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Hermanson JB, Tolba SA, Chrisler EA, Leone VA. Gut microbes, diet, and genetics as drivers of metabolic liver disease: a narrative review outlining implications for precision medicine. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 133:109704. [PMID: 39029595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is rapidly increasing in prevalence, impacting over a third of the global population. The advanced form of MASLD, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is on track to become the number one indication for liver transplant. FDA-approved pharmacological agents are limited for MASH, despite over 400 ongoing clinical trials, with only a single drug (resmetirom) currently on the market. This is likely due to the heterogeneous nature of disease pathophysiology, which involves interactions between highly individualized genetic and environmental factors. To apply precision medicine approaches that overcome interpersonal variability, in-depth insights into interactions between genetics, nutrition, and the gut microbiome are needed, given that each have emerged as dynamic contributors to MASLD and MASH pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the associations and molecular underpinnings of several of these factors individually and outline their interactions in the context of both patient-based studies and preclinical animal model systems. Finally, we highlight gaps in knowledge that will require further investigation to aid in successfully implementing precision medicine to prevent and alleviate MASLD and MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake B Hermanson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samar A Tolba
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Evan A Chrisler
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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2
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Jiang X, Wang H, Nie K, Gao Y, Chen S, Tang Y, Wang Z, Su H, Dong H. Targeting lipid droplets and lipid droplet-associated proteins: a new perspective on natural compounds against metabolic diseases. Chin Med 2024; 19:120. [PMID: 39232826 PMCID: PMC11373146 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid droplet (LD) is a metabolically active organelle, which changes dynamically with the metabolic state and energy requirements of cells. Proteins that either insert into the LD phospholipid monolayer or are present in the cytoplasm, playing a crucial role in lipid homeostasis and signaling regulation, are known as LD-associated proteins. METHODS The keywords "lipid droplets" and "metabolic diseases" were used to obtain literature on LD metabolism and pathological mechanism. After searching databases including Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, and PubMed from 2013 to 2024 using terms like "lipid droplets", "lipid droplet-associated proteins", "fatty liver disease", "diabetes", "diabetic kidney disease", "obesity", "atherosclerosis", "hyperlipidemia", "natural drug monomers" and "natural compounds", the most common natural compounds were identified in about 954 articles. Eventually, a total of 91 studies of 10 natural compounds reporting in vitro or in vivo studies were refined and summarized. RESULTS The most frequently used natural compounds include Berberine, Mangostin, Capsaicin, Caffeine, Genistein, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Chlorogenic acid, Betaine, Ginsenoside, Resveratrol. These natural compounds interact with LD-associated proteins and help ameliorate abnormal LDs in various metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION Natural compounds involved in the regulation of LDs and LD-associated proteins hold promise for treating metabolic diseases. Further research into these interactions may lead to new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Shin MR, Kim MJ, Lee JA, Lee ES, Park HJ, Roh SS. Coix Sprouts Affect Triglyceride Metabolism in Huh7 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Food 2024; 27:728-739. [PMID: 38808469 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs), commonly known as fats. Intracellular lipolysis of TG is associated with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which provides fatty acids during times of metabolic need. The aim of this study was to determine whether Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf (Coix) sprouts (CS) can alleviate obesity through lipolysis. Overall, we investigated the potential of CS under in vitro and in vivo conditions and confirmed the underlying mechanisms. Huh7 cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs), and C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet. When FFA were introduced into Huh7 cells, the intracellular TG levels increased within the Huh7 cells. However, CS treatment significantly reduced intracellular TG levels. Furthermore, CS decreased the expression of Pparγ and Srebp1c mRNA and downregulated the mutant Pnpla3 (I148M) mRNA. Notably, CS significantly upregulated ATGL expression. CS treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight. Specifically, the group treated with CS (200 mg/kg/day) exhibited a significant modulation of serum lipid biomarkers. In addition, CS ameliorated histological alterations in both the liver and adipose tissues. In summary, CS efficiently inhibited lipid accumulation through the activation of the lipolytic enzyme ATGL coupled with the suppression of enzymes involved in TG synthesis. Consequently, CS show promise as a potential anti-obesity agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Rae Shin
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Herbal Convergence on Liver Disease, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Song Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Park
- DHU Bio Convergence Testing Center, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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4
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Schenker RB, Machle CJ, Schmidt KA, Allayee H, Kohli R, Goran MI. Associations of dietary sugars with liver stiffness in Latino adolescents with obesity differ on PNPLA3 and liver disease severity. Liver Int 2024; 44:1768-1774. [PMID: 38634702 PMCID: PMC11251846 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common paediatric liver disease. Latinos have high MASLD risk due to 50% prevalence of GG genotype of PNPLA3. Our primary aim was to evaluate associations between dietary carbohydrates/sugars and liver stiffness in Latino adolescents with obesity. Our secondary aim was to examine effect modification by (a) PNPLA3 genotype or (b) liver disease severity. Data were obtained from 114 Latino adolescents with obesity involved in two prior studies. No associations were seen between dietary carbohydrates/sugars and liver stiffness in the group as a whole. In subjects with GG genotype of PNPLA3, total sugar, fructose, sucrose, and glucose were associated with liver stiffness. Positive relationships between carbohydrate, total sugar, and sucrose and liver stiffness were stronger in those with MASLD and fibrosis compared to those with healthy livers and MASLD without fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Schenker
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Machle
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Departments of Population & Public Health Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Sookoian S, Rotman Y, Valenti L. Genetics of Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: The State of Art Update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:S1542-3565(24)00690-6. [PMID: 39094912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in the genetics of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are gradually revealing the mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of the disease and have shown promising results in patient stratification. Genetic characterization of the disease has been rapidly developed using genome-wide association studies, exome-wide association studies, phenome-wide association studies, and whole exome sequencing. These advances have been powered by the increase in computational power, the development of new analytical algorithms, including some based on artificial intelligence, and the recruitment of large and well-phenotyped cohorts. This review presents an update on genetic studies that emphasize new biological insights from next-generation sequencing approaches. Additionally, we discuss innovative methods for discovering new genetic loci for MASLD, including rare variants. To comprehensively manage MASLD, it is important to stratify risks. Therefore, we present an update on phenome-wide association study associations, including extreme phenotypes. Additionally, we discuss whether polygenic risk scores and targeted sequencing are ready for clinical use. With particular focus on precision medicine, we introduce concepts such as the interplay between genetics and the environment in modulating genetic risk with lifestyle or standard therapies. A special chapter is dedicated to gene-based therapeutics. The limitations of approved pharmacological approaches are discussed, and the potential of gene-related mechanisms in therapeutic development is reviewed, including the decision to perform genetic testing in patients with MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Translational Health Research Center (CENITRES), Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Health Science, Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luca Valenti
- Precision Medicine - Biological Resource Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Corbo JH, Chung J. Mechanisms of lipid droplet degradation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 90:102402. [PMID: 39053179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are subcellular organelles that play an integral role in lipid metabolism by regulating the storage and release of fatty acids, which are essential for energy production and various cellular processes. Lipolysis and lipophagy are the two major LD degradation pathways that mediate the utilization of lipids stored in these organelles. Recent studies have further uncovered alternative pathways, including direct lysosomal LD degradation and LD exocytosis. Here, we highlight recent findings that dissect the molecular basis of these diverse LD degradation pathways. Then, we discuss speculations on the crosstalk among these pathways and the potential unconventional roles of LD degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Corbo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J Chung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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7
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Zu-Man D, Yu-Long Z, Chun-Yang T, Chuang L, Jia-Qin F, Qiang H, Chun C, Li-Jun Y, Chin-Ping T, Hui N, Xiong F. Construction of blackberry polysaccharide nano-selenium particles: Structure features and regulation effects of glucose/lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114428. [PMID: 38763678 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, blackberry polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (BBP-24-3Se) were first prepared via Na2SeO3/Vc redox reaction, followed by coating with red blood cell membrane (RBC) to form core-shell structure polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (RBC@BBP-24-3Se). The particle size of BBP-24-3Se (167.1 nm) was increased to 239.8 nm (RBC@BBP-24-3Se) with an obvious core-shell structure after coating with RBC. FT-IR and XPS results indicated that the interaction between BBP-24-3 and SeNPs formed a new C-O···Se bond with valence state of Se0. Bioassays indicated that RBC coating markedly enhanced both the biocompatibility and bioabsorbability of RBC@BBP-24-3Se, and the absorption rate of RBC@BBP-24-3Se in HepG2 cells was 4.99 times higher than that of BBP-24-3Se at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Compared with BBP-24-3Se, RBC@BBP-24-3Se possessed significantly heightened protective efficacy against oxidative damage and better regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism disorder induced by palmitic acid in HepG2 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that RBC@BBP-24-3Se could effectively improve PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote glucose metabolism, inhibit the expression of lipid synthesis genes and up-regulate the expression of lipid-decomposing genes through AMPK signaling pathway to improve lipid metabolism. These results provided a theoretical basis for developing a new type of selenium supplement for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Zu-Man
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhang Yu-Long
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Tang Chun-Yang
- Likofu Food Co Ltd, Guangzhou Restaurant Grp, Guangzhou 511445, China
| | - Liu Chuang
- Likofu Food Co Ltd, Guangzhou Restaurant Grp, Guangzhou 511445, China
| | - Fang Jia-Qin
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huang Qiang
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chen Chun
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - You Li-Jun
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tan Chin-Ping
- Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Food Sci & Technol, Dept Food Technol, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Niu Hui
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fu Xiong
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China.
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8
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Johnson SM, Bao H, McMahon CE, Chen Y, Burr SD, Anderson AM, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. PNPLA3 is a triglyceride lipase that mobilizes polyunsaturated fatty acids to facilitate hepatic secretion of large-sized very low-density lipoprotein. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4847. [PMID: 38844467 PMCID: PMC11156938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is closely associated with hepatic steatosis. Recent evidence indicates that the I148M mutant functions as an inhibitor of PNPLA2/ATGL-mediated lipolysis, leaving the role of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Despite showing a triglyceride hydrolase activity in vitro, PNPLA3 has yet to be established as a lipase in vivo. Here, we show that PNPLA3 preferentially hydrolyzes polyunsaturated triglycerides, mobilizing polyunsaturated fatty acids for phospholipid desaturation and enhancing hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Under lipogenic conditions, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 exhibit aggravated liver steatosis and reduced plasma VLDL-triglyceride levels. Similarly, I148M-knockin mice show decreased hepatic triglyceride secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby the wild-type PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion, and suggest the potential contribution of a loss-of-function by the I148M variant to the development of fatty liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hanmei Bao
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Cailin E McMahon
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department; Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stephanie D Burr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron M Anderson
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katja Madeyski-Bengtson
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences; BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM); BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition; Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Van Woerkom A, Harney DJ, Nagarajan SR, Hakeem-Sanni MF, Lin J, Hooke M, Pulpitel T, Cooney GJ, Larance M, Saunders DN, Brandon AE, Hoy AJ. Hepatic lipid droplet-associated proteome changes distinguish dietary-induced fatty liver from glucose tolerance in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E842-E855. [PMID: 38656127 PMCID: PMC11376491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fatty liver is characterized by the expansion of lipid droplets (LDs) and is associated with the development of many metabolic diseases. We assessed the morphology of hepatic LDs and performed quantitative proteomics in lean, glucose-tolerant mice compared with high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice that displayed hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance as well as high-starch diet (HStD) fed mice who exhibited similar levels of hepatic steatosis but remained glucose tolerant. Both HFD- and HStD-fed mice had more and larger LDs than Chow-fed animals. We observed striking differences in liver LD proteomes of HFD- and HStD-fed mice compared with Chow-fed mice, with fewer differences between HFD and HStD. Taking advantage of our diet strategy, we identified a fatty liver LD proteome consisting of proteins common in HFD- and HStD-fed mice, as well as a proteome associated with glucose tolerance that included proteins shared in Chow and HStD but not HFD-fed mice. Notably, glucose intolerance was associated with changes in the ratio of adipose triglyceride lipase to perilipin 5 in the LD proteome, suggesting dysregulation of neutral lipid homeostasis in glucose-intolerant fatty liver. We conclude that our novel dietary approach uncouples ectopic lipid burden from insulin resistance-associated changes in the hepatic lipid droplet proteome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identified a fatty liver lipid droplet proteome and one associated with glucose tolerance. Notably, glucose intolerance was linked with changes in the ratio of adipose triglyceride lipase to perilipin 5 that is indicative of dysregulation of neutral lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Van Woerkom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan J Harney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shilpa R Nagarajan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariam F Hakeem-Sanni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Lin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Hooke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Enkler L, Spang A. Functional interplay of lipid droplets and mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1235-1251. [PMID: 38268392 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Our body stores energy mostly in form of fatty acids (FAs) in lipid droplets (LDs). From there the FAs can be mobilized and transferred to peroxisomes and mitochondria. This transfer is dependent on close opposition of LDs and mitochondria and peroxisomes and happens at membrane contact sites. However, the composition and the dynamics of these contact sites is not well understood, which is in part due to the dependence on the metabolic state of the cell and on the cell- and tissue-type. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contacts between lipid droplets and mitochondria both in mammals and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which various contact sites are well studied. We discuss possible functions of the contact site and their implication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Sherman DJ, Liu L, Mamrosh JL, Xie J, Ferbas J, Lomenick B, Ladinsky MS, Verma R, Rulifson IC, Deshaies RJ. The fatty liver disease-causing protein PNPLA3-I148M alters lipid droplet-Golgi dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318619121. [PMID: 38657050 PMCID: PMC11067037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318619121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a progressive metabolic disorder that begins with aberrant triglyceride accumulation in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. A common variant in the gene PNPLA3, encoding the protein PNPLA3-I148M, is the strongest known genetic risk factor for MASLD. Despite its discovery 20 y ago, the function of PNPLA3, and now the role of PNPLA3-I148M, remain unclear. In this study, we sought to dissect the biogenesis of PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M and characterize changes induced by endogenous expression of the disease-causing variant. Contrary to bioinformatic predictions and prior studies with overexpressed proteins, we demonstrate here that PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M are not endoplasmic reticulum-resident transmembrane proteins. To identify their intracellular associations, we generated a paired set of isogenic human hepatoma cells expressing PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M at endogenous levels. Both proteins were enriched in lipid droplet, Golgi, and endosomal fractions. Purified PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M proteins associated with phosphoinositides commonly found in these compartments. Despite a similar fractionation pattern as the wild-type variant, PNPLA3-I148M induced morphological changes in the Golgi apparatus, including increased lipid droplet-Golgi contact sites, which were also observed in I148M-expressing primary human patient hepatocytes. In addition to lipid droplet accumulation, PNPLA3-I148M expression caused significant proteomic and transcriptomic changes that resembled all stages of liver disease. Cumulatively, we validate an endogenous human cellular system for investigating PNPLA3-I148M biology and identify the Golgi apparatus as a central hub of PNPLA3-I148M-driven cellular change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | | | | | | | - Brett Lomenick
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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12
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Fu X, Zhang S, Liu P. Co-immunoprecipitation for identifying protein-protein interaction on lipid droplets. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2024; 10:102-110. [PMID: 38774355 PMCID: PMC11103721 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2024.240007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD) is a conserved organelle that exists in almost all organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals. Dysfunctions in LDs are linked to a range of human metabolic syndromes. The formation of protein complexes on LDs is crucial for maintaining their function. Investigating how proteins interact on LDs is essential for understanding the role of LDs. We have developed an effective method to uncover protein-protein interactions and protein complexes specifically on LDs. In this method, we conduct co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments using LD proteins extracted directly from isolated LDs, rather than utilizing proteins from cell lysates. To elaborate, we begin by purifying LDs with high-quality and extracting LD-associated proteins. Subsequently, the co-IP experiment is performed on these LD-associated proteins directly, which would enhance the co-IP experiment specificity of LD-associated proteins. This method enables researchers to directly unveil protein complexes on LDs and gain deeper insights into the functional roles of proteins associated with LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Fu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Lee Y, Cho EJ, Choe EK, Kwak MS, Yang JI, Oh SW, Yim JY, Chung GE. Genome-wide association study of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in a Korean population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9753. [PMID: 38679617 PMCID: PMC11056367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. To emphasize metabolic abnormalities in fatty liver, metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been introduced; thus, we aimed to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to MAFLD and its subtypes. A genome-wide association study was performed to identify genetic factors related to MAFLD. We used a Korean population-based sample of 2282 subjects with MAFLD and a control group of 4669. We replicated the results in a validation sample which included 639 patients with MAFLD and 1578 controls. Additionally, we categorized participants into three groups, no MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction (MD)-MAFLD, and overweight/obese-MAFLD. After adjusting for age, sex, and principal component scores, rs738409 [risk allele G] and rs3810622 [risk allele T], located in the PNPLA3 gene, showed significant associations with MAFLD (P-values, discovery set = 1.60 × 10-15 and 4.84 × 10-10; odds ratios, 1.365 and 1.284, validation set = 1.39 × 10-4, and 7.15 × 10-4, odds ratios, 1.299 and 1.264, respectively). An additional SNP rs59148799 [risk allele G] located in the GATAD2A gene showed a significant association with MAFLD (P-values, discovery set = 2.08 × 10-8 and validation set = 0.034, odds ratios, 1.387 and 1.250). rs738409 was significantly associated with MAFLD subtypes ([overweight/obese-MAFLD; odds ratio (95% confidence interval), P-values, 1.515 (1.351-1.700), 1.43 × 10-12 and MD-MAFLD: 1.300 (1.191-1.416), 2.90 × 10-9]. There was a significant relationship between rs3810622 and overweight/obese-MAFLD and MD-MAFLD [odds ratios (95% confidence interval), P-values, 1.418 (1.258, 1.600), 1.21 × 10-8 and 1.225 (1.122, 1.340), 7.06 × 10-6, respectively]; the statistical significance remained in the validation set. PNPLA3 was significantly associated with MAFLD and MAFLD subtypes in the Korean population. These results indicate that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Lee
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choe
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kwak
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Yang
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Oh
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Yim
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goh Eun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhu X, Bian H, Gao X, Xia M. Advances in management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:95. [PMID: 38566209 PMCID: PMC10985930 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that affects over 30% of the world's population. For decades, the heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has impeded our understanding of the disease mechanism and the development of effective medications. However, a recent change in the nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD emphasizes the critical role of systemic metabolic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disease and therefore promotes the progress in the pharmaceutical treatment of MASLD. In this review, we focus on the mechanism underlying the abnormality of hepatic lipid metabolism in patients with MASLD, and summarize the latest progress in the therapeutic medications of MASLD that target metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wusong Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Sato-Espinoza K, Chotiprasidhi P, Huaman MR, Díaz-Ferrer J. Update in lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:452-464. [PMID: 38577539 PMCID: PMC10989317 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i3.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new nomenclature consensus has emerged for liver diseases that were previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). They are now defined as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which includes cardiometabolic criteria in adults. This condition, extensively studied in obese or overweight patients, constitutes around 30% of the population, with a steady increase worldwide. Lean patients account for approximately 10%-15% of the MASLD population. However, the pathogenesis is complex and is not well understood. AIM To systematically review the literature on the diagnosis, pathogenesis, characteristics, and prognosis in lean MASLD patients and provide an interpretation of these new criteria. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive database search on PubMed and Google Scholar between January 2012 and September 2023, specifically focusing on lean NAFLD, MAFLD, or MASLD patients. We include original articles with patients aged 18 years or older, with a lean body mass index categorized according to the World Health Organization criteria, using a cutoff of 25 kg/m2 for the general population and 23 kg/m2 for the Asian population. RESULTS We include 85 studies in our analysis. Our findings revealed that, for lean NAFLD patients, the prevalence rate varied widely, ranging from 3.8% to 34.1%. The precise pathogenesis mechanism remained elusive, with associations found in genetic variants, epigenetic modifications, and adaptative metabolic response. Common risk factors included metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but their prevalence varied based on the comparison group involving lean patients. Regarding non-invasive tools, Fibrosis-4 index outperformed the NAFLD fibrosis score in lean patients. Lifestyle modifications aided in reducing hepatic steatosis and improving cardiometabolic profiles, with some medications showing efficacy to a lesser extent. However, lean NAFLD patients exhibited a worse prognosis compared to the obese or overweight counterpart. CONCLUSION MASLD is a complex disease comprising epigenetic, genetic, and metabolic factors in its pathogenesis. Results vary across populations, gender, and age. Limited data exists on clinical practice guidelines for lean patients. Future studies employing this new nomenclature can contribute to standardizing and generalizing results among lean patients with steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sato-Espinoza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States.
| | - Perapa Chotiprasidhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Mariella R Huaman
- Obesity and Metabolic, Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, Lima 02002, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Díaz-Ferrer
- Hepatology Service, Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 02002, Lima, Peru
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Lima 02002, Lima, Peru
- Gastroenterology Service, Clinica Internacional, Lima 02002, Lima, Peru
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16
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Mathiowetz AJ, Olzmann JA. Lipid droplets and cellular lipid flux. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:331-345. [PMID: 38454048 PMCID: PMC11228001 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids, serve the metabolic needs of cells, and sequester lipids to prevent lipotoxicity and membrane damage. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms of lipid droplet biogenesis and turnover, the transfer of lipids and metabolites at membrane contact sites, and the role of lipid droplets in regulating fatty acid flux in lipotoxicity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Mathiowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Colaço-Gaspar M, Hofer P, Oberer M, Zechner R. PNPLA-mediated lipid hydrolysis and transacylation - At the intersection of catabolism and anabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159410. [PMID: 37951382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing proteins (PNPLAs) play diverse roles in lipid metabolism. In this review, we focus on the enzymatic properties and predicted 3D structures of PNPLA1-5. PNPLA2-4 exert both catabolic and anabolic functions. Whereas PNPLA1 is predominantly expressed in the epidermis and involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis, PNPLA2 and 4 are ubiquitously expressed and exhibit several enzymatic activities, including hydrolysis and transacylation of various (glycero-)lipid species. This review summarizes known biological roles for PNPLA-mediated hydrolysis and transacylation reactions and highlights open questions concerning their physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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18
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Das A, Cheng H, Wang Y, Kinch LN, Liang G, Hong S, Hobbs HH, Cohen JC. The ubiquitin E3 ligase BFAR promotes degradation of PNPLA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312291121. [PMID: 38294943 PMCID: PMC10861911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312291121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A missense variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 [PNPLA3(I148M)] is the most impactful genetic risk factor for fatty liver disease (FLD). We previously showed that PNPLA3 is ubiquitylated and subsequently degraded by proteasomes and autophagosomes and that the PNPLA3(148M) variant interferes with this process. To define the machinery responsible for PNPLA3 turnover, we used small interfering (si)RNAs to inactivate components of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Inactivation of bifunctional apoptosis regulator (BFAR), a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligase, reproducibly increased PNPLA3 levels in two lines of cultured hepatocytes. Conversely, overexpression of BFAR decreased levels of endogenous PNPLA3 in HuH7 cells. BFAR and PNPLA3 co-immunoprecipitated when co-expressed in cells. BFAR promoted ubiquitylation of PNPLA3 in vitro in a reconstitution assay using purified, epitope-tagged recombinant proteins. To confirm that BFAR targets PNPLA3, we inactivated Bfar in mice. Levels of PNPLA3 protein were increased twofold in hepatic lipid droplets of Bfar-/- mice with no associated increase in PNPLA3 mRNA levels. Taken together these data are consistent with a model in which BFAR plays a role in the post-translational degradation of PNPLA3. The identification of BFAR provides a potential target to enhance PNPLA3 turnover and prevent FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avash Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Haili Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Lisa N. Kinch
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Sen Hong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Helen H. Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Jonathan C. Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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19
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Shi B, Zhang Z, Lv X, An K, Li L, Xia Z. Screening of Genes Related to Fat Deposition of Pekin Ducks Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:268. [PMID: 38254437 PMCID: PMC10812498 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous fat deposition is an important index with which to evaluate meat-producing ducks, and affects their meat quality and feed conversion rate. Studying the differentially expressed genes in subcutaneous fat will help to comprehensively understand the potential mechanisms regulating fat deposition in ducks. In this study, 72 Nankou 1 Pekin Ducks and 72 Jingdian Pekin Ducks (half male and half female) at 42 days of age were selected for slaughter performance and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the breast-muscle yield of Nankou 1 ducks was significantly higher than that of Jingdian ducks, but that the abdominal fat yield and subcutaneous fat yield were higher than that of Jingdian ducks. Thousands of DEGs, including many important genes involved in fat metabolism regulation, were detected by transcriptome. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched on pathways such as regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. SCD, FGF7, LTBP1, PNPLA3, ADCY2, and ACOT8 were selected as candidate genes for regulating subcutaneous fat deposition. The results indicated that Nankou 1 had superior fat deposition ability compared to Jingdian ducks, and that the candidate genes regulated fat deposition by regulating fat synthesis and decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Xueze Lv
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China;
| | - Keying An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhaofei Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.S.); (Z.Z.); (K.A.)
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20
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Butcko AJ, Putman AK, Mottillo EP. The Intersection of Genetic Factors, Aberrant Nutrient Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cardiometabolic Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:87. [PMID: 38247511 PMCID: PMC10812494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), which encompasses metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been increasing considerably in the past 50 years. CMD is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as diet. With the increased reliance on processed foods containing saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol, a mechanistic understanding of how these molecules cause metabolic disease is required. A major pathway by which excessive nutrients contribute to CMD is through oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress can drive CMD and the role of aberrant nutrient metabolism and genetic risk factors and how they potentially interact to promote progression of MAFLD, CVD and CKD. This review will focus on genetic mutations that are known to alter nutrient metabolism. We discuss the major genetic risk factors for MAFLD, which include Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase Domain Containing 7 (MBOAT7) and Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2). In addition, mutations that prevent nutrient uptake cause hypercholesterolemia that contributes to CVD. We also discuss the mechanisms by which MAFLD, CKD and CVD are mutually associated with one another. In addition, some of the genetic risk factors which are associated with MAFLD and CVD are also associated with CKD, while some genetic risk factors seem to dissociate one disease from the other. Through a better understanding of the causative effect of genetic mutations in CMD and how aberrant nutrient metabolism intersects with our genetics, novel therapies and precision approaches can be developed for treating CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Butcko
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ashley K. Putman
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Emilio P. Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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21
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Luukkonen PK, Porthan K, Ahlholm N, Rosqvist F, Dufour S, Zhang XM, Lehtimäki TE, Seppänen W, Orho-Melander M, Hodson L, Petersen KF, Shulman GI, Yki-Järvinen H. The PNPLA3 I148M variant increases ketogenesis and decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial function in humans. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1887-1896.e5. [PMID: 37909034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The PNPLA3 I148M variant is the major genetic risk factor for all stages of fatty liver disease, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. We studied the effect of this variant on hepatic metabolism in homozygous carriers and non-carriers under multiple physiological conditions with state-of-the-art stable isotope techniques. After an overnight fast, carriers had higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and lower hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) compared to non-carriers. After a mixed meal, fatty acids were channeled toward ketogenesis in carriers, which was associated with an increase in hepatic mitochondrial redox state. During a ketogenic diet, carriers manifested increased rates of intrahepatic lipolysis, increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and decreased rates of hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase flux. These studies demonstrate that homozygous PNPLA3 I148M carriers have hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reduced DNL and channeling of carbons to ketogenesis. These findings have implications for understanding why the PNPLA3 variant predisposes to progressive liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Porthan
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Ahlholm
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiina E Lehtimäki
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenla Seppänen
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Terracciani F, Falcomatà A, Gallo P, Picardi A, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U. Prognostication in NAFLD: physiological bases, clinical indicators, and newer biomarkers. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:851-868. [PMID: 36472795 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an epidemic in Western countries. Notably, while the majority of NAFLD patients will not evolve until advanced liver disease, a minority of them will progress towards liver-related events. Therefore, risk stratification and prognostication are emerging as fundamental in order to optimize human and economic resources for the care of these patients.Liver fibrosis has been clearly recognized as the main predictor of poor hepatic and extrahepatic outcomes. However, a prediction based only on the stage of fibrosis is near-sighted and static, as it does not capture the propensity of disease to further progress, the speed of progression and their changes over time. These determinants, which result from the interaction between genetic predisposition and acquired risk factors (obesity, diabetes, etc.), express themselves in disease activity, and can be synthesized by biomarkers of hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis.In this review, we present the currently available clinical tools for risk stratification and prognostication in NAFLD specifically with respect to the risk of progression towards hard hepatic outcomes, i.e., liver-related events and death. We also discuss about the genetic and acquired drivers of disease progression, together with the physiopathological bases of their come into action. Finally, we introduce the most promising biomarkers in the direction of repeatedly assessing disease activity over time, mainly in response to future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Terracciani
- Hepatology and Clinical Medicine Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Falcomatà
- Hepatology and Clinical Medicine Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Hepatology and Clinical Medicine Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Picardi
- Hepatology and Clinical Medicine Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Sherman DJ, Liu L, Mamrosh JL, Xie J, Ferbas J, Lomenick B, Ladinsky MS, Verma R, Rulifson IC, Deshaies RJ. The fatty liver disease-causing protein PNPLA3-I148M alters lipid droplet-Golgi dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562302. [PMID: 37873239 PMCID: PMC10592801 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a progressive metabolic disorder that begins with aberrant triglyceride accumulation in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. A common variant in the gene PNPLA3, encoding the protein PNPLA3-I148M, is the strongest known genetic risk factor for MASLD to date. Despite its discovery twenty years ago, the function of PNPLA3, and now the role of PNPLA3-I148M, remain unclear. In this study, we sought to dissect the biogenesis of PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M and characterize changes induced by endogenous expression of the disease-causing variant. Contrary to bioinformatic predictions and prior studies with overexpressed proteins, we demonstrate here that PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M are not endoplasmic reticulum-resident transmembrane proteins. To identify their intracellular associations, we generated a paired set of isogenic human hepatoma cells expressing PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M at endogenous levels. Both proteins were enriched in lipid droplet, Golgi, and endosomal fractions. Purified PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M proteins associated with phosphoinositides commonly found in these compartments. Despite a similar fractionation pattern as the wild-type variant, PNPLA3-I148M induced morphological changes in the Golgi apparatus, including increased lipid droplet-Golgi contact sites, which were also observed in I148M-expressing primary human patient hepatocytes. In addition to lipid droplet accumulation, PNPLA3-I148M expression caused significant proteomic and transcriptomic changes that resembled all stages of liver disease. Cumulatively, we validate an endogenous human cellular system for investigating PNPLA3-I148M biology and identify the Golgi apparatus as a central hub of PNPLA3-I148M-driven cellular change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - John Ferbas
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brett Lomenick
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rati Verma
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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24
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Seko Y, Yamaguchi K, Shima T, Iwaki M, Takahashi H, Kawanaka M, Tanaka S, Mitsumoto Y, Yoneda M, Nakajima A, Fjellström O, Blau JE, Carlsson B, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. The greater impact of PNPLA3 polymorphism on liver-related events in Japanese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A multicentre cohort study. Liver Int 2023; 43:2210-2219. [PMID: 37470077 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS PNPLA3 rs738409 has been associated with an increased risk of liver-related events in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of NAFLD and the impact of PNPLA3 on prognosis in Japan. METHODS A longitudinal multicentre cohort study, the JAGUAR study, includes 1550 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD in Japan. We performed genetic testing and evaluated outcomes from this cohort. Liver-related events were defined as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensated liver cirrhosis events. RESULTS During follow-up (median [range], 7.1 [1.0-24.0] years), 80 patients developed HCC, 104 developed liver-related events, and 59 died of any cause. The 5-year rate of liver-related events for each single-nucleotide polymorphism was 0.5% for CC, 3.8% for CG, and 5.8% for GG. Liver-related deaths were the most common (n = 28); only three deaths were due to cardiovascular disease. Multivariate analysis identified carriage of PNPLA3 CG/GG (hazard ratio [HR] 16.04, p = .006) and FIB-4 index >2.67 (HR 10.70, p < .01) as predictors of liver-related event development. No HCC or liver-related death was found among patients with PNPLA3 CC. There was a significantly increased risk of HCC, liver-related events, and mortality for CG/GG versus CC, but no difference between the CG and GG genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In Japanese individuals, the main cause of death from NAFLD is liver-related death. The greater risk of liver-related events incurred by PNPLA3 G allele was shown in Japan. Risk stratification for NAFLD in Japan is best accomplished by integrating PNPLA3 with the FIB-4 index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihide Shima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Michihiro Iwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Miwa Kawanaka
- General Internal Medicine 2, General Medical Center, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Saiyu Tanaka
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Mitsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Björn Carlsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Chen Y, Du X, Kuppa A, Feitosa MF, Bielak LF, O'Connell JR, Musani SK, Guo X, Kahali B, Chen VL, Smith AV, Ryan KA, Eirksdottir G, Allison MA, Bowden DW, Budoff MJ, Carr JJ, Chen YDI, Taylor KD, Oliveri A, Correa A, Crudup BF, Kardia SLR, Mosley TH, Norris JM, Terry JG, Rotter JI, Wagenknecht LE, Halligan BD, Young KA, Hokanson JE, Washko GR, Gudnason V, Province MA, Peyser PA, Palmer ND, Speliotes EK. Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 17 loci associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1640-1650. [PMID: 37709864 PMCID: PMC10918428 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common and partially heritable and has no effective treatments. We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of imaging (n = 66,814) and diagnostic code (3,584 cases versus 621,081 controls) measured NAFLD across diverse ancestries. We identified NAFLD-associated variants at torsin family 1 member B (TOR1B), fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), cordon-bleu WH2 repeat protein like 1 (COBLL1)/growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (GRB14), insulin receptor (INSR), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (PNPLA2), as well as validated NAFLD-associated variants at patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily 2 (TM6SF2), apolipoprotein E (APOE), glucokinase regulator (GCKR), tribbles homolog 1 (TRIB1), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM), mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (MARC1), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit (MTTP), alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), transmembrane channel like 4 (TMC4)/membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7) and receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase δ (PTPRD). Implicated genes highlight mitochondrial, cholesterol and de novo lipogenesis as causally contributing to NAFLD predisposition. Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) analyses suggest at least seven subtypes of NAFLD. Individuals in the top 10% and 1% of genetic risk have a 2.5-fold to 6-fold increased risk of NAFLD, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These genetic variants identify subtypes of NAFLD, improve estimates of disease risk and can guide the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annapurna Kuppa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solomon K Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Bratati Kahali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vincent L Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Antonino Oliveri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Breland F Crudup
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Brian D Halligan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kendra A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - George R Washko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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26
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Demir M, Bornstein SR, Mantzoros CS, Perakakis N. Liver fat as risk factor of hepatic and cardiometabolic diseases. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13612. [PMID: 37553237 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver that can progress to liver inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Although most efforts for drug development are focusing on the treatment of the latest stages of NAFLD, where significant fibrosis and NASH are present, findings from studies suggest that the amount of liver fat may be an important independent risk factor and/or predictor of development and progression of NAFLD and metabolic diseases. In this review, we first describe the current tools available for quantification of liver fat in humans and then present the clinical and pathophysiological evidence that link liver fat with NAFLD progression as well as with cardiometabolic diseases. Finally, we discuss current pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to reduce liver fat and present open questions that have to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow Clinic and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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27
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Lindén D, Romeo S. Therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of NASH with genetically validated targets. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1056-1064. [PMID: 37207913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genetic variants associated with fatty liver disease (FLD) from genome-wide association studies started in 2008 when single nucleotide polymorphisms in PNPLA3, the gene encoding patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3, were found to be associated with altered hepatic fat content. Since then, several genetic variants associated with protection from, or an increased risk of, FLD have been identified. The identification of these variants has provided insight into the metabolic pathways that cause FLD and enabled the identification of potential therapeutic targets. In this mini-review, we will examine the therapeutic opportunities derived from genetically validated targets in FLD, including oligonucleotide-based therapies targeting PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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28
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Hatano M, Akiyama Y, Shimada S, Yagi K, Akahoshi K, Itoh M, Tanabe M, Ogawa Y, Tanaka S. Loss of KDM6B epigenetically confers resistance to lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related HCC. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0277. [PMID: 37782459 PMCID: PMC10545410 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAFLD caused by abnormalities in hepatic lipid metabolism is associated with an increased risk of developing HCC. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of NAFLD-related HCC are not fully understood. We investigated the molecular mechanism and role of KDM6B downregulation in NAFLD-related HCC after the KDM6B gene was identified using microarray analysis as commonly downregulated in mouse NAFLD-related HCC and human nonhepatitis B and nonhepatitis C viral-HCC. METHODS The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels of KDM6B in HCC cells were determined using glycosylated hydroxymethyl-sensitive PCR. Microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses using KDM6B-knockout (KO) cells were used to identify KDM6B target genes. Lipotoxicity was assessed using a palmitate-treated cell proliferation assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate KDM6B expression in human HCC tissues. RESULTS KDM6B expression levels in HCC cells correlated with the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in the KDM6B gene body region. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the lipid metabolism pathway was suppressed in KDM6B-KO cells. KDM6B-KO cells acquired resistance to lipotoxicity (p < 0.01) and downregulated the expression of G0S2, an adipose triglyceride lipase/patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2 (ATGL/PNPLA2) inhibitor, through increased histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation levels. G0S2 knockdown in KDM6B-expressed HCC cells conferred lipotoxicity resistance, whereas ATGL/PNPLA2 inhibition in the KDM6B-KO cells reduced these effects. Immunohistochemistry revealed that KDM6B expression was decreased in human NAFLD-related HCC tissues (p < 0.001), which was significantly associated with decreased G0S2 expression (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS KDM6B-disrupted HCC acquires resistance to lipotoxicity via ATGL/PNPLA2 activation caused by epigenetic downregulation of G0S2 expression. Reduced KDM6B and G0S2 expression levels are common in NAFLD-related HCC. Targeting the KDM6B-G0S2-ATGL/PNPLA2 pathway may be a useful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hatano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yagi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Shi F, Zhao M, Zheng S, Zheng L, Wang H. Advances in genetic variation in metabolism-related fatty liver disease. Front Genet 2023; 14:1213916. [PMID: 37753315 PMCID: PMC10518415 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1213916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in the world. Its pathogenesis is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. With the upgrading of gene screening methods and the development of human genome project, whole genome scanning has been widely used to screen genes related to MAFLD, and more and more genetic variation factors related to MAFLD susceptibility have been discovered. There are genetic variants that are highly correlated with the occurrence and development of MAFLD, and there are genetic variants that are protective of MAFLD. These genetic variants affect the development of MAFLD by influencing lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. Therefore, in-depth analysis of different mechanisms of genetic variation and targeting of specific genetic variation genes may provide a new idea for the early prediction and diagnosis of diseases and individualized precision therapy, which may be a promising strategy for the treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shi
- School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shudan Zheng
- School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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30
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Johnson S, Bao H, McMahon C, Chen Y, Burr S, Anderson A, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. Substrate-Specific Function of PNPLA3 Facilitates Hepatic VLDL-Triglyceride Secretion During Stimulated Lipogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.553213. [PMID: 37693552 PMCID: PMC10491159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.553213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is strongly linked to hepatic steatosis. Evidence suggests a gain-of-function role for the I148M mutant as an ATGL inhibitor, leaving the physiological relevance of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Here we show that PNPLA3 selectively degrades triglycerides (TGs) enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) independently of ATGL in cultured cells and mice. Lipidomics and metabolite tracing analyses demonstrated that PNPLA3 mobilizes PUFAs from intracellular TGs for phospholipid desaturation, supporting hepatic secretion of TG-rich lipoproteins. Consequently, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 both exhibited aggravated liver steatosis and concomitant decreases in plasma VLDL-TG, phenotypes that manifest only under lipogenic conditions. I148M-knockin mice similarly displayed impaired hepatic TG secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic TG storage and secretion and suggest the potential contributions of I148M variant loss-of-function to the development of hepatic steatosis in humans. Summary Statement We define the physiological role of wild type PNPLA3 in maintaining hepatic VLDL-TG secretion.
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Su H, Haque M, Becker S, Edlund K, Duda J, Wang Q, Reißing J, Marschall HU, Candels LS, Mohamed M, Sjöland W, Liao L, Drexler SA, Strowig T, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG, Hatting M, Trautwein C. Long-term hypercaloric diet exacerbates metabolic liver disease in PNPLA3 I148M animals. Liver Int 2023; 43:1699-1713. [PMID: 37073116 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health burden associated with the metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately liver cancer. In humans, the PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism of the phospholipase patatin-like phospholipid domain containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) has a well-documented impact on metabolic liver disease. In this study, we used a mouse model mimicking the human PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism in a long-term high fat diet (HFD) experiment to better define its role for NAFLD progression. METHODS Male mice bearing wild-type Pnpla3 (Pnpla3WT ), or the human polymorphism PNPLA3 I148M (Pnpla3148M/M ) were subjected to HFD feeding for 24 and 52 weeks. Further analysis concerning basic phenotype, inflammation, proliferation and cell death, fibrosis and microbiota were performed in each time point. RESULTS After 52 weeks HFD Pnpla3148M/M animals had more liver fibrosis, enhanced numbers of inflammatory cells as well as increased Kupffer cell activity. Increased hepatocyte cell turnover and ductular proliferation were evident in HFD Pnpla3148M/M livers. Microbiome diversity was decreased after HFD feeding, changes were influenced by HFD feeding (36%) and the PNPLA3 I148M genotype (12%). Pnpla3148M/M mice had more faecal bile acids. RNA-sequencing of liver tissue defined an HFD-associated signature, and a Pnpla3148M/M specific pattern, which suggests Kupffer cell and monocytes-derived macrophages as significant drivers of liver disease progression in Pnpla3148M/M animals. CONCLUSION With long-term HFD feeding, mice with the PNPLA3 I148M genotype show exacerbated NAFLD. This finding is linked to PNPLA3 I148M-specific changes in microbiota composition and liver gene expression showing a stronger inflammatory response leading to enhanced liver fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Su
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Madhuri Haque
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svea Becker
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Duda
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Qingbi Wang
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanna Reißing
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena S Candels
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Sjöland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lijun Liao
- Department of Pain Management, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephan A Drexler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Gou Y, Wang L, Zhao J, Xu X, Xu H, Xie F, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y. PNPLA3-I148M Variant Promotes the Progression of Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119681. [PMID: 37298640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism (I148M) is strongly associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of PNPLA3-I148M on the activation of hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 and the progression of liver fibrosis. Immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect lipid accumulation. The expression levels of fibrosis, cholesterol metabolism, and mitochondria-related markers were measured via real-time PCR or western blotting. Electron microscopy was applied to analyze the ultrastructure of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration was measured by a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer. PNPLA3-I148M significantly promoted intracellular free cholesterol aggregation in LX-2 cells by decreasing cholesterol efflux protein (ABCG1) expression; it subsequently induced mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by attenuated ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated ROS levels, caused mitochondrial structural damage, altered the oxygen consumption rate, and decreased the expression of mitochondrial-function-related proteins. Our results demonstrated for the first time that PNPLA3-I148M causes mitochondrial dysfunction of LX-2 cells through the accumulation of free cholesterol, thereby promoting the activation of LX-2 cells and the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Gou
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lifei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhan Zhao
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hangfei Xu
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
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Lulić AM, Katalinić M. The PNPLA family of enzymes: characterisation and biological role. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:75-89. [PMID: 37357879 PMCID: PMC10291501 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper brings a brief review of the human patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein (PNPLA) family. Even though it consists of only nine members, their physiological roles and mechanisms of their catalytic activity are not fully understood. However, the results of a number of knock-out and gain- or loss-of-function research models suggest that these enzymes have an important role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of organelle membranes, in cell growth, signalling, cell death, and the metabolism of lipids such as triacylglycerol, phospholipids, ceramides, and retinyl esters. Research has also revealed a connection between PNPLA family member mutations or irregular catalytic activity and the development of various diseases. Here we summarise important findings published so far and discuss their structure, localisation in the cell, distribution in the tissues, specificity for substrates, and their potential physiological role, especially in view of their potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Lulić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Zadoorian A, Du X, Yang H. Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0. [PMID: 37221402 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous yet unique, lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are increasingly being recognized for their versatility beyond energy storage. Advances uncovering the intricacies of their biogenesis and the diversity of their physiological and pathological roles have yielded new insights into lipid droplet biology. Despite these insights, the mechanisms governing the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets remain incompletely understood. Moreover, the causal relationship between the biogenesis and function of lipid droplets and human diseases is poorly resolved. Here, we provide an update on the current understanding of the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in health and disease, highlighting a key role for lipid droplet biogenesis in alleviating cellular stresses. We also discuss therapeutic strategies of targeting lipid droplet biogenesis, growth or degradation that could be applied in the future to common diseases, such as cancer, hepatic steatosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armella Zadoorian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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35
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Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D, Kleiner DE, Loomba R. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2023; 77:1797-1835. [PMID: 36727674 PMCID: PMC10735173 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 565.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Rinella
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Caldwell
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Diana Barb
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Rohit Loomba
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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36
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The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
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37
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Barbieri E, Santoro N, Umano GR. Clinical features and metabolic complications for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in youth with obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1062341. [PMID: 36733529 PMCID: PMC9887046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1062341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity has become in the last forty years the most common metabolic disease in children and adolescents affecting about 25% of the pediatric population in the western world. As obesity worsens, a whole-body insulin resistance (IR) occurs. This phenomenon is more pronounced during adolescence, when youth experience a high degree of insulin resistance due the production of growth hormone. As IR progresses, the blunted control of insulin on adipose tissue lipolysis causes an increased flux of fatty acids with FFA deposition in ectopic tissues and organs such as the liver, leading to the development of NAFLD. In this brief review, we will discuss the clinical implications of IR and NAFLD in the context of pediatric obesity. We will review the pathogenesis and the link between these two entities, the major pathophysiologic underpinnings, including the role of genetics and metagenomics, how these two entities lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, and which are the therapeutic options for NAFLD in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, “V. Tiberio” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Giuseppina Rosaria Umano, ; Nicola Santoro,
| | - Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppina Rosaria Umano, ; Nicola Santoro,
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38
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Adekunle AD, Adejumo A, Singal AK. Therapeutic targets in alcohol-associated liver disease: progress and challenges. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231170946. [PMID: 37187673 PMCID: PMC10176580 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231170946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a complex disease with rapidly increasing prevalence. Although there are promising therapeutic targets on the horizon, none of the newer targets is currently close to an Food and Drug Administration approval. Strategies are needed to overcome challenges in study designs and conducting clinical trials and provide impetus to the field of drug development in the landscape of ALD and alcoholic hepatitis. Management of ALD is complex and should include therapies to achieve and maintain alcohol abstinence, preferably delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Although associated with clear mortality benefit in select patients, the use of early liver transplantation still requires refinement to create uniformity in selection protocols across transplant centers. There is also a need for reliable noninvasive biomarkers for prognostication. Last but not the least, strategies are urgently needed to implement integrated multidisciplinary care models for treating the dual pathology of alcohol use disorder and of liver disease for improving the long-term outcomes of patients with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayooluwatomiwa Deborah Adekunle
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke’s
Hospital, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hepatology, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Transplant Hepatology, University
of South Dakota Sanford Medical School, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Adeyinka Adejumo
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke’s
Hospital, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
- Division of Hepatology, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Transplant Hepatology, University
of South Dakota Sanford Medical School, Sioux Falls, SD
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39
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Su W, Wu S, Yang Y, Guo Y, Zhang H, Su J, Chen L, Mao Z, Lan R, Cao R, Wang C, Xu H, Zhang C, Li S, Gao M, Chen X, Zheng Z, Wang B, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Liu B, Fan X, Zhang X, Guan Y. Phosphorylation of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 at serine 33 attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6577. [PMID: 36323699 PMCID: PMC9630536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-13 is a hepatocyte-specific, lipid droplet-associated protein. A common loss-of-function variant of HSD17B13 (rs72613567: TA) protects patients against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with underlying mechanism incompletely understood. In the present study, we identify the serine 33 of 17β-HSD13 as an evolutionally conserved PKA target site and its phosphorylation facilitates lipolysis by promoting its interaction with ATGL on lipid droplets. Targeted mutation of Ser33 to Ala (S33A) decreases ATGL-dependent lipolysis in cultured hepatocytes by reducing CGI-58-mediated ATGL activation. Importantly, a transgenic knock-in mouse strain carrying the HSD17B13 S33A mutation (HSD17B1333A/A) spontaneously develops hepatic steatosis with reduced lipolysis and increased inflammation. Moreover, Hsd17B1333A/A mice are more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Finally, we find reproterol, a potential 17β-HSD13 modulator and FDA-approved drug, confers a protection against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via PKA-mediated Ser33 phosphorylation of 17β-HSD13. Therefore, targeting the Ser33 phosphorylation site could represent a potential approach to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China ,Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Sijin Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- grid.30055.330000 0000 9247 7930Laboratoy of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Yanlin Guo
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Jie Su
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China ,Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Lei Chen
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China ,Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Zhuo Mao
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Rongfeng Lan
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Rong Cao
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Cong Zhang
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Sha Li
- grid.412028.d0000 0004 1757 5708Medical College, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Xiaocong Chen
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Zhiyou Zheng
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Bing Wang
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yi’ao Liu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Zuojun Liu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Xinmin Fan
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China ,Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Youfei Guan
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China ,grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
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40
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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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The additive effect of genetic and metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17608. [PMID: 36266438 PMCID: PMC9584936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and metabolic factors influence the pathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of these factors at each stage of disease. We analysed the impact of obesity, diabetes mellitus and genetic risk factors (alleles of PNPLA3 or HSD17B13) on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), significant fibrosis (stage ≥ 2) and advanced fibrosis (stage ≥ 3) in 346 patients. Genetic high risk was defined as having at least 2 risk alleles. The median age was 59 years, median body mass index was 27.1 kg/m2, and 46.8% had diabetes mellitus. Obesity was a risk factor for NASH, significant fibrosis, and advanced fibrosis. Diabetes mellitus increased the risk of NASH. Genetic risk increased the risk of significant and advanced fibrosis. Odds ratios for NASH, significant fibrosis and advanced fibrosis increased with the number of genetic and metabolic risk factors. The patients with both metabolic and genetic risks had an odds ratio of 12.30 for NASH, 5.50 for significant fibrosis, and 6.25 for advanced fibrosis. Factors strongly impact on the pathology of NAFLD differed according to the fibrosis stages. Synergistic effects were observed between genetic and metabolic factors at all stages.
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Berardi DE, Bock-Hughes A, Terry AR, Drake LE, Bozek G, Macleod KF. Lipid droplet turnover at the lysosome inhibits growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in a BNIP3-dependent manner. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2510. [PMID: 36223464 PMCID: PMC9555787 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a major etiological factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but factors causing lipid accumulation leading to HCC are not understood. We identify BNIP3 (a mitochondrial cargo receptor) as an HCC suppressor that mitigates against lipid accumulation to attenuate tumor cell growth. Targeted deletion of Bnip3 decreased tumor latency and increased tumor burden in a mouse model of HCC. This was associated with increased lipid in bnip3-/- HCC at early stages of disease, while lipid did not accumulate until later in tumorigenesis in wild-type mice, as Bnip3 expression was attenuated. Low BNIP3 expression in human HCC similarly correlated with increased lipid content and worse prognosis than HCC expressing high BNIP3. BNIP3 suppressed HCC cell growth by promoting lipid droplet turnover at the lysosome in a manner dependent on BNIP3 binding LC3. We have termed this process "mitolipophagy" because it involves the coordinated autophagic degradation of lipid droplets with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian E. Berardi
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Althea Bock-Hughes
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander R. Terry
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lauren E. Drake
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Grazyna Bozek
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kay F. Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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43
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Yenilmez B, Kelly M, Zhang GF, Wetoska N, Ilkayeva OR, Min K, Rowland L, DiMarzio C, He W, Raymond N, Lifshitz L, Pan M, Han X, Xie J, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Gao G, Herman MA, Newgard CB, Czech MP. Paradoxical activation of transcription factor SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102401. [PMID: 35988648 PMCID: PMC9490592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis associated with high-fat diet, obesity, and type 2 diabetes is thought to be the major driver of severe liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Cytosolic acetyl CoA (AcCoA), a central metabolite and substrate for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is produced from citrate by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and from acetate through AcCoA synthase short chain family member 2 (ACSS2). However, the relative contributions of these two enzymes to hepatic AcCoA pools and DNL rates in response to high-fat feeding are unknown. We report here that hepatocyte-selective depletion of either ACSS2 or ACLY caused similar 50% decreases in liver AcCoA levels in obese mice, showing that both pathways contribute to the generation of this DNL substrate. Unexpectedly however, the hepatocyte ACLY depletion in obese mice paradoxically increased total DNL flux measured by D2O incorporation into palmitate, whereas in contrast, ACSS2 depletion had no effect. The increase in liver DNL upon ACLY depletion was associated with increased expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and of its target DNL enzymes. This upregulated DNL enzyme expression explains the increased rate of palmitate synthesis in ACLY-depleted livers. Furthermore, this increased flux through DNL may also contribute to the observed depletion of AcCoA levels because of its increased conversion to malonyl CoA and palmitate. Together, these data indicate that in fat diet-fed obese mice, hepatic DNL is not limited by its immediate substrates AcCoA or malonyl CoA but rather by activities of DNL enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Yenilmez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Kelly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Wetoska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyounghee Min
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chloe DiMarzio
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wentao He
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naideline Raymond
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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Bao X, Ma X, Huang R, Chen J, Xin H, Zhou M, Li L, Tong S, Zhang Q, Shui G, Deng F, Yu L, Li MD, Zhang Z. Knockdown of hepatocyte Perilipin-3 mitigates hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis caused by hepatocyte CGI-58 deletion in mice. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6701373. [PMID: 36107452 PMCID: PMC9929509 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β hydrolase domain containing 5, is the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase that hydrolyzes triglycerides stored in the cytosolic lipid droplets. Mutations in CGI-58 gene cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. The liver pathology of CDS manifests as steatosis and steatohepatitis, which currently has no effective treatments. Perilipin-3 (Plin3) is a member of the Perilipin-ADRP-TIP47 protein family that is essential for lipid droplet biogenesis. The objective of this study was to test a hypothesis that deletion of a major lipid droplet protein alleviates fatty liver pathogenesis caused by CGI-58 deficiency in hepatocytes. Adult CGI-58-floxed mice were injected with adeno-associated vectors simultaneously expressing the Cre recombinase and microRNA against Plin3 under the control of a hepatocyte-specific promoter, followed by high-fat diet feeding for 6 weeks. Liver and blood samples were then collected from these animals for histological and biochemical analysis. Plin3 knockdown in hepatocytes prevented steatosis, steatohepatitis, and necroptosis caused by hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency. Our work is the first to show that inhibiting Plin3 in hepatocytes is sufficient to mitigate hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency-induced hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaogen Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianghui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China,Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Haoran Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Meiyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shifei Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Min-Dian Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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45
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Kechagias S, Ekstedt M, Simonsson C, Nasr P. Non-invasive diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:349-368. [PMID: 35661987 PMCID: PMC9464753 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is characterized by ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, i.e., steatosis. NAFLD has become the most common chronic liver disease, with an estimated global prevalence of 25%. Although the majority of NAFLD patients will never experience liver-related complications, the progressive potential of NAFLD is indisputable, with 5-10% of subjects progressing to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis are at the highest risk of developing cardiovascular and cirrhosis-related complications. Liver biopsy has hitherto been considered the reference method for evaluation of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis stage. Given the limitations of biopsy for widescale screening, non-invasive tests (NITs) for assessment of steatosis and fibrosis stage, including serum-based algorithms and ultrasound- and magnetic resonance-based methods, will play an increasing role in the management of NAFLD patients. This comprehensive review presents the advantages and limitations of NITs for identification of steatosis and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. The clinical implications of using NITs to identify and manage NAFLD patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Kechagias
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Ekstedt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Simonsson
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nasr
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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46
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Hudert CA, Adams LA, Alisi A, Anstee QM, Crudele A, Draijer LG, Furse S, Hengstler JG, Jenkins B, Karnebeek K, Kelly DA, Koot BG, Koulman A, Meierhofer D, Melton PE, Mori TA, Snowden SG, van Mourik I, Vreugdenhil A, Wiegand S, Mann JP. Variants in mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 reduce severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and suppress fibrotic pathways through distinct mechanisms. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1934-1948. [PMID: 35411667 PMCID: PMC9315139 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in adults have identified variants in hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 (MTARC1) as protective against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to test their association with pediatric NAFLD liver histology and investigate their function using metabolomics. A total of 1450 children (729 with NAFLD, 399 with liver histology) were genotyped for rs72613567T>TA in HSD17B13, rs2642438G>A in MTARC1, and rs738409C>G in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Genotype-histology associations were tested using ordinal regression. Untargeted hepatic proteomics and plasma lipidomics were performed in a subset of children. We found rs72613567T>TA in HSD17B13 to be associated with lower odds of NAFLD diagnosis (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-0.9) and a lower grade of portal inflammation (p < 0.001). rs2642438G>A in MTARC1 was associated with a lower grade of hepatic steatosis (p = 0.02). Proteomics found reduced expression of HSD17B13 in carriers of the protective -TA allele. MTARC1 levels were unaffected by genotype. Both variants were associated with down-regulation of fibrogenic pathways. HSD17B13 perturbs plasma phosphatidylcholines and triglycerides. In silico modeling suggested p.Ala165Thr disrupts the stability and metal binding of MTARC1. Conclusion: Both HSD17B13 and MTARC1 variants are associated with less severe pediatric NAFLD. These results provide further evidence for shared genetic mechanisms between pediatric and adult NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic DiseasesCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Leon A Adams
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia.,Department of HepatologySir Charles Gairdner HospitalPerthAustralia
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex PhenotypesBambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoRomeItaly
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- 5994Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK.,Newcastle National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research CentreNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex PhenotypesBambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoRomeItaly
| | - Laura G Draijer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionAmsterdam University Medical CenterEmma Children's HospitalUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems ToxicologyLeibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University DortmundDortmundGermany
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kylie Karnebeek
- Center for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health CareDepartment of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Deirdre A Kelly
- Liver UnitBirmingham Womens and Children's Hospital TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Bart G Koot
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionAmsterdam University Medical CenterEmma Children's HospitalUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsMass Spectrometry FacilityBerlinGermany
| | - Phillip E Melton
- School of Global Population HealthFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia.,Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchCollege of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Stuart G Snowden
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Indra van Mourik
- Liver UnitBirmingham Womens and Children's Hospital TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Anita Vreugdenhil
- Center for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health CareDepartment of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jake P Mann
- 2152Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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47
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Ericson E, Bergenholm L, Andréasson AC, Dix CI, Knöchel J, Hansson SF, Lee R, Schumi J, Antonsson M, Fjellström O, Nasr P, Liljeblad M, Carlsson B, Kechagias S, Lindén D, Ekstedt M. Hepatic patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 levels are increased in I148M risk allele carriers and correlate with NAFLD in humans. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2689-2701. [PMID: 35833455 PMCID: PMC9512469 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) the patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 variant is a contributor. In mice, the Pnpla3 148M variant accumulates on lipid droplets and probably leads to sequestration of a lipase cofactor leading to impaired mobilization of triglycerides. To advance our understanding of the localization and abundance of PNPLA3 protein in humans, we used liver biopsies from patients with NAFLD to investigate the link to NAFLD and the PNPLA3 148M genotype. We experimentally qualified an antibody against human PNPLA3. Hepatic PNPLA3 protein fractional area and localization were determined by immunohistochemistry in biopsies from a well‐characterized NAFLD cohort of 67 patients. Potential differences in hepatic PNPLA3 protein levels among patients related to degree of steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis, and PNPLA3 I148M gene variants were assessed. Immunohistochemistry staining in biopsies from patients with NAFLD showed that hepatic PNPLA3 protein was predominantly localized to the membranes of small and large lipid droplets in hepatocytes. PNPLA3 protein levels correlated strongly with steatosis grade (p = 0.000027) and were also significantly higher in patients with lobular inflammation (p = 0.009), ballooning (p = 0.022), and significant fibrosis (stage 2–4, p = 0.014). In addition, PNPLA3 levels were higher in PNPLA3 rs738409 148M (CG, GG) risk allele carriers compared to 148I (CC) nonrisk allele carriers (p = 0.0029). Conclusion: PNPLA3 protein levels were associated with increased hepatic lipid content and disease severity in patients with NAFLD and were higher in PNPLA3 rs738409 (148M) risk allele carriers. Our hypothesis that increased hepatic levels of PNPLA3 may be part of the pathophysiological mechanism of NAFLD is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ericson
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Bergenholm
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne-Christine Andréasson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carly I Dix
- Affinity Reagents Generation, Biologics Engineering and Oncology Tumor-Targeted Delivery, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane Knöchel
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara F Hansson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA.,Preclinical Pharmacology and Translational Medicine, Verve Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Schumi
- Early Biometrics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Projects, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Nasr
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mathias Liljeblad
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Carlsson
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stergios Kechagias
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ekstedt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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48
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Li ZY, Wu G, Qiu C, Zhou ZJ, Wang YP, Song GH, Xiao C, Zhang X, Deng GL, Wang RT, Yang YL, Wang XL. Mechanism and therapeutic strategy of hepatic TM6SF2-deficient non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases via in vivo and in vitro experiments. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2937-2954. [PMID: 35978872 PMCID: PMC9280743 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i25.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of effective pharmacotherapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mainly attributed to insufficient research on its pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of TM6SF2-efficient NAFLD remains unclear, resulting in a lack of therapeutic strategies for TM6SF2-deficient patients.
AIM To investigate the role of TM6SF2 in fatty acid metabolism in the context of fatty liver and propose possible therapeutic strategies for NAFLD caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
METHODS Liver samples collected from both NAFLD mouse models and human participants (80 cases) were used to evaluate the expression of TM6SF2 by using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA-seq data retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to confirm the over-expression of TM6SF2. Knockdown and overexpression of TM6SF2 were performed to clarify the mechanistic basis of hepatic lipid accumulation in NAFLD. MK-4074 administration was used as a therapeutic intervention to evaluate its effect on NAFLD caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
RESULTS Hepatic TM6SF2 levels were elevated in patients with NAFLD and NAFLD mouse models. TM6SF2 overexpression can reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, suggesting a protective role for TM6SF2 in a high-fat diet (HFD). Downregulation of TM6SF2, simulating the TM6SF2 E167K mutation condition, increases intracellular lipid deposition due to dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and is characterized by enhanced fatty acid uptake and synthesis, accompanied by impaired fatty acid oxidation. Owing to the potential effect of TM6SF2 deficiency on lipid metabolism, the application of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor (MK-4074) could reverse the NAFLD phenotypes caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
CONCLUSION TM6SF2 plays a protective role in the HFD condition; its deficiency enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation through dysregulated fatty acid metabolism, and MK-4074 treatment could alleviate the NAFLD phenotypes caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Institute of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Yu-Peng Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-He Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Gui-Long Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Yu-Long Yang
- Institute of Gallstone Disease, Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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Rattan P, Shah VH. Review article: current and emerging therapies for acute alcohol-associated hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:28-40. [PMID: 35567372 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated hepatitis is an acute manifestation of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and is associated with 30%-40% mortality at 28 days. Abstinence and corticosteroids are the mainstays of treatment, but the latter only improves short-term mortality, so new and improved therapies remain an unmet need. AIMS The aim was to review the pathophysiology of alcohol-associated hepatitis and how various targets can be used by current and emerging therapies as treatment. METHODS A thorough literature review was conducted on acute alcohol-associated hepatitis, current therapies and therapies under investigation. RESULTS With the increasing prevalence of alcohol use disorder and ALD, the burden of alcohol-associated hepatitis is also expected to rise. The current understanding of alcohol-associated hepatitis pathophysiology has led to clinical trials of several therapies involving IL-1 antagonism, modification of the gut microbiome and liver regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid therapy for alcohol-associated hepatitis is restricted in its applicability and has limited efficacy. Developing multidisciplinary, patient-centred care models based on digital health technologies, in combination with continued discovery of novel therapies using multiomics data and computational biology techniques will be necessary to tackle the increasing burden of alcohol-associated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puru Rattan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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The Role of Insulin Resistance in Fueling NAFLD Pathogenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133649. [PMID: 35806934 PMCID: PMC9267803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a predominant hepatopathy that is rapidly becoming the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The close association with metabolic syndrome’s extrahepatic components has suggested the nature of the systemic metabolic-related disorder based on the interplay between genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors, creating a complex network of yet-unclarified pathogenetic mechanisms in which the role of insulin resistance (IR) could be crucial. This review detailed the clinical and pathogenetic evidence involved in the NAFLD–IR relationship, presenting both the classic and more innovative models. In particular, we focused on the reciprocal effects of IR, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation on insulin-sensitivity disruption in critical regions such as the hepatic and the adipose tissue, while considering the impact of genetics/epigenetics on the regulation of IR mechanisms as well as nutrients on specific insulin-related gene expression (nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics). In addition, we discussed the emerging capability of the gut microbiota to interfere with physiological signaling of the hormonal pathways responsible for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and by inducing an abnormal activation of the immune system. The translation of these novel findings into clinical practice could promote the expansion of accurate diagnostic/prognostic stratification tools and tailored pharmacological approaches.
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