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Lapczynski A, Belanger SE, Connors K, Bozich J. A Chronic Aquatic Hazard Assessment for the Perfume Raw Material Octahydro-tetramethyl-naphthalenyl-ethanone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1378-1389. [PMID: 38661477 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Octahydro-tetramethyl-naphthalenyl-ethanone (OTNE) is a high-production volume fragrance material used in various down-the-drain consumer products. To assess aquatic risk, the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) uses a tiered data-driven framework to determine a risk characterization ratio, where the ratio of the predicted-environmental concentration to the predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) of <1 indicates an acceptable level of risk. Owing to its high production volume and the conservative nature of the RIFM framework, RIFM identified the need to utilize a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach to reduce the PNEC uncertainty for OTNE. Adding to the existing Daphnia magna, Danio rerio, and Desmodesmus subspicatus chronic studies, eight new chronic toxicity studies were conducted on the following species: Navicula pelliculosa, Chironomus riparius, Lemna gibba, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Hyalella azteca, Pimephales promelas, Anabaena flos-aquae, and Daphnia pulex. All toxicity data were summarized as chronic 10% effect concentration estimates using the most sensitive biological response. Daphnia magna was the most sensitive (0.032 mg/L), and D. subspicatus was the least sensitive (>2.6 mg/L, the OTNE solubility limit). The 5th percentile hazardous concentration (HC5) derived from the cumulative probability distribution of the chronic toxicity values for the 11 species was determined to be 0.0498 mg/L (95% confidence interval 0.0097-0.1159 mg/L). A series of "leave-one-out" and "add-one-in" simulations indicated the SSD was stable and robust. Add-one-in simulations determined that the probability of finding a species sensitive enough to lower the HC5 two- or threefold was 1/504 and 1/15,300, respectively. Given the high statistical confidence in this robust SSD, an additional application factor protection is likely not necessary. Nevertheless, to further ensure the protection of the environment, an application factor of 2 to the HC5, resulting in a PNEC of 0.0249 mg/L, is recommended. When combined with environmental exposure information, the overall hazard assessment is suitable for a probabilistic environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1378-1389. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin Connors
- Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Bozich
- International Flavors and Fragrances, New York, New York, USA
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2
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West RJ, Jarrom R, Kelly M, Simon GS, Snyder SA. Exploring structure/property relationships to health and environmental hazards of polymeric polyisocyanate prepolymer substances-3. Aquatic exposure and hazard of aliphatic diisocyanate-based prepolymers. Toxicol Ind Health 2024:7482337241253310. [PMID: 38748851 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241253310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The water extractability and acute aquatic toxicity of seven aliphatic diisocyanate-based prepolymer substances were investigated to determine if lesser reactivity of the aliphatic isocyanate groups, as well as increased ionization potential of the expected (aliphatic amine-terminated) polymeric hydrolysis products, would influence their aquatic behavior compared to that of previously investigated aromatic diisocyanate-based prepolymers. At loading rates of 100 and 1,000 mg/L, only the substances having log Kow ≤9 exhibited more than 1% extractability in water, and a maximum of 66% water extractability was determined for a prepolymer having log Kow = 2.2. For the more hydrophobic prepolymer substances (log Kow values from 18-37), water extractability was negligible. High-resolution mass spectrometric analyses were performed on the water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of the prepolymers, which indicated the occurrence of primary aliphatic amine-terminated polymer species having backbones and functional group equivalent weights aligned to those of the parent prepolymers. Measurements of reduced surface tension and presence of suspended micelles in the WAFs further supported the occurrence of these surface-active cationic polymer species as hydrolysis products of the prepolymers. Despite these characteristics, the water-extractable hydrolysis products were practically non-toxic to Daphnia magna. All of the substances tested exhibited 48-h EL50 values of >1,000 mg/L, with one exception of EL50 = 157 mg/L. The results from this investigation support a grouping of the aliphatic diisocyanate-based prepolymers as a class of water-reactive polymer substances having predictable aquatic exposure and a uniformly low hazard potential, consistent with that previously demonstrated for the aromatic diisocyanate-based prepolymers.
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Al-Hazmi HE, Mohammadi A, Hejna A, Majtacz J, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S, Saeb MR, Badawi M, Lima EC, Mąkinia J. Wastewater reuse in agriculture: Prospects and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116711. [PMID: 37487927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology and Industrial Trades, University of Doha for Science and Technology (UDST), 24449, Arab League St, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michael Badawi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques UMR CNRS 7019, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Suski JG, Chanov MK, Heron CG, Field JA, Salice CJ. Ecotoxicity and Accumulation of Perfluorononanoic Acid in the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) and an Approach to Developing Protective Thresholds in the Aquatic Environment Through Species Sensitivity Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2229-2236. [PMID: 37294059 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment. Locations where PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has been used or accidentally released have resulted in persistently high concentrations of PFAS, including in surface water that may be adjacent to release sites. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is most frequently measured near AFFF release sites; however, other PFAS are being quantified more frequently and, of those, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is common. The goal of our study was to fill data gaps on PFNA toxicity to freshwater fish using the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). We aimed to understand how PFNA may impact apical endpoints following a 42-day exposure to mature fish and a 21-day exposure to second-generation larval fish. Exposure concentrations were 0, 124, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/L for both adult (F0) and larval (F1) generations. The most sensitive endpoint measured was development in the F1 generation at concentrations of ≥250 µg/L. The 10% and 20% effective concentration of the tested population for the F1 biomass endpoint was 100.3 and 129.5 µg/L, respectively. These data were collated with toxicity values from the primary literature on aquatic organisms exposed to PFNA for subchronic or chronic durations. A species sensitivity distribution was developed to estimate a screening-level threshold for PFNA. The resulting hazard concentration protective of 95% of the freshwater aquatic species was 55 µg PFNA/L. Although this value is likely protective of aquatic organisms exposed to PFNA, it is prudent to consider that organisms experience multiple stressors (including many PFAS) simultaneously; an approach to understand screening-level thresholds for PFAS mixtures remains an uncertainty within the field of ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2229-2236. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Suski
- Water and Natural Resources, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael K Chanov
- Water and Natural Resources, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher G Heron
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Cai H, Bao Y, Cheng H, Ge X, Zhang M, Feng X, Zheng Y, He J, Wei Y, Liu C, Li L, Huang L, Wang F, Chen X, Chen P, Yang X. Zinc homeostasis may reverse the synergistic neurotoxicity of heavy metal mixtures in Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161699. [PMID: 36682567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal mixtures can cause nerve damage. However, the combined effects of metal mixtures are extremely complex and rarely studied. Zinc (Zn) homeostasis plays an integral role in neural function, but the role of Zn homeostasis in the toxicity of metal mixtures is not well understood. Here, we investigated the combined effects of manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) on nerves and the effect of Zn homeostasis on metal toxicity. Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas, 1900) were exposed to single and multiple metals for 8 days, their movement, behavior, neurons and metal concentration were detected to evaluate the combined effect of metal mixtures. After nematodes were co-treated with metal mixtures and Zn, the nerve function, Zn concentration and redox balance were detected to evaluate the effect of Zn homeostasis on metal toxicity. The results showed that Mn + Pb and Pb + As mixtures induced synergistic toxicity for nematode nerves, which damaged movement, behavior and neurons, and decreased Zn concentration. While Zn supplementation recovered Zn homeostasis and promoted redox balance on nematodes, and then improved the nerve function. Our study demonstrated the combined effects of metal mixtures and the neuroprotective effect of Zn homeostasis. Therefore, assessment of metal mixtures toxicity should consider their interaction and the impacts of essential metals homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoting Ge
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research on Medical Engineering Integration and Innovation, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuming Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junxiu He
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Longman Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Hamoutene D, Marteinson S, Kingsbury M, McTavish K. Species sensitivity distributions for two widely used anti-sea lice chemotherapeutants in the salmon aquaculture industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159574. [PMID: 36272477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to construct acute aquatic species sensitivity distributions (SSD) and generate proposed HC5 values (i.e. the hazardous concentration for which 5 % of species are affected or potentially affected) for two aquaculture anti-sea lice bath pesticides, azamethiphos, and hydrogen peroxide. These values could be used as the basis for the establishment of environmental quality standards (EQS). We have generated SSDs and inferred HC5 values for mortality and sublethal endpoints using LC50, EC50, and NOEC/LOEC data points separately and for each bath pesticide. Through the examination of literature data on the toxicity of both compounds, we opted to use tests with limited exposure times to ensure environmental relevance for bath pesticides. We also separated life stages for some of the sensitive taxa to account for differences in sensitivities and risk of exposure. The resulting threshold concentrations in environmental seawater are 0.10 μg/L for azamethiphos and 0.15 mg/L for hydrogen peroxide. These suggested azamethiphos and hydrogen peroxide thresholds are comparable to some previously reported EQS values. Further considerations need to be included in how to better use these thresholds in a regulatory context in relation to dispersion patterns. It is also clear that delayed mortality and sublethal effects documented in the literature require further study to fully anticipate the environmental risks of using these two bath pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - S Marteinson
- National Contaminants Advisory Group, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K2P 2J8, Canada
| | - M Kingsbury
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - K McTavish
- National Guidelines and Standards Office, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC J8Y 3Z5, Canada
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Udebuani AC, Pereao O, Akharame MO, Fatoki OS, Opeolu BO. The potential ecological risk of veterinary pharmaceuticals from swine wastewater on freshwater aquatic environment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10833. [PMID: 36635228 PMCID: PMC10107316 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pharmaceutical residue transport in the aquatic ecosystem has become an increasing subject of environmental interest due to the inherent bioactivity of trace levels of antibiotics and the negative environmental and public health impact. In this study, three veterinary pharmaceuticals including tetracycline, ivermectin, and salicylic acid were investigated in a piggery effluent from Western Cape, South Africa. Three freshwater organisms' taxonomic groups (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, and Tetrahymena thermophila) were used to determine the ecological risk of different treated piggery effluent concentration range of 1%, 10%, and 20% and a cocktail mixture of veterinary pharmaceuticals of environmental concerns. The average concentration of veterinary pharmaceuticals was in the range of 47.35, 7.19, and 1.46 μg L-1 for salicylic acid, chloro-tetracycline, and ivermectin, respectively. P. subcapitata exposed to 20% piggery wastewater effluent at 24- and 48-h EC50 showed a toxicity value of 14.2% and 13.6% (v/v), respectively. The study established the ecological risk of the test compounds as low to medium risk for low-level dose and low concentrations of piggery effluent. The relative sensitivity ranking of the taxa drawn is microalgae > protozoa > Cladocera. The study results demonstrated that a high dose of piggery effluent and mixtures of veterinary pharmaceutical can pose a high risk in freshwater ecosystems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Transport processes of veterinary antibiotics into the environment were investigated. Dilution effect of the veterinary pharmaceutical on the antibiotic levels exists. High dose of piggery effluent presented an ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoniyi Pereao
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology LaboratoryCape Peninsula University of TechnologyBellvilleSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology LaboratoryCape Peninsula University of TechnologyBellvilleSouth Africa
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Jiao Q, Mu Y, Deng J, Yao X, Zhao X, Liu X, Li X, Jiang X, Zhang F. Direct toxicity of the herbicide florasulam against Chlorella vulgaris: An integrated physiological and metabolomic analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114135. [PMID: 36201917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are the agents of choice for use in weed control; however, they can enter the aquatic environment, with potentially serious consequences for non-target organisms. Despite the possible deleterious effects, little information is available regarding the ecotoxicity of the herbicide florasulam toward aquatic organisms. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the toxic effect of florasulam on the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms. For this, we employed a growth inhibition toxicity test, and then assessed the changes in physiological and metabolomic parameters, including photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant system, intracellular structure and complexity, and metabolite levels. The results showed that treatment with florasulam for 96 h at the concentration of 2 mg/L, 2.84 mg/L, and 6 mg/L in medium significantly inhibited algal growth and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the levels of reactive oxygen species were also increased, resulting in oxidative damage and the upregulation of the activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Transmission electron microscopic and flow cytometric analysis further demonstrated that exposure to florasulam (6 mg/L) for 96 h disrupted the cell structure of C. vulgaris, characterized by the loss of cell membrane integrity and alterations in cell morphology. Changes in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the antioxidant system were also observed and contributed to the suppressive effect of florasulam on the growth of this microalga. Our findings regarding the potential risks of florasulam in aquatic ecosystems provide a reference for the safe application of this herbicide in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yuelin Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xingyin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Gao Q, Liu SS, Tang L, Li XG, Sun H. Hormetic dose-response of halogenated organic pollutants on Microcystis aeruginosa: Joint toxic action and mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154581. [PMID: 35304143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quinolones (QNs), dechloranes (DECs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are three kinds of new halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs), which originate from the use of flame retardants, lubricants and pesticides. Since QNs, DECs, and CPs are frequently detected in waters and sediments, it is necessary to investigate the toxic effects of these HOPs with dwelling phytoplankton, especially for cyanobacteria, to explore their potential hormetic effects and contributions to algal blooms. In the present study, we investigate single and joint toxicity of QNs, DECs and CPs on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), a cyanobacterium that is frequently implicated with algal blooms. The results indicate single QNs and DECs induce marked hormetic effects on the proliferation of M. aeruginosa but CPs do not. The stimulatory effect of hormesis is linked with accelerated replication of DNA, which is considered to stem from the moderate rise in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Joint toxicity tests reveal that both QNs & CPs mixtures and DECs & CPs mixtures show hormetic effects on M. aeruginosa, but QNs & DECs mixtures show no hormetic effect. QNs & DECs mixtures exhibit synergistic toxic actions, which may be caused by a sharp rise in intracellular ROS simultaneously produced by the agents. Joint toxic actions of both QNs & CPs, and DECs & CPs shift from addition to antagonism as concentration increases, and this shift may mainly depend on the influence of CPs on cell membrane hydrophobicity of M. aeruginosa. This study provides data and toxic mechanisms for the hormetic phenomenon of single and joint HOPs on M. aeruginosa. The hormetic effects of HOPs may benefit the proliferation of M. aeruginosa in the aquatic environment, aggravating the formation of algal blooms. This study also reflects the important role of hormesis in environmental risk assessment of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin-Gui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Han C, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Sakakura Y, Hagiwara A. Iron reproductive toxicity of marine rotifer sibling species: Adaptation to temperate and tropical habitats. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106135. [PMID: 35301178 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe), a trace metal in coastal waters has increased significantly due to anthropogenic activities, however, few studies have examined its toxicity to marine organism reproduction and associated mechanisms. We employed two marine rotifers, the temperate Brachionus plicatilis, and tropical B. rotundiformis to investigate the toxicity of iron (FeSO4•7H2O) and its deleterious effects on reproductive features in females (sexual fecundity, abnormal resting eggs, and swimming speed) and males (lifespan, swimming speed, and spermatozoa quality) under lethal and sub-lethal exposure. The 24 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of iron was determined as 0.9 and 1.7 μg/mL per ng of dry weight for B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, respectively. During sub-lethal iron (20-75 μg/mL) exposure, higher iron (≥ 20 μg/mL for B. plicatilis and ≥ 45 μg/mL for B. rotundiformis) induced rotifer sexual toxicity especially in normal resting egg development and production. These were supported by the data of male shorter lifespan, poor sperm vitality, and rotifer behavioral changes as the iron concentration increased. Iron effects on swimming behavior, slower males and faster females, should reduce male/female encounter rates associated with inactive fertilized egg (resting egg) production. Two rotifer species exhibited different iron-response patterns in genetic and enzymatic activities including iron homeostasis-maintaining related Fe-S protein, and oxidative/antioxidant related lipid peroxidation product (MDA), superoxidase dismutase/SOD, catalase/CAT, and cytochrome P450 under acute iron exposure. Antioxidant activities were vulnerable in B. plicatilis but kept activities in B. rotundiformis, which may attribute to their temperate and tropical habitat adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Han
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoshitaka Sakakura
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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11
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Connors KA, Brill JL, Norberg-King T, Barron MG, Carr G, Belanger SE. Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia Have Similar Sensitivity in Standard Acute and Chronic Toxicity Tests. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:134-147. [PMID: 34918372 PMCID: PMC9601221 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cladocerans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia have been used for decades to assess the hazards of chemicals and effluents, but toxicity data for these species have traditionally been treated separately. Numerous standard acute and chronic test guidelines have been developed for both species. In the present study, data were compiled and curated for acute survival (48 h) and growth and reproduction tests with D. magna (21 days chronic) and C. dubia (7 days chronic) toxicity assays. Orthogonal regressions were developed to statistically compare the acute and chronic sensitivity of D. magna and C. dubia across a diversity of chemicals and modes of action. Acute orthogonal regressions between D. magna and D. pulex, a widely accepted surrogate species, were used to set a data-driven benchmark for what would constitute a suitable D. magna surrogate. The results indicate that there is insufficient evidence to suggest a difference in acute or chronic sensitivity of D. magna and C. dubia in standard toxicity tests. Further, the variability in the acute D. magna and C. dubia regressions were of the same magnitude as that in D. magna and D. pulex regressions. Slope and y-intercept values were also comparable. The absence of significant differences in toxicity values suggests similar species sensitivity in standard tests across a range of chemical classes and modes of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:134-147. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L. Brill
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Mace G. Barron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
| | - Greg Carr
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Scott E. Belanger
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
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12
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Li M, Sun K, Fang Y, Zheng M, Xie X, Tang J, Liu R. Toxic effects of acetone, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone on physiological indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64552-64560. [PMID: 34312749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons are important characteristic pollutants in the process of oil exploitation in the Yellow River Delta (China), and they cause a potential hazard to the surrounding ecological environment. The research on eco-toxicological effects of petroleum-derived products still needs to be studied in depth. This paper describes the physiological indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds and seedlings under independent stresses of acetone, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone to determine the toxicological effects of ketones derived from petroleum products on typical crops. The experimental results indicated that ketones with concentrations lower than 0.4 mg·cm-2 and 800 mg·kg-1 the germination of wheat seeds and the growth of seedlings were promoted to 113.32-127.27% and 105.41-126.39%, respectively, thus exhibiting low-dose excitatory effects. However, when the concentration was higher than 0.4 mg·cm-2 and 800 mg·kg-1, germination and seedlings' growth were significantly reduced to 7.14-2.12% and 35.09-13.33%, respectively. At the same time, acetone had a greater impact on the growth of wheat seed roots, the malondialdehyde (MDA), and chlorophyll contents in leaf tissues. The low concentration of acetone had a significant promoting effect on the activity of α-amylase in wheat seeds. 2-Pentanone reduced the electrical conductivity of wheat seed extract, and it significantly promoted the catalase (CAT) activity at low concentrations. 2-Hexanone had a strong inhibitory effect on wheat germination and growth. This study provided new research results to determine the toxic effects of petroleum-derived products and provided a basis for the environmental management of such substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailun Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Youshuai Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Basei G, Zabeo A, Rasmussen K, Tsiliki G, Hristozov D. A Weight of Evidence approach to classify nanomaterials according to the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation criteria. NANOIMPACT 2021; 24:100359. [PMID: 35559818 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 GRACIOUS project (Grouping, Read-Across, Characterisation and classification framework for regulatory risk assessment of manufactured nanomaterials and Safer design of nano-enabled products), we proposed a quantitative Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach for hazard classification of nanomaterials (NMs). This approach is based on the requirements of the European Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (the CLP regulation), which implements the United Nations' Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) in the European Union. The goal of this WoE methodology is to facilitate classification of NMs according to CLP criteria, following the decision trees defined in ECHA's CLP regulatory guidance. In the WoE, results from heterogeneous studies are weighted according to data quality and completeness criteria, integrated, and then evaluated by expert judgment to obtain a hazard classification, resulting in a coherent and justifiable methodology. Moreover, the probabilistic nature of the proposed approach enables highlighting the uncertainty in the analysis. The proposed methodology involves the following stages: (1) collection of data for different NMs related to the endpoint of interest: each study related to each NM is referred as a Line of Evidence (LoE); (2) computation of weighted scores for each LoE: each LoE is weighted by a score calculated based on data quality and completeness criteria defined in the GRACIOUS project; (3) comparison and integration of the weighed LoEs for each NM: A Monte Carlo resampling approach is adopted to quantitatively and probabilistically integrate the weighted evidence; and (4) assignment of each NM to a hazard class: according to the results, each NM is assigned to one of the classes defined by the CLP regulation. Furthermore, to facilitate the integration and the classification of the weighted LoEs, an online R tool was developed. Finally, the approach was tested against an endpoint relevant to CLP (Aquatic Toxicity) using data retrieved from the eNanoMapper database, results obtained were consistent to results in REACH registration dossiers and in recent literature.
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Burns EE, Csiszar SA, Roush KS, Davies IA. National scale down-the-drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:951-960. [PMID: 33913597 PMCID: PMC8453704 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in cosmetic and personal care products (CPCPs) and over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreens, due to their ability to absorb solar radiation. When OTC and CPCP ingredients are washed down the drain, they can then enter freshwaters that receive wastewater treatment plant effluents. This paper presents a freshwater environmental safety assessment of a key UV filter, oxybenzone, used in OTC sunscreens and CPCPs in the United States. Exposure was characterized using iSTREEM® , a spatially resolved aquatic exposure model developed for chemicals disposed of down the drain. iSTREEM® provides a comprehensive exposure assessment of oxybenzone concentrations in United States receiving waters through predicted environmental concentration (PEC) distributions representative of conditions across the region. A review of available hazard data was used to derive a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) using aquatic toxicity data and assessment factors. A safety assessment was conducted by comparing the PEC distribution with the PNEC. The results indicate that oxybenzone is of low concern and there is a significant margin of safety as the 90th percentile PEC is two orders of magnitude below the PNEC. These results are instrumental in demonstrating the environmental safety of key organic UV filters in the U.S. freshwater environment and will help prioritize future work. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:951-960. © 2021 Personal Care Products Council. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Burns
- Personal Care Products CouncilWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | | | - Iain A. Davies
- Personal Care Products CouncilWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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15
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Yuan S, Liang C, Li W, Letcher RJ, Liu C. A comprehensive system for detection of behavioral change of D. magna exposed to various chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123731. [PMID: 33254763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and comprehensive method, based on D. magna swimming behavior, for toxicity assessment of environmental chemicals. Firstly, D. magna swimming in several chambers with different diameters were compared to determine the most suitable container, and then baseline behaviors during light/dark periods as well as reactions to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were determined. Secondly, after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of the selected 42 typical chemicals, which were classified into heavy metals, pesticides, fungicides and flame retardants, the alterations in the swimming parameters were evaluated. Our results indicated the 48-well plate was the most suitable chamber for behavioral monitoring of D. magna, and specific responsive patterns of D. magna neonates to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were observed. The results of the behavioral assays of chemicals suggested that D. magna was the most sensitive to methylmercury-chloride and then to abamectin and chlorpyrifos. The three chemicals at several to dozens of ng/L significantly changed swimming behaviors of D. magna. Furthermore, the alteration in the behavioral parameters (average swimming speed, etc.) induced by the selected chemicals could be ascribed to various modes of actions, confirming the reliability and practicability of the monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Engineering Research Centre of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
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16
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Eom H, Kang W, Kim S, Chon K, Lee YG, Oh SE. Improved toxicity analysis of heavy metal-contaminated water via a novel fermentative bacteria-based test kit. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127412. [PMID: 32947661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was development of a simple and reliable microbial toxicity test based on fermentative bacteria to assess heavy metal (Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, Ni2+, As5+, or Pb2+)-contaminated water. The dominant species of test organisms used in this study was a spore-forming fermentative bacterium, Clostridium guangxiense. Toxicity of water was assessed based on inhibition of fermentative gas production of the test organisms, which was analyzed via a syringe method. Overall, the fermentative bacteria-based test kits satisfactorily identified increased toxicity of water as water was contaminated with high amounts of heavy metals; however, levels of inhibition were dissimilar depending on the species of metals. Inhibitory effects of Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and Ni2+ were considerably greater than those of As5+ and Pb2+. The 24 h half-maximum effective concentrations (EC50) for Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, Ni2+, As5+, and Pb2+ were analyzed to be 0.10, 0.51, 1.09, 3.61, 101.33, and 243.45 mg/L, respectively, confirming that Hg2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and Ni2+ are more toxic to fermentative gas production than As5+ and Pb2+. The fermentative bacteria-based toxicity test represents an improvement over other existing toxicity tests because of ease of end-point measurement, high reproducibility, and favorable on-site field applicability. These advantages make the fermentative bacteria-based test suitable for simple and reliable toxicity screening for heavy metal-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonseop Eom
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Kang
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggyu Kim
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environment Engineering, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Lee
- Department of Environment Engineering, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Sørensen SN, Wigger H, Zabeo A, Semenzin E, Hristozov D, Nowack B, Spurgeon DJ, Baun A. Comparison of species sensitivity distribution modeling approaches for environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials - A case study for silver and titanium dioxide representative materials. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105543. [PMID: 32585540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are used in chemical safety assessments to derive predicted-no-effect-concentrations (PNECs) for substances with a sufficient amount of relevant and reliable ecotoxicity data available. For engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), ecotoxicity data are often compromised by poor reproducibility and the lack of nano-specific characterization needed describe an ENM under test exposure conditions. This may influence the outcome of SSD modelling and hence the regulatory decision-making. This study investigates how the outcome of SSD modelling is influenced by: 1) Selecting input data based on the nano-specific "nanoCRED" reliability criteria, 2) Direct SSD modelling avoiding extrapolation of data by including long-term/chronic NOECs only, and 3) Weighting data according to their nano-specific quality, the number of data available for each species, and the trophic level abundance in the ecosystem. Endpoints from freshwater ecotoxicity studies were collected for the representative nanomaterials NM-300 K (silver) and NM-105 (titanium dioxide), evaluated for regulatory reliability and scored according to the level of nano-specific characterization conducted. The compiled datasets are unique in exclusively dealing with representative ENMs showing minimal batch-to-batch variation. The majority of studies were evaluated as regulatory reliable, while the degree of nano-specific characterization varied greatly. The datasets for NM-300 K and NM-105 were used as input to the nano-weighted n-SSWD model, the probabilistic PSSD+, and the conventional SSD Generator by the US EPA. The conventional SSD generally yielded the most conservative, but least precise HC5 values, with 95 % confidence intervals up to 100-fold wider than the other models. The inclusion of regulatory reliable data only, had little effect on the HC5 generated by the conventional SSD and the PSSD+, whereas the n-SSWD estimated different HC5 values based on data segregated according to reliability, especially for NM-105. The n-SSWD weighting of data significantly affected the estimated HC5 values, however in different ways for the sub-datasets of NM-300 K and NM-105. For NM-300 K, the inclusion of NOECs only in the weighted n-SSWD yielded the most conservative HC5 of all datasets and models (a HC5 based on NOECs only could not be estimated for NM-105, due to limited number of data). Overall, the estimated HC5 values of all models are within a relatively limited concentration range of 25-100 ng Ag/L for NM-300 K and 1-15 μgTiO2/L for NM-105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nørgaard Sørensen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henning Wigger
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland; DLR Institute of Networked Energy Systems - Energy Systems Analysis, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 15, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alex Zabeo
- GreenDecision, Via delle Industrie 21/8, 30175, Marghera, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via delle Industrie 21/8, 30175, Marghera, Venice, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- GreenDecision, Via delle Industrie 21/8, 30175, Marghera, Venice, Italy
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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18
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Luo P, Wang N, Lu M, Chen X, Ji Y, Wang W, Xu Z, Jiang J, Zhang C, Xiao X. Acute and subchronic toxicity of Ag +-laden liposomes on Daphnia magna: the effect of encapsulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1349-1358. [PMID: 32693685 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1794444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of various substances on Daphnia magna (D. magna) observed through traditional waterborne uptake may involve alterations to the nutritional quality of the contaminated algae and culture media. It is essential to find an alternative delivery method that will not affect the nutritional quality of D. magna's diet in order to elucidate the mechanisms of dietary metal toxicity. Therefore, this study examined the application of liposome encapsulation on the dietary toxicity of D. magna. Ag+-laden liposomes were prepared and the Ag encapsulation efficiency and inhibition effect on algae growth were examined. Then, acute and 14-day subchronic studies were performed to examine the effect of Ag+-laden liposomes on D. magna. The EC50 for the 24 h immobilization test was 10.59 µg/L for Ag+-laden liposomes and 3.07 µg/L for Ag+. In terms of subchronic effects, the estimated ECx values under the Ag+-laden liposome condition were always higher than the direct exposure condition. Furthermore, the bioaccumulation of Ag+-laden liposomes was about 1.68 times lower than direct exposure. Generally, Ag+-laden liposomes produced less efficient toxicity than direct exposure, e.g., lower D. magna mortality, production of more neonates, higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), earlier time to first brood, and higher enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengtian Lu
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Ji
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhaona Xu
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiachao Jiang
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Environment and Geo-informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Felipe MC, Bernegossi AC, Castro GB, Pinheiro FR, Nadai BL, Cardoso-Silva BN, Corbi JJ. The use of an Allonais inaequalis reproduction test as an ecotoxicological bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:634-638. [PMID: 32440860 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological bioassays have been widely utilized to evaluate the toxicity of substances to organisms. However, the main challenge for researchers is finding native species to assess the effects of pollutants on aquatic biota. The tropical Oligochaeta, Allonais inaequalis, can be used as a test organism in bioassays to understand the effects of toxicants on aquatic ecosystems and their impact on native aquatic biota. In this study, we tested four methodological designs to validate the use of our "Allonais inaequalis reproduction test" as an ecotoxicological bioassay. For each sample, the assay consisted of a bottle containing 10 mg of sterilized fine sand, 60 mL of dechlorinated tap water and 6 organisms, fed at the beginning of the test and again after 5 days. The assay was first established in a controlled environment and then used to evaluate a stressed environment containing one of the following three toxicants suggested by the OECD (2008) and Corbi et al. (2015): zinc chloride, copper sulfate, or potassium chloride. Our results showed that the best experimental design for reproduction analysis was a static, long-term bioassay, which lasted 10 days without aeration and allowed for the reproduction of multiple generations (10 ± 5 new organisms). The observed inhibition reproduction by toxicants (EC50 ranging between 0.2 mg L-1 and 1.36 g L-1) validated the methods used in this paper. The use of a reproduction endpoint is a new contribution to the ecotoxicological toolbox, examining responses from a native organism to predict the effects of pollutants in an aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Felipe
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - A C Bernegossi
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - G B Castro
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - F R Pinheiro
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - B L Nadai
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - B N Cardoso-Silva
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - J J Corbi
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), Ecology of Aquatic Environments Laboratory, School of Engineering of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo - USP, CEP 13566-590, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Sulfonamides-induced oxidative stress in freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris: Evaluation of growth, photosynthesis, antioxidants, ultrastructure, and nucleic acids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8243. [PMID: 32427937 PMCID: PMC7237458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamerazine (SM1), and sulfamethazine (SM2) are widely used and disorderly discharged into surface water, causing contamination of lakes and rivers. However, microalgae are regard as a potential resource to alleviate and degrade antibiotic pollution. The physiological changes of Chlorella vulgaris in the presence of three sulfonamides (SAs) with varying numbers of –CH3 groups and its SA-removal efficiency were investigated following a 7-day exposure experiment. Our results showed that the growth inhibitory effect of SD (7.9–22.6%), SM1 (7.2–45.9%), and SM2 (10.3–44%) resulted in increased proteins and decreased soluble sugars. Oxidative stress caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase levels but decreased catalase level. The antioxidant responses were insufficient to cope-up with reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion) levels and prevent oxidative damage (malondialdehyde level). The ultrastructure and DNA of SA-treated algal cells were affected, as evident from the considerable changes in the cell wall, chloroplast, and mitochondrion, and DNA migration. C. vulgaris-mediated was able to remove up to 29% of SD, 16% of SM1, and 15% of SM2. Our results suggest that certain concentrations of specific antibiotics may induce algal growth, and algal-mediated biodegradation process can accelerate the removal of antibiotic contamination.
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Xu YQ, Liu SS, Chen F, Wang ZJ. pH affects the hormesis profiles of personal care product components on luminescence of the bacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. -Q67. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136656. [PMID: 31958732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis describes a specific phenomenon in a biphasic concentration-response curve: low concentrations stimulate a response, while high concentrations suppress it. Hormesis could be influenced by several environmental factors, e.g. pH. In this study, the concentration-response/bioluminescence inhibition profiles (CRPs) of six components in personal care products to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were measured at five different pH levels. When the exposure lasted for 0.25 h, CRPs of the six components at various pH levels were S-shaped, except ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G) at pH 10.5. When it lasted for 12 h, the CRPs were J-shaped, except AA2G at pH 6.5, 7.5, and 9.5. To rationally explain these changes in hormesis expressed by J-shaped CRP, four characteristic parameters, the minimum effect (Emin) and its corresponding concentration (ECmin), the median effective concentration (EC50), and the zero effect concentration point (ZEP, where the effect is 0 and the concentration is ZEP), were used to quantify the J-shaped CRP. The results indicated that these parameters vary with pH. Additionally, ZEP showed an excellent linear relationship with EC10 (R2 = 0.9994) at all pH levels, indicating that EC10 could replace the no-observed effective concentration (NOEC) in ecological risk assessment. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism of hormesis, the binding of the components to the luciferase receptors was analyzed using molecular docking technology. The results showed that the components displaying hormesis bind more easily to the α subunit of luciferase than to the β subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Fu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Wigger H, Kawecki D, Nowack B, Adam V. Systematic Consideration of Parameter Uncertainty and Variability in Probabilistic Species Sensitivity Distributions. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:211-222. [PMID: 31535755 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) is a commonly accepted approach to derive the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of a substance in the context of environmental risk assessment. The SSD approach usually is data demanding and incorporates a large number of ecotoxicological values from different experimental studies. The probabilistic SSD (PSSD) approach is able to fully consider the variability between different exposure conditions and material types, which is of great importance when constructing an SSD for any chemical, especially for nanomaterials. The aim of our work was to further develop the PSSD approach by implementing methods to better consider the uncertainty and variability of the input data. We incorporated probabilistic elements to consider the uncertainty associated with uncertainty factors by using probability distributions instead of single values. The new PSSD method (named "PSSD+") computes 10 000 PSSDs based on a Monte Carlo routine. For each PSSD calculated, the hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5 ) was extracted to provide a PNEC distribution based on all data available and their associated uncertainty. The PSSD+ approach also includes the option to consider a species weighting according to a typically constituted biome. We applied this PSSD+ approach to a previously published data set on C nanotubes and Ag nanoparticles. The evaluation of the uncertainty factor distributions and species weighting have shown that the proposed PSSD method is robust with respect to the calculation of the PNEC value. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the PSSD+ can handle both small and more comprehensive data sets because the PNEC distributions are a close representation of the data available. Finally, the sensitivity testing toward data set variations showed that the maximum variation of the mean PNEC was of a factor of about 2, so that the method is relatively insensitive to missing data points as long as the most sensitive species is included. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:211-222. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Wigger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Kawecki
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Adam
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Zhang X, Lin Z. Hormesis-induced gap between the guidelines and reality in ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125348. [PMID: 31765892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Guidelines of ecological risk assessment (ERA) used worldwide, based on S-shaped threshold dose-response curve, fail to consider hormesis, a biphasic dose-response model represented as a J-shaped or an inverted U-shaped curve, that occurs in real-life environment. Now that humans are routinely exposed to chemicals below the threshold where hormetic stimulation prevails, it is noteworthy that over-strictness about chemical control also means a waste of limited resources. So hormesis leads to the gap between guidelines with S-shaped model and reality with hormesis model concerning ERA. In this study, hormetic effects of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) on the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri (A. f) under 41 conditions to simulate the real environment were investigated and compared with ERA practice by some parameters, such as no observed effect concentration (NOEC), hormetic-stimulatory range (HSR) and goal concentration (GC). Not only is the reproducibility of hormesis in real-life contexts confirmed, binomial distribution (p = 0.644 > 0.05) of the relative position of GC and HSR is also found, revealing a 50% probability for GC to falls in HSR, which proves the over-strictness of ERA both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study provides a novel view for ERA that hormetic principles should dominate, and conditions where S-shaped dose-response model works should be singled out on a specific basis to bridge the hormesis-induced gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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24
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Saouter E, Biganzoli F, Pant R, Sala S, Versteeg D. Using REACH for the EU Environmental Footprint: Building a Usable Ecotoxicity Database, Part I. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:783-795. [PMID: 31116000 PMCID: PMC6852526 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The European Union Environmental Footprint (EU-EF) is a harmonized method to measure and communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and organizations. Among 16 different impact categories included in the EU-EF, 1 focuses on the impact of substances on freshwater ecosystems and requires the use of toxicity data. This paper evaluates the use of the aquatic toxicity data submitted to the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. It presents an automated computerized approach for selecting substance ecotoxicity values, building on a set of quality and reliability criteria to extract the most relevant data points for calculating the substance specific hazard values. A selected set of criteria led to the exclusion of approximately 82% of the original REACH ecotoxicological data available as of May 2015 due to incomplete initial encoding of the data by the REACH registrant, missing information such as duration of exposure, endpoint measured, species tested, and imprecise toxicity values (i.e., reported with greater than or less than signs). From an initial set of 305 068 ecotoxicity data records available in the REACH database, the final usable database contains 54 353 toxicity records (29 421 characterized as acute and 24 941 as chronic) covering 9 taxonomic groups, with algae, crustaceans, and fish representing 93% of the data. This data set is valuable for assessing the environmental toxicity of the substance contained whether through traditional substance risk assessment, product toxicity labeling, life cycle assessment (LCA) or environmental impact assessment approaches. However, the resulting loss of approximately 82% of the data suggests that changes in procedures used to generate, report, and document the data within REACH are needed to improve data utility for the various assessment approaches. The rules used to select the data to be used are the primary focus of this article. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:783-795. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Saouter
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | | | - Rana Pant
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | - Serenella Sala
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
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Khan K, Roy K. Ecotoxicological QSAR modelling of organic chemicals against Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata using consensus predictions approach. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:665-681. [PMID: 31474156 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1648315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides robust consensus quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models developed from 334 organic chemicals covering a wide chemical domain for the prediction of effective concentrations of chemicals for 50% and 10% inhibition of algal growth. Only 2D descriptors with definite physicochemical meaning were employed for QSAR model building, whereas development, validation and interpretation were achieved following the strict Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recommended guidelines. Genetic algorithm along with stepwise approach was used in feature selection while the final QSAR models were derived using partial least squares regression technique. The applicability domain of the developed models was also checked. The obtained consensus models were then used to predict 64 organic chemicals having no definite observed responses while the confidence of predictions was checked by the 'prediction reliability indicator' tool. The developed models should be applicable for data gap filling in case of new or untested organic chemicals provided they fall within the domain of the model and can also be implemented to design safer alternatives to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khan
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - K Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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26
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Gerdes Z, Hermann M, Ogonowski M, Gorokhova E. A novel method for assessing microplastic effect in suspension through mixing test and reference materials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10695. [PMID: 31337836 PMCID: PMC6650601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastic in the environment is of global concern. However, the microplastic hazard assessment is hampered by a lack of adequate ecotoxicological methods because of conceptual and practical problems with particle exposure. In the environment, suspended solids (e.g., clay and cellulose) in the same size range as microplastic, are ubiquitous. Therefore, it must be established whether the addition of microplastic to these background levels of particulate material represents a hazard. We present a novel approach employing a serial dilution of microplastic and reference particles, in mixtures, which allows disentangling the effect of the microplastic from that of the other particulates. We demonstrate the applicability of the method using an immobilization test with Daphnia magna exposed to polyethylene terephthalate (test microplastic; median particle diameter ~5 µm) and kaolin clay (reference material; ~3 µm). In the range of the suspended solids test concentrations (0-10 000 mg L-1), with microplastic contributing 0-100% of total mass, the LC50 values for the plastic mixtures were significantly lower compared to the kaolin exposure. Hence, the exposure to polyethylene terephthalate was more harmful to the daphnids than to the reference material alone. The estimated threshold for the relative contribution of the test microplastic to suspended matter above which significantly higher mortality was observed was 2.4% at 32 mg of the solids L-1. This approach has a potential for standardization of ecotoxicological testing of particulates, including microplastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandra Gerdes
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Hermann
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ogonowski
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Chen Y, Xu T, Yang X, Chu W, Hu S, Yin D. The toxic potentials and focus of disinfection byproducts based on the human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:948-957. [PMID: 30769318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are inevitably generated during drinking water disinfection processes, and their hazards have not been well characterized. Because they plausibly cause toxicological and pathological damage to human kidney, we selected the human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell, instead of the commonly used CHO cell, as a model to investigate the toxic potential and target of 10 DBPs, including 3 haloacetamides, 2 trihaloacetaldehydes and 5 iodomethanes. Based on the chronic toxicity parameter EC10 of the cell viability test, we obtained a toxic rank of the tested DBPs different from previous studies and calculated their risk quotients by combining their actual concentrations in drinking water systems. Then, dichloroacetamide (DCAM), trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL), and bromochloroiodomethane (BCIM) were selected to conduct multiple mechanistic bioassays, including cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, ATP metabolism, ROS production, mitochondria-derived apoptosis and qRT-PCR assay. All bioassays revealed the effects of interrupting the molecular, physiological and biochemical processes relevant to mitochondrial functions, such as oxidative respiration, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. Our study improved the human risk assessment of DBPs with the help of a convenient model and parameter and revealed that mitochondrion is a potential toxic focus of DBPs exposure at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xinyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Dupraz V, Stachowski-Haberkorn S, Wicquart J, Tapie N, Budzinski H, Akcha F. Demonstrating the need for chemical exposure characterisation in a microplate test system: toxicity screening of sixteen pesticides on two marine microalgae. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:278-291. [PMID: 30640011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides used in viticulture create a potential risk for the aquatic environment due to drift during application, runoff and soil leaching. The toxicity of sixteen pesticides and one metabolite were evaluated on the growth of two marine microalgae, Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi, in 96-h exposure assays conducted in microplates. For each substance, concentrations of stock solutions were analytically measured and abiotic assays were performed to evaluate the chemical stability of pesticides in microplates. For two chemicals, microalgae exposures were run simultaneously in microplates and culture flasks to compare EC50 calculated from the two exposure systems. Results from chemical analyses demonstrated the low stability of hydrophobic pesticides (log KOW > 3). For such chemicals, EC50 values calculated using measured pesticide concentrations were two-fold lower than those first estimated using nominal concentrations. Photosystem II inhibitors were the most toxic herbicides, with EC50 values below 10 μg L-1 for diuron and around double this for isoproturon. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was the only insecticide to significantly affect the growth of T. lutea, with an EC50 around 400 μg L-1. All fungicides tested were significantly toxic to both species: strobilurins showed low overall toxicity, with EC50 values around 400 μg L-1, whereas quinoxyfen, and spiroxamine, showed high toxicity to both species, especially to T. lutea, with an EC50 below 1 μg L-1 measured for spiroxamine in culture flasks. This study highlights the need to perform chemical analyses for reliable toxicity assessment and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using microplates as a toxicity screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Dupraz
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | | | - Jérémy Wicquart
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Nathalie Tapie
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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29
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More SJ, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bennekou SH, Bragard C, Halldorsson TI, Hernández-Jerez AF, Koutsoumanis K, Naegeli H, Schlatter JR, Silano V, Nielsen SS, Schrenk D, Turck D, Younes M, Benfenati E, Castle L, Cedergreen N, Hardy A, Laskowski R, Leblanc JC, Kortenkamp A, Ragas A, Posthuma L, Svendsen C, Solecki R, Testai E, Dujardin B, Kass GE, Manini P, Jeddi MZ, Dorne JLC, Hogstrand C. Guidance on harmonised methodologies for human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05634. [PMID: 32626259 PMCID: PMC7009070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This Guidance document describes harmonised risk assessment methodologies for combined exposure to multiple chemicals for all relevant areas within EFSA's remit, i.e. human health, animal health and ecological areas. First, a short review of the key terms, scientific basis for combined exposure risk assessment and approaches to assessing (eco)toxicology is given, including existing frameworks for these risk assessments. This background was evaluated, resulting in a harmonised framework for risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. The framework is based on the risk assessment steps (problem formulation, exposure assessment, hazard identification and characterisation, and risk characterisation including uncertainty analysis), with tiered and stepwise approaches for both whole mixture approaches and component‐based approaches. Specific considerations are given to component‐based approaches including the grouping of chemicals into common assessment groups, the use of dose addition as a default assumption, approaches to integrate evidence of interactions and the refinement of assessment groups. Case studies are annexed in this guidance document to explore the feasibility and spectrum of applications of the proposed methods and approaches for human and animal health and ecological risk assessment. The Scientific Committee considers that this Guidance is fit for purpose for risk assessments of combined exposure to multiple chemicals and should be applied in all relevant areas of EFSA's work. Future work and research are recommended. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1589/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1602/full
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30
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Raby M, Zhao X, Hao C, Poirier DG, Sibley PK. Relative chronic sensitivity of neonicotinoid insecticides to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:238-244. [PMID: 30056337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are a group of plant protectants frequently detected in surface waters at low concentrations. Aquatic invertebrates therefore have the potential to be exposed chronically to low concentrations of neonicotinoids. The cladocerans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia are among the most commonly used invertebrate test species in aquatic toxicology. Both species are known to be acutely insensitive to neonicotinoids, and while chronic toxicity has been characterized for D. magna, little research has been conducted with C. dubia. In the present study we conducted 7-d static-renewal life cycle tests for 6 neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) with C. dubia, and a 21-d test with imidacloprid with D. magna. 7-d LC50s for C. dubia ranged from 8.42 mg L-1 for imidacloprid to > 100 mg L-1 for clothianidin; 7-d reproduction EC50s were 2.98 for thiacloprid, to > 67 mg L-1 for dinotefuran. D. magna were less sensitive than C. dubia to imidacloprid, by 4-fold for lethality and 1.5-fold for reproduction; however, acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) were similar. ACRs, based on 48-h acute LC50s and 7- or 21-d chronic reproduction EC10s, ranged from 5.4 for acetamiprid to 53.0 for imidacloprid (mean 36.6, CV = 51%). Chronic toxicity values for both species were orders of magnitude greater than concentrations reported in the environment, and thus hazard to these cladocerans is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Raby
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - David G Poirier
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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31
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Qian L, Qi S, Cao F, Zhang J, Zhao F, Li C, Wang C. Toxic effects of boscalid on the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant system and metabolism of Chlorella vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:171-181. [PMID: 29980035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Boscalid is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in main coastal estuaries in California, with concentrations as high as 36 μg/L. However, ecotoxicology information about boscalid to aquatic organisms is scarce. To investigate toxic effects and mechanisms of boscalid on freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), C. vulgaris were exposed to a range of boscalid concentrations (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 mg/L) for 96 h to study the changes in photosynthetic pigment contents, responses of the antioxidant enzyme system and alterations in endogenous substances. Results indicated that the growth of algae and the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids were significantly inhibited by 1.6 mg/L boscalid. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage of C. vulgaris could be induced by boscalid, in accordance with significant changes in ROS levels and a series of antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, the alterations in endogenous substances showed that boscalid could affect photosynthesis and energy metabolism of C. vulgaris. These results demonstrated that boscalid could induce impacts on C. vulgaris mainly through disturbing the photosynthesis, oxidative damage and energy metabolism. The present study provided a better understanding of the negative effects and mechanisms of bosaclid in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjie Cao
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Li
- Plant Protection Station, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Raby M, Zhao X, Hao C, Poirier DG, Sibley PK. Chronic toxicity of 6 neonicotinoid insecticides to Chironomus dilutus and Neocloeon triangulifer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2727-2739. [PMID: 30055027 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are frequently detected in surface waters near agricultural areas, leading to a potential for chronic exposure to sensitive aquatic species. The midge Chironomus dilutus and the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer have been shown to be acutely sensitive to neonicotinoids. Previous studies have established chronic effects of some neonicotinoids on C. dilutus, but reproduction has not been studied. Toxic effects have not been assessed using N. triangulifer. We present the results of chronic, static-renewal tests for 6 neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) with C. dilutus (≤56-d in length) and N. triangulifer (≤32-d in length). Emergence was generally the most sensitive endpoint for both species across all neonicotinoids. Effect concentrations, 10% (EC10s; emergence) were 0.03 to 1.1 μg L-1 for acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid. Dinotefuran and thiamethoxam were less potent, with EC10s (C. dilutus) or median effect concentrations (EC50s; N. triangulifer) of 2.2 to 11.2 μg L-1 . Hazard was assessed through comparison of neonicotinoid environmental concentrations from agricultural surface waters in Ontario (Canada) with either the 5th percentile hazard concentration (for imidacloprid) or species-specific EC10s from the present study (for all remaining neonicotinoids). The resulting hazard quotients (HQs) indicated little to no hazard (HQ <1) in terms of chronic toxicity for acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, or thiamethoxam. A moderate hazard (HQ >1) was found for emergence of N. triangulifer for clothianidin, and a high hazard (HQ = 74) was found for imidacloprid. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2727-2739. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Raby
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Poirier
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Hoondert RPJ, Hilbers JP, Hendriks AJ, Huijbregts MAJ. Deriving Field-Based Ecological Risks for Bird Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3716-3726. [PMID: 29484892 PMCID: PMC5863098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risks (ERs) of pollutants are typically assessed using species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), based on effect concentrations obtained from bioassays with unknown representativeness for field conditions. Alternatively, monitoring data relating breeding success in bird populations to egg concentrations may be used. In this study, we developed a procedure to derive SSDs for birds based on field data of egg concentrations and reproductive success. As an example, we derived field-based SSDs for p, p'-DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure to birds. These SSDs were used to calculate ERs for these two chemicals in the American Great Lakes and the Arctic. First, we obtained field data of p, p'-DDE and PCBs egg concentrations and reproductive success from the literature. Second, these field data were used to fit exposure-response curves along the upper boundary (right margin) of the response's distribution (95th quantile), also called quantile regression analysis. The upper boundary is used to account for heterogeneity in reproductive success induced by other external factors. Third, the species-specific EC10/50s obtained from the field-based exposure-response curves were used to derive SSDs per chemical. Finally, the SSDs were combined with specific exposure data for both compounds in the two areas to calculate the ER. We found that the ERs of combined exposure to these two chemicals were a factor of 5-35 higher in the Great Lakes compared to Arctic regions. Uncertainty in the species-specific exposure-response curves and related SSDs was mainly caused by the limited number of field exposure-response data for bird species. With sufficient monitoring data, our method can be used to quantify field-based ecological risks for other chemicals, species groups, and regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske P. J. Hoondert
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle P. Hilbers
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Jan Hendriks
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Institute
for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Johnson DR, Boyd RE, Bednar AJ, Weiss CA, Hull MS, Coleman JG, Kennedy AJ, Banks CJ, Steevens JA. Effects of soot by-product from the synthesis of engineered metallofullerene nanomaterials on terrestrial invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1594-1605. [PMID: 29473669 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials is often inefficient, generating large amounts of soot with metals as waste by-product. Currently, there are no specific regulations for disposal of engineered nanomaterials or the waste by-products resulting from their synthesis, so it is presumed that by-products are disposed of in the same way as the parent (bulk) materials. We studied the terrestrial toxicity of soot from gadolinium metallofullerene nanomanufacturing on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and isopods (Porcellio scaber). The metallofullerene soot consisted of carbon particle agglomerates in the nanometer and submicrometer ranges (1-100 and 101-999 nm, respectively), with metals used during nanomanufacturing detectable on the particles. Despite high metal concentrations (>100 000 mg/kg) in the soot, only a relatively small amount of metals leached out of a spiked field soil, suggesting only moderate mobility. Seven- and 14-d exposures in field soil demonstrated that the soot was only toxic to earthworms at high concentrations (>10 000 mg/kg); however, earthworms avoided spiked soils at lower concentrations (as low as 500 mg/kg) and at lower soil pH. The presence of soot in food and soil did not cause isopod avoidance. These data demonstrate that metallofullerene soot from nanomanufacturing may only be toxic to earthworms at high concentrations representative of improper disposal or accidental spills. However, our results indicate that terrestrial invertebrates may avoid soils contaminated with soot at sublethal concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;9999:1-12. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Johnson
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert E Boyd
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
- SpecPro, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Charles A Weiss
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt S Hull
- NanoEarth: Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- NanoSafe, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica G Coleman
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cynthia J Banks
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffery A Steevens
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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Tugcu G, Saçan MT. A multipronged QSAR approach to predict algal low-toxic-effect concentrations of substituted phenols and anilines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:893-901. [PMID: 29190587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment procedures require acute and chronic toxicity values of hazardous chemicals. In this respect, the 96-h toxicity bioassays of nitro-, methyl-, methoxy-, chloro-, and nitrile- substituted phenols and anilines to Chlorella vulgaris were performed. Median inhibitory and low-toxic-effect concentrations were reported. Significant correlations between acute and chronic toxicities were found for the chemicals in the data set regardless of mode of action. Consequently, linear models employing theoretical and empirical descriptors were developed for the prediction of NOEC and IC20. The outcome of the study will be beneficial in the risk assessments of organic chemicals and setting water quality standards by the regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tugcu
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 34342, Hisar Campus, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Türker Saçan
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 34342, Hisar Campus, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
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36
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Bettinetti R, Kopp-Schneider A, Vignati DAL. The European water-based environmental quality standard for pentachlorophenol is NOT protective of benthic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:39-45. [PMID: 28898810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Risk management of toxic substances is often based on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) set for the water compartment, assuming they will also protect benthic organisms. In the absence of experimental data, EQS for sediments can be estimated by the equilibrium partitioning approach. The present study investigates whether this approach is protective of benthic organisms against pentachlorophenol (PCP), a legacy contaminant and EU priority substance still used in some parts of the world. Three freshwater species of invertebrates with different life cycles and feeding behaviors (the oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex and the dipteran insect Chironomus riparius) were exposed to PCP spiked sediments (2.10-46.03mgPCP/kg d.w. plus controls) in laboratory standard tests. Exposure duration was 28days for T. tubifex and L. variegatus and 10 and 28days for C. riparius; according to the corresponding OECD guidelines. For each investigated end-point, dose-response data were normalized to the mean control and fitted to a four-parameter log-logistic model for calculating the corresponding EC50 and EC10. The ranges for EC50 and EC10 estimates were 4.39 (Chironomus riparius-emergence)-27.50 (Tubifex tubifex-cocoon) and 0.30 (T. tubifex-young worms) -16.70 (T. tubifex-cocoon) mg/kg d.w., respectively. The EC50 and the EC10 values of L. variegatus were within these ranges. Following the EU Technical Guidance for deriving EQS, the lowest EC10 value of 0.30mg/kg (T. tubifex-young worms) resulted in a PCP quality standard (QS) for sediments of 30ng/g, about one fourth of the tentative QS of 119ng/g estimated by the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. The response of benthic biota to PCP varied across organisms and across end-points for the same organism, so that the use of sediment PCP-QS calculated using the EqP-approach may be under-protective of the most sensitive organisms. Information on the possible effects of PCP on resident organisms must therefore be collected for appropriately managing aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Kopp-Schneider
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Davide A L Vignati
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, LIEC-UMR 7360, 8 rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France
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37
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Yu D, Yong YC, Liu C, Fang Y, Bai L, Dong S. New applications of genetically modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa for toxicity detection in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:106-111. [PMID: 28582765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel mediator-free method based on genetically modified bacteria was developed for detecting water toxicity, where genetically modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GM P. aeruginosa) was selected as the biosensor strain and pyocyanin (PYO) produced by this strain was used as the indicator. The toxicity response of GM P. aeruginosa to 3, 5-dichlorophenol (3, 5-DCP) was measured electrochemically and spectroscopically, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3, 5-DCP was determined to be 15.1 mg/L. Strikingly, the toxicity of sample solution with 3, 5-DCP could also be estimated visually by naked eyes at a concentration as low as 10 mg/L. The present study provided a convenient, sensitive and cost-effective method for water toxicity detection, and extended biosensing application of the genetically modified bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Changyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Youxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Lu Bai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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38
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Kennedy AJ, Poda AR, Melby NL, Moores LC, Jordan SM, Gust KA, Bednar AJ. Aquatic toxicity of photo-degraded insensitive munition 101 (IMX-101) constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2050-2057. [PMID: 28059482 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions are desirable alternatives to historically used formulations, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), because of their so-called insensitivity to unintended detonation. The insensitive munition IMX-101 is a mixture of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). Environmental releases of munitions may be from production wastewaters or training; these munitions may be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Therefore, it is useful to understand the relative toxicity of IMX-101 and its constituents both before and after photodegradation. The intent of the present study was to generate relative hazard information by exposing the standard ecotoxicological model Ceriodaphnia dubia to each insensitive munition constituent individually and to IMX-101 before and after the exposure solution was irradiated in a UV photoreactor. Without photodegradation, DNAN was more toxic (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 43 mg/L) than the other 2 constituents and it contributed predominantly to the toxicity of IMX-101 (LC50 = 206 mg/L) based on toxic units. Toxicity was observed only at high levels of NQ (LC50 = 1174 mg/L) and pH-adjusted NTO (LC50 = 799 mg/L). The toxicity of IMX-101 is lower than literature-reported TNT toxicity. Photodegradation efficiency was greater at lower insensitive munition concentrations. The observed degradation was greatest for NQ (42-99%), which in turn corresponded to the greatest relative increase in toxicity (100-1000-fold). Modest percent of degradation (4-18%) and increases in phototoxicity (2-100-fold) were observed for NTO and DNAN. Photodegraded NQ products were the predominant source of toxicity of photodegraded IMX-101. Future work involves research to enable analytical and computational confirmation of the specific degradation compounds inducing the observed photoenhanced toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2050-2057. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Aimee R Poda
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Shinita M Jordan
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kurt A Gust
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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39
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Müller N, de Zwart D, Hauschild M, Kijko G, Fantke P. Exploring REACH as a potential data source for characterizing ecotoxicity in life cycle assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:492-500. [PMID: 27355758 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity models in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) currently only characterize a small fraction of marketed substances, mostly because of limitations in the underlying ecotoxicity data. One approach to improve the current data situation in LCIA is to identify new data sources, such as the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) database. The present study explored REACH as a potential data source for LCIA based on matching reported ecotoxicity data for substances that are currently also included in the United Nations Environment Programme/Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/SETAC) scientific consensus model USEtox for characterizing toxicity impacts. Data are evaluated with respect to number of data points, reported reliability, and test duration, and are compared with data listed in USEtox at the level of hazardous concentration for 50% of the covered species per substance. The results emphasize differences between data available via REACH and in USEtox. The comparison of ecotoxicity data from REACH and USEtox shows potential for using REACH ecotoxicity data in LCIA toxicity characterization, but also highlights issues related to compliance of submitted data with REACH requirements as well as different assumptions underlying regulatory risk assessment under REACH versus data needed for LCIA. Thus, further research is required to address data quality, pre-processing, and applicability, before considering data submitted under REACH as a data source for use in LCIA, and also to explore additionally available data sources, published studies, and reports. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:492-500. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Müller
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dick de Zwart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gaël Kijko
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Kennedy AJ, Lindsay JH, Biedenbach JM, Harmon AR. Life stage sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis to ammonia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:89-95. [PMID: 27207187 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is an important contaminant to consider in all toxicity tests. It is especially important to consider the impacts of ammonia in test methods that use sensitive water column organisms exposed to sediments or sediment extracts, such as porewater and elutriate toxicity tests. Embryo-larval development toxicity tests, such as the 48-h method using Mytilus mussel species, are particularly sensitive to ammonia. To better understand the effect thresholds across different life stages of these mussels, 6 short-term (48-h) development toxicity tests and 3 21-d toxicity tests with different-sized juvenile mussels were conducted. Two of the juvenile mussel tests involved 21-d continuous chronic exposure to ammonia, whereas the third involved an acute 2-d ammonia exposure, followed by a 19-d recovery period. The embryo-larval development test method (50% effect concentration [EC50] = 0.14-0.18 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) was 2.5 times more sensitive than the juvenile mussel 21-d survival endpoint (50% lethal concentration = 0.39 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) and 2 times more sensitive than the most sensitive sublethal juvenile mussel endpoint (EC50 = 0.26 mg/L un-ionized ammonia). Further, it was found that the juveniles recovered from a 48-h exposure to un-ionized ammonia of up to 1.1 mg/L. The data generated suggest that the embryo development endpoint was sufficiently sensitive to un-ionized ammonia to protect the chronically exposed (21 d) juvenile mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:89-95. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - James H Lindsay
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - James M Biedenbach
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Ashley R Harmon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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41
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Fox DR, Landis WG. Don't be fooled-A no-observed-effect concentration is no substitute for a poor concentration-response experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2141-2148. [PMID: 27089534 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Renowned mathematician and science historian Jacob Bronowski once defined science as "the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not" and noted "that needs more courage than we might think." Such would also seem to be the case with no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) and no-observed-effect levels in ecotoxicology. Compelling arguments were advanced more than a quarter of a century ago as to why the use of a model to describe the concentration-response relationship was preferable to an isolated metric, with the NOEC singled out as a particularly poor toxicity measure. In the ensuing years numerous articles critical of the NOEC have been written, with some calling for an outright ban on its use. More recently, arguments have been made for the retention of NOECs, with supporters suggesting that this metric is particularly useful in situations where the concentration-response relationship is weak or nonexistent. In addition, it has been claimed that there are situations in ecotoxicology where suitable models are simply not available. These arguments are not correct, and they also have impeded the decades-overdue incorporation of numerous recommendations based on research that NOECs should no longer be used. In the present study the authors counter some of the most recent claims in support of NOECs and provide new insights for 1 class of problem claimed not to be amenable to such modeling. They are confident that similar insights will be developed as further original research in this area is undertaken. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2141-2148. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fox
- Environmetrics Australia, Beaumaris, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne G Landis
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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