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Poirier A, Picard C, Labonté A, Aubry I, Auld D, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Tremblay ML, Poirier J. PTPRS is a novel marker for early Tau pathology and synaptic integrity in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14718. [PMID: 38926456 PMCID: PMC11208446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor sigma (PTPRS) in the context of Alzheimer's disease and synaptic integrity. Publicly available datasets (BRAINEAC, ROSMAP, ADC1) and a cohort of asymptomatic but "at risk" individuals (PREVENT-AD) were used to explore the relationship between PTPRS and various Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. We identified that PTPRS rs10415488 variant C shows features of neuroprotection against early Tau pathology and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. This single nucleotide polymorphism correlated with higher PTPRS transcript abundance and lower p(181)Tau and GAP-43 levels in the CSF. In the brain, PTPRS protein abundance was significantly correlated with the quantity of two markers of synaptic integrity: SNAP25 and SYT-1. We also found the presence of sexual dimorphism for PTPRS, with higher CSF concentrations in males than females. Male carriers for variant C were found to have a 10-month delay in the onset of AD. We thus conclude that PTPRS acts as a neuroprotective receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Its protective effect is most important in males, in whom it postpones the age of onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Labonté
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubry
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Poirier A, Picard C, Labonté A, Aubry I, Auld D, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Tremblay ML, Poirier J. PTPRS is a novel marker for early tau pathology and synaptic integrity in Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.12.593733. [PMID: 38766183 PMCID: PMC11100782 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.12.593733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor sigma (PTPRS) in the context of Alzheimer's disease and synaptic integrity. Publicly available datasets (BRAINEAC, ROSMAP, ADC1) and a cohort of asymptomatic but "at risk" individuals (PREVENT-AD) were used to explore the relationship between PTPRS and various Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. We identified that PTPRS rs10415488 variant C shows features of neuroprotection against early tau pathology and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. This single nucleotide polymorphism correlated with higher PTPRS transcript abundance and lower P-tau181 and GAP-43 levels in the CSF. In the brain, PTPRS protein abundance was significantly correlated with the quantity of two markers of synaptic integrity: SNAP25 and SYT-1. We also found the presence of sexual dimorphism for PTPRS, with higher CSF concentrations in males than females. Male carriers for variant C were found to have a 10-month delay in the onset of AD. We thus conclude that PTPRS acts as a neuroprotective receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Its protective effect is most important in males, in whom it postpones the age of onset of the disease.
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3
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Rush A, Weil C, Siminoff L, Griffin C, Paul CL, Mahadevan A, Sutherland G. The Experts Speak: Challenges in Banking Brain Tissue for Research. Biopreserv Biobank 2024; 22:179-184. [PMID: 38621226 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2024.29135.ajr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Rush
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Weil
- Independent Consultant, Human Research Protections and Bioethics, Bethesda, USA
| | - L Siminoff
- College of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C Griffin
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - C L Paul
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - A Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - G Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Griffin CP, Bowen JR, Walker MM, Lynam J, Paul CL. Understanding the value of brain donation for research to donors, next-of-kin and clinicians: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295438. [PMID: 38117774 PMCID: PMC10732432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Post-mortem brain donation affords the opportunity to characterise disease by exploring global neuropathological changes. Such opportunities are essential to progress knowledge of CNS tumours such as Glioblastoma. A comprehensive understanding of the experience of consenting to brain donation is crucial to maximising consent rates while providing patient-centred care. This review aimed to synthesise the reported facilitators and barriers according to potential donors, next-of-kin (NOK) and clinician respondents. DESIGN Database searches included Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Science and Scopus. Search terms focused on motivations, attitudes and psychosocial experiences of brain donation. Exclusions included organ transplantation and brain death. All studies were assessed for quality and validity using tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. To determine perceptions of benefit and harm, a method guided by the thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke was employed to reflexively assess and identify common themes and experiences. RESULTS 40 studies (15 qualitative, 25 quantitative) were included involving participants with paediatric cancer, neurodegenerative and psychological diseases. Perceptions of benefit included benefit to future generations, aiding scientific research, avoidance of waste, improved treatments and the belief that donation will bring consolation or aid in the grieving process. Perceptions of harm included a perceived conflict with religious beliefs, disfigurement to the donor, emotional distress at the time of autopsy and discord or objections within the family. CONCLUSION Brain donation can afford a sense of purpose, meaning and empowerment for donors and their loved ones. Careful strategies are required to mitigate or reduce potential harms during the consent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra P. Griffin
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenna R. Bowen
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Marjorie M. Walker
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
| | - James Lynam
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine L. Paul
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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5
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Cattaneo C, Urakcheeva I, Giacomini G, Stazi MA, Lana S, Arnofi A, Salemi M, Toccaceli V. Attitude and concerns of healthy individuals regarding post-mortem brain donation. A qualitative study on a nation-wide sample in Italy. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:104. [PMID: 38012766 PMCID: PMC10683267 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collecting post-mortem brain tissue is essential, especially from healthy "control" individuals, to advance knowledge on increasingly common neurological and mental disorders. Yet, healthy individuals, on which this study is focused, are still understudied. The aim of the study was to explore, among healthy potential brain donors and/or donors' relatives, attitude, concerns and opinion about post-mortem brain donation (PMBD). METHODS A convenience sampling of the general population (twins and their non-twin contacts) was adopted. From June 2018 to February 2019, 12 focus groups were conducted in four Italian cities: Milan, Turin, Rome and Naples, stratified according to twin and non-twin status. A qualitative content analysis was performed with both deductive and inductive approaches. Emotional interactions analysis corroborated results. RESULTS One hundred and three individuals (49-91 yrs of age) participated. Female were 60%. Participants had scarse knowledge regarding PMBD. Factors affecting attitude towards donation were: concerns, emotions, and misconceptions about donation and research. Religion, spirituality and secular attitude were implied, as well as trust towards research and medical institutions and a high degree of uncertainty about brain death ascertainment. Family had a very multifaceted central role in decision making. A previous experience with neurodegenerative diseases seems among factors able to favour brain donation. CONCLUSIONS The study sheds light on healthy individuals' attitudes about PMBD. Brain had a special significance for participants, and the ascertainment of brain death was a source of debate and doubt. Our findings emphasise the importance of targeted communication and thorough information to promote this kind of donation, within an ethical framework of conduct. Trust in research and health professionals emerged as an essential factor for a collaborative attitude towards donation and informed decision making in PMBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cattaneo
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gianmarco Giacomini
- Centre of Reference for Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Centre of Reference for Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Lana
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Arnofi
- Centre of Reference for Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Salemi
- Centre of Reference for Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Virgilia Toccaceli
- Centre of Reference for Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Schreglmann SR, Goncalves T, Grant-Peters M, Kia DA, Soreq L, Ryten M, Wood NW, Bhatia KP, Tomita K. Age-related telomere attrition in the human putamen. Aging Cell 2023:e13861. [PMID: 37129365 PMCID: PMC10352551 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Shortening of leucocyte telomeres with advancing age, arguably a measure of "biological" age, is a known phenomenon and epidemiologically correlated with age-related disease. The main mechanism of telomere shortening is cell division, rendering telomere length in post-mitotic cells presumably stable. Longitudinal measurement of human brain telomere length is not feasible, and cross-sectional cortical brain samples so far indicated no attrition with age. Hence, age-related changes in telomere length in the brain and the association between telomere length and neurodegenerative diseases remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mean telomere length in the putamen, a part of the basal ganglia, physiologically shortens with age, like leukocyte telomeres. This was achieved by using matched brain and leukocyte-rich spleen samples from 98 post-mortem healthy human donors. Using spleen telomeres as a reference, we further found that mean telomere length was brain region-specific, as telomeres in the putamen were significantly shorter than in the cerebellum. Expression analyses of genes involved in telomere length regulation and oxidative phosphorylation revealed that both region- and age-dependent expression pattern corresponded with region-dependent telomere length dynamics. Collectively, our results indicate that mean telomere length in the human putamen physiologically shortens with advancing age and that both local and temporal gene expression dynamics correlate with this, pointing at a potential mechanism for the selective, age-related vulnerability of the nigro-striatal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian R Schreglmann
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Goncalves
- Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Grant-Peters
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Demis A Kia
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lilach Soreq
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kazunori Tomita
- Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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7
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A qualitative study exploring the process of postmortem brain tissue donation after suicide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4710. [PMID: 35304551 PMCID: PMC8933424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to postmortem brain tissue can be valuable in refining knowledge on the pathophysiology and genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders. Obtaining postmortem consent for the donation after death by suicide can be difficult, as families may be overwhelmed by a violent and unexpected death. Examining the process of brain donation can inform on how the request can best be conducted. This is a qualitative study with in-depth interviews with forty-one people that were asked to consider brain donation—32 who had consented to donation and 9 who refused it. Data collection and analyses were carried out according to grounded theory. Five key themes emerged from data analysis: the context of the families, the invitation to talk to the research team, the experience with the request protocol, the participants’ assessment of the experience, and their participation in the study as an opportunity to heal. The participants indicated that a brain donation request that is respectful and tactful can be made without adding to the family distress brought on by suicide and pondering brain donation was seen as an opportunity to transform the meaning of the death and invest it with a modicum of solace for being able to contribute to research.
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8
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Christopher E, Loan JJM, Samarasekera N, McDade K, Rose J, Barrington J, Hughes J, Smith C, Al-Shahi Salman R. Nrf2 activation in the human brain after stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: a case–control study. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000238. [PMID: 35265844 PMCID: PMC8860052 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2021-000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Pharmacological activation of the antioxidative transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) improves outcomes in experimental models of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). However, the Nrf2 pathway has not been previously studied in humans after ICH. Our study aims to address this gap. Methods We selected cases with fatal ICH from a prospective community-based inception cohort study and age-matched and sex-matched controls who died suddenly of non-neurological disease. We used immunohistochemistry to quantify Nrf2 (% total area stained overall and % of nuclei stained) and CD68 expression in controls and perihaematomal, ipsilateral and contralateral brain tissue from cases. We measured downstream haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 [NQO1] expression using RNA in situ hybridisation. Results 26 ICH cases (median age: 82 (IQR 76–86); 13 (50%) male) and eight controls (median age: 79 (IQR 77–80); 3 (37.5%) male) were included. We found no significant differences in overall % of Nrf2 staining between ICH cases and controls. However, the mean % of nuclei staining for Nrf2 seemed higher in perihaematomal compared with contralateral regions, although this was only statistically significant >60 days after ICH (25% (95% CI 17% to 33%) vs 14% (95% CI 11% to 17%), p=0.029). The percentage of perihaematomal tissue staining for CD68 was higher >60 days after ICH (6.75%, 95% CI 2.78% to 10.73%) compared with contralateral tissue (1.45%, 95% CI 0.93% to 1.96%, p=0.027) and controls (1.08%, 95% CI 0.20% to 1.97%, p=0.0008). RNA in situ hybridisation suggested increased abundance of HMOX1 and NQO1 transcripts in perihaematomal versus distant ipsilateral brain tissue obtained <7 days from onset of ICH. Conclusions We found evidence of Nrf2 activation in human brain tissue after ICH. Pharmacological augmentation of Nrf2 activation after ICH might be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Christopher
- The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James J M Loan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karina McDade
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Peng S, Zeng L, Haure-Mirande JV, Wang M, Huffman DM, Haroutunian V, Ehrlich ME, Zhang B, Tu Z. Transcriptomic Changes Highly Similar to Alzheimer's Disease Are Observed in a Subpopulation of Individuals During Normal Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:711524. [PMID: 34924992 PMCID: PMC8675870 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.711524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). How aging contributes to the development of LOAD remains elusive. In this study, we examined multiple large-scale transcriptomic datasets from both normal aging and LOAD brains to understand the molecular interconnection between aging and LOAD. We found that shared gene expression changes between aging and LOAD are mostly seen in the hippocampal and several cortical regions. In the hippocampus, the expression of phosphoprotein, alternative splicing and cytoskeleton genes are commonly changed in both aging and AD, while synapse, ion transport, and synaptic vesicle genes are commonly down-regulated. Aging-specific changes are associated with acetylation and methylation, while LOAD-specific changes are more related to glycoprotein (both up- and down-regulations), inflammatory response (up-regulation), myelin sheath and lipoprotein (down-regulation). We also found that normal aging brain transcriptomes from relatively young donors (45–70 years old) clustered into several subgroups and some subgroups showed gene expression changes highly similar to those seen in LOAD brains. Using brain transcriptomic datasets from another cohort of older individuals (>70 years), we found that samples from cognitively normal older individuals clustered with the “healthy aging” subgroup while AD samples mainly clustered with the “AD similar” subgroups. This may imply that individuals in the healthy aging subgroup will likely remain cognitively normal when they become older and vice versa. In summary, our results suggest that on the transcriptome level, aging and LOAD have strong interconnections in some brain regions in a subpopulation of cognitively normal aging individuals. This supports the theory that the initiation of LOAD occurs decades earlier than the manifestation of clinical phenotype and it may be essential to closely study the “normal brain aging” to identify the very early molecular events that may lead to LOAD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouneng Peng
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Lu Zeng
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | | | - Minghui Wang
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States.,Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
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10
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Berdenis van Berlekom A, Notman N, Sneeboer MAM, Snijders GJLJ, Houtepen LC, Nispeling DM, He Y, Dracheva S, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD, Boks MP. DNA methylation differences in cortical grey and white matter in schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1157-1169. [PMID: 34323598 PMCID: PMC8386513 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identify grey- and white-matter-specific DNA-methylation differences between schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and controls in postmortem brain cortical tissue. Materials & methods: Grey and white matter were separated from postmortem brain tissue of the superior temporal and medial frontal gyrus from SCZ (n = 10) and control (n = 11) cases. Genome-wide DNA-methylation analysis was performed using the Infinium EPIC Methylation Array (Illumina, CA, USA). Results: Four differentially methylated regions associated with SCZ status and tissue type (grey vs white matter) were identified within or near KLF9, SFXN1, SPRED2 and ALS2CL genes. Gene-expression analysis showed differential expression of KLF9 and SFXN1 in SCZ. Conclusion: Our data show distinct differences in DNA methylation between grey and white matter that are unique to SCZ, providing new leads to unravel the pathogenesis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Notman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein AM Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje JLJ Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lotte C Houtepen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny M Nispeling
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yujie He
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stella Dracheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Patel S, Howard D, French L. A pH-eQTL Interaction at the RIT2- SYT4 Parkinson's Disease Risk Locus in the Substantia Nigra. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690632. [PMID: 34305570 PMCID: PMC8299340 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease causes severe motor and cognitive disabilities that result from the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. The rs12456492 variant in the RIT2 gene has been repeatedly associated with increased risk for Parkinson's disease. From a transcriptomic perspective, a meta-analysis found that RIT2 gene expression is correlated with pH in the human brain. To assess these pH associations in relation to Parkinson's disease risk, we examined the two datasets that assayed rs12456492, gene expression, and pH in the postmortem human brain. Using the BrainEAC dataset, we replicate the positive correlation between RIT2 gene expression and pH in the human brain (n = 100). Furthermore, we found that the relationship between expression and pH is influenced by rs12456492. When tested across ten brain regions, this interaction is specifically found in the substantia nigra. A similar association was found for the co-localized SYT4 gene. In addition, SYT4 associations are stronger in a combined model with both genes, and the SYT4 interaction appears to be specific to males. In the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset, the pH associations involving rs12456492 and expression of either SYT4 and RIT2 were not seen. This null finding may be due to the short postmortem intervals of the GTEx tissue samples. In the BrainEAC data, we tested the effect of postmortem interval and only observed the interactions in samples with the longer intervals. These previously unknown associations suggest novel roles for rs12456492, RIT2, and SYT4 in the regulation and response to pH in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Howard
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leon French
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Snijders GJLJ, van Zuiden W, Sneeboer MAM, Berdenis van Berlekom A, van der Geest AT, Schnieder T, MacIntyre DJ, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. A loss of mature microglial markers without immune activation in schizophrenia. Glia 2021; 69:1251-1267. [PMID: 33410555 PMCID: PMC7986895 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are important for neurodevelopment and have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ). Although previous postmortem studies pointed toward presence of microglial activation, this view has been challenged by more recent hypothesis-driven and hypothesis-free analyses. The aim of the present study is to further understand the observed microglial changes in SCZ. We first performed a detailed meta-analysis on studies that analyzed microglial cell density, microglial morphology, and expression of microglial-specific markers. We then further explored findings from the temporal cortex by performing immunostainings and qPCRs on an additional dataset. A random effect meta-analysis showed that the density of microglial cells was unaltered in SCZ (ES: 0.144 95% CI: 0.102 to 0.390, p = .250), and clear changes in microglial morphology were also absent. The expression of several microglial specific genes, such as CX3CR1, CSF1R, IRF8, OLR1, and TMEM119 was decreased in SCZ (ES: -0.417 95% CI: -0.417 to -0.546, p < .0001), consistent with genome-wide transcriptome meta-analysis results. These results indicate a change in microglial phenotype rather than density, which was validated with the use of TMEM119/Iba1 immunostainings on temporal cortex of a separate cohort. Changes in microglial gene expression were overlapping between SCZ and other psychiatric disorders, but largely opposite from changes reported in Alzheimer's disease. This distinct microglial phenotype provides a crucial molecular hallmark for future research into the role of microglia in SCZ and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsje J. L. J. Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM‐UMCU‐UU)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM‐UMCU‐UU)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience (BCRM‐UMCU‐UU)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Donald J. MacIntyre
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience (BCRM‐UMCU‐UU)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM‐UMCU‐UU)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
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13
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Yamamoto Y, Hase Y, Ihara M, Khundakar A, Roeber S, Duering M, Kalaria RN. Neuronal densities and vascular pathology in the hippocampal formation in CADASIL. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 97:33-40. [PMID: 33130454 PMCID: PMC7758782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common form of hereditary cerebral small vessel disease. Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested loss of hippocampal volume is a pathway for cognitive impairment in CADASIL. We used unbiased stereological methods to estimate SMI32-positive and total numbers and volumes of neurons in the hippocampal formation of 12 patients with CADASIL and similar age controls (young controls) and older controls. We found densities of SMI32-positive neurons in the entorhinal cortex, layer V, and cornu ammonis CA2 regions were reduced by 26%–50% in patients with CADASIL compared with young controls (p < 0.01), with a decreasing trend observed in older controls in the order of young controls> older controls ≥ CADASIL. These changes were not explained by any hippocampal infarct or vascular pathology or glial changes. Our results suggest notable loss of subsets of projection neurons within the hippocampal formation that may contribute to certain memory deficits in CADASIL, which is purely a vascular disease. It is likely that the severe arteriopathy leads to white matter damage which disconnects cortico-cortical and subcortical-cortical networks including the hippocampal formation. Hippocampal volume loss was associated with cognitive dysfunction in CADASIL. SMI32+ neurons in entorhinal cortex (V) and CA2 regions were reduced in CADASIL. Hippocampal cellular changes were not explained by any infarct pathology. Neuronal volumes or glial cell numbers per neuron were not changed. Selective loss of projection neurons within the hippocampal formation in CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamamoto
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidemiology, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hase
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidemiology, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ahmad Khundakar
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, UK
| | | | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich & Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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14
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Peden AH, Kanguru L, Ritchie DL, Smith C, Molesworth AM. Study protocol for enhanced CJD surveillance in the 65+ years population group in Scotland: an observational neuropathological screening study of banked brain tissue donations for evidence of prion disease. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e033744. [PMID: 31662408 PMCID: PMC6830687 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a human prion disease that occurs in sporadic, genetic and acquired forms. Variant CJD (vCJD) is an acquired form first identified in 1996 in the UK. To date, 178 cases of vCJD have been reported in the UK, most of which have been associated with dietary exposure to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. Most vCJD cases have a young age of onset, with a median age at death of 28 years. In the UK, suspected cases of vCJD are reported to the UK National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit (NCJDRSU). There is, however, a concern that the national surveillance system might be missing some cases of vCJD or other forms of human prion disease, particularly in the older population, perhaps because of atypical clinical presentation. This study aims to establish whether there is unrecognised prion disease in people aged 65 years and above in the Scottish population by screening banked brain tissue donated to the Edinburgh Brain Bank (EBB). METHODS Neuropathological screening of prospective and retrospective brain tissue samples is performed. This involves histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis and prion protein biochemical analysis. During the study, descriptive statistics are used to describe the study population, including the demographics and clinical, pathological and referral characteristics. Controlling for confounders, univariate and multivariate analyses will be used to compare select characteristics of newly identified suspect cases with previously confirmed cases referred to the NCJDRSU. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Brain tissue donations to EBB are made voluntarily by the relatives of patients, with consent for use in research. The EBB has ethical approval to provide tissue samples to research projects (REC reference 16/ES/0084). The findings of this study will be disseminated in meetings, conferences, workshops and as peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS 10/S1402/69 and 10/S1402/70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Howard Peden
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lovney Kanguru
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diane L Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna M Molesworth
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Why people donate their brain to science: a systematic review. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:447-466. [PMID: 31538265 PMCID: PMC6863784 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of brain tissue for research purposes is an important endeavour in research on ageing, pathological diagnosis, and the advancement of treatment of neurological or neurodegenerative diseases. While some tissue samples can be obtained from a living patient, the procurement of a whole brain requires the donation from people after their death. In order to promote positive attitudes towards brain donation, it is essential to understand why people do or do not donate their brain to medical research. In 2018 we undertook a systematic review of the international literature concerning people’s attitudes, motivations, and feelings about brain donation. Five electronic databases were searched: Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline, and Google Scholar. Search terms included: (“brain donor*” OR “brain donation” OR “brain banking” OR “banking on brain”) AND (attitude* OR motivation* OR decision*”) AND (LIMIT-TO “human”) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)). Articles were analysed using the Framework for Assessing Qualitative Evaluations and a meta-ethnographic approach. Fourteen articles were included for review. The findings suggest four universal factors informing a person’s decision to donate their brain: (1) contextual knowledge, (2) conceptual understandings, (3) family/friends matter, and (4) personal experience, time and process. The findings also indicate that the way healthcare professionals present themselves can influence people’s feelings and attitudes towards brain donation. Healthcare and research professionals who are involved in brain donation processes must be mindful of the complex and multiple factors that influence donation outcomes. Effective and sensitive communication with potential donors and their family/friends is paramount.
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16
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Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Expression Positively Correlates with Social and Behavioral Function in Children with Autism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13443. [PMID: 31530830 PMCID: PMC6748974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone oxytocin is an established regulator of social function in mammals, and dysregulated oxytocin signaling is implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several clinical trials examining the effects of intranasal oxytocin for improving social and behavioral function in ASD have had mixed or inclusive outcomes. The heterogeneity in clinical trials outcomes may reflect large inter-individual expression variations of the oxytocin and/or vasopressin receptor genes OXTR and AVPR1A, respectively. To explore this hypothesis we examined the expression of both genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ASD children, their non-ASD siblings, and age-matched neurotypical children aged 3 to 16 years of age as well as datamined published ASD datasets. Both genes were found to have large inter-individual variations. Higher OXTR and AVPR1A expression was associated with lower Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) scores. OXTR expression was associated with less severe behavior and higher adaptive behavior on additional standardized measures. Combining the sum expression levels OXTR, AVPR1A, and IGF1 yielded the strongest correlation with ABC scores. We propose that future clinical trials in ASD children with oxytocin, oxytocin mimetics and additional tentative therapeutics should assess the prognostic value of their PBMC mRNA expression of OXTR, AVPR1A, and IGF1.
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17
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Miron J, Picard C, Labonté A, Auld D, Breitner J, Poirier J. Association of PPP2R1A with Alzheimer's disease and specific cognitive domains. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:234-243. [PMID: 31349112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify novel genetic variants associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), a genome-wide association study was performed on a population isolate from Eastern Canada, referred to as the Québec Founder Population (QFP). In the QFP cohort, the rs10406151 C variant on chromosome 19 is associated with higher AD risk and younger age at AD onset in APOE4- individuals. After surveying the region surrounding this intergenic polymorphism for brain cis-eQTL associations in BRAINEAC, we identified PPP2R1A as the most likely target gene modulated by the rs10406151 C variant. PPP2R1A mRNA and protein levels are elevated in multiple regions from QFP autopsy-confirmed AD brains when compared with age-matched controls. Using an independent cohort of cognitively normal individuals with a parental history of AD, we found that the rs10406151 C variant is significantly associated with lower visuospatial and constructional performances. The association of the rs10406151 C variant with AD risk appears to involve brain PPP2R1A gene expression alterations. However, the exact pathological pathway by which this variant modulates AD remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Labonté
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - John Breitner
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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18
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Ohi K, Kuwata A, Shimada T, Kataoka Y, Yasuyama T, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y. Genome-Wide Variants Shared Between Smoking Quantity and Schizophrenia on 15q25 Are Associated With CHRNA5 Expression in the Brain. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:813-823. [PMID: 30202994 PMCID: PMC6581148 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smokers with schizophrenia consume more cigarettes than smokers in the general population. Schizophrenia and smoking quantity may have shared genetic liability. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia and smoking quantity have highlighted a biological pleiotropy in which a robust 15q25 locus affects both traits. To identify the genetic variants shared between these traits on 15q25, we used summary statistics from large-scale GWAS meta-analyses of schizophrenia in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2 and smoking quantity assessed by cigarettes smoked per day in the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. To evaluate the regulatory potential of the shared genetic variants, expression quantitative trait loci analysis in 10 postmortem brain regions was performed using the BRAINEAC dataset in 134 neuropathologically normal individuals. Twenty-two genetic variants on 15q25 were associated with both smoking quantity and schizophrenia at the genome-wide significance level (P < 5.00 × 10-8). Major alleles of all variants were associated with higher smoking quantity and risk of schizophrenia. These genetic variants were associated with PSMA4, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4 expression in specific brain regions (lowest P = 4.81 × 10-4) and with CHRNA5 expression in multiple brain regions (lowest P = 8.70 × 10-6). Risk-associated major alleles of these variants were commonly associated with higher expression in several brain regions, excluding the medulla, at the transcript level. In addition, the risk-associated major allele at rs637137 was associated with higher CHRNA5 expression at the specific exon level in multiple brain regions (lowest P = 2.37 × 10-5). Our findings suggest that genome-wide variants shared between smoking quantity and schizophrenia contribute to a common pathophysiology underlying these traits involving altered CHRNA5 expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan,Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; tel: +81-76-286-2211, fax: +81-76-286-3341, e-mail:
| | - Aki Kuwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yasuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Vlachakis D, Labrou NE, Iliopoulos C, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Rideout H, Trabzuni D. Insights into the Influence of Specific Splicing Events on the Structural Organization of LRRK2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092784. [PMID: 30223621 PMCID: PMC6165039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein of unclear function. Rare mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and inflammatory bowel disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed significant association of the abovementioned diseases at the LRRK2 locus. Cell and systems biology research has led to potential roles that LRRK2 may have in PD pathogenesis, especially the kinase domain (KIN). Previous human expression studies showed evidence of mRNA expression and splicing patterns that may contribute to our understanding of the function of LRRK2. In this work, we investigate and identified significant regional differences in LRRK2 expression at the mRNA level, including a number of splicing events in the Ras of complex protein (Roc) and C-terminal of Roc domain (COR) of LRRK2, in the substantia nigra (SN) and occipital cortex (OCTX). Our findings indicate that the predominant form of LRRK2 mRNA is full length, with shorter isoforms present at a lower copy number. Our molecular modelling study suggests that splicing events in the ROC/COR domains will have major consequences on the enzymatic function and dimer formation of LRRK2. The implications of these are highly relevant to the broader effort to understand the biology and physiological functions of LRRK2, and to better characterize the role(s) of LRRK2 in the underlying mechanism leading to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas Iliopoulos
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Neurodegenerative disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Picard C, Julien C, Frappier J, Miron J, Théroux L, Dea D, Breitner JCS, Poirier J. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism-related genes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 66:180.e1-180.e9. [PMID: 29503034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several cholesterol metabolism-related genes as top risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We hypothesized that specific genetic variants could act as disease-modifying factors by altering the expression of those genes. Targeted association studies were conducted with available genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data from 3 independent cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the Quebec Founder Population (QFP), and the United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC). First, a total of 273 polymorphisms located in 17 cholesterol metabolism-related loci were screened for associations with cerebrospinal fluid LOAD biomarkers beta amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and tau (from the ADNI) and with amyloid plaque and tangle densities (from the QFP). Top polymorphisms were then contrasted with gene expression levels measured in 134 autopsied healthy brains (from the UKBEC). In the end, only SREBF2 polymorphism rs2269657 showed significant dual associations with LOAD pathological biomarkers and gene expression levels. Furthermore, SREBF2 expression levels measured in LOAD frontal cortices inversely correlated with age at death; suggesting a possible influence on survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Picard
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cédric Julien
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin Miron
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John C S Breitner
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Miron J, Picard C, Nilsson N, Frappier J, Dea D, Théroux L, Poirier J. CDK5RAP2
gene and tau pathophysiology in late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:787-796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Nathalie Nilsson
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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Brain donation procedures in the Sudden Death Brain Bank in Edinburgh. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:17-27. [PMID: 29496140 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Brain banks typically receive donations through premortem consent procedures, often through disease-specific patient cohorts, such as dementia. While some control cases can be obtained through this route, access to age-matched control tissues, and some chronic neurologic conditions, particularly psychiatric disorders, can be challenging. The Edinburgh Sudden Death Brain Bank was established to try and increase access to control cases across all ages, and also access to psychiatric disorders through suicides. This chapter outlines the processes for establishing donations through medicolegal postmortems, which, although often with a prolonged postmortem interval, can provide high-quality well-characterized postmortem brain tissue to the neuroscience research community.
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Ohi K, Shimada T, Yasuyama T, Kimura K, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of genes around nine neuroticism-associated loci. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:164-171. [PMID: 28433457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroticism is a high-order personality trait. Individuals with higher neuroticism have increased risks of various psychiatric disorders and physical health outcomes. Neuroticism is related to physiological differences in the brain. A recent genome-wide association study identified nine distinct genomic loci that contribute to neuroticism. Brain development and function depend on the precise regulation of gene expression, which is differentially regulated across brain regions and developmental stages. Using multiple publicly available human post-mortem databases, we investigated, in brain and non-brain tissues and across several developmental life stages, the spatial and temporal expression patterns of genes arising from nine neuroticism-associated loci. Functional gene-network analysis for neuroticism-associated genes was performed. The spatial expression analysis revealed that the nearest genes (GRIK3, SRP9, KLHL2, PTPRD, ELAVL2, CRHR1 and CELF4) from index single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the nine loci were intensively enriched in the brain compared with their representation in non-brain tissues (p<1.56×10-3). The nearest genes associated with the glutamate receptor activity network consisted mainly of GRIK3 (FDR q=4.25×10-2). The temporal expression analysis revealed that the neuroticism-associated genes were divided into three expression patterns: KLHL2, CELF4 and CRHR1 were preferentially expressed during postnatal stages; PTPRD, ELAVL2 and MFHAS1 were expressed during prenatal stages; and the other three genes were not expressed during specific life stages. These findings suggest that the glutamate network might be a target for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying susceptibilities to higher neuroticism and several psychiatric disorders and that neuroticism is mediated by genes specifically expressed in the brain during several developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yasuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Kimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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24
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"Why throw away something useful?": Attitudes and opinions of people treated for bipolar disorder and their relatives on organ and tissue donation. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 18:105-117. [PMID: 27900507 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In regard to mental illness, brain donation is essential for the biological investigation of central pathology. Nevertheless, little is known about the thoughts of people with mental disorders on tissue donation for research. Here, our objective was to understand the attitudes and opinions of people treated for bipolar disorder and their relatives regarding donation in general, and particularly donation for research. This is a qualitative study that used in-depth interviews to determine the thoughts of participants regarding tissue donation for research. Theoretical sampling was used as a recruitment method. Grounded theory was used as a framework for content analyses of the interviews. A semi-structured interview guide was applied with the topics: donation in general; donation for research; mental health and body organs; opinion regarding donation; feelings aroused by the topic. Although all participants were aware of organ donation for transplant, they were surprised that tissue could be donated for research. Nevertheless, once they understood the concept they were usually in favor of the idea. Although participants demonstrated a general lack of knowledge on donation for research, they were willing to learn more and viewed it as a good thing, with altruistic reasons often cited as a motive for donation. We speculate that bridging this knowledge gap may be a fundamental step towards a more ethical postmortem tissue donation process.
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25
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Bettencourt C, Forabosco P, Wiethoff S, Heidari M, Johnstone DM, Botía JA, Collingwood JF, Hardy J, Milward EA, Ryten M, Houlden H. Gene co-expression networks shed light into diseases of brain iron accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 87:59-68. [PMID: 26707700 PMCID: PMC4731015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant brain iron deposition is observed in both common and rare neurodegenerative disorders, including those categorized as Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), which are characterized by focal iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Two NBIA genes are directly involved in iron metabolism, but whether other NBIA-related genes also regulate iron homeostasis in the human brain, and whether aberrant iron deposition contributes to neurodegenerative processes remains largely unknown. This study aims to expand our understanding of these iron overload diseases and identify relationships between known NBIA genes and their main interacting partners by using a systems biology approach. We used whole-transcriptome gene expression data from human brain samples originating from 101 neuropathologically normal individuals (10 brain regions) to generate weighted gene co-expression networks and cluster the 10 known NBIA genes in an unsupervised manner. We investigated NBIA-enriched networks for relevant cell types and pathways, and whether they are disrupted by iron loading in NBIA diseased tissue and in an in vivo mouse model. We identified two basal ganglia gene co-expression modules significantly enriched for NBIA genes, which resemble neuronal and oligodendrocytic signatures. These NBIA gene networks are enriched for iron-related genes, and implicate synapse and lipid metabolism related pathways. Our data also indicates that these networks are disrupted by excessive brain iron loading. We identified multiple cell types in the origin of NBIA disorders. We also found unforeseen links between NBIA networks and iron-related processes, and demonstrate convergent pathways connecting NBIAs and phenotypically overlapping diseases. Our results are of further relevance for these diseases by providing candidates for new causative genes and possible points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moones Heidari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel M Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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26
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Ferrari R, Forabosco P, Vandrovcova J, Botía JA, Guelfi S, Warren JD, Momeni P, Weale ME, Ryten M, Hardy J. Frontotemporal dementia: insights into the biological underpinnings of disease through gene co-expression network analysis. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:21. [PMID: 26912063 PMCID: PMC4765225 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In frontotemporal dementia (FTD) there is a critical lack in the understanding of biological and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis. The heterogeneous genetic features associated with FTD suggest that multiple disease-mechanisms are likely to contribute to the development of this neurodegenerative condition. We here present a systems biology approach with the scope of i) shedding light on the biological processes potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of FTD and ii) identifying novel potential risk factors for FTD. We performed a gene co-expression network analysis of microarray expression data from 101 individuals without neurodegenerative diseases to explore regional-specific co-expression patterns in the frontal and temporal cortices for 12 genes (MAPT, GRN, CHMP2B, CTSC, HLA-DRA, TMEM106B, C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2, OPTN, TARDBP and FUS) associated with FTD and we then carried out gene set enrichment and pathway analyses, and investigated known protein-protein interactors (PPIs) of FTD-genes products. Results Gene co-expression networks revealed that several FTD-genes (such as MAPT and GRN, CTSC and HLA-DRA, TMEM106B, and C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2 and OPTN) were clustering in modules of relevance in the frontal and temporal cortices. Functional annotation and pathway analyses of such modules indicated enrichment for: i) DNA metabolism, i.e. transcription regulation, DNA protection and chromatin remodelling (MAPT and GRN modules); ii) immune and lysosomal processes (CTSC and HLA-DRA modules), and; iii) protein meta/catabolism (C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2 and OPTN, and TMEM106B modules). PPI analysis supported the results of the functional annotation and pathway analyses. Conclusions This work further characterizes known FTD-genes and elaborates on their biological relevance to disease: not only do we indicate likely impacted regional-specific biological processes driven by FTD-genes containing modules, but also do we suggest novel potential risk factors among the FTD-genes interactors as targets for further mechanistic characterization in hypothesis driven cell biology work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy.
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | | | | | - Michael E Weale
- King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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27
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Samarasekera N, Lerpiniere C, Fonville AF, Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM, White PM, Torgersen A, Ironside JW, Smith C, Al-Shahi Salman R. Consent for Brain Tissue Donation after Intracerebral Haemorrhage: A Community-Based Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135043. [PMID: 26302447 PMCID: PMC4547774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage is a devastating form of stroke and its incidence increases with age. Obtaining brain tissue following intracerebral haemorrhage helps to understand its cause. Given declining autopsy rates worldwide, the feasibility of establishing an autopsy-based collection and its generalisability are uncertain. Methods We used multiple overlapping sources of case ascertainment to identify every adult diagnosed with intracerebral haemorrhage between 1st June 2010-31st May 2012, whilst resident in the Lothian region of Scotland. We sought consent from patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (or their nearest relative if the patient lacked mental capacity) to conduct a research autopsy. Results Of 295 adults with acute intracerebral haemorrhage, 110 (37%) could not be approached to consider donation. Of 185 adults/relatives approached, 91 (49%) consented to research autopsy. There were no differences in baseline demographic variables or markers of intracerebral haemorrhage severity between consenters and non-consenters. Adults who died and became donors (n = 46) differed from the rest of the cohort (n = 249) by being older (median age 80, IQR 76–86 vs. 75, IQR 65–83, p = 0.002) and having larger haemorrhages (median volume 23ml, IQR 13–50 vs. 13ml, IQR 4–40; p = 0.002). Conclusions Nearly half of those approached consent to brain tissue donation after acute intracerebral haemorrhage. The characteristics of adults who gave consent were comparable to those in an entire community, although those who donate early are older and have larger haemorrhage volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Lerpiniere
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur F. Fonville
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Farrall
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. White
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Torgersen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Ironside
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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Wehrspaun CC, Haerty W, Ponting CP. Microglia recapitulate a hematopoietic master regulator network in the aging human frontal cortex. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2443.e9-2443.e20. [PMID: 26002684 PMCID: PMC4503803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia form the immune system of the brain. Previous studies in cell cultures and animal models suggest altered activation states and cellular senescence in the aged brain. Instead, we analyzed 3 transcriptome data sets from the postmortem frontal cortex of 381 control individuals to show that microglia gene markers assemble into a transcriptional module in a gene coexpression network. These markers predominantly represented M1 and M1/M2b activation phenotypes. Expression of genes in this module generally declines over the adult life span. This decrease was more pronounced in microglia surface receptors for microglia and/or neuron crosstalk than in markers for activation state phenotypes. In addition to these receptors for exogenous signals, microglia are controlled by brain-expressed regulatory factors. We identified a subnetwork of transcription factors, including RUNX1, IRF8, PU.1, and TAL1, which are master regulators (MRs) for the age-dependent microglia module. The causal contributions of these MRs on the microglia module were verified using publicly available ChIP-Seq data. Interactions of these key MRs were preserved in a protein-protein interaction network. Importantly, these MRs appear to be essential for regulating microglia homeostasis in the adult human frontal cortex in addition to their crucial roles in hematopoiesis and myeloid cell-fate decisions during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Wehrspaun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, UK
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29
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Illingworth RS, Gruenewald-Schneider U, De Sousa D, Webb S, Merusi C, Kerr ARW, James KD, Smith C, Walker R, Andrews R, Bird AP. Inter-individual variability contrasts with regional homogeneity in the human brain DNA methylome. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:732-44. [PMID: 25572316 PMCID: PMC4333374 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that alterations in DNA methylation are mechanistic drivers of development, aging and susceptibility to disease is widely acknowledged, but evidence remains patchy or inconclusive. Of particular interest in this regard is the brain, where it has been reported that DNA methylation impacts on neuronal activity, learning and memory, drug addiction and neurodegeneration. Until recently, however, little was known about the ‘landscape’ of the human brain methylome. Here we assay 1.9 million CpGs in each of 43 brain samples representing different individuals and brain regions. The cerebellum was a consistent outlier compared to all other regions, and showed over 16 000 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Unexpectedly, the sequence characteristics of hypo- and hypermethylated domains in cerebellum were distinct. In contrast, very few DMRs distinguished regions of the cortex, limbic system and brain stem. Inter-individual DMRs were readily detectable in these regions. These results lead to the surprising conclusion that, with the exception of cerebellum, DNA methylation patterns are more homogeneous between different brain regions from the same individual, than they are for a single brain region between different individuals. This finding suggests that DNA sequence composition, not developmental status, is the principal determinant of the human brain DNA methylome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Illingworth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Dina De Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Shaun Webb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Cara Merusi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Alastair R W Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Keith D James
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adrian P Bird
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH9 3BF, UK
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30
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Ramasamy A, Trabzuni D, Guelfi S, Varghese V, Smith C, Walker R, De T, Coin L, de Silva R, Cookson MR, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Ryten M, Weale ME. Genetic variability in the regulation of gene expression in ten regions of the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1418-1428. [PMID: 25174004 PMCID: PMC4208299 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line genetic control of gene expression occurs via expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We present a large, exon-specific eQTL data set covering ten human brain regions. We found that cis-eQTL signals (within 1 Mb of their target gene) were numerous, and many acted heterogeneously among regions and exons. Co-regulation analysis of shared eQTL signals produced well-defined modules of region-specific co-regulated genes, in contrast to standard coexpression analysis of the same samples. We report cis-eQTL signals for 23.1% of catalogued genome-wide association study hits for adult-onset neurological disorders. The data set is publicly available via public data repositories and via http://www.braineac.org/. Our study increases our understanding of the regulation of gene expression in the human brain and will be of value to others pursuing functional follow-up of disease-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Vibin Varghese
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tisham De
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lachlan Coin
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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Ferrari R, Hernandez DG, Nalls MA, Rohrer JD, Ramasamy A, Kwok JBJ, Dobson-Stone C, Brooks WS, Schofield PR, Halliday GM, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Bartley L, Thompson E, Haan E, Hernández I, Ruiz A, Boada M, Borroni B, Padovani A, Cruchaga C, Cairns NJ, Benussi L, Binetti G, Ghidoni R, Forloni G, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Scarpini E, Clarimón J, Lleó A, Blesa R, Waldö ML, Nilsson K, Nilsson C, Mackenzie IRA, Hsiung GYR, Mann DMA, Grafman J, Morris CM, Attems J, Griffiths TD, McKeith IG, Thomas AJ, Pietrini P, Huey ED, Wassermann EM, Baborie A, Jaros E, Tierney MC, Pastor P, Razquin C, Ortega-Cubero S, Alonso E, Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Alexopoulos P, Kurz A, Rainero I, Rubino E, Pinessi L, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Rossi G, Tagliavini F, Giaccone G, Rowe JB, Schlachetzki JCM, Uphill J, Collinge J, Mead S, Danek A, Van Deerlin VM, Grossman M, Trojanowski JQ, van der Zee J, Deschamps W, Van Langenhove T, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Cappa SF, Le Ber I, Hannequin D, Golfier V, Vercelletto M, Brice A, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bagnoli S, Piaceri I, Nielsen JE, Hjermind LE, Riemenschneider M, Mayhaus M, Ibach B, Gasparoni G, Pichler S, Gu W, Rossor MN, Fox NC, Warren JD, Spillantini MG, Morris HR, Rizzu P, Heutink P, Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Richardson A, Gerhard A, Bruni AC, Maletta R, Frangipane F, Cupidi C, Bernardi L, Anfossi M, Gallo M, Conidi ME, Smirne N, Rademakers R, Baker M, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Knopman D, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Parisi JE, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Karydas AM, Rosen H, van Swieten JC, Dopper EGP, Seelaar H, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Logroscino G, Capozzo R, Novelli V, Puca AA, Franceschi M, Postiglione A, Milan G, Sorrentino P, Kristiansen M, Chiang HH, Graff C, Pasquier F, Rollin A, Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Kapogiannis D, Ferrucci L, Pickering-Brown S, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Momeni P. Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:686-99. [PMID: 24943344 PMCID: PMC4112126 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a complex disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations, differential pathological signatures, and genetic variability. Mutations in three genes-MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72--have been associated with FTD. We sought to identify novel genetic risk loci associated with the disorder. METHODS We did a two-stage genome-wide association study on clinical FTD, analysing samples from 3526 patients with FTD and 9402 healthy controls. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, all participants were of European ancestry. In the discovery phase (samples from 2154 patients with FTD and 4308 controls), we did separate association analyses for each FTD subtype (behavioural variant FTD, semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, and FTD overlapping with motor neuron disease [FTD-MND]), followed by a meta-analysis of the entire dataset. We carried forward replication of the novel suggestive loci in an independent sample series (samples from 1372 patients and 5094 controls) and then did joint phase and brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci analyses for the associated (p<5 × 10(-8)) single-nucleotide polymorphisms. FINDINGS We identified novel associations exceeding the genome-wide significance threshold (p<5 × 10(-8)). Combined (joint) analyses of discovery and replication phases showed genome-wide significant association at 6p21.3, HLA locus (immune system), for rs9268877 (p=1·05 × 10(-8); odds ratio=1·204 [95% CI 1·11-1·30]), rs9268856 (p=5·51 × 10(-9); 0·809 [0·76-0·86]) and rs1980493 (p value=1·57 × 10(-8), 0·775 [0·69-0·86]) in the entire cohort. We also identified a potential novel locus at 11q14, encompassing RAB38/CTSC (the transcripts of which are related to lysosomal biology), for the behavioural FTD subtype for which joint analyses showed suggestive association for rs302668 (p=2·44 × 10(-7); 0·814 [0·71-0·92]). Analysis of expression and methylation quantitative trait loci data suggested that these loci might affect expression and methylation in cis. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that immune system processes (link to 6p21.3) and possibly lysosomal and autophagy pathways (link to 11q14) are potentially involved in FTD. Our findings need to be replicated to better define the association of the newly identified loci with disease and to shed light on the pathomechanisms contributing to FTD. FUNDING The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome/MRC Centre on Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's Research UK, and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Dobson-Stone
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William S Brooks
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Thompson
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luisa Benussi
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Karin Nilsson
- Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christer Nilsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David M A Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Pietrini
- Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edward D Huey
- Taub Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 10032
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atik Baborie
- Neuropathology Department, Walton Centre FT, Liverpool, UK
| | - Evelyn Jaros
- Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Neuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael C Tierney
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pau Pastor
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Razquin
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Alonso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London TW8 8 DS, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pinessi
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - William Deschamps
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Deptartment Of Clinical Neuroscience, Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Service de Neurologie, Inserm U1079, CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, France
| | | | | | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Piaceri
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena E Hjermind
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Saarland University Hospital, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Bernd Ibach
- University Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universitätsstr 84, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Luxembourg Centre For Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Brain Repair Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Richardson
- Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Cupidi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Maria Anfossi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Maura Gallo
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Matt Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elise G P Dopper
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Capozzo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Novelli
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione S Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annibale A Puca
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Postiglione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziella Milan
- Geriatric Center Frullone-ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Huei-Hsin Chiang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm
| | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Bettencourt C, Ryten M, Forabosco P, Schorge S, Hersheson J, Hardy J, Houlden H. Insights from cerebellar transcriptomic analysis into the pathogenesis of ataxia. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:831-9. [PMID: 24862029 PMCID: PMC4469030 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The core clinical and neuropathological feature of the autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) is cerebellar degeneration. Mutations in the known genes explain only 50% to 60% of SCA cases. To date, no effective treatments exist, and the knowledge of drug-treatable molecular pathways is limited. The examination of overlapping mechanisms and the interpretation of how ataxia genes interact will be important in the discovery of potential disease-modifying agents. OBJECTIVES To address the possible relationships among known SCA genes, predict their functions, identify overlapping pathways, and provide a framework for candidate gene discovery using whole-transcriptome expression data. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We have used a systems biology approach based on whole-transcriptome gene expression analysis. As part of the United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium, we analyzed the expression profile of 788 brain samples obtained from 101 neuropathologically healthy individuals (10 distinct brain regions each). Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to cluster 24 SCA genes into gene coexpression modules in an unsupervised manner. The overrepresentation of SCA transcripts in modules identified in the cerebellum was assessed. Enrichment analysis was performed to infer the functions and molecular pathways of genes in biologically relevant modules. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Molecular functions and mechanisms implicating SCA genes, as well as lists of relevant coexpressed genes as potential candidates for novel SCA causative or modifier genes. RESULTS Two cerebellar gene coexpression modules were statistically enriched in SCA transcripts (P = .021 for the tan module and P = 2.87 × 10-5 for the light yellow module) and contained established granule and Purkinje cell markers, respectively. One module includes genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and contains SCA genes usually associated with a complex phenotype, while the other module encloses many genes important for calcium homeostasis and signaling and contains SCA genes associated mostly with pure ataxia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using normal gene expression in the human brain, we identified significant cell types and pathways in SCA pathogenesis. The overrepresentation of genes involved in calcium homeostasis and signaling may indicate an important target for therapy in the future. Furthermore, the gene networks provide new candidate genes for ataxias or novel genes that may be critical for cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England2Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, England
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephanie Schorge
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Joshua Hersheson
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
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Trabzuni D, Ramasamy A, Imran S, Walker R, Smith C, Weale ME, Hardy J, Ryten M. Widespread sex differences in gene expression and splicing in the adult human brain. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2771. [PMID: 24264146 PMCID: PMC3868224 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence to show that men and women differ in terms of neurodevelopment, neurochemistry and susceptibility to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. The molecular basis of these differences remains unclear. Progress in this field has been hampered by the lack of genome-wide information on sex differences in gene expression and in particular splicing in the human brain. Here we address this issue by using post-mortem adult human brain and spinal cord samples originating from 137 neuropathologically confirmed control individuals to study whole-genome gene expression and splicing in 12 CNS regions. We show that sex differences in gene expression and splicing are widespread in adult human brain, being detectable in all major brain regions and involving 2.5% of all expressed genes. We give examples of genes where sex-biased expression is both disease-relevant and likely to have functional consequences, and provide evidence suggesting that sex biases in expression may reflect sex-biased gene regulatory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah Trabzuni
- 1] Reta Lilla Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK [2] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia [3]
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Tucci A, Liu YT, Preza E, Pitceathly RDS, Chalasani A, Plagnol V, Land JM, Trabzuni D, Ryten M, Jaunmuktane Z, Reilly MM, Brandner S, Hargreaves I, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Abramov AY, Houlden H. Novel C12orf65 mutations in patients with axonal neuropathy and optic atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:486-92. [PMID: 24198383 PMCID: PMC3995331 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Charcot-Marie Tooth disease (CMT) forms a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Although a number of disease genes have been identified for CMT, the gene discovery for some complex form of CMT has lagged behind. The association of neuropathy and optic atrophy (also known as CMT type 6) has been described with autosomaldominant, recessive and X-linked modes of inheritance. Mutations in Mitofusin 2 have been found to cause dominant forms of CMT6. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase-I mutations cause X-linked CMT6, but until now, mutations in the recessive forms of disease have never been identified. METHODS We here describe a family with three affected individuals who inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion a childhood onset neuropathy and optic atrophy. Using homozygosity mapping in the family and exome sequencing in two affected individuals we identified a novel protein-truncating mutation in the C12orf65 gene, which encodes for a protein involved in mitochondrial translation. Using a variety of methods we investigated the possibility of mitochondrial impairment in the patients cell lines. RESULTS We described a large consanguineous family with neuropathy and optic atrophy carrying a loss of function mutation in the C12orf65 gene. We report mitochondrial impairment in the patients cell lines, followed by multiple lines of evidence which include decrease of complex V activity and stability (blue native gel assay), decrease in mitochondrial respiration rate and reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS This work describes a mutation in the C12orf65 gene that causes recessive form of CMT6 and confirms the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in this complex axonal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Tucci
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Preza
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Annapurna Chalasani
- Neurometabolic unit, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England
| | | | - John M Land
- Neurometabolic unit, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic unit, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Ramasamy A, Trabzuni D, Forabosco P, Smith C, Walker R, Dillman A, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Hardy J, Weale ME, Ryten M. Genetic evidence for a pathogenic role for the vitamin D3 metabolizing enzyme CYP24A1 in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:211-219. [PMID: 25568836 PMCID: PMC4278441 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disease of the central nervous system and a major cause of disability amongst young adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified many novel susceptibility loci including rs2248359. We hypothesized that genotypes of this locus could increase the risk of MS by regulating expression of neighboring gene, CYP24A1 which encodes the enzyme responsible for initiating degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Methods We investigated this hypothesis using paired gene expression and genotyping data from three independent datasets of neurologically healthy adults of European descent. The UK Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC) consists of post-mortem samples across 10 brain regions originating from 134 individuals (1231 samples total). The North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC) consists of cerebellum and frontal cortex samples from 304 individuals (605 samples total). The brain dataset from Heinzen and colleagues consists of prefrontal cortex samples from 93 individuals. Additionally, we used gene network analysis to analyze UKBEC expression data to understand CYP24A1 function in human brain. Findings The risk allele, rs2248359-C, is strongly associated with increased expression of CYP24A1 in frontal cortex (p-value=1.45×10−13), but not white matter. This association was replicated using data from NABEC (p-value=7.2×10−6) and Heinzen and colleagues (p-value=1.2×10−4). Network analysis shows a significant enrichment of terms related to immune response in eight out of the 10 brain regions. Interpretation The known MS risk allele rs2248359-C increases CYP24A1 expression in human brain providing a genetic link between MS and vitamin D metabolism, and predicting that the physiologically active form of vitamin D3 is protective. Vitamin D3's involvement in MS may relate to its immunomodulatory functions in human brain. Funding Medical Research Council UK; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA. SNP associated with MS is also associated with cortical CYP24A1 expression. CYP24A1 is the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme. This implies that those who have low brain levels of vitamin D for genetic reasons have increased risk of MS. This is consistent with epidemiological data on vitamin D and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK ; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK ; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Genetica delle Popolazioni - CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Wilkie Building, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Wilkie Building, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sigurlaug Sveinbjornsdottir
- Department of Neurology, MEHT, Broomfield Hospital, Court Road, CM1 7ET Essex, UK ; Department of Neurology, Queen Mary College, University of London, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK
| | - Michael E Weale
- King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK ; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK
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36
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Trabzuni D, Thomson PC. Analysis of gene expression data using a linear mixed model/finite mixture model approach: application to regional differences in the human brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:1555-61. [PMID: 24519379 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Gene expression data exhibit common information over the genome. This article shows how data can be analysed from an efficient whole-genome perspective. Further, the methods have been developed so that users with limited expertise in bioinformatics and statistical computing techniques could use and modify this procedure to their own needs. The method outlined first uses a large-scale linear mixed model for the expression data genome-wide, and then uses finite mixture models to separate differentially expressed (DE) from non-DE transcripts. These methods are illustrated through application to an exceptional UK Brain Expression Consortium involving 12 human frozen post-mortem brain regions. RESULTS Fitting linear mixed models has allowed variation in gene expression between different biological states (e.g. brain regions, gender, age) to be investigated. The model can be extended to allow for differing levels of variation between different biological states. Predicted values of the random effects show the effects of each transcript in a particular biological state. Using the UK Brain Expression Consortium data, this approach yielded striking patterns of co-regional gene expression. Fitting the finite mixture model to the effects within each state provides a convenient method to filter transcripts that are DE: these DE transcripts can then be extracted for advanced functional analysis. AVAILABILITY The data for all regions except HYPO and SPCO are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) site, accession number GSE46706. R code for the analysis is available in the Supplementary file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and ReproGen - Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, AustraliaDepartment of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and ReproGen - Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | | | - Peter C Thomson
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and ReproGen - Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Cruchaga C, Karch CM, Jin SC, Benitez BA, Cai Y, Guerreiro R, Harari O, Norton J, Budde J, Bertelsen S, Jeng AT, Cooper B, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Levitch D, Hsu S, Choi J, Ryten M, Sassi C, Bras J, Gibbs RJ, Hernandez DG, Lupton MK, Powell J, Forabosco P, Ridge PG, Corcoran CD, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Munger RG, Schmutz C, Leary M, Demirci FY, Bamne MN, Wang X, Lopez OL, Ganguli M, Medway C, Turton J, Lord J, Braae A, Barber I, Brown K, Pastor P, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Brkanac Z, Scott E, Topol E, Morgan K, Rogaeva E, Singleton A, Hardy J, Kamboh MI, George-Hyslop PS, Cairns N, Morris JC, Kauwe JS, Goate AM. Rare coding variants in the phospholipase D3 gene confer risk for Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2014; 505:550-554. [PMID: 24336208 PMCID: PMC4050701 DOI: 10.1038/nature12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk variants for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). These common variants have replicable but small effects on LOAD risk and generally do not have obvious functional effects. Low-frequency coding variants, not detected by GWAS, are predicted to include functional variants with larger effects on risk. To identify low-frequency coding variants with large effects on LOAD risk, we carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 14 large LOAD families and follow-up analyses of the candidate variants in several large LOAD case-control data sets. A rare variant in PLD3 (phospholipase D3; Val232Met) segregated with disease status in two independent families and doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease in seven independent case-control series with a total of more than 11,000 cases and controls of European descent. Gene-based burden analyses in 4,387 cases and controls of European descent and 302 African American cases and controls, with complete sequence data for PLD3, reveal that several variants in this gene increase risk for Alzheimer's disease in both populations. PLD3 is highly expressed in brain regions that are vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology, including hippocampus and cortex, and is expressed at significantly lower levels in neurons from Alzheimer's disease brains compared to control brains. Overexpression of PLD3 leads to a significant decrease in intracellular amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40 (the 42- and 40-residue isoforms of the amyloid-β peptide), and knockdown of PLD3 leads to a significant increase in extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40. Together, our genetic and functional data indicate that carriers of PLD3 coding variants have a twofold increased risk for LOAD and that PLD3 influences APP processing. This study provides an example of how densely affected families may help to identify rare variants with large effects on risk for disease or other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda T. Jeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tara Skorupa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- on behalf of UKBEC (UK Brain Expression Consortium)
| | - Celeste Sassi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raphael J. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle K. Lupton
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
- Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research
Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Powell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Genetica delle Popolazioni – CNR,
Sassari, Italy
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Christopher D. Corcoran
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State
University, Logan, UT
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
| | - JoAnn T. Tschanz
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
| | - Maria C. Norton
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Ronald G. Munger
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Cameron Schmutz
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Maegan Leary
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - F. Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mikhil N. Bamne
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher Medway
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James Turton
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne Braae
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Imelda Barber
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de
Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Erick Scott
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Eric Topol
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
| | - Andy Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, and the
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - Nigel Cairns
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
| | - John S.K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
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Ferrari R, Ryten M, Simone R, Trabzuni D, Nicolaou N, Nicolaou N, Hondhamuni G, Ramasamy A, Vandrovcova J, Weale ME, Lees AJ, Momeni P, Hardy J, de Silva R. Assessment of common variability and expression quantitative trait loci for genome-wide associations for progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1514.e1-12. [PMID: 24503276 PMCID: PMC4104112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare parkinsonian disorder with characteristic neurofibrillary pathology consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Common variation defining the microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT) H1 haplotype strongly contributes to disease risk. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 3 novel risk loci on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 that primarily implicate STX6, EIF2AK3, and MOBP, respectively. Genetic associations, however, rarely lead to direct identification of the relevant functional allele. More often, they are in linkage disequilibrium with the causative polymorphism(s) that could be a coding change or affect gene expression regulatory motifs. To identify any such changes, we sequenced all coding exons of those genes directly implicated by the associations in progressive supranuclear palsy cases and analyzed regional gene expression data from control brains to identify expression quantitative trait loci within 1 Mb of the risk loci. Although we did not find any coding variants underlying the associations, GWAS-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms at these loci are in complete linkage disequilibrium with haplotypes that completely overlap with the respective genes. Although implication of EIF2AK3 and MOBP could not be fully assessed, we show that the GWAS single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1411478 (STX6) is a strong expression quantitative trait locus with significantly lower expression of STX6 in white matter in carriers of the risk allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roberto Simone
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayia Nicolaou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Naiya Nicolaou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Geshanthi Hondhamuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Samarasekera N, Al-Shahi Salman R, Huitinga I, Klioueva N, McLean CA, Kretzschmar H, Smith C, Ironside JW. Brain banking for neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:1096-105. [PMID: 24074724 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain banks are used to gather, store, and provide human brain tissue for research and have been fundamental to improving our knowledge of the brain in health and disease. To maintain this role, the legal and ethical issues relevant to the operations of brain banks need to be more widely understood. In recent years, researchers have reported that shortages of high-quality brain tissue samples from both healthy and diseased people have impaired their efforts. Closer collaborations between brain banks and improved strategies for brain donation programmes will be essential to overcome these problems as the demand for brain tissue increases and new research techniques become more widespread, with the potential for substantial scientific advances in increasingly common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Trabzuni D, Ryten M, Emmett W, Ramasamy A, Lackner KJ, Zeller T, Walker R, Smith C, Lewis PA, Mamais A, de Silva R, Vandrovcova J, Hernandez D, Nalls MA, Sharma M, Garnier S, Lesage S, Simon-Sanchez J, Gasser T, Heutink P, Brice A, Singleton A, Cai H, Schadt E, Wood NW, Bandopadhyay R, Weale ME, Hardy J, Plagnol V. Fine-mapping, gene expression and splicing analysis of the disease associated LRRK2 locus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70724. [PMID: 23967090 PMCID: PMC3742662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Association studies have identified several signals at the LRRK2 locus for Parkinson's disease (PD), Crohn's disease (CD) and leprosy. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects. To further characterize this locus, we fine-mapped the risk association in 5,802 PD and 5,556 controls using a dense genotyping array (ImmunoChip). Using samples from 134 post-mortem control adult human brains (UK Human Brain Expression Consortium), where up to ten brain regions were available per individual, we studied the regional variation, splicing and regulation of LRRK2. We found convincing evidence for a common variant PD association located outside of the LRRK2 protein coding region (rs117762348, A>G, P = 2.56×10(-8), case/control MAF 0.083/0.074, odds ratio 0.86 for the minor allele with 95% confidence interval [0.80-0.91]). We show that mRNA expression levels are highest in cortical regions and lowest in cerebellum. We find an exon quantitative trait locus (QTL) in brain samples that localizes to exons 32-33 and investigate the molecular basis of this eQTL using RNA-Seq data in n = 8 brain samples. The genotype underlying this eQTL is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the CD associated non-synonymous SNP rs3761863 (M2397T). We found two additional QTLs in liver and monocyte samples but none of these explained the common variant PD association at rs117762348. Our results characterize the LRRK2 locus, and highlight the importance and difficulties of fine-mapping and integration of multiple datasets to delineate pathogenic variants and thus develop an understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Emmett
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Walker
- MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Department of Neuropathology, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Department of Neuropathology, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manu Sharma
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Garnier
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS 937, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- CRICM, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS 975, CNRS UMR 7225, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Brice
- CRICM, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS 975, CNRS UMR 7225, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Unit of Transgenesis, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Schadt
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lewis C, Clotworthy M, Hilton S, Magee C, Robertson MJ, Stubbins LJ, Corfield J. Public views on the donation and use of human biological samples in biomedical research: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-003056. [PMID: 23929915 PMCID: PMC3740256 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A mixed methods study exploring the UK general public's willingness to donate human biosamples (HBSs) for biomedical research. SETTING Cross-sectional focus groups followed by an online survey. PARTICIPANTS Twelve focus groups (81 participants) selectively sampled to reflect a range of demographic groups; 1110 survey responders recruited through a stratified sampling method with quotas set on sex, age, geographical location, socioeconomic group and ethnicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Identify participants' willingness to donate HBSs for biomedical research, (2) explore acceptability towards donating different types of HBSs in various settings and (3) explore preferences regarding use and access to HBSs. RESULTS 87% of survey participants thought donation of HBSs was important and 75% wanted to be asked to donate in general. Responders who self-reported having some or good knowledge of the medical research process were significantly more likely to want to donate (p<0.001). Reasons why focus group participants saw donation as important included: it was a good way of reciprocating for the medical treatment received; it was an important way of developing drugs and treatments; residual tissue would otherwise go to waste and they or their family members might benefit. The most controversial types of HBSs to donate included: brain post mortem (29% would donate), eyes post mortem (35%), embryos (44%), spare eggs (48%) and sperm (58%). Regarding the use of samples, there were concerns over animal research (34%), research conducted outside the UK (35%), and research conducted by pharmaceutical companies (56%), although education and discussion were found to alleviate such concerns. CONCLUSIONS There is a high level of public support and willingness to donate HBSs for biomedical research. Underlying concerns exist regarding the use of certain types of HBSs and conditions under which they are used. Improved education and more controlled forms of consent for sensitive samples may mitigate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shona Hilton
- CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caroline Magee
- Confederation of Cancer Biobanks, National Cancer Research Institute, London, UK
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Glass D, Viñuela A, Davies MN, Ramasamy A, Parts L, Knowles D, Brown AA, Hedman ÅK, Small KS, Buil A, Grundberg E, Nica AC, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO, Ryten M, Durbin R, McCarthy MI, Deloukas P, Dermitzakis ET, Weale ME, Bataille V, Spector TD. Gene expression changes with age in skin, adipose tissue, blood and brain. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R75. [PMID: 23889843 PMCID: PMC4054017 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-7-r75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that gene expression levels change with age. These changes are hypothesized to influence the aging rate of an individual. We analyzed gene expression changes with age in abdominal skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue and lymphoblastoid cell lines in 856 female twins in the age range of 39-85 years. Additionally, we investigated genotypic variants involved in genotype-by-age interactions to understand how the genomic regulation of gene expression alters with age. RESULTS Using a linear mixed model, differential expression with age was identified in 1,672 genes in skin and 188 genes in adipose tissue. Only two genes expressed in lymphoblastoid cell lines showed significant changes with age. Genes significantly regulated by age were compared with expression profiles in 10 brain regions from 100 postmortem brains aged 16 to 83 years. We identified only one age-related gene common to the three tissues. There were 12 genes that showed differential expression with age in both skin and brain tissue and three common to adipose and brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS Skin showed the most age-related gene expression changes of all the tissues investigated, with many of the genes being previously implicated in fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, cancer and splicing. A significant proportion of age-related changes in gene expression appear to be tissue-specific with only a few genes sharing an age effect in expression across tissues. More research is needed to improve our understanding of the genetic influences on aging and the relationship with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Glass
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
- North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Matthew N Davies
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Medical ƒ Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - David Knowles
- Stanford University, 450 Serra MallStanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Åsa K Hedman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, HinxtonCB10 1SA,UK
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 Rue Michel-Servet (CMU office 9088), Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, HinxtonCB10 1SA,UK
| | - Alexandra C Nica
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 Rue Michel-Servet (CMU office 9088), Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Frank O Nestle
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Medical ƒ Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - the UK Brain Expression consortium
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology ƒ Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Headington OX3 7LJ,UK
| | | | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 Rue Michel-Servet (CMU office 9088), Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical ƒ Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Forabosco P, Ramasamy A, Trabzuni D, Walker R, Smith C, Bras J, Levine AP, Hardy J, Pocock JM, Guerreiro R, Weale ME, Ryten M. Insights into TREM2 biology by network analysis of human brain gene expression data. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2699-714. [PMID: 23855984 PMCID: PMC3988951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rare variants in TREM2 cause susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Here we use microarray-based expression data generated from 101 neuropathologically normal individuals and covering 10 brain regions, including the hippocampus, to understand TREM2 biology in human brain. Using network analysis, we detect a highly preserved TREM2-containing module in human brain, show that it relates to microglia, and demonstrate that TREM2 is a hub gene in 5 brain regions, including the hippocampus, suggesting that it can drive module function. Using enrichment analysis we show significant overrepresentation of genes implicated in the adaptive and innate immune system. Inspection of genes with the highest connectivity to TREM2 suggests that it plays a key role in mediating changes in the microglial cytoskeleton necessary not only for phagocytosis, but also migration. Most importantly, we show that the TREM2-containing module is significantly enriched for genes genetically implicated in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neuron disease, implying that these diseases share common pathways centered on microglia and that among the genes identified are possible new disease-relevant genes.
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Kasule OH. Brain death: Criteria, signs, and tests 1Presented at a joint physician-jurist seminar on brain death held in Riyadh on April 16, 2012.1. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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45
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Padoan CS, Magalhães PVDS. Atitudes relacionadas ao consentimento para doação de órgãos e tecidos para pesquisa no Brasil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2013; 18:1189-90. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232013000400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Holton P, Ryten M, Nalls M, Trabzuni D, Weale ME, Hernandez D, Crehan H, Gibbs JR, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Ramirez-Restrepo M, Engel A, Myers AJ, Corneveaux JJ, Huentelman MJ, Dillman A, Cookson MR, Reiman EM, Singleton A, Hardy J, Guerreiro R. Initial assessment of the pathogenic mechanisms of the recently identified Alzheimer risk Loci. Ann Hum Genet 2013; 77:85-105. [PMID: 23360175 PMCID: PMC3578142 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome wide association studies have identified CLU, CR1, ABCA7 BIN1, PICALM and MS4A6A/MS4A6E in addition to the long established APOE, as loci for Alzheimer's disease. We have systematically examined each of these loci to assess whether common coding variability contributes to the risk of disease. We have also assessed the regional expression of all the genes in the brain and whether there is evidence of an eQTL explaining the risk. In agreement with other studies we find that coding variability may explain the ABCA7 association, but common coding variability does not explain any of the other loci. We were not able to show that any of the loci had eQTLs within the power of this study. Furthermore the regional expression of each of the loci did not match the pattern of brain regional distribution in Alzheimer pathology. Although these results are mainly negative, they allow us to start defining more realistic alternative approaches to determine the role of all the genetic loci involved in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Holton
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Helen Crehan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Vanderbilt Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Biostatistics, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Neurology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Manuel Ramirez-Restrepo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Anzhelika Engel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amanda J. Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jason J. Corneveaux
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Matthew J. Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Ramasamy A, Trabzuni D, Gibbs JR, Dillman A, Hernandez DG, Arepalli S, Walker R, Smith C, Ilori GP, Shabalin AA, Li Y, Singleton AB, Cookson MR, Hardy J, Ryten M, Weale ME. Resolving the polymorphism-in-probe problem is critical for correct interpretation of expression QTL studies. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e88. [PMID: 23435227 PMCID: PMC3627570 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the target mRNA sequence can greatly affect the binding affinity of microarray probe sequences, leading to false-positive and false-negative expression quantitative trait locus (QTL) signals with any other polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium. We provide the most complete solution to this problem, by using the latest genome and exome sequence reference data to identify almost all common polymorphisms (frequency >1% in Europeans) in probe sequences for two commonly used microarray panels (the gene-based Illumina Human HT12 array, which uses 50-mer probes, and exon-based Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST array, which uses 25-mer probes). We demonstrate the impact of this problem using cerebellum and frontal cortex tissues from 438 neuropathologically normal individuals. We find that although only a small proportion of the probes contain polymorphisms, they account for a large proportion of apparent expression QTL signals, and therefore result in many false signals being declared as real. We find that the polymorphism-in-probe problem is insufficiently controlled by previous protocols, and illustrate this using some notable false-positive and false-negative examples in MAPT and PRICKLE1 that can be found in many eQTL databases. We recommend that both new and existing eQTL data sets should be carefully checked in order to adequately address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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48
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Mutations in ANO3 cause dominant craniocervical dystonia: ion channel implicated in pathogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23200863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we combined linkage analysis with whole-exome sequencing of two individuals to identify candidate causal variants in a moderately-sized UK kindred exhibiting autosomal-dominant inheritance of craniocervical dystonia. Subsequent screening of these candidate causal variants in a large number of familial and sporadic cases of cervical dystonia led to the identification of a total of six putatively pathogenic mutations in ANO3, a gene encoding a predicted Ca(2+)-gated chloride channel that we show to be highly expressed in the striatum. Functional studies using Ca(2+) imaging in case and control fibroblasts demonstrated clear abnormalities in endoplasmic-reticulum-dependent Ca(2+) signaling. We conclude that mutations in ANO3 are a cause of autosomal-dominant craniocervical dystonia. The locus DYT23 has been reserved as a synonym for this gene. The implication of an ion channel in the pathogenesis of dystonia provides insights into an alternative mechanism that opens fresh avenues for further research.
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49
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Greaves J, Lemonidis K, Gorleku OA, Cruchaga C, Grefen C, Chamberlain LH. Palmitoylation-induced aggregation of cysteine-string protein mutants that cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37330-9. [PMID: 22902780 PMCID: PMC3481330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mutations in the DNAJC5 gene encoding cysteine-string protein α (CSPα) were identified to cause the neurodegenerative disorder adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The disease-causing mutations (L115R or ΔL116) occur within the cysteine-string domain, a region of the protein that is post-translationally modified by extensive palmitoylation. Here we demonstrate that L115R and ΔL116 mutant proteins are mistargeted in neuroendocrine cells and form SDS-resistant aggregates, concordant with the properties of other mutant proteins linked to neurodegenerative disorders. The mutant aggregates are membrane-associated and incorporate palmitate. Indeed, co-expression of palmitoyltransferase enzymes promoted the aggregation of the CSPα mutants, and chemical depalmitoylation solubilized the aggregates, demonstrating that aggregation is induced and maintained by palmitoylation. In agreement with these observations, SDS-resistant CSPα aggregates were present in brain samples from patients carrying the L115R mutation and were depleted by chemical depalmitoylation. In summary, this study identifies a novel interplay between genetic mutations and palmitoylation in driving aggregation of CSPα mutant proteins. We propose that this palmitoylation-induced aggregation of mutant CSPα proteins may underlie the development of adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Greaves
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
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50
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Trabzuni D, Wray S, Vandrovcova J, Ramasamy A, Walker R, Smith C, Luk C, Gibbs JR, Dillman A, Hernandez DG, Arepalli S, Singleton AB, Cookson MR, Pittman AM, de Silva R, Weale ME, Hardy J, Ryten M. MAPT expression and splicing is differentially regulated by brain region: relation to genotype and implication for tauopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4094-103. [PMID: 22723018 PMCID: PMC3428157 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) locus is one of the most remarkable in neurogenetics due not only to its involvement in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Parksinson's disease and possibly Alzheimer's disease, but also due its genetic evolution and complex alternative splicing features which are, to some extent, linked and so all the more intriguing. Therefore, obtaining robust information regarding the expression, splicing and genetic regulation of this gene within the human brain is of immense importance. In this study, we used 2011 brain samples originating from 439 individuals to provide the most reliable and coherent information on the regional expression, splicing and regulation of MAPT available to date. We found significant regional variation in mRNA expression and splicing of MAPT within the human brain. Furthermore, at the gene level, the regional distribution of mRNA expression and total tau protein expression levels were largely in agreement, appearing to be highly correlated. Finally and most importantly, we show that while the reported H1/H2 association with gene level expression is likely to be due to a technical artefact, this polymorphism is associated with the expression of exon 3-containing isoforms in human brain. These findings would suggest that contrary to the prevailing view, genetic risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases at the MAPT locus are likely to operate by changing mRNA splicing in different brain regions, as opposed to the overall expression of the MAPT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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