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Strom NI, Verhulst B, Bacanu SA, Cheesman R, Purves KL, Gedik H, Mitchell BL, Kwong AS, Faucon AB, Singh K, Medland S, Colodro-Conde L, Krebs K, Hoffmann P, Herms S, Gehlen J, Ripke S, Awasthi S, Palviainen T, Tasanko EM, Peterson RE, Adkins DE, Shabalin AA, Adams MJ, Iveson MH, Campbell A, Thomas LF, Winsvold BS, Drange OK, Børte S, Ter Kuile AR, Nguyen TH, Meier SM, Corfield EC, Hannigan L, Levey DF, Czamara D, Weber H, Choi KW, Pistis G, Couvy-Duchesne B, Van der Auwera S, Teumer A, Karlsson R, Garcia-Argibay M, Lee D, Wang R, Bjerkeset O, Stordal E, Bäckmann J, Salum GA, Zai CC, Kennedy JL, Zai G, Tiwari AK, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Schmidt B, Kaprio J, Kennedy MM, Boden J, Havdahl A, Middeldorp CM, Lopes FL, Akula N, McMahon FJ, Binder EB, Fehm L, Ströhle A, Castelao E, Tiemeier H, Stein DJ, Whiteman D, Olsen C, Fuller Z, Wang X, Wray NR, Byrne EM, Lewis G, Timpson NJ, Davis LK, Hickie IB, Gillespie NA, Milani L, Schumacher J, Woldbye DP, Forstner AJ, Nöthen MM, Hovatta I, Horwood J, Copeland WE, Maes HH, McIntosh AM, Andreassen OA, Zwart JA, Mors O, Børglum AD, Mortensen PB, Ask H, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Najman JM, Stein MB, Gelernter J, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI, Maron E, Erhardt-Lehmann A, Rück C, Kircher TT, Melzig CA, Alpers GW, Arolt V, Domschke K, Smoller JW, Preisig M, Martin NG, Lupton MK, Luik AI, Reif A, Grabe HJ, Larsson H, Magnusson PK, Oldehinkel AJ, Hartman CA, Breen G, Docherty AR, Coon H, Conrad R, Lehto K, Deckert J, Eley TC, Mattheisen M, Hettema JM. Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.03.24309466. [PMID: 39006447 PMCID: PMC11245051 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.24309466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The major anxiety disorders (ANX; including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias ) are highly prevalent, often onset early, persist throughout life, and cause substantial global disability. Although distinct in their clinical presentations, they likely represent differential expressions of a dysregulated threat-response system. Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis comprising 122,341 European ancestry ANX cases and 729,881 controls. We identified 58 independent genome-wide significant ANX risk variants and 66 genes with robust biological support. In an independent sample of 1,175,012 self-report ANX cases and 1,956,379 controls, 51 of the 58 associated variants were replicated. As predicted by twin studies, we found substantial genetic correlation between ANX and depression, neuroticism, and other internalizing phenotypes. Follow-up analyses demonstrated enrichment in all major brain regions and highlighted GABAergic signaling as one potential mechanism underlying ANX genetic risk. These results advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of ANX and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.
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Koskela M, Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E, Luntamo T, Suominen A, Sourander A, Steinhausen HC. Selective mutism and the risk of mental and neurodevelopmental disorders among siblings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:291-302. [PMID: 36422730 PMCID: PMC10805856 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The siblings of children with mental disorders are more likely to experience mental health issues themselves, but there has been a lack of sibling studies on selective mutism (SM). The aim of this population-based study was to use national registers to examine associations between children with SM and diagnoses of various mental disorder in their siblings. All singleton children born in Finland from 1987 to 2009, and diagnosed with SM from 1998 to 2012, were identified from national health registers and matched with four controls by age and sex. Their biological siblings and parents were identified using national registries and the diagnostic information on the siblings of the subjects and controls was obtained. The final analyses comprised 658 children with SM and their 1661 siblings and 2092 controls with 4120 siblings. The analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations. Mental disorders were more common among the siblings of the children with SM than among the siblings of the controls. The strongest associations were observed for childhood emotional disorders and autism spectrum disorders after the data were adjusted for covariates and comorbid diagnoses among SM subjects. The final model showed associations between SM and a wide range of disorders in siblings, with strongest associations with disorders that usually have their onset during childhood. Our finding showed that SM clustered with other mental disorders in siblings and this requires further research, especially the association between SM and autism spectrum disorders. Strong associations with childhood onset disorders may indicate shared etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miina Koskela
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Elina Jokiranta-Olkoniemi
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Luntamo
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Auli Suominen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety during the postpartum period moderate infants' neural response to emotional faces of their mother and of female strangers. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1370-1389. [PMID: 35799031 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Affective exchanges between mothers and infants are key to the intergenerational transmission of depression and anxiety, possibly via adaptations in neural systems that support infants' attention to facial affect. The current study examined associations between postnatal maternal symptoms of depression, panic and social anxiety, maternal parenting behaviours, and infants' neural responses to emotional facial expressions portrayed by their mother and by female strangers. The Negative Central (Nc), an event-related potential component that indexes attention to salient stimuli and is sensitive to emotional expression, was recorded from 30 infants. Maternal sensitivity, intrusiveness, and warmth, as well as infant's positive engagement with their mothers, were coded from unstructured interactions. Mothers reporting higher levels of postnatal depression symptoms were rated by coders as less sensitive and warm, and their infants exhibited decreased positive engagement with the mothers. In contrast, postnatal maternal symptoms of panic and social anxiety were not significantly associated with experimenter-rated parenting behaviours. Additionally, infants of mothers reporting greater postnatal depression symptoms showed a smaller Nc to their own mother's facial expressions, whereas infants of mothers endorsing greater postnatal symptoms of panic demonstrated a larger Nc to fearful facial expressions posed by both their mother and female strangers. Together, these results suggest that maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety during the postpartum period have distinct effects on infants' neural responses to parent and stranger displays of emotion.
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Kutschke J, Harris JR, Bengtson MB. The relationships between IBS and perceptions of physical and mental health-a Norwegian twin study. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:266. [PMID: 35643443 PMCID: PMC9145077 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Poor quality of life is a main complaint among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Self-rated health (SRH) is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes, and also reflects psychological and social aspects of life and an overall sense of well-being. This population-based twin study evaluates how IBS affects ratings of physical and mental health, and influences perceptions of hindrance of daily activity by physical or mental health. Further, we examine how IBS is related to these SRH measures. METHODS The sample included 5288 Norwegian twins aged 40-80, of whom 575 (10.9%) suffer from IBS. Hierarchical regressions were used to estimate the impact of IBS on perceptions of health, before and after accounting for other chronic physical and mental health conditions. Two dimensions of SRH, physical and mental, and two aspects of functional limitations, the extent to which physical or mental health interferes with daily activities, were included as outcomes in separate models. Co-twin control analyses were used to explore whether the relationships between IBS and the four measures of SRH are causal, or due to shared genetic or shared environment effects. RESULTS IBS was an independent predictor of poor self-rated physical health (OR = 1.82 [1.41; 2.33]), the size of this effect was comparable to that predicted by chronic somatic conditions. However, in contrast to somatic diseases, IBS was associated with the perception that poorer ratings of mental health (OR = 1.45 [1.02; 2.06]), but not physical health (OR = 1.23 [0.96; 1.58]), interfered with daily activity. The co-twin control analyses suggest that causal mechanisms best explain the relationships between IBS with self-rated physical health and with hindrance of daily activities. In contrast, the relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health was consistent with shared genetic effects. CONCLUSION IBS is predictive of poor self-rated physical health. The relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health is best explained by shared genetic effects which might partially explain why mental health interferes with daily activity to a larger degree among those with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Centre for Fertility and Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Wang R, Snieder H, Hartman CA. Familial co-aggregation and shared heritability between depression, anxiety, obesity and substance use. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:108. [PMID: 35296640 PMCID: PMC8927111 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, anxiety, obesity and substance use are heritable and often co-occur. However, the mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence are not fully understood. We estimated their familial aggregation and co-aggregation as well as heritabilities and genetic correlations to improve etiological understanding. Data came from the multi-generational population-based Lifelines Cohort Study (n = 162,439). Current depression and anxiety were determined using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Smoking, alcohol and drug use were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI) and obesity were calculated by measured height and weight. Modified Cox proportional hazards models estimated recurrence risk ratios (λR), and restricted maximum likelihood variance decomposition methods estimated heritabilities (h2) and genetic correlations (rG). All analyses were adjusted for age, age2, and sex. Depression, anxiety, obesity and substance use aggregated within families (λR first-degree relative = 1.08-2.74) as well as between spouses (λR = 1.11-6.60). All phenotypes were moderately heritable (from h2depression = 0.25 to h2BMI = 0.53). Depression, anxiety, obesity and smoking showed positive familial co-aggregation. That is, each of these traits confers increased risk on the other ones within families, consistent with the positive genetic correlations between these phenotypes (rG = 0.16-0.94). The exception was obesity, which showed a negative co-aggregation with alcohol and drug use and vice versa, consistent with the negative genetic correlations of BMI with alcohol (rG = -0.14) and soft drug use (rG = -0.10). Patterns of cross-phenotype recurrence risk highlight the co-occurrence among depression, anxiety, obesity and substance use within families. Patterns of genetic overlap between these phenotypes provide clues to uncovering the mechanisms underlying familial co-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Harold Snieder
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Stapp EK, Paksarian D, He JP, Glaus J, Conway KP, Merikangas KR. Mood and anxiety profiles differentially associate with physical conditions in US adolescents. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:22-30. [PMID: 34838604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and anxiety are widely associated with physical conditions, but research and treatment are complicated by their overlap, clinical heterogeneity, and manifestation on a spectrum rather than as discrete disorders. In contrast to previous work relying on threshold-level disorders, we examined the association between empirically-derived profiles of mood and anxiety syndromes with physical conditions in a nationally-representative sample of US adolescents. METHODS Participants were 2,911 adolescents (aged 13-18) from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement who provided information on physical conditions and reported at least one lifetime mood-anxiety 'syndrome' based on direct interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. Mood-anxiety syndromes reflected 3-level ratings from subthreshold to severe distress/impairment, and subtyped mood episodes. Stepwise latent profile analysis identified mood-anxiety profiles and tested associations with physical conditions. RESULTS Three mood-anxiety profiles were identified: "Mood-GAD" (25.6%)-non-atypical depression, mania, generalized anxiety; "Atypical-Panic" (11.3%)-atypical depression, panic; and "Reference" (63.1%)-lower mood and anxiety except specific phobia. Headaches were more prevalent in Mood-GAD and Atypical-Panic than Reference (47.9%, 50.1%, and 37.7%, respectively; p=0.011). Heart problems were more common in Mood-GAD than Atypical-Panic (7.4% v 2.2%, p=0.004) and Reference, with back/neck pain more prevalent in Mood-GAD than Reference (22.5% v 15.3%, p=0.016). LIMITATIONS Broad categories of physical conditions without information on specific diagnoses; replication regarding specificity is recommended. CONCLUSIONS Heart problems and pain-related conditions were differentially associated with specific mood-anxiety profiles. Subtyping depression and anxiety-inclusive of subthreshold syndromes-and their patterns of clustering may facilitate etiologic and intervention work in multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Stapp
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana Paksarian
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian-Ping He
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Glaus
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen R Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Watson D, Levin-Aspenson HF, Waszczuk MA, Conway CC, Dalgleish T, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hobbs KA, Michelini G, Nelson BD, Sellbom M, Slade T, South SC, Sunderland M, Waldman I, Witthöft M, Wright AGC, Kotov R, Krueger RF. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:26-54. [PMID: 35015357 PMCID: PMC8751579 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co-occurrence, substantial heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic unreliability over time and across clinicians. This paper reviews evidence on the validity and utility of the internalizing and somatoform spectra of HiTOP, which together provide support for an emotional dysfunction superspectrum. These spectra are composed of homogeneous symptom and maladaptive trait dimensions currently subsumed within multiple diagnostic classes, including depressive, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, bipolar, and somatic symptom disorders, as well as sexual dysfunction and aspects of personality disorders. Dimensions falling within the emotional dysfunction superspectrum are broadly linked to individual differences in negative affect/neuroticism. Extensive evidence establishes that dimensions falling within the superspectrum share genetic diatheses, environmental risk factors, cognitive and affective difficulties, neural substrates and biomarkers, childhood temperamental antecedents, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the quantitative structure of the superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to internalizing or somatoform conditions, and others common to both, thereby underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the internalizing and somatoform spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and greater clinical applicability. Validated measures are currently available to implement the HiTOP system in practice, which can make diagnostic classification more useful, both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Reich J, Schatzberg A. Prevalence, Factor Structure, and Heritability of Avoidant Personality Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:764-772. [PMID: 34582403 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To review the community prevalence, factor structure, and heritability of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD), we reviewed the literature of empirical studies reported between years 1980 and 2020. Community point prevalence rates ranged from 0.8% to 5%, with one study of women older than 25 years finding a lifetime rate of 9.3%. A weighted point prevalence for studies involving both men and women was 3.3%. All factor analytic studies indicated a one factor solution. The themes were social inadequacy, feeling inferior, and fears of social rejection. Family studies of heritability for AVPD ranged from 0.18 to 0.56. Twin studies ranged from 0.28 to 0.71. The weighted average for heritability was 0.55. AVPD is an important clinical issue because it is prevalent in the community and has high morbidity and high heritability. Its single factor seems to suggest evaluation and treatment should be straightforward, but despite this, it tends to be underdiagnosed and undertreated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford
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Carvalho FR, Nóbrega CDR, Martins AT. Mapping gene expression in social anxiety reveals the main brain structures involved in this disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112808. [PMID: 32707139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by emotional and attentional biases as well as distorted negative self-beliefs. According this, we proposed to identify the brain structures and hub genes involved in SAD. An analysis in Pubmed and TRANSFAC was conducted and 72 genes were identified. Using Microarray data, from Allen Human Brain Atlas, it was possible to identify three modules of co-expressed genes from our gene set (R package WGCNA). Higher mean gene expression was found in cortico-medial group, basomedial nucleus, ATZ in amygdala and in head and tail of the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen in striatum. Our enrichment analysis identified the followed hub genes: DRD2, HTR1A, JUN, SP1 and HDAC4. We suggest that SAD is explained by delayed extinction of circuitry for conditioned fear. Caused by reduced activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems,due diminished expectation of reward during social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ricardo Carvalho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Portugal; University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Clévio David Rodrigues Nóbrega
- Center for Biomedicine Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC); University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Martins
- Center for Biomedicine Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Portugal; Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Algarve, Portugal; University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Schaefer N, Signoret-Genest J, von Collenberg CR, Wachter B, Deckert J, Tovote P, Blum R, Villmann C. Anxiety and Startle Phenotypes in Glrb Spastic and Glra1 Spasmodic Mouse Mutants. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:152. [PMID: 32848605 PMCID: PMC7433344 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A GWAS study recently demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human GLRB gene of individuals with a prevalence for agoraphobia. GLRB encodes the glycine receptor (GlyRs) β subunit. The identified SNPs are localized within the gene flanking regions (3' and 5' UTRs) and intronic regions. It was suggested that these nucleotide polymorphisms modify GlyRs expression and phenotypic behavior in humans contributing to an anxiety phenotype as a mild form of hyperekplexia. Hyperekplexia is a human neuromotor disorder with massive startle phenotypes due to mutations in genes encoding GlyRs subunits. GLRA1 mutations have been more commonly observed than GLRB mutations. If an anxiety phenotype contributes to the hyperekplexia disease pattern has not been investigated yet. Here, we compared two mouse models harboring either a mutation in the murine Glra1 or Glrb gene with regard to anxiety and startle phenotypes. Homozygous spasmodic animals carrying a Glra1 point mutation (alanine 52 to serine) displayed abnormally enhanced startle responses. Moreover, spasmodic mice exhibited significant changes in fear-related behaviors (freezing, rearing and time spent on back) analyzed during the startle paradigm, even in a neutral context. Spastic mice exhibit reduced expression levels of the full-length GlyRs β subunit due to aberrant splicing of the Glrb gene. Heterozygous animals appear normal without an obvious behavioral phenotype and thus might reflect the human situation analyzed in the GWAS study on agoraphobia and startle. In contrast to spasmodic mice, heterozygous spastic animals revealed no startle phenotype in a neutral as well as a conditioning context. Other mechanisms such as a modulatory function of the GlyRs β subunit within glycinergic circuits in neuronal networks important for fear and fear-related behavior may exist. Possibly, in human additional changes in fear and fear-related circuits either due to gene-gene interactions e.g., with GLRA1 genes or epigenetic factors are necessary to create the agoraphobia and in particular the startle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schaefer
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jérémy Signoret-Genest
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cora R von Collenberg
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Britta Wachter
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philip Tovote
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Childhood Adoption and Mental Health in Adulthood: The Role of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions in the UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:708-716. [PMID: 31862157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being adopted early in life, an indicator of exposure to early-life adversity, has been consistently associated with poor mental health outcomes in adulthood. Such associations have largely been attributed to stressful environments, e.g., exposure to trauma, abuse, or neglect. However, mental health is substantially heritable, and genetic influences may contribute to the exposure to childhood adversity, resulting in potential genetic confounding of such associations. METHODS Here, we explored associations between childhood adoption and mental health-related outcomes in midlife in 243,797 UK Biobank participants (n adopted = 3151). We used linkage disequilibrium score regression and polygenic risk scores for depressive symptoms, schizophrenia, neuroticism, and subjective well-being to address potential genetic confounding (gene-environment correlations) and gene-environment interactions. As outcomes, we explored depressive symptoms, bipolar disorder, neuroticism, loneliness, and mental health-related socioeconomic and psychosocial measures in adoptees compared with nonadopted participants. RESULTS Adoptees were slightly worse off on almost all mental, socioeconomic, and psychosocial measures. Each standard deviation increase in polygenic risk for depressive symptoms, schizophrenia, and neuroticism was associated with 6%, 5%, and 6% increase in the odds of being adopted, respectively. Significant genetic correlations between adoption status and depressive symptoms, major depression, and schizophrenia were observed. No evidence for gene-environment interaction between genetic risk and adoption on mental health was found. CONCLUSIONS The association between childhood adoption and mental health cannot fully be attributed to stressful environments but is partly explained by differences in genetic risk between adoptees and those who have not been adopted (i.e., gene-environment correlation).
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Ohi K, Otowa T, Shimada M, Sasaki T, Tanii H. Shared genetic etiology between anxiety disorders and psychiatric and related intermediate phenotypes. Psychol Med 2020; 50:692-704. [PMID: 30919790 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders and related intermediate phenotypes are highly heritable and have a complex, overlapping polygenic architecture. A large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anxiety disorders identified genetic variants that are significant on a genome-wide. The current study investigated the genetic etiological overlaps between anxiety disorders and frequently cooccurring psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes. METHODS Using case-control and factor score models, we investigated the genetic correlations of anxiety disorders with eight psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes [the volumes of seven subcortical brain regions, childhood cognition, general cognitive ability and personality traits (subjective well-being, loneliness, neuroticism and extraversion)] from large-scale GWASs (n = 7556-298 420) by linkage disequilibrium score regression. RESULTS Among psychiatric disorders, the risk of anxiety disorders was positively genetically correlated with the risks of major depressive disorder (MDD) (rg ± standard error = 0.83 ± 0.16, p = 1.97 × 10-7), schizophrenia (SCZ) (0.28 ± 0.09, p = 1.10 × 10-3) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (0.34 ± 0.13, p = 8.40 × 10-3). Among intermediate phenotypes, significant genetic correlations existed between the risk of anxiety disorders and neuroticism (0.81 ± 0.17, p = 1.30 × 10-6), subjective well-being (-0.73 ± 0.18, p = 4.89 × 10-5), general cognitive ability (-0.23 ± 0.08, p = 4.70 × 10-3) and putamen volume (-0.50 ± 0.18, p = 5.00 × 10-3). No other significant genetic correlations between anxiety disorders and psychiatric or intermediate phenotypes were observed (p > 0.05). The case-control model yielded stronger genetic effect sizes than the factor score model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that common genetic variants underlying the risk of anxiety disorders contribute to elevated risks of MDD, SCZ, ADHD and neuroticism and reduced quality of life, putamen volume and cognitive performance. We suggest that the comorbidity of anxiety disorders is partly explained by common genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otowa
- Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, Professional Degree Program in Clinical Psychology, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tanii
- Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University, Mie, Japan
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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Levey DF, Gelernter J, Polimanti R, Zhou H, Cheng Z, Aslan M, Quaden R, Concato J, Radhakrishnan K, Bryois J, Sullivan PF, Stein MB. Reproducible Genetic Risk Loci for Anxiety: Results From ∼200,000 Participants in the Million Veteran Program. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:223-232. [PMID: 31906708 PMCID: PMC7869502 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety disorders are common and often disabling. The goal of this study was to examine the genetic architecture of anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms, which are also frequently comorbid with other mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder. METHODS Using one of the world's largest biobanks including genetic, environmental, and medical information, the Million Veteran Program, the authors performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of a continuous trait for anxiety (based on score on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item scale [GAD-2], N=199,611) as the primary analysis and self-report of physician diagnosis of anxiety disorder (N=224,330) as a secondary analysis. RESULTS The authors identified five genome-wide significant signals for European Americans and one for African Americans on GAD-2 score. The strongest were on chromosome 3 (rs4603973) near SATB1, a global regulator of gene expression, and on chromosome 6 (rs6557168) near ESR1, which encodes an estrogen receptor. The locus identified on chromosome 7 (rs56226325, MAF=0.17) near MAD1L1 was previously identified in GWASs of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The authors replicated these findings in the summary statistics of two major published GWASs for anxiety, and also found evidence of significant genetic correlation between the GAD-2 score results and previous GWASs for anxiety (rg=0.75), depression (rg=0.81), and neuroticism (rg=0.75). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest GWAS of anxiety traits to date. The authors identified novel genome-wide significant associations near genes involved with global regulation of gene expression (SATB1) and the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). Additionally, the authors identified a locus (MAD1L1) that may have implications for genetic vulnerability across several psychiatric disorders. This work provides new insights into genetic risk mechanisms underpinning anxiety and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Levey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Zhongshan Cheng
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Rachel Quaden
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - John Concato
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Krishnan Radhakrishnan
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Julien Bryois
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Conn. (Levey, Gelernter, Polimanti, Zhou, Cheng); VA Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato, Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Aslan, Concato); Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology
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Waszczuk MA, Eaton NR, Krueger RF, Shackman AJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH, Lahey BB, Patrick CJ, Conway CC, Ormel J, Hyman SE, Fried EI, Forbes MK, Docherty AR, Althoff RR, Bach B, Chmielewski M, DeYoung CG, Forbush KT, Hallquist M, Hopwood CJ, Ivanova MY, Jonas KG, Latzman RD, Markon KE, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Pincus AL, Reininghaus U, South SC, Tackett JL, Watson D, Wright AGC, Kotov R. Redefining phenotypes to advance psychiatric genetics: Implications from hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 129:143-161. [PMID: 31804095 PMCID: PMC6980897 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic discovery in psychiatry and clinical psychology is hindered by suboptimal phenotypic definitions. We argue that the hierarchical, dimensional, and data-driven classification system proposed by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium provides a more effective approach to identifying genes that underlie mental disorders, and to studying psychiatric etiology, than current diagnostic categories. Specifically, genes are expected to operate at different levels of the HiTOP hierarchy, with some highly pleiotropic genes influencing higher order psychopathology (e.g., the general factor), whereas other genes conferring more specific risk for individual spectra (e.g., internalizing), subfactors (e.g., fear disorders), or narrow symptoms (e.g., mood instability). We propose that the HiTOP model aligns well with the current understanding of the higher order genetic structure of psychopathology that has emerged from a large body of family and twin studies. We also discuss the convergence between the HiTOP model and findings from recent molecular studies of psychopathology indicating broad genetic pleiotropy, such as cross-disorder SNP-based shared genetic covariance and polygenic risk scores, and we highlight molecular genetic studies that have successfully redefined phenotypes to enhance precision and statistical power. Finally, we suggest how to integrate a HiTOP approach into future molecular genetic research, including quantitative and hierarchical assessment tools for future data-collection and recommendations concerning phenotypic analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Bach
- Centre of Excellence on Personality Disorder
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15
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Trzaskowski M, Mehta D, Peyrot W, Hawkes D, Davies D, Howard D, Kemper KE, Sidorenko J, Maier R, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Baune BT, Grabe HJ, Heath AC, Jones L, Jones I, Madden PAF, McIntosh AM, Breen G, Lewis CM, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF, Martin NG, Kendler KS, Levinson DF, Wray NR. Quantifying between-cohort and between-sex genetic heterogeneity in major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:439-447. [PMID: 30708398 PMCID: PMC6675638 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is clinically heterogeneous with prevalence rates twice as high in women as in men. There are many possible sources of heterogeneity in MDD most of which are not measured in a sufficiently comparable way across study samples. Here, we assess genetic heterogeneity based on two fundamental measures, between-cohort and between-sex heterogeneity. First, we used genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to investigate between-cohort genetic heterogeneity using the 29 research cohorts of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC; N cases = 16,823, N controls = 25,632) and found that some of the cohort heterogeneity can be attributed to ascertainment differences (such as recruitment of cases from hospital vs. community sources). Second, we evaluated between-sex genetic heterogeneity using GWAS summary statistics from the PGC, Kaiser Permanente GERA, UK Biobank, and the Danish iPSYCH studies but did not find convincing evidence for genetic differences between the sexes. We conclude that there is no evidence that the heterogeneity between MDD data sets and between sexes reflects genetic heterogeneity. Larger sample sizes with detailed phenotypic records and genomic data remain the key to overcome heterogeneity inherent in assessment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wouter Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ in Geest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Hawkes
- AGRF, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Davies
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Developmental Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - David Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Maier
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Lisa Jones
- Institute of Health & Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela AF Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ-Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas F. Levinson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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The neural markers of MRI to differentiate depression and panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 91:72-78. [PMID: 29705713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression and panic disorder (PD) share the common pathophysiology from the perspectives of neurotransmitters. The relatively high comorbidity between depression and PD contributes to the substantial obstacles to differentiate from depression and PD, especially for the brain pathophysiology. There are significant differences in the diagnostic criteria between depression and PD. However, the paradox of similar pathophysiology and different diagnostic criteria in these two disorders were still the issues needing to be addressed. Therefore the clarification of potential difference in the field of neuroscience and pathophysiology between depression and PD can help the clinicians and scientists to understand more comprehensively about significant differences between depression and PD. The researchers should be curious about the underlying difference of pathophysiology beneath the significant distinction of clinical symptoms. In this review article, I tried to find some evidences for the differences between depression and PD, especially for neural markers revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The distinctions of structural and functional alterations in depression and PD are reviewed. From the structural perspectives, PD seems to have less severe gray matter alterations in frontal and temporal lobes than depression. The study of white matter microintegrity reveals more widespread alterations in fronto-limbic circuit of depression patients than PD patients, such as the uncinate fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation. PD might have a more restrictive pattern of structural alterations when compared to depression. For the functional perspectives, the core site of depression pathophysiology is the anterior subnetwork of resting-state network, such as anterior cingulate cortex, which is not significantly altered in PD. A possibly emerging pattern of fronto-limbic distinction between depression and PD has been revealed by these explorative reports. The future trend for machine learning and pattern recognition might confirm the differentiation pattern between depression and PD based on the explorative results.
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Schneider MN, Zavos HMS, McAdams TA, Kovas Y, Sadeghi S, Gregory AM. Mindfulness and associations with symptoms of insomnia, anxiety and depression in early adulthood: A twin and sibling study. Behav Res Ther 2019; 118:18-29. [PMID: 30947121 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between mindfulness and symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety. Mindfulness was disaggregated into five subscales: 'nonreactivity to inner experience', 'observing', 'acting with awareness', 'describing' and 'nonjudging of inner experience'. Twin models were used to examine genetic and environmental influences on mindfulness, symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety and on their associations. Data came from a longitudinal twin/sibling study (G1219) comprising 862 individuals (age range 22-32 years, 66% females). Less mindfulness was associated with greater symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety (r = .22-.48). Of the mindfulness subscales, 'nonjudging of inner experience' was most strongly associated with the other traits. Overall mindfulness was largely influenced by non-shared environmental factors (E = .72) although familial influences played a role for overall mindfulness, as well as for the 'acting with awareness' and 'describing' subscales. The genetic correlations between overall mindfulness and symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety ranged from .32 to .75 (but were non-significant), while the shared environmental correlations ranged from -.78 to .79 (also non-significant). The non-shared environmental influences between these three variables were moderately, significantly correlated (rE = .21-.55).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N Schneider
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Helena M S Zavos
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiarty Centre, Institute of Psychiarty, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Tom A McAdams
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiarty Centre, Institute of Psychiarty, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Samaneh Sadeghi
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK.
| | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
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Epigenetic outlier profiles in depression: A genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of monozygotic twins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207754. [PMID: 30458022 PMCID: PMC6245788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries highlight the importance of stochastic epigenetic changes, as indexed by epigenetic outlier DNA methylation signatures, as a valuable tool to understand aberrant cell function and subsequent human pathology. There is evidence of such changes in different complex disorders as diverse as cancer, obesity and, to a lesser extent, depression. The current study was aimed at identifying outlying DNA methylation signatures of depressive psychopathology. Here, genome-wide DNA methylation levels were measured (by means of Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip) in peripheral blood of thirty-four monozygotic twins informative for depressive psychopathology (lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses). This dataset was explored to identify outlying epigenetic signatures of depression, operationalized as extreme hyper- or hypo-methylation in affected co-twins from discordant pairs that is not observed across the rest of the study sample. After adjusting for blood cell count, there were thirteen CpG sites across which depressed co-twins from the discordant pairs exhibited outlying DNA methylation signatures. None of them exhibited a methylation outlier profile in the concordant and healthy pairs, and some of these loci spanned genes previously associated with neuropsychiatric phenotypes, such as GHSR and KCNQ1. This exploratory study provides preliminary proof-of-concept validation that epigenetic outlier profiles derived from genome-wide DNA methylation data may be related to depression risk.
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19
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Patterson MW, Mann FD, Grotzinger AD, Tackett JL, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology across age and pubertal development. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1928-1939. [PMID: 30234342 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of anxiety and depression are commonly comorbid and partially share a genetic etiology. Mean levels of anxiety and depression increase over the transition to adolescence, particularly in girls, suggesting a possible role of pubertal development in the activation of underlying genetic risks. The current study examined how genetic and environmental influences on anxiety and depression differed by chronological age and pubertal status. We analyzed composite scores from child self-reports and parent informant-reports of internalizing symptomology in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of 1,913 individual twins from 1,006 pairs (ages 8-20 years) from the Texas Twin Project. Biometric models tested age and pubertal status as moderators of genetic and environmental influences shared between and specific to anxiety and depression to determine whether etiology of internalizing symptomology differs across development as a function of age or puberty. Genetic influences did not increase as a function of age or puberty, but instead shared environmental effects decreased with age. In an exploratory model that considered the moderators simultaneously, developmental differences in etiology were reflected in genetic and environmental effects unique to depression. Results suggest that genetic variance in internalizing problems is relatively constant during adolescence, with environmental influences more varied across development. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank D Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Martin J, Taylor MJ, Lichtenstein P. Assessing the evidence for shared genetic risks across psychiatric disorders and traits. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1759-1774. [PMID: 29198204 PMCID: PMC6088770 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic influences play a significant role in risk for psychiatric disorders, prompting numerous endeavors to further understand their underlying genetic architecture. In this paper, we summarize and review evidence from traditional twin studies and more recent genome-wide molecular genetic analyses regarding two important issues that have proven particularly informative for psychiatric genetic research. First, emerging results are beginning to suggest that genetic risk factors for some (but not all) clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders or extreme manifestations of psychiatric traits in the population share genetic risks with quantitative variation in milder traits of the same disorder throughout the general population. Second, there is now evidence for substantial sharing of genetic risks across different psychiatric disorders. This extends to the level of characteristic traits throughout the population, with which some clinical disorders also share genetic risks. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the evidence for these two issues, for a range of psychiatric disorders. We then critically appraise putative interpretations regarding the potential meaning of genetic correlation across psychiatric phenotypes. We highlight several new methods and studies which are already using these insights into the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders to gain additional understanding regarding the underlying biology of these disorders. We conclude by outlining opportunities for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Martin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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The Genetic Relationship Between Psychological Distress, Somatic Distress, Affective Disorders, and Substance Use in Young Australian Adults: A Multivariate Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2018; 21:347-360. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2018.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress (PSYCH), somatic distress (SOMA), affective disorders (AD), and substance use (SU) frequently co-occur. The genetic relationship between PSYCH and SOMA, however, remains understudied. We examined the genetic and environmental influences on these two disorders and their comorbid AD and SU using structural equation modeling. Self-reported PSYCH and SOMA were measured in 1,548 twins using the two subscales of a 12-item questionnaire, the Somatic and Psychological Health Report. Its reliability and psychometric properties were examined. Six ADs, involvement of licit and illicit substance, and two SU disorders were obtained from 1,663–2,132 twins using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview and/or from an online adaption of the same. SU phenotypes (heritability: 49–79%) were found to be more heritable than the affective disorder phenotypes (heritability: 32–42%), SOMA (heritability: 25%), and PSYCH (heritability: 23%). We fit separate non-parametric item response theory models for PSYCH, SOMA, AD, and SU. The IRT scores were used as the refined phenotypes for fitting multivariate genetic models. The best-fitting model showed the similar amount of genetic overlap between PSYCH–AD (genetic correlationrG= 0.49) and SOMA–AD (rG=0.53), as well as between PSYCH–SU (rG= 0.23) and SOMA–SU (rG= 0.25). Unique environmental factors explained 53% to 76% of the variance in each of these four phenotypes, whereas additive genetic factors explained 17% to 46% of the variance. The covariance between the four phenotypes was largely explained by unique environmental factors. Common genetic factor had a significant influence on all the four phenotypes, but they explained a moderate portion of the covariance.
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22
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Kim YK, Yoon HK. Common and distinct brain networks underlying panic and social anxiety disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 28642079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although panic disorder (PD) and phobic disorders are independent anxiety disorders with distinct sets of diagnostic criteria, there is a high level of overlap between them in terms of pathogenesis and neural underpinnings. Functional connectivity research using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) shows great potential in identifying the similarities and differences between PD and phobias. Understanding common and distinct networks between PD and phobic disorders is critical for identifying both specific and general neural characteristics of these disorders. We review recent rsfMRI studies and explore the clinical relevance of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in PD and phobias. Although findings differ between studies, there are some meaningful, consistent findings. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and PD share common default mode network alterations. Alterations within the sensorimotor network are observed primarily in PD. Increased connectivity in the salience network is consistently reported in SAD. This review supports hypotheses that PD and phobic disorders share common rsFC abnormalities and that the different clinical phenotypes between the disorders come from distinct brain functional network alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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23
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GLRB allelic variation associated with agoraphobic cognitions, increased startle response and fear network activation: a potential neurogenetic pathway to panic disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1431-1439. [PMID: 28167838 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular genetics of panic disorder (PD) with and without agoraphobia (AG) are still largely unknown and progress is hampered by small sample sizes. We therefore performed a genome-wide association study with a dimensional, PD/AG-related anxiety phenotype based on the Agoraphobia Cognition Questionnaire (ACQ) in a sample of 1370 healthy German volunteers of the CRC TRR58 MEGA study wave 1. A genome-wide significant association was found between ACQ and single non-coding nucleotide variants of the GLRB gene (rs78726293, P=3.3 × 10-8; rs191260602, P=3.9 × 10-8). We followed up on this finding in a larger dimensional ACQ sample (N=2547) and in independent samples with a dichotomous AG phenotype based on the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90; N=3845) and a case-control sample with the categorical phenotype PD/AG (Ncombined =1012) obtaining highly significant P-values also for GLRB single-nucleotide variants rs17035816 (P=3.8 × 10-4) and rs7688285 (P=7.6 × 10-5). GLRB gene expression was found to be modulated by rs7688285 in brain tissue, as well as cell culture. Analyses of intermediate PD/AG phenotypes demonstrated increased startle reflex and increased fear network, as well as general sensory activation by GLRB risk gene variants rs78726293, rs191260602, rs17035816 and rs7688285. Partial Glrb knockout mice demonstrated an agoraphobic phenotype. In conjunction with the clinical observation that rare coding GLRB gene mutations are associated with the neurological disorder hyperekplexia characterized by a generalized startle reaction and agoraphobic behavior, our data provide evidence that non-coding, although functional GLRB gene polymorphisms may predispose to PD by increasing startle response and agoraphobic cognitions.
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24
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Guffanti G, Gameroff MJ, Warner V, Talati A, Glatt CE, Wickramaratne P, Weissman MM. Heritability of major depressive and comorbid anxiety disorders in multi-generational families at high risk for depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:1072-1079. [PMID: 27452917 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Family studies have shown that MDD is highly transmittable but have not studied its heritability. Twin studies show heritability of about 40% and do not include anxiety disorders. We assessed heritability of MDD and comorbid anxiety disorders in a multigenerational study of family members at high risk for MDD. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that examined clinical subtypes of MDD defined by early and late age of onset would be under relatively stronger genetic control than broadly defined DSM-IV MDD. The first generation with moderate to severe MDD was recruited from an ambulatory psychiatric treatment setting, and their descendants in the second, third, and fourth generation, were interviewed by clinicians up to six times during a 30-year period. Lifetime rates of MDD and anxiety disorders were collected for 545 participants from 65 multigenerational families. The heritability (h2 ) of MDD in this high risk sample was estimated at 67%. Anxiety and sequential comorbidity of anxiety disorders and MDD revealed h2 of 49% and 53%, respectively, and strong positive genetic correlation (rhog = 0.92, P = 7.3 × 10-7 ). Early onset MDD did not appear to be under greater genetic control than broadly defined DSM-IV MDD. Individuals who are direct descendants of subjects ascertained for moderate to severe MDD have strong genetic vulnerability to develop anxiety or MDD. Our findings support family based studies as appropriate and useful design to understand the heritability of common disorders such as MDD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guia Guffanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Marc J Gameroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Virginia Warner
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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25
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Environmental factors linked to depression vulnerability are associated with altered cerebellar resting-state synchronization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37384. [PMID: 27892484 PMCID: PMC5124945 DOI: 10.1038/srep37384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosting nearly eighty percent of all human neurons, the cerebellum is functionally connected to large regions of the brain. Accumulating data suggest that some cerebellar resting-state alterations may constitute a key candidate mechanism for depressive psychopathology. While there is some evidence linking cerebellar function and depression, two topics remain largely unexplored. First, the genetic or environmental roots of this putative association have not been elicited. Secondly, while different mathematical representations of resting-state fMRI patterns can embed diverse information of relevance for health and disease, many of them have not been studied in detail regarding the cerebellum and depression. Here, high-resolution fMRI scans were examined to estimate functional connectivity patterns across twenty-six cerebellar regions in a sample of 48 identical twins (24 pairs) informative for depression liability. A network-based statistic approach was employed to analyze cerebellar functional networks built using three methods: the conventional approach of filtered BOLD fMRI time-series, and two analytic components of this oscillatory activity (amplitude envelope and instantaneous phase). The findings indicate that some environmental factors may lead to depression vulnerability through alterations of the neural oscillatory activity of the cerebellum during resting-state. These effects may be observed particularly when exploring the amplitude envelope of fMRI oscillations.
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26
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Altamura C, Dell'Osso B, Domschke K, Fineberg NA, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Maron E, Nutt D, Pini S, Vaghi MM, Wichniak A, Zai G, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD - a consensus statement. Part I: Neuroimaging and genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:321-65. [PMID: 27403679 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1181783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part I) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neuroimaging studies, including structural brain morphology, functional magnetic resonance imaging and techniques for measuring metabolic changes, including positron emission tomography and others. Furthermore, this review reports on the clinical and molecular genetic findings of family, twin, linkage, association and genome-wide association studies. Part II of the review focuses on neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high-quality research has accumulated that will improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Carlo Altamura
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Rosanne House, Parkway , Welwyn Garden City , UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,i Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Eduard Maron
- k North Estonia Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry , Tallinn , Estonia ;,l Department of Psychiatry , University of Tartu , Estonia ;,m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - David Nutt
- m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - Stefano Pini
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Wichniak
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK ;,o Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health , Toronto , Canada ;,p Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada ;,q Institute of Medical Science and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Peter Riederer
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland
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27
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Lai CH, Wu YT. The White Matter Microintegrity Alterations of Neocortical and Limbic Association Fibers in Major Depressive Disorder and Panic Disorder: The Comparison. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2982. [PMID: 26945417 PMCID: PMC4782901 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies regarding to the comparisons between major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder (PD) in the microintegrity of white matter (WM) are uncommon. Therefore, we tried to a way to classify the MDD and PD. Fifty-three patients with 1st-episode medication-naive PD, 54 healthy controls, and 53 patients with 1st-episode medication-naive MDD were enrolled in this study. The controls and patients were matched for age, gender, education, and handedness. The diffusion tensor imaging scanning was also performed. The WM microintegrity was analyzed and compared between 3 groups of participants (ANOVA analysis) with age and gender as covariates. The MDD group had lower WM microintegrity than the PD group in the left anterior thalamic radiation, left uncinate fasciculus, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and bilateral corpus callosum. The MDD group had reductions in the microintegrity when compared to controls in the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi, inferior longitudinal fasciculi, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi, and corpus callosum. The PD group had lower microintegrity in bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus when compared to controls. The widespread pattern of microintegrity alterations in fronto-limbic WM circuit for MDD was different from restrictive pattern of alterations for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Lai
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei City (C-HL); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences (C-HL, Y-TW); Brain Research Center (Y-TW); and Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University (C-HL, Y-TW), Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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FKBP5 modulates the hippocampal connectivity deficits in depression: a study in twins. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:62-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Panic disorder and agoraphobia: A direct comparison of their multivariate comorbidity patterns. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:75-83. [PMID: 26480214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific debate has long surrounded whether agoraphobia is a severe consequence of panic disorder or a frequently comorbid diagnosis. Multivariate comorbidity investigations typically treat these diagnoses as fungible in structural models, assuming both are manifestations of the fear-subfactor in the internalizing-externalizing model. No studies have directly compared these disorders' multivariate associations, which could clarify their conceptualization in classification and comorbidity research. METHODS In a nationally representative sample (N=43,093), we examined the multivariate comorbidity of panic disorder (1) without agoraphobia, (2) with agoraphobia, and (3) regardless of agoraphobia; and (4) agoraphobia without panic. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of these and 10 other lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses in a nationally representative sample (N=43,093). RESULTS Differing bivariate and multivariate relations were found. Panic disorder without agoraphobia was largely a distress disorder, related to emotional disorders. Agoraphobia without panic was largely a fear disorder, related to phobias. When considered jointly, concomitant agoraphobia and panic was a fear disorder, and when panic was assessed without regard to agoraphobia (some individuals had agoraphobia while others did not) it was a mixed distress and fear disorder. LIMITATIONS Diagnoses were obtained from comprehensively trained lay interviewers, not clinicians and analyses used DSM-IV diagnoses (rather than DSM-5). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the conceptualization of agoraphobia as a distinct diagnostic entity and the independent classification of both disorders in DSM-5, suggesting future multivariate comorbidity studies should not assume various panic/agoraphobia diagnoses are invariably fear disorders.
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30
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Waszczuk MA, Zavos HMS, Gregory AM, Eley TC. The stability and change of etiological influences on depression, anxiety symptoms and their co-occurrence across adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 2016; 46:161-75. [PMID: 26310536 PMCID: PMC4673666 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety persist within and across diagnostic boundaries. The manner in which common v. disorder-specific genetic and environmental influences operate across development to maintain internalizing disorders and their co-morbidity is unclear. This paper investigates the stability and change of etiological influences on depression, panic, generalized, separation and social anxiety symptoms, and their co-occurrence, across adolescence and young adulthood. METHOD A total of 2619 twins/siblings prospectively reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at mean ages 15, 17 and 20 years. RESULTS Each symptom scale showed a similar pattern of moderate continuity across development, largely underpinned by genetic stability. New genetic influences contributing to change in the developmental course of the symptoms emerged at each time point. All symptom scales correlated moderately with one another over time. Genetic influences, both stable and time-specific, overlapped considerably between the scales. Non-shared environmental influences were largely time- and symptom-specific, but some contributed moderately to the stability of depression and anxiety symptom scales. These stable, longitudinal environmental influences were highly correlated between the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight both stable and dynamic etiology of depression and anxiety symptom scales. They provide preliminary evidence that stable as well as newly emerging genes contribute to the co-morbidity between depression and anxiety across adolescence and young adulthood. Conversely, environmental influences are largely time-specific and contribute to change in symptoms over time. The results inform molecular genetics research and transdiagnostic treatment and prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Waszczuk
- King's College London, MRC
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of
Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London,
UK
| | - H. M. S. Zavos
- King's College London, MRC
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of
Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London,
UK
| | - A. M. Gregory
- Department of Psychology,
Goldsmiths, University of London,
London, UK
| | - T. C. Eley
- King's College London, MRC
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of
Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London,
UK
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31
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Córdova-Palomera A, Tornador C, Falcón C, Bargalló N, Nenadic I, Deco G, Fañanás L. Altered amygdalar resting-state connectivity in depression is explained by both genes and environment. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3761-76. [PMID: 26096943 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that alterations of the amygdalar resting-state fMRI connectivity play an important role in the etiology of depression. While both depression and resting-state brain activity are shaped by genes and environment, the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors mediating the relationship between amygdalar resting-state connectivity and depression remain largely unexplored. Likewise, novel neuroimaging research indicates that different mathematical representations of resting-state fMRI activity patterns are able to embed distinct information relevant to brain health and disease. The present study analyzed the influence of genes and environment on amygdalar resting-state fMRI connectivity, in relation to depression risk. High-resolution resting-state fMRI scans were analyzed to estimate functional connectivity patterns in a sample of 48 twins (24 monozygotic pairs) informative for depressive psychopathology (6 concordant, 8 discordant and 10 healthy control pairs). A graph-theoretical framework was employed to construct brain networks using two methods: (i) the conventional approach of filtered BOLD fMRI time-series and (ii) analytic components of this fMRI activity. Results using both methods indicate that depression risk is increased by environmental factors altering amygdalar connectivity. When analyzing the analytic components of the BOLD fMRI time-series, genetic factors altering the amygdala neural activity at rest show an important contribution to depression risk. Overall, these findings show that both genes and environment modify different patterns the amygdala resting-state connectivity to increase depression risk. The genetic relationship between amygdalar connectivity and depression may be better elicited by examining analytic components of the brain resting-state BOLD fMRI signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Córdova-Palomera
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Tornador
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Medical Image Core facility, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomedicina y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Medical Image Core facility, the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagen, Hospital Clínico, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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32
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Córdova-Palomera A, Fatjó-Vilas M, Falcón C, Bargalló N, Alemany S, Crespo-Facorro B, Nenadic I, Fañanás L. Birth Weight and Adult IQ, but Not Anxious-Depressive Psychopathology, Are Associated with Cortical Surface Area: A Study in Twins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129616. [PMID: 26086820 PMCID: PMC4472844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research suggests that low birth weight (BW) induces reduced brain cortical surface area (SA) which would persist until at least early adulthood. Moreover, low BW has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as depression and psychological distress, and to altered neurocognitive profiles. Aims We present novel findings obtained by analysing high-resolution structural MRI scans of 48 twins; specifically, we aimed: i) to test the BW-SA association in a middle-aged adult sample; and ii) to assess whether either depression/anxiety disorders or intellectual quotient (IQ) influence the BW-SA link, using a monozygotic (MZ) twin design to separate environmental and genetic effects. Results Both lower BW and decreased IQ were associated with smaller total and regional cortical SA in adulthood. Within a twin pair, lower BW was related to smaller total cortical and regional SA. In contrast, MZ twin differences in SA were not related to differences in either IQ or depression/anxiety disorders. Conclusion The present study supports findings indicating that i) BW has a long-lasting effect on cortical SA, where some familial and environmental influences alter both foetal growth and brain morphology; ii) uniquely environmental factors affecting BW also alter SA; iii) higher IQ correlates with larger SA; and iv) these effects are not modified by internalizing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Córdova-Palomera
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Medical Image Core Facility, the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); C/Rosselló, 149–153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomedicina y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor, s/n., 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Image Core Facility, the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); C/Rosselló, 149–153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagen, Hospital Clínico, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Alemany
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Av. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- IFIMAV, Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Isomura K, Boman M, Rück C, Serlachius E, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Mataix-Cols D. Population-based, multi-generational family clustering study of social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1581-1589. [PMID: 25215596 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to provide unbiased estimates of familial risk and heritability of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and avoidant personality disorder (AVPD). METHOD We identified 18 399 individuals diagnosed with SAD and 2673 with AVPD in the Swedish National Patient Register between 1997 and 2009. Risks (odds ratios; OR) for SAD in all biological and non-biological relatives of probands, compared to relatives of unaffected individuals were calculated. We also estimated the risks for AVPD in relatives of probands with SAD. RESULTS The risk for SAD among relatives of SAD probands increased proportionally to the degree of genetic relatedness. The risks for first-degree relatives [OR 4.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.28-5.25] were significantly higher than for second-degree and third-degree relatives. Second-degree relatives (OR 2.30, 95% CI 2.01-2.63) had significantly higher risk than third-degree relatives (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.52-1.94). Relatives at similar genetic distances had similar risks for SAD, despite different degrees of shared environment. Heritability was estimated to be approximately 56%. There were no significant sex differences in the familial patterns. The risk of AVPD in relatives of SAD probands was significantly elevated, even after excluding individuals with both diagnoses (first-degree OR 3.54, second-degree OR 2.20, third-degree OR 1.62). Non-biological relatives (spouses/partners) also had elevated risks for both SAD (OR 4.01) and AVPD (OR 3.85). CONCLUSIONS SAD clusters in families primarily due to genetic factors. SAD and AVPD are aetiologically related and may represent different expressions of the same vulnerability. The strong marital concordance observed in SAD/AVPD may indicate assortative mating but the exact mechanisms and implications require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isomura
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - M Boman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - C Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - E Serlachius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - H Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - D Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
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Genome-wide methylation study on depression: differential methylation and variable methylation in monozygotic twins. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e557. [PMID: 25918994 PMCID: PMC4462612 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders have been shown to be highly influenced by environmental pathogenic factors, some of which are believed to exert stress on human brain functioning via epigenetic modifications. Previous genome-wide methylomic studies on depression have suggested that, along with differential DNA methylation, affected co-twins of monozygotic (MZ) pairs have increased DNA methylation variability, probably in line with theories of epigenetic stochasticity. Nevertheless, the potential biological roots of this variability remain largely unexplored. The current study aimed to evaluate whether DNA methylation differences within MZ twin pairs were related to differences in their psychopathological status. Data from the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip was used to evaluate peripheral blood DNA methylation of 34 twins (17 MZ pairs). Two analytical strategies were used to identify (a) differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and (b) variably methylated probes (VMPs). Most DMPs were located in genes previously related to neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Remarkably, one of these DMPs (cg01122889) was located in the WDR26 gene, the DNA sequence of which has been implicated in major depressive disorder from genome-wide association studies. Expression of WDR26 has also been proposed as a biomarker of depression in human blood. Complementarily, VMPs were located in genes such as CACNA1C, IGF2 and the p38 MAP kinase MAPK11, showing enrichment for biological processes such as glucocorticoid signaling. These results expand on previous research to indicate that both differential methylation and differential variability have a role in the etiology and clinical manifestation of depression, and provide clues on specific genomic loci of potential interest in the epigenetics of depression.
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Traks T, Koido K, Balõtšev R, Eller T, Kõks S, Maron E, Tõru I, Shlik J, Vasar E, Vasar V. Polymorphisms of IKBKE gene are associated with major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00314. [PMID: 25798331 PMCID: PMC4356867 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system has been increasingly implicated in the development of mood and anxiety disorders. Inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells, kinase epsilon (IKBKE) gene encodes IKKε protein that is involved in innate immunity, predominantly antiviral response generation. It also bears pro-inflammatory properties that could affect psychiatric outcomes. In order to investigate the possible role of IKBKE gene in major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder (PD), we conducted a case-control genetic association study concerning these disorders. METHODS In all, 14 SNPs of IKBKE gene were genotyped in groups of 391 patients with MDD and 190 patients with PD together with respective 389 and 371 healthy control individuals. The given groups were further divided by gender for additional analyses. RESULTS Substantial genetic associations were revealed between IKBKE SNPs and MDD (multiple testing adjusted P < 0.05) and suggestive associations in case of PD (P(adj) > 0.05). In addition, two SNPs that were only associated with PD among males, also displayed significantly different allele frequencies compared to PD females. This may indicate a specific role of these SNPs in male PD, but caution should be applied here due to the small size of the studied PD males group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm our initial findings and indicate a possible role of IKBKE gene in mood and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanel Traks
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kati Koido
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roman Balõtšev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Eller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eduard Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Molecular Imaging, Imperial College London London, U.K
| | - Innar Tõru
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jakov Shlik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veiko Vasar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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Causes of individual differences in adolescent optimism: a study in Dutch twins and their siblings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1381-8. [PMID: 25638288 PMCID: PMC4628618 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the degree to which genetic and environmental influences affect variation in adolescent optimism. Optimism (3 items and 6 items approach) and pessimism were assessed by the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) in 5,187 adolescent twins and 999 of their non-twin siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Males reported significantly higher optimism scores than females, while females score higher on pessimism. Genetic structural equation modeling revealed that about one-third of the variance in optimism and pessimism was due to additive genetic effects, with the remaining variance being explained by non-shared environmental effects. A bivariate correlated factor model revealed two dimensions with a genetic correlation of -.57 (CI -.67, -.47), while the non-shared environmental correlation was estimated to be -.21 (CI -.25, -.16). Neither an effect of shared environment, non-additive genetic influences, nor quantitative sex differences was found for both dimensions. This result indicates that individual differences in adolescent optimism are mainly accounted for by non-shared environmental factors. These environmental factors do not contribute to the similarity of family members, but to differences between them. Familial resemblance in optimism and pessimism assessed in adolescents is fully accounted for by genetic overlap between family members.
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Genetic and environmental contributions to social anxiety across different ages: a meta-analytic approach to twin data. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:650-6. [PMID: 25118017 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and social anxiety symptoms (SAS) have been largely studied both epidemiologically and genetically, however, estimates of genetic and environmental influences for these phenotypes widely vary across reports. Based upon available literature, 13 cohorts (42,585 subjects) were included in 3 meta-analytic estimates of the standardized variance components of aetiological influences on SAD/SAS, on the effect of age and of phenotype (symptoms vs. diagnosis). The proportions of variance accounted for by genetic and environmental factors were calculated by averaging estimates among studies, and pondered by the number of individuals in each sample. Meta-analytic estimations showed that genetic and non-shared environmental factors explain most of individual differences for SAD/SAS. In adults, the genetic contribution was half than that in younger patients, with higher contribution of non-shared environmental influences. In contrast, the shared environmental factors seem to be less relevant.
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López-Solà C, Fontenelle LF, Alonso P, Cuadras D, Foley DL, Pantelis C, Pujol J, Yücel M, Cardoner N, Soriano-Mas C, Menchón JM, Harrison BJ. Prevalence and heritability of obsessive-compulsive spectrum and anxiety disorder symptoms: A survey of the Australian Twin Registry. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:314-25. [PMID: 24756981 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While past twin studies indicate moderate levels of heritability of "obsessive-compulsive related" and anxiety disorder symptoms, no single study has reported such estimates in the same twin population nor examined potential genetic sex differences. We assessed symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, hypochondriasis, panic disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder in 2,495 adult twins (1,468 female). Prevalence estimates for the corresponding symptom measures were determined using empirically derived cut-off scores. Twin resemblance was assessed by Pearson correlations and biometrical model-fitting analyses, incorporating sex-specific effects, using OpenMx. Prevalence estimates ranged from 1.6% in the symptoms of generalized anxiety to 16.9% for social phobia. Female twins demonstrated significantly higher prevalence rates across all domains with the exception of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Additive genetic factors accounted for a moderate proportion of the total liability to each symptom domain. Evidence suggesting qualitative genetic sex differences (i.e., distinct genetic influences between genders) was observed for body dysmorphic concern and panic symptoms, while quantitative differences were observed for hoarding and social phobia symptoms, indicating stronger heritability in females. Novel findings in this study include the observation of probable genetic sex differences in liability towards hoarding symptoms and dysmorphic concern, as well as the lack of such differences in hypochondriasis. The trend towards qualitative sex differences in panic symptoms has some intuitive appeal with regard to biological-experimental models of panic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara López-Solà
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychol Bull 2014; 140:816-45. [PMID: 24219155 PMCID: PMC4006306 DOI: 10.1037/a0034733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brady and Kendall (1992) concluded that although anxiety and depression in youths are meaningfully linked, there are important distinctions, and additional research is needed. Since then, studies of anxiety-depression comorbidity in youths have increased exponentially. Following a discussion of comorbidity, we review existing conceptual models and propose a multiple pathways model to anxiety-depression comorbidity. Pathway 1 describes youths with a diathesis for anxiety, with subsequent comorbid depression resulting from anxiety-related impairment. Pathway 2 refers to youths with a shared diathesis for anxiety and depression, who may experience both disorders simultaneously. Pathway 3 describes youths with a diathesis for depression, with subsequent comorbid anxiety resulting from depression-related impairment. Additionally, shared and stratified risk factors contribute to the development of the comorbid disorder, either by interacting with disorder-related impairment or by predicting the simultaneous development of the disorders. Our review addresses descriptive and developmental factors, gender differences, suicidality, assessments, and treatment-outcome research as they relate to comorbid anxiety and depression and to our proposed pathways. Research since 1992 indicates that comorbidity varies depending on the specific anxiety disorder, with Pathway 1 describing youths with either social phobia or separation anxiety disorder and subsequent depression, Pathway 2 applying to youths with coprimary generalized anxiety disorder and depression, and Pathway 3 including depressed youths with subsequent social phobia. The need to test the proposed multiple pathways model and to examine (a) developmental change and (b) specific anxiety disorders is highlighted.
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Yang F, Qiu J, Zhao H, Wang Z, Tao D, Xiao X, Niu Q, Wang Q, Li Y, Guo L, Li J, Li K, Xia J, Wang L, Shang X, Sang W, Gan Z, He K, Zhao X, Tian T, Xu D, Gu D, Weng X, Li H, Tian J, Yang L, Li Q, Yang Q, Wang H, Dang Y, Dai L, Cui Y, Ye D, Cao J, Guo L, Kang Z, Liu J, Chen B, Liu J, Zhang J, Yang D, Jiao B, Yu F, Geng F, Li L, Yang H, Dai H, Wang H, Liu C, Liu H, Peng L, Wang X, Wei S, Liu X, Li C, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Di D, Shi S, Flint J, Kendler KS. The prevalence, clinical correlates and structure of phobic fears in Han Chinese women with recurrent major depression. J Affect Disord 2014; 157:92-9. [PMID: 24581834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phobic fears are common in the general population and among individuals with major depression (MD). We know little about the prevalence, clinical correlates, and structure of phobic fears in Chinese women with MD. METHODS We assessed 22 phobic fears in 6017 Han Chinese women with MD. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of these phobic fears. We examined the relationship between individual phobic fears and the severity of MD, neuroticism, comorbid panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia using logistic regression models. RESULTS The frequency of phobic fears ranged from 3.0% (eating in public) to 36.0% (snakes). Phobic fears were significantly associated with more severe MD, high neuroticism, and co-morbid panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia. Our factor analysis suggested four underlying subgroups of phobic fears which differed in their clinical correlates, severity and patterns of comorbidity. LIMITATIONS Data were collected retrospectively through interview and recall bias may have affected the results. CONCLUSIONS Phobic fears are correlated with comorbid MD and more severe MD. These phobic fears clearly subdivide into four subgroups that differ meaningfully from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhong Yang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jianyin Qiu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hongsu Zhao
- Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhoubing Wang
- No. 4 Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Danhong Tao
- Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xue Xiao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qihui Niu
- No. 1 Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Xian Mental Health Center, Xian, Shaanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Liyang Guo
- No. 1 Hospital of Medical College of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jianying Li
- No. 1 Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Kan Li
- Mental Hospital of Jiangxi Province, No. 43 Shangfang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xia
- ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Shang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Sang
- Hebei Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Gan
- No. 3 Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Kangmei He
- Shanghai Tongji University Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Shanghai 200065, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Zhao
- First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Hexi District, Tianjin, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Shenzhen Kang Ning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Danhua Gu
- Weihai Mental Health Center, Weihai, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Weng
- Psychiatric Hospital of Henan Province, No. 388 Middle Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, Henan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Haimin Li
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 South Dianxin Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jing Tian
- No. 1 Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Jilin Brain Hospital, Siping, Jilin, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- No. 1 Mental Health Center Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qingzhen Yang
- Chongqing Mental Health Center, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- No. 1 Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yamei Dang
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital (Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital), No. 36 Mingxin Road, Fangcun Avenue, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lei Dai
- Dalian No. 7 Hospital & Dalian Mental Health Center, Dalian, Liaoning, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Cui
- No. 3 Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Beian, Heilongjiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Dong Ye
- Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, Sichuan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Juling Cao
- No. 2 Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, Gansu, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- The Fourth Military Medical University Affiliated Xijing Hospital, Xian, Shaanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Kang
- Liaocheng No. 4 Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jimeng Liu
- Ningbo Kang Ning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Fuzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Donglin Yang
- Jining Psychiatric Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiao
- No. 2 Xiangya Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha, Hunan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Fengyu Yu
- Harbin No. 1 Special Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Feng Geng
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Changchun Mental Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Yang
- Huaian No. 3 Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hong Dai
- Huzhou No. 3 Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Mudanjiang Psychiatric Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Caixing Liu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, No. 299 Nanjing Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Tangshan No. 5 Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Longyan Peng
- Daqing No. 3 Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Wei
- Guangxi Longquanshan Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Chang Li
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Liu
- Anshan Psychiatric Rehabilitation Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Zhang
- Hainan Anning Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Dongchuan Di
- Mental Health Institute of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Shenxun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA.
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41
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Jensen KP, Kranzler HR, Stein MB, Gelernter J. The effects of a MAP2K5 microRNA target site SNP on risk for anxiety and depressive disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:175-83. [PMID: 24436253 PMCID: PMC4174417 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional variants that contribute to genomewide association study (GWAS) signals are difficult to identify. MicroRNAs could contribute to some of these gene-trait relationships. We compiled a set of GWAS trait gene SNPs that were predicted to affect microRNA regulation of mRNA. Trait associations were tested in a sample of 6725 European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) subjects that were interviewed using the polydiagnostic SSADDA to diagnose major psychiatric disorders. A predicted miR-330-3p target site SNP (rs41305272) in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MAP2K5) mRNA was in LD (d' = 1.0, r(2) = 0.02) with a reported GWAS-identified variant for restless legs syndrome (RLS), a disorder frequently comorbid with anxiety and depression, possibly because of a shared pathophysiology. We examined the SNP's association with mood and anxiety-related disorders. Rs41305272 was associated with agoraphobia (Ag) in EAs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, P = 0.007; 195 cases) and AAs (OR = 3.2, P = 0.03; 148 cases) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in AAs (OR = 2.64, P = 0.01; 427 cases), but not EAs (465 cases). Rs41305272*T carrier frequency was correlated with the number of anxiety and depressive disorders diagnosed per subject. RLS was not evaluated in our subjects. Predicted miR-330-3p target genes were enriched in pathways relevant to psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that microRNA target site information may be useful in the analysis of GWAS signals for complex traits. MiR-330-3p and MAP2K5 are potentially important contributors to mood and anxiety-related traits. With support from additional studies, these findings could add to the large number of risk genes identified through association to medical disorders that have primary psychiatric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA CT Health Care Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and the VISN4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA CT Health Care Center, West Haven, CT, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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42
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Barth A, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Drews E, Otte DM, Diaz-Lacava A, Varadarajulu J, Turck CW, Wienker TF, Zimmer A. Analysis of quantitative trait loci in mice suggests a role of Enoph1 in stress reactivity. J Neurochem 2013; 128:807-17. [PMID: 24236849 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in elucidating the genetic etiology of anxiety and depression has been made during the last decade through a combination of human and animal studies. In this study, we aimed to discover genetic loci linked with anxiety as well as depression in order to reveal new candidate genes. Therefore, we initially tested the behavioral sensitivity of 543 F2 animals derived from an intercross of C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice in paradigms for anxiety and depression. Next, all animals were genotyped with 269 microsatellite markers with a mean distance of 5.56 cM. Finally, a Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis was carried out, followed by selection of candidate genes. The QTL analysis revealed several new QTL on chromosome 5 with a common core interval of 19 Mb. We further narrowed this interval by comparative genomics to a region of 15 Mb. A database search and gene prioritization revealed Enoph1 as the most significant candidate gene on the prioritization list for anxiety and also for depression fulfilling our selection criteria. The Enoph1 gene, which is involved in polyamine biosynthesis, is differently expressed in parental strains, which have different brain spermidine levels and show distinct anxiety and depression-related phenotype. Our result suggests a significant role in polyamines in anxiety and depression-related behaviors.
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Brühl AB, Hänggi J, Baur V, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Weidt S, Jäncke L, Herwig U. Increased cortical thickness in a frontoparietal network in social anxiety disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2966-77. [PMID: 24039023 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the second leading anxiety disorder. On the functional neurobiological level, specific brain regions involved in the processing of anxiety-laden stimuli and in emotion regulation have been shown to be hyperactive and hyper-responsive in SAD such as amygdala, insula and orbito- and prefrontal cortex. On the level of brain structure, prior studies on anatomical differences in SAD resulted in mixed and partially contradictory findings. Based on previous functional and anatomical models of SAD, this study examined cortical thickness in structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 46 patients with SAD without comorbidities (except for depressed episode in one patient) compared with 46 matched healthy controls in a region of interest-analysis and in whole-brain. In a theory-driven ROI-analysis, cortical thickness was increased in SAD in left insula, right anterior cingulate and right temporal pole. Furthermore, the whole-brain analysis revealed increased thickness in right dorsolateral prefrontal and right parietal cortex. This study detected no regions of decreased cortical thickness or brain volume in SAD. From the perspective of brain networks, these findings are in line with prior functional differences in salience networks and frontoparietal networks associated with executive-controlling and attentional functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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An examination of the representativeness assumption for twin studies of eating pathology and internalizing symptoms. Behav Genet 2013; 43:427-35. [PMID: 23897244 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little research has investigated whether the twin representativeness assumption (that results from twin research generalize to singletons) holds for eating pathology and internalizing symptoms. This study compared disordered eating, depression, and anxiety among young adult female twins versus singletons. Participants included 292 twins and 997 singletons in three samples. Questionnaires included the Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. We examined mean differences between twins' and singletons' scores, after adjusting for age, body mass index, and ethnicity. We found statistically significant mean differences on psychopathology, with twins reporting less disordered eating and internalizing symptoms compared with singletons. Effect sizes of these mean differences were small to moderate. Our results suggest that twins report less disordered eating and internalizing symptoms than singletons, which, combined with the generally small effect sizes, indicate that results from twin samples generalize to singletons.
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Alemany S, Mas A, Goldberg X, Falcón C, Fatjó-Vilas M, Arias B, Bargalló N, Nenadic I, Gastó C, Fañanás L. Regional gray matter reductions are associated with genetic liability for anxiety and depression: an MRI twin study. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:175-81. [PMID: 23433857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of genetic and/or environmental factors on the volumetric brain changes observed in subjects affected by anxiety and depression disorders remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate whether genetic and environmental liabilities make different contributions to abnormalities in gray matter volume (GMV) in anxiety and depression using a concordant and discordant MZ twin pairs design. METHODS Fifty-three magnetic resonance imaging (3T) brain scans were obtained from monozygotic (MZ) twins concordant (6 pairs) and discordant (10 pairs) for lifetime anxiety and depression disorders and from healthy twins (21 subjects). We applied voxel-based morphometry to analyse GMV differences. Concordant affected twins were compared to healthy twins and within-pairs comparisons were performed in the discordant group. RESULTS GMV reductions in bilateral fusiform gyrus and amygdala were observed in concordant affected twins for anxiety and depression compared to healthy twins. No intrapair differences were found in GMV between discordant affected twins and their healthy co-twins. LIMITATIONS The sample size was modest. This might explain why no intrapair differences were found in the discordant MZ twin group. CONCLUSIONS As concordant affected MZ twins are believed to have a particularly high genetic liability for the disorder, our findings suggest that fusiform gyrus and amygdala gray matter reductions are related to a genetic risk for anxiety and depression. Discrepancies in regard to brain abnormalities in anxiety and depression may be related to the admixture of patients with GMV abnormalities mainly accounted for by genetic factors with patients presenting GMV mainly accounted for by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alemany
- Unidad de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología and Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Abstract
The serotonin transporter gene has been hypothesized to influence, possibly in interaction with environmental factors, the vulnerability for depression. So far, genetic studies have tested the association of the repeat polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with depression and whether it is moderated by exposure to stressful events. This has not yielded unequivocal results, even across meta-analyses. However, environmental factors may induce epigenetic changes in the structure of DNA that can influence gene expression. These epigenetic effects may be independent of the genetic polymorphisms in the gene region. This editorial reviews an article in this issue that compared the intrapair differences in depressive symptoms in monozygotic twin pairs with the intrapair differences of methylation at cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sites in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene. Differences in depressive symptoms were correlated with differences in methylation status, such that higher methylation, which, in this sample of identical twins, must be environmental in origin, is associated with more depressive symptoms. Noteworthy is the fact that the epigenetic effects were independent of the 5-HTTLPR. These results should encourage genome-wide testing of the contribution of epigenetic effects to depression.
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Koszycki D, Bilodeau C, Zwanzger P, Schneider BH, Flament MF, Bradwejn J. Parental bonds in children at high and low familial risk for panic disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2013; 44:278-89. [PMID: 22837072 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A rejecting and overprotective parenting style is considered to be an important risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. This study examined the role of perceived parental bonding as a potential environmental risk factor for panic disorder (PD) in unaffected offspring with parental PD. Children with a biological parent with PD (n = 71) and children of parents with no psychiatric history (n = 80) participated in the study. Results indicate that high risk children do not perceive their parents as being more protective and less caring than low risk controls. The optimal bonding type (high care, low protection) was the most frequently reported parenting style across groups. The constraining type of maternal bonding (high care, high protection) was less frequently reported by high risk children (p < 0.05). Overall, these data suggest that parental PD does not compromise the parent-child bonds in never-ill offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Koszycki
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K, Nocon A, Wittchen HU. Re-examining the differential familial liability of agoraphobia and panic disorder. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:931-8. [PMID: 22786750 DOI: 10.1002/da.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy surrounds the question of whether agoraphobia (AG) exists as an independent diagnostic entity apart from panic. In favor of this position, AG without panic disorder (PD) in parents was found being unrelated to offsprings' risk for AG or PD, albeit it may enhance the familial transmission of PD (Nocon et al., Depress Anxiety 2008;25:422-434). However, a recent behavioral genetic analysis (Mosing et al., Depress Anxiety 2009;26:1004-1011) found an increased risk for both PD and AG in siblings of those with AG without PD, casting doubt on whether AG exists independently of PD. Convincing evidence for either position notably requires considering also other anxiety disorders to establish the position of AG relative to the panic/anxiety spectrum. METHODS Familial transmission of panic attacks (PAs), PD, and AG was examined in a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of 3,021 adolescents and young adults including completed direct and indirect information on parental psychopathology. Standardized diagnostic assessments using the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview allowed generating exclusive diagnostic groups independent from diagnostic hierarchy rules. RESULTS Parental PD without AG was associated with an increased risk for PA and PD+AG, but not for PD without AG or AG without PD in offspring. Parental AG without PD was unrelated to the offsprings' risk for PA, exclusive PD or AG, or PD+AG. Findings were largely unaffected by adjustment for other offspring or parental anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide further evidence for the independence of AG apart from the PD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knappe
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Tech-nische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany.
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49
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McGrath LM, Weill S, Robinson EB, Macrae R, Smoller JW. Bringing a developmental perspective to anxiety genetics. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:1179-93. [PMID: 23062290 PMCID: PMC3721501 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial recent advancements in psychiatric genetic research, progress in identifying the genetic basis of anxiety disorders has been limited. We review the candidate gene and genome-wide literatures in anxiety, which have made limited progress to date. We discuss several reasons for this hindered progress, including small samples sizes, heterogeneity, complicated comorbidity profiles, and blurred lines between normative and pathological anxiety. To address many of these challenges, we suggest a developmental, multivariate framework that can inform and enhance anxiety phenotypes for genetic research. We review the psychiatric and genetic epidemiological evidence that supports such a framework, including the early onset and chronic course of anxiety disorders, shared genetic risk factors among disorders both within and across time, and developmentally dynamic genetic influences. We propose three strategies for developmentally sensitive phenotyping: examination of early temperamental risk factors, use of latent factors to model underlying anxiety liability, and use of developmental trajectories as phenotypes. Expanding the range of phenotypic approaches will be important for advancing studies of the genetic architecture of anxiety disorders.
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50
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Common psychiatric disorders and caffeine use, tolerance, and withdrawal: an examination of shared genetic and environmental effects. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:473-82. [PMID: 22854069 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examined caffeine use and caffeine dependence and risk for the symptoms, or diagnosis, of psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to determine if generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, major depressive disorder (MDD), anorexia nervosa (AN), or bulimia nervosa (BN) shared common genetic or environmental factors with caffeine use, caffeine tolerance, or caffeine withdrawal. METHOD Using 2,270 women from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, bivariate Cholesky decomposition models were used to determine if any of the psychiatric disorders shared genetic or environmental factors with caffeine use phenotypes. RESULTS GAD, phobias, and MDD shared genetic factors with caffeine use, with genetic correlations estimated to be 0.48, 0.25, and 0.38, respectively. Removal of the shared genetic and environmental parameter for phobias and caffeine use resulted in a significantly worse fitting model. MDD shared unique environmental factors (environmental correlation=0.23) with caffeine tolerance; the genetic correlation between AN and caffeine tolerance and BN and caffeine tolerance were 0.64 and 0.49, respectively. Removal of the genetic and environmental correlation parameters resulted in significantly worse fitting models for GAD, phobias, MDD, AN, and BN, which suggested that there was significant shared liability between each of these phenotypes and caffeine tolerance. GAD had modest genetic correlations with caffeine tolerance, 0.24, and caffeine withdrawal, 0.35. CONCLUSIONS There was suggestive evidence of shared genetic and environmental liability between psychiatric disorders and caffeine phenotypes. This might inform us about the etiology of the comorbidity between these phenotypes.
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