased 4MI3M accumulation. The 2b protein can inhibit ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1), a host factor that both positively-regulates 4MI3M biosynthesis and negatively-regulates accumulation of substance(s) toxic to aphids. However, the 1a replicase protein moderated 2b-mediated inhibition of AGO1, ensuring that aphids were deterred from feeding but not poisoned. The LS strain of CMV did not induce feeding deterrence in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. Conclusions/Significance Inhibition of AGO1 by the 2b protein could act as a booby trap since this will trigger antibiosis against aphids. However, for Fny-CMV the interplay of three viral proteins (1a, 2a and 2b) appears to balance the need of the virus to inhibit antiviral silencing, while inducing a mild resistance (antixenosis) that is thought to promote transmission. The strain-specific effects of CMV on Arabidopsis-aphid interactions, and differences between the effects of Fny-CMV on this plant and those seen previously in tobacco (inhibition of resistance to aphids) may have important epidemiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Westwood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Damar Tri Anggoro
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Plants are invaded by an array of pathogens of which only a few succeed in causing disease. The attack by others is countered by a sophisticated immune system possessed by the plants. The plant immune system is broadly divided into two, viz. microbial-associated molecular-patterns-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). MTI confers basal resistance, while ETI confers durable resistance, often resulting in hypersensitive response. Plants also possess systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-term defense against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. Salicylic-acid-mediated systemic acquired immunity provokes the defense response throughout the plant system during pathogen infection at a particular site. Trans-generational immune priming allows the plant to heritably shield their progeny towards pathogens previously encountered. Plants circumvent the viral infection through RNA interference phenomena by utilizing small RNAs. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of plant immune system, and the latest breakthroughs reported in plant defense. We discuss the plant–pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in the context of presenting an integral understanding in plant molecular immunity.
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Lin W, Ma X, Shan L, He P. Big roles of small kinases: the complex functions of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in plant immunity and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1188-97. [PMID: 23710768 PMCID: PMC4391744 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) that often functionally and physically associate with receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to modulate plant growth, development and immune responses. Without any apparent extracellular domain, RLCKs relay intracellular signaling often via RLK complex-mediated transphosphorylation events. Recent advances have suggested essential roles of diverse RLCKs in concert with RLKs in regulating various cellular and physiological responses. We summarize here the complex roles of RLCKs in mediating plant immune responses and growth regulation, and discuss specific and overlapping functions of RLCKs in transducing diverse signaling pathways. [Figure: see text] Ping He (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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449
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Fu L, Yu X, An C. Overexpression of constitutively active OsCPK10 increases Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and rice resistance against Magnaporthe grisea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:202-210. [PMID: 24141028 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-013-1408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial calcium sensors involved in plant responses to pathogen infection. Here, we report isolation and functional characterization of the pathogen-responsive rice OsCPK10 gene. The expression of OsCPK10 was strongly induced following treatment with a Magnaporthe grisea elicitor. Kinase activity assay showed that the functional OsCPK10 protein not only autophosphorylated, but also phosphorylated Casein in a calcium-dependent manner. Overexpression of constitutively active OsCPK10 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, associated with elevated expression of both SA- and JA-related defense genes. Similarly, transgenic rice plants containing constitutively active OsCPK10 exhibited enhanced resistance to blast fungus M. grisea. The enhanced resistance in the transgenic lines was associated with activated expression of SA- and JA-related defense genes. Collectively, our results indicate that rice OsCPK10 is a crucial regulator in plant immune responses, and that it may regulate disease resistance by activating both SA- and JA-dependent defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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450
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Fu L, Yu X, An C. Overexpression of constitutively active OsCPK10 increases Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and rice resistance against Magnaporthe grisea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:202-10. [PMID: 24141028 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial calcium sensors involved in plant responses to pathogen infection. Here, we report isolation and functional characterization of the pathogen-responsive rice OsCPK10 gene. The expression of OsCPK10 was strongly induced following treatment with a Magnaporthe grisea elicitor. Kinase activity assay showed that the functional OsCPK10 protein not only autophosphorylated, but also phosphorylated Casein in a calcium-dependent manner. Overexpression of constitutively active OsCPK10 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, associated with elevated expression of both SA- and JA-related defense genes. Similarly, transgenic rice plants containing constitutively active OsCPK10 exhibited enhanced resistance to blast fungus M. grisea. The enhanced resistance in the transgenic lines was associated with activated expression of SA- and JA-related defense genes. Collectively, our results indicate that rice OsCPK10 is a crucial regulator in plant immune responses, and that it may regulate disease resistance by activating both SA- and JA-dependent defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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