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Smith C, Lin X, Parker L, Yeap BB, Hayes A, Levinger I. The role of bone in energy metabolism: A focus on osteocalcin. Bone 2024; 188:117238. [PMID: 39153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in whole body glucose regulation is key for the discovery of new treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Historically, glucose regulation was largely focused on responses to insulin and glucagon. Impacts of incretin-based therapies, and importance of muscle mass, are also highly relevant. Recently, bone was recognized as an endocrine organ, with several bone proteins, known as osteokines, implicated in glucose metabolism through their effects on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Research efforts mostly focused on osteocalcin (OC) as a leading example. This review will provide an overview on this role of bone by discussing bone turnover markers (BTMs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SCL) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2), with a focus on OC. Since 2007, some, but not all, research using mostly OC genetically modified animal models suggested undercarboxylated (uc) OC acts as a hormone involved in energy metabolism. Most data generated from in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models, indicate that exogenous ucOC administration improves whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Although data in humans are generally supportive, findings are often discordant likely due to methodological differences and observational nature of that research. Overall, evidence supports the concept that bone-derived factors are involved in energy metabolism, some having beneficial effects (ucOC, OPG) others negative (RANKL, SCL), with the role of some (LCN2, other BTMs) remaining unclear. Whether the effect of osteokines on glucose regulation is clinically significant and of therapeutic value for people with insulin resistance and T2D remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
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Gao K, Su Z, Meng J, Yao Y, Li L, Su Y, Mohammad Rahimi GR. Effect of Exercise Training on Some Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines, High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Clinical Outcomes in Sedentary Adults With Metabolic Syndrome. Biol Res Nurs 2024; 26:125-138. [PMID: 37579279 DOI: 10.1177/10998004231195541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic interval training and resistance training on anti-inflammatory adipokines, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and clinical outcomes in sedentary men with metabolic syndrome. METHODS A total of 33 sedentary men with metabolic syndrome (age: 46.2 ± 4.6 years; body mass index: 35.4 ± 1.9 kg.m2) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: aerobic interval training (n = 12), resistance training (n = 10), or control (n = 11). Participants in the exercise groups completed a 12-week training program, 3 sessions per week, while those in the control group maintained their sedentary lifestyle. The levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), omentin-1, adiponectin, lipid profiles, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, body composition, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were measured at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS Both aerobic interval training and resistance training significantly improved the levels of omentin-1 and adiponectin, as well as reduced inflammation, as indicated by a decrease in hs-CRP levels. Exercise training also led to significant improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and body composition. Specifically, the aerobic interval training group had significantly greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and VO2peak, as well as greater reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared to the resistance training group. CONCLUSION Exercise training, particularly aerobic interval training and resistance training, can be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for managing inflammation and improving cardiovascular health in metabolic syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhanguo Su
- Faculty of Physical Education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Junyan Meng
- Faculty of Physical Education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Yuzhong Yao
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - LiGuang Li
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yiping Su
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitity Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia
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Ramdeo KR, Fahnestock M, Gibala M, Selvaganapathy PR, Lee J, Nelson AJ. The Effects of Exercise on Synaptic Plasticity in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Protocol for a Pilot Intervention Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e50030. [PMID: 37851488 PMCID: PMC10620638 DOI: 10.2196/50030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome preceding more severe impairment characterized by dementia. MCI affects an estimated 15% to 20% of people older than 65 years. Nonpharmacological interventions including exercise are recommended as part of overall MCI management based on the positive effects of exercise on cognitive performance. Interval training involves brief intermittent bouts of exercise interspersed with short recovery periods. This type of exercise promotes cognitive improvement and can be performed in individuals with MCI. Synaptic plasticity can be assessed in vivo by the neurophysiological response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). A method to assess synaptic plasticity uses an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), which is a patterned form of rTMS. Individuals with MCI have decreased responses to iTBS, reflecting reduced synaptic plasticity. It is unknown whether interval training causes changes in synaptic plasticity in individuals living with MCI. OBJECTIVE This research will determine whether interval training performed using a cycle ergometer enhances synaptic plasticity in individuals with MCI. The three aims are to (1) quantify synaptic plasticity after interval training performed at a self-determined intensity in individuals with MCI; (2) determine whether changes in synaptic plasticity correlate with changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, osteocalcin, and cognition; and (3) assess participant compliance to the exercise schedule. METHODS 24 individuals diagnosed with MCI will be recruited for assignment to 1 of the 2 equally sized groups: exercise and no exercise. The exercise group will perform exercise 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Synaptic plasticity will be measured before and following the 4-week intervention. At these time points, synaptic plasticity will be measured as the response to single-pulse TMS, reflected as the percent change in the average amplitude of 20 motor-evoked potentials before and after an iTBS rTMS protocol, which is used to induce synaptic plasticity. In addition, individuals will complete a battery of cognitive assessments and provide a blood sample from the antecubital vein to determine serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and osteocalcin. RESULTS The study began in September 2023. CONCLUSIONS The proposed research is the first to assess whether synaptic plasticity is enhanced after exercise training in individuals with MCI. If exercise does indeed modify synaptic plasticity, this will create a new avenue by which we can study and manipulate neural plasticity in these individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05663918; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05663918. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/50030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma R Ramdeo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Justin Lee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Behera J, Ison J, Voor MJ, Tyagi N. Exercise-Linked Skeletal Irisin Ameliorates Diabetes-Associated Osteoporosis by Inhibiting the Oxidative Damage-Dependent miR-150-FNDC5/Pyroptosis Axis. Diabetes 2022; 71:2777-2792. [PMID: 35802043 PMCID: PMC9750954 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that physical exercise (EX) promotes skeletal development. However, the impact of EX on the progression of bone loss and deterioration of mechanical strength in mice with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) remains unexplored. In the current study, we investigated the effect of EX on bone mass and mechanical quality using a diabetic mouse model. The T2DM mouse model was established with a high-fat diet with two streptozotocin injections (50 mg/kg/body wt) in C57BL/6 female mice. The diabetic mice underwent treadmill exercises (5 days/week at 7-11 m/min for 60 min/day) for 8 weeks. The data showed that diabetes upregulated miR-150 expression through oxidative stress and suppressed FNDC5/Irisin by binding to its 3'-untranslated region. The decreased level of irisin further triggers the pyroptosis response in diabetic bone tissue. EX or N-acetyl cysteine or anti-miRNA-150 transfection in T2DM mice restored FNDC5/Irisin expression and bone formation. Furthermore, EX or recombinant irisin administration prevented T2DM-Induced hyperglycemia and improved glucose intolerance in diabetic mice. Furthermore, osteoblastic knockdown of Nlrp3 silencing (si-Nlrp3) or pyroptosis inhibitor (Ac-YVADCMK [AYC]) treatment restores bone mineralization in diabetic mice. Micro-computed tomography scans and mechanical testing revealed that trabecular bone microarchitecture and bone mechanical properties were improved after EX in diabetic mice. Irisin, either induced by skeleton or daily EX or directly administered, prevents bone loss by mitigating inflammasome-associated pyroptosis signaling in diabetic mice. This study demonstrates that EX-induced skeletal irisin ameliorates diabetes-associated glucose intolerance and bone loss and possibly provides a mechanism of its effects on metabolic osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Behera
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jessica Ison
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Michael J. Voor
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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Smith C, Hiam D, Tacey A, Lin X, Woessner MN, Zarekookandeh N, Garnham A, Chubb P, Lewis JR, Sim M, Herrmann M, Duque G, Levinger I. Higher bone remodeling biomarkers are related to a higher muscle function in older adults: Effects of acute exercise. Bone 2022; 165:116545. [PMID: 36108920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone and muscle are closely linked mechanically and biochemically. Bone hormones secreted during bone remodeling might be linked to muscle mass and strength maintenance. Exercise elicits high mechanical strain and is essential for bone health. However, the relationship between commonly used bone turnover markers (BTMs) and muscle function in community dwelling older adults remains unclear. It is also unknown how acute exercise with differing mechanical strain may affect BTMs, and whether baseline muscle function alters BTM responses differently. We tested the hypothesis that BTMs are associated with muscle function, and that acute exercise could change the circulating levels of BTMs. Thirty-five older adults (25 females/10 males, 72.8 ± 6.0 years) participated. Baseline assessments included body composition (DXA), handgrip strength and a physical performance test (PPT) (gait speed, timed-up-and-go [TUG], stair ascent/descent). Leg muscle quality (LMQ) and stair climb power (SCP) were calculated. Participants performed (randomized) 30 min aerobic (AE) (cycling 70%HRPeak) and resistance (RE) (leg press 70%RM, jumping) exercise. Serum β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTX), procollagen of type I propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (t)OC and ucOC were assessed at baseline and post-exercise. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and simple regressions, adjusted for sex. At baseline, higher muscle strength (LMQ, handgrip) was related to higher P1NP, higher SCP was related to higher P1NP and β-CTX, and better physical performance (lower PPT) related to higher P1NP and β-CTX (p < 0.05). Exercise, regardless of mode, decreased β-CTX and tOC (all p < 0.05), while P1NP and ucOC remained unaltered. Higher baseline handgrip strength, SCP and LMQ was associated with lower post-exercise β-CTX responses, and poorer baseline mobility (increased TUG time) was associated with higher post-exercise β-CTX. Independently of exercise mode, acute exercise decreased β-CTX and tOC. Our data suggest that in older adults at baseline, increased BTM levels were linked to better muscle function. Altogether, our data strengthens the evidence for bone-muscle interaction, however, mechanisms behind this specific component of bone-muscle crostalk remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Moon HU, Han SJ, Kim HJ, Chung YS, Kim DJ, Choi YJ. The Positive Association between Muscle Mass and Bone Status Is Conserved in Men with Diabetes: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185370. [PMID: 36143016 PMCID: PMC9505062 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle are known to be correlated and interact chemically each other. Diabetes affects the health status of these two types of organ. There has been lack of studies of men on this topic. This study aims to investigate the relationship between bone and muscle status in men with and without diabetes. This study enrolled 318 and 88 men with and without diabetes, respectively, between April 2007 and December 2017. The appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) was correlated with femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), total hip BMD, and the trabecular bone score (TBS) in both groups (p < 0.001−0.008). In analysis of the changes in muscle mass and bone-related parameters over the 3 years, the ASMI was correlated with total hip BMD only in diabetes group (p = 0.016) and the TBS in both groups (p < 0.001−0.046). This study showed that the positive correlation between muscle mass and bone status was largely conserved in diabetic group in men. Moreover, in a long-term perspective, muscle mass might be more correlated with the bone microarchitecture or bone quality than bone density, and the association between muscle mass and total hip BMD could be stronger in the diabetic group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dae Jung Kim
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (Y.J.C.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5128 (D.J.K.); +82-31-219-4491 (Y.J.C.)
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (Y.J.C.); Tel.: +82-31-219-5128 (D.J.K.); +82-31-219-4491 (Y.J.C.)
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, Fujiyama H, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100993. [PMID: 35283168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise may improve cognitive function by modulating molecular and cellular mechanisms within the brain. We propose that the facilitation of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)-related pathways, by products induced by physical exercise (i.e., exerkines), is a crucial aspect of the exercise-effect on the brain. This review summarizes synaptic pathways that are activated by exerkines and may potentiate LTP. For a total of 16 exerkines, we indicated how blood and brain exerkine levels are altered depending on the type of physical exercise (i.e., cardiovascular or resistance exercise) and how they respond to a single bout (i.e., acute exercise) or multiple bouts of physical exercise (i.e., chronic exercise). This information may be used for designing individualized physical exercise programs. Finally, this review may serve to direct future research towards fundamental gaps in our current knowledge regarding the biophysical interactions between muscle activity and the brain at both cellular and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Woessner MN, Hiam D, Smith C, Lin X, Zarekookandeh N, Tacey A, Parker L, Landen S, Jacques M, Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza T, Voisin S, Duque G, Eynon N, Levinger I. Osteoglycin Across the Adult Lifespan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1426-e1433. [PMID: 34850904 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoglycin (OGN) is a proteoglycan released from bone and muscle which has been associated with markers of metabolic health. However, it is not clear whether the levels of circulating OGN change throughout the adult lifespan or if they are associated with clinical metabolic markers or fitness. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the levels of circulating OGN across the lifespan and to further explore the relationship between OGN and aerobic capacity as well as OGN's association with glucose and HOMA-IR. METHODS 107 individuals (46 males and 61 females) aged 21-87 years were included in the study. Serum OGN levels, aerobic capacity (VO2peak), glucose, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. T-tests were used to compare participant characteristics between sexes. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between OGN and age, and OGN and fitness and metabolic markers. RESULTS OGN displayed a nonlinear, weak "U-shaped" relationship with age across both sexes. Men had higher levels of OGN than women across the lifespan (β = 0.23, P = .03). Age and sex explained 16% of the variance in OGN (adjusted R2 = 0.16; P < .001). Higher OGN was associated with higher VO2peak (β = 0.02, P = .001); however, those aged <50 showed a stronger positive relationship than those aged >50. A higher OGN level was associated with a higher circulating glucose level (β = 0.17, P < .01). No association was observed between OGN and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION OGN was characterized by a U-shaped curve across the lifespan which was similar between sexes. Those with a higher aerobic capacity or higher glucose concentration had higher OGN levels. Our data suggest an association between OGN and aerobic fitness and glucose regulation. Future studies should focus on exploring the potential of OGN as a biomarker for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Winberg J, Rentz J, Sugamori K, Swardfager W, Mitchell J. Sex Differences in Metabolic and Behavioral Responses to Exercise but Not Exogenous Osteocalcin Treatment in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831056. [PMID: 35309065 PMCID: PMC8924498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise helps improve glucose handling in diabetes and has been shown to improve mood and cognition in other conditions. Osteocalcin, a protein produced by bone osteoblasts, was reported to have endocrine actions to improve both metabolism and also improve age-related cognitive deficits in mice. Methods This study was designed to compare the effects of daily treadmill running exercise with injection of osteocalcin in high fat diet (HFD) induced diabetes in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Following established glucose intolerance and treatment for 8 weeks, mice were assessed for anxiety on an elevated plus maze, motivation by tail suspension test and cognition and memory in a puzzle box. Endogenous osteocalcin was measured by ELISA. Results Mice on HFD had high weight gain, glucose intolerance and increased white fat. Exercise increased circulating osteocalcin levels in female mice but decreased them in male mice. Exercise also decreased weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in female but not male mice; however, treatment with osteocalcin made no metabolic improvements in either males or females. HFD induced anxiety only in female mice and this was not improved by osteocalcin. Exercise induced anxiety only in male mice. HFD also increased depressive-like behavior in both sexes, and this was improved by either exercise or osteocalcin treatment. Cognitive deficits were seen in both male and female mice on HFD. Exercise improved cognitive performance in female but not male mice, while osteocalcin treatment improved cognitive performance in both sexes. Conclusion There were sex differences in the effects of exercise on endogenous osteocalcin regulation that correlated with improvements in cognitive but not metabolic outcomes. Exogenous osteocalcin did not improve metabolism but was effective in improving HFD-induced cognitive deficits. Sex is an important variable in hormonal and cognitive responses to exercise in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Winberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jesse Rentz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Walter Swardfager,
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Klentrou P, McKee K, McKinlay BJ, Kurgan N, Roy BD, Falk B. Circulating Levels of Bone Markers after Short-Term Intense Training with Increased Dairy Consumption in Adolescent Female Athletes. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:961. [PMID: 34828674 PMCID: PMC8623472 DOI: 10.3390/children8110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen female adolescent soccer players (14.3 ± 1.3 years) participated in a cross-over, double-blind trial examining the effects of Greek yogurt (GY) consumption on bone biomarkers during 5 days of intense soccer training. The study took place over two intervention weeks, which consisted of a pre-training assessment day, 5 training days, and a post-training assessment day. Participants completed the GY condition and a carbohydrate isocaloric placebo control pudding condition (CHO) in random order, 4 weeks apart. Morning, fasted, resting blood samples were collected pre- and post-training in each condition. Total osteocalcin (tOC), undercarboxylated osteocalcin (unOC), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) were measured in serum. The results showed no effects for time (pre- to post-training) or condition, and no interaction for tOC, CTX, OPG, RANKL, and the OPG/RANKL ratio. A time-by-condition interaction (p = 0.011) was observed in unOC, reflecting a post-training decrease in the GY, but not the CHO condition (-26% vs. -3%, respectively). However, relative unOC (% of tOC) decreased post-training (-16%), with no differences between conditions. These findings suggest that short-term high-impact intense training had no direct catabolic impact on bone metabolism, with GY adding no benefit beyond that of the isocaloric CHO control pudding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (K.M.); (N.K.); (B.D.R.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Katherine McKee
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (K.M.); (N.K.); (B.D.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Brandon J. McKinlay
- Faculty of Applied Health and Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON L6Y 5H9, Canada;
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (K.M.); (N.K.); (B.D.R.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (K.M.); (N.K.); (B.D.R.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (K.M.); (N.K.); (B.D.R.); (B.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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11
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Nicolini C, Michalski B, Toepp SL, Turco CV, D'Hoine T, Harasym D, Gibala MJ, Fahnestock M, Nelson AJ. A Single Bout of High-intensity Interval Exercise Increases Corticospinal Excitability, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Uncarboxylated Osteolcalcin in Sedentary, Healthy Males. Neuroscience 2021; 437:242-255. [PMID: 32482330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise induces neuroplasticity in descending motor pathways facilitating motor learning, and as such it could be utilized as an intervention in neurorehabilitation, for example when re-learning motor skills after stroke. To date, however, the neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced neuroplasticity remain largely unknown impeding the potential utilization of exercise protocols as 'motor learning boosters' in clinical and non-clinical settings. Here, we assessed corticospinal excitability, intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and serum biochemical markers including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), total and precursor cathepsin B (tCTSB, proCTSB), uncarboxylated and carboxylated osteocalcin (unOCN, cOCN) and irisin using ELISA. Measurements were carried out in sedentary, healthy males before and after a single session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) or in individuals who rested and did not perform exercise (No Exercise). We found that HIIE increased corticospinal excitability, BDNF and unOCN, and decreased cOCN. We also determined that greater increases in BDNF were associated with increases in unOCN and irisin and decreases in cOCN only in participants who underwent HIIE, suggesting that unOCN and irisin may contribute to exercise-induced BDNF increases. Conversely, no changes other than a decrease in serum unOCN/tOCN were found in No Exercise participants. The present findings show that a single session of HIIE is sufficient to modulate corticospinal excitability and to increase BDNF and unOCN in sedentary, healthy males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolini
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bernadeta Michalski
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Stephen L Toepp
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Claudia V Turco
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Tarra D'Hoine
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Diana Harasym
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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12
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Smith C, Lin X, Scott D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Al Saedi A, Moreno-Asso A, Woessner M, Bani Hassan E, Eynon N, Duque G, Levinger I. Uncovering the Bone-Muscle Interaction and Its Implications for the Health and Function of Older Adults (the Wellderly Project): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e18777. [PMID: 33835038 PMCID: PMC8065561 DOI: 10.2196/18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone and muscle are closely linked anatomically, biochemically, and metabolically. Acute exercise affects both bone and muscle, implying a crosstalk between the two systems. However, how these two systems communicate is still largely unknown. We will explore the role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) in this crosstalk. ucOC is involved in glucose metabolism and has a potential role in muscle maintenance and metabolism. OBJECTIVE The proposed trial will determine if circulating ucOC levels in older adults at baseline and following acute exercise are associated with parameters of muscle function and if the ucOC response to exercise varies between older adults with low muscle quality and those with normal or high muscle quality. METHODS A total of 54 men and women aged 60 years or older with no history of diabetes and warfarin and vitamin K use will be recruited. Screening tests will be performed, including those for functional, anthropometric, and clinical presentation. On the basis of muscle quality, a combined equation of lean mass (leg appendicular skeletal muscle mass in kg) and strength (leg press; one-repetition maximum), participants will be stratified into a high or low muscle function group and randomized into the controlled crossover acute intervention. Three visits will be performed approximately 7 days apart, and acute aerobic exercise, acute resistance exercise, and a control session (rest) will be completed in any order. Our primary outcome for this study is the effect of acute exercise on ucOC in older adults with low muscle function and those with high muscle function. RESULTS The trial is active and ongoing. Recruitment began in February 2018, and 38 participants have completed the study as of May 26, 2019. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide novel insights into bone and muscle crosstalk in older adults, potentially identifying new clinical biomarkers and mechanistic targets for drug treatments for sarcopenia and other related musculoskeletal conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001756213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375925. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Smith C, Lewis JR, Sim M, Lim WH, Lim EM, Blekkenhorst LC, Brennan-Speranza TC, Adams L, Byrnes E, Duque G, Levinger I, Prince RL. Higher Undercarboxylated to Total Osteocalcin Ratio Is Associated With Reduced Physical Function and Increased 15-Year Falls-Related Hospitalizations: The Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:523-530. [PMID: 33615560 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal models suggests that undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is involved in muscle mass maintenance and strength. In humans, the ucOC to total (t)OC ratio may be related to muscle strength and perhaps physical function and falls risk, but data are limited. We tested the hypothesis that ucOC and ucOC/tOC ratio are associated with muscle function (muscle strength and physical function) in older women and 15-year falls-related hospitalizations. Serum tOC and ucOC were assessed in 1261 older women (mean age 75.2 ± 2.7 years) forming the Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women (1998 to 2013). Timed-up-and-go (TUG) and grip strength were assessed at baseline and at 5 years. Falls-related hospitalizations (14.5-year follow-up) were captured by the Hospital Morbidity Data Collection, via the Western Australian Data Linkage System. At baseline, women with higher ucOC/tOC ratio (quartile 4) had slower TUG performance compared with quartile 1 (~0.68 seconds, p < .01). Grip strength and 5-year change of TUG and grip were not different (p > .05) between quartiles. Fear of falling limiting house, outdoor, and combined activities was significantly different across quartiles (p < .05). Higher ucOC/tOC was significantly associated with poorer TUG performance at baseline and 5-year change in performance, increased walking aid use, and fear of falling (all p < .05). Higher ucOC was related to lower grip strength at baseline (p < .05) but not 5-year change in strength. Those with the highest ucOC/tOC had greater falls-related hospitalizations (unadjusted log rank, p = .004) remaining significant after adjusting for key variables (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.57, p = .004). We identified a large proportion of older women with high ucOC/tOC ratio who had reduced physical function, including its long-term decline and increased risk of falls-related hospitalizations. Early identification of women at higher risk can enable prevention and intervention strategies to occur, reducing risk for injurious falls. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)..
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wai H Lim
- Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Ee Mun Lim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leon Adams
- Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia
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14
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Hiam D, Landen S, Jacques M, Voisin S, Alvarez-Romero J, Byrnes E, Chubb P, Levinger I, Eynon N. Osteocalcin and its forms respond similarly to exercise in males and females. Bone 2021; 144:115818. [PMID: 33338665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute exercise increases osteocalcin (OC), a marker of bone turnover, and in particular the undercarboxylated form (ucOC). Males and females differ in baseline levels of total OC and it is thought the hormonal milieu may be driving these differences. Males and females adapt differently to the same exercise intervention, however it is unclear whether the exercise effects on OC are also sex-specific. We tested whether the responses of OC and its forms to acute High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) differed between males and females. Secondly, we examined whether sex hormones vary with OC forms within sexes to understand if these are driving factor in any potential sex differences. METHODS Total OC (tOC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and carboxylated OC (cOC) were measured in serum of 96 healthy participants from the Gene SMART cohort (74 males and 22 females) at rest, immediately after, and 3 h after a single bout of HIIE, and at rest, 48 h after completing a four week HIIT intervention. Baseline testosterone and estradiol were also measured for a subset of the cohort (Males = 38, Females = 20). Linear mixed models were used to a) uncover the sex-specific effects of acute exercise and short-term training on OC forms and b) to examine whether the sex hormones were associated with OC levels. RESULTS At baseline, males had higher levels of tOC, cOC, and ucOC than females (q < 0.01). In both sexes tOC, and ucOC increased to the same extent after acute HIIE. At baseline, in males only, higher testosterone was associated with higher ucOC (β = 3.37; q < 0.046). Finally, tOC and ucOC did not change following 4 weeks of HIIT. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION While there were no long-term changes in OC and its forms. tOC and ucOC were transiently enhanced after a bout of HIIE similarly in both sexes. This may be important in metabolic signalling in skeletal muscle and bone suggesting that regular exercise is needed to maintain these benefits. Overall, these data suggest that the sex differences in exercise adaptations do not extend to the bone turnover marker, OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - P Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - N Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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15
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Niyazi A, Alaee S. The effect of exercise training on osteocalcin, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:213-224. [PMID: 32803318 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that osteocalcin (OC), in particular its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, is not only a bone remodeling marker but also an active hormone that intercedes glucose metabolism in humans. This study aimed to determine the impact of an exercise intervention on ucOC, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR). PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were searched. Twenty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training impact in adults were included in the analysis. Results showed an overall significant increase in serum ucOC (MD: 0.15 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25) and adiponectin (MD: 2.83 mg/ml; 95% CI: 1.67 to 3.98), a significant decline in leptin (MD: - 4.89 pg/ml; 95% CI: - 6.94 to - 2.84), fasting glucose (MD: - 2.29 mg/dl; 95% CI: - 4.04 to - 0.54), fasting insulin (MD, - 8.90 μIU/ml; 95% CI: - 13.81 to - 3.98), and HOMA-IR (MD: - 1.96; 95% CI: - 3.11 to - 0.80). However, after removal of studies that had prescribed a balanced diet along with exercise intervention, total OC (TOC) levels also increased in the exercise group compared with the control group (MD: 0.36 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.65). Our findings demonstrate that exercise-induced increases in ucOC are the probable cause of increased adiponectin. Additionally, increases in ucOC itself are probably due to changes in leptin levels and other factors, rather than its direct impact on bone and its osteoblastic activity. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise training on ucOC, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gh R Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Vahdat Institute of Higher Education, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran.
| | | | - S Alaee
- Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran
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16
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Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. Bone 2021; 143:115766. [PMID: 33227507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone turnover is the cellular machinery responsible for bone integrity and strength and, in the clinical setting, it is assessed using bone turnover markers (BTMs). Acute exercise can induce mechanical stress on bone which is needed for bone remodelling, but to date, there are conflicting results in regards to the effects of varying mechanical stimuli on BTMs. OBJECTIVES This systematic review examines the effects of acute aerobic, resistance and impact exercises on BTMs in middle and older-aged adults and examines whether the responses are determined by the exercise mode, intensity, age and sex. METHODS We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE up to 22nd April 2020. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm studies that included middle-aged (50 to 65 years) and older adults (>65 years) and, a single-bout, acute-exercise (aerobic, resistance, impact) intervention with measurement of BTMs. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020145359. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included; 8 in middle-aged (n = 275, 212 women/63 men, mean age = 57.9 ± 1.5 years) and 5 in older adults (n = 93, 50 women/43 men, mean age = 68.2 ± 2.2 years). Eleven studies included aerobic exercise (AE, 7 middle-aged/4 older adults), and two included resistance exercise (RE, both middle-aged). AE significantly increased C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-ALP in middle-aged and older adults. AE also significantly increased total osteocalcin (tOC) in middle-aged men and Procollagen I Carboxyterminal Propeptide and Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen in older women. RE alone decreased ALP in older adults. In middle-aged adults, RE with impact had no effect on tOC or BALP, but significantly decreased CTX. Impact (jumping) exercise alone increased Procollagen Type 1 N Propeptide and tOC in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION Acute exercise is an effective tool to modify BTMs, however, the response appears to be exercise modality-, intensity-, age- and sex-specific. There is further need for higher quality and larger RCTs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Diabetes & Metabolic Disease Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Ducy P. Bone Regulation of Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5895464. [PMID: 32822470 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For centuries our image of the skeleton has been one of an inert structure playing a supporting role for muscles and a protective role for inner organs like the brain. Cell biology and physiology modified this view in the 20st century by defining the constant interplay between bone-forming and bone resorbing cells that take place during bone growth and remodeling, therefore demonstrating that bone is as alive as any other tissues in the body. During the past 40 years human and, most important, mouse genetics, have allowed not only the refinement of this notion by identifying the many genes and regulatory networks responsible for the crosstalk existing between bone cells, but have redefined the role of bone by showing that its influence goes way beyond its own physiology. Among its newly identified functions is the regulation of energy metabolism by 2 bone-derived hormones, osteocalcin and lipocalin-2. Their biology and respective roles in this process are the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ducy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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18
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Curran M, Drayson MT, Andrews RC, Zoppi C, Barlow JP, Solomon TPJ, Narendran P. The benefits of physical exercise for the health of the pancreatic β-cell: a review of the evidence. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:579-589. [PMID: 32012372 DOI: 10.1113/ep088220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the evidence of the benefits of exercise training for β-cell health through improvements in function, proliferation and survival which may have implications in the treatment of diabetes. What advances does it highlight? This review highlights how exercise may modulate β-cell health in the context of diabetes and highlights the need for further exploration of whether β-cell preserving effects of exercise translates to T1D. ABSTRACT Physical exercise is a core therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Whilst the benefits of exercise for different physiological systems are recognised, the effect of exercise specifically on the pancreatic β-cell is not well described. Here we review the effects of physical exercise on β-cell health. We show that exercise improves β-cell mass and function. The improved function manifests primarily through the increased insulin content of the β-cell and its increased ability to secrete insulin in response to a glucose stimulus. We review the evidence relating to glucose sensing, insulin signalling, β-cell proliferation and β-cell apoptosis in humans and animal models with acute exercise and following exercise training programmes. Some of the mechanisms through which these benefits manifest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curran
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Zoppi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P Barlow
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Parth Narendran
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Diabetes, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Bijeh N, Rashidlamir A. Effects of exercise training on serum preptin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin and high molecular weight adiponectin in adults with metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:449-459. [PMID: 31869474 DOI: 10.1113/ep088036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are the advantages of aerobic interval exercise, resistance exercise and concurrent exercise on the metabolic profile mediated in part through preptin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN)? What is the main finding and its importance? Glucose was significantly lowered after concurrent exercise and aerobic interval exercise, but serum preptin and insulin were significantly lowered in all three training groups. By contrast, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin increased significantly in all three training groups. These findings support the possible cross-talk between bone, pancreatic β-cells and energy metabolism in humans and suggest that preptin and ucOCN may potentially serve as markers of exercise-induced improvement of metabolism. ABSTRACT Preptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the development of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) is also linked to the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. This research aimed to examine the impact of aerobic interval, resistance and concurrent exercise on serum preptin, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-APN) in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four obese men with MetS were randomized to receive aerobic interval exercise (AIEX, n = 10), resistance exercise (REX, n = 10), or concurrent aerobic interval and resistance exercise (CEX, n = 10), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) three times a week for 12 weeks. Preptin was reduced more after AIEX and CEX than after REX (89.1% and 87.1% versus 9.6%; P = 0.028 and 0.030, respectively). ucOCN increased significantly only in the CEX (27.5%, P = 0.009) and AIEX (25%, P = 0.025) groups, but HMW-APN increased significantly in all three training groups (AIEX 145.1%, P < 0.001; CEX 137%, P < 0.001; and REX 59.8%, P = 0.041). After the intervention, the improvement of peak oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 peak ) in the AIEX group (73%) was greater than in the CEX (29.3%) and REX (3.8%) groups. On the other hand, CEX exhibited a greater reduction in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and HbA1c than did AIEX and REX. Our study indicates that the reduction in glucose after exercise training (especially AIEX and CEX) may be, somewhat, linked to decreased preptin and raised ucOCN and HMW-APN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Bijeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Rashidlamir
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Smith C, Voisin S, Al Saedi A, Phu S, Brennan-Speranza T, Parker L, Eynon N, Hiam D, Yan X, Scott D, Blekkenhorst LC, Lewis JR, Seeman E, Byrnes E, Flicker L, Duque G, Yeap BB, Levinger I. Osteocalcin and its forms across the lifespan in adult men. Bone 2020; 130:115085. [PMID: 31622778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-specific secreted protein expressed by mature osteoblasts, is used in clinical practice and in research as a marker of bone turnover. The carboxylated (cOC) and undercarboxylated (ucOC) forms may have a different biological function but age-specific reference ranges for these components are not established. Given the different physiological roles, development of reference ranges may help to identify people at risk for bone disease. METHODS Blood was collected in the morning after an overnight fast from 236 adult men (18 to 92 years old) free of diabetes, antiresorptive, warfarin or glucocorticoid use. Serum was analyzed for total osteocalcin (tOC) and the ucOC fraction using the hydroxyapatite binding method. cOC, ucOC/tOC and cOC/tOC ratios were calculated. Reference intervals were established by polynomial quantile regression analysis. RESULTS The normal ranges for young men (≤30 years) were: tOC 17.9-56.8 ng/mL, ucOC 7.1-22.0 ng/mL, cOC 8.51-40.3 ng/mL (2.5th to 97.5th quantiles). Aging was associated with a "U" shaped pattern for tOC, cOC and ucOC levels. ucOC/tOC ratio was higher, while cOC/tOC ratio was lower in men of advanced age. Age explained ∼31%, while body mass index explained ∼4%, of the variance in the ratios. CONCLUSIONS We have defined normal reference ranges for the OC forms in Australian men and demonstrated that the OC ratios may be better measures, than the absolute values, to identify the age-related changes on OC in men. These ratios may be incorporated into future research and clinical trials, and their associations with prediction of events, such as fracture or diabetes risk, should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Phu
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and the Mary Mackillop Institute of Healthy Aging, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Western Australian Centre for Health & Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Qaradakhi T, Gadanec LK, Tacey AB, Hare DL, Buxton BF, Apostolopoulos V, Levinger I, Zulli A. The Effect of Recombinant Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin on Endothelial Dysfunction. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:546-556. [PMID: 31485687 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, yet whether ucOC has a direct effect on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, or in proximity to its postulated receptor, the class CG protein-coupled receptor (GPCR6A), in blood vessels remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays were used to localize the presence of ucOC and GPRC6A and to determine the physical proximity (< 40 nm) in radial artery segments collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 6) which exhibited calcification (determined by Von Kossa) and aorta from New Zealand white rabbits exhibiting atherosclerotic plaques. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was assessed using cumulative doses of acetylcholine in vitro on abdominal aorta of rabbits fed a normal chow diet (n = 10) and a 4-week atherogenic diet (n = 9) pre-incubated with ucOC (10 ng/mL) or vehicle. Both ucOC and GPRC6A were localized in human and rabbit diseased-blood vessels. Proximity ligation assay staining demonstrated physical proximity of ucOC with GPRC6A only within plaques in rabbit arteries and the endothelium layer of rabbit arterioles. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in atherogenic abdominal aorta compared to healthy aorta and ucOC attenuated this impairment. ucOC attenuated impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbit abdominal aorta following an atherogenic diet, however, this effect may be independent of GPRC6A. It is important that future studies determine the underlying cellular mechanisms by which ucOC effects blood vessels as well as whether it can be used as a therapeutic agent against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Laura K Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Alexander B Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Brian F Buxton
- University of Melbourne, Consultant in Cardiac Surgery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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22
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Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I, Byrnes E, Lim EM, Blekkenhorst LC, Sim M, Hodgson JM, Zhu K, Lim WH, Adams LA, Prince RL. Effects of calcium supplementation on circulating osteocalcin and glycated haemoglobin in older women. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:2065-2072. [PMID: 31342138 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED One year of calcium supplementation in older women led to modest reductions in total osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), with no changes in muscle or fat mass, or glycated haemoglobin. Future studies should explore whether treatments with more profound effects of suppressing ucOC may lead to impaired glycaemic control. INTRODUCTION Total osteocalcin (TOC) is a marker of bone turnover, while its undercarboxylated form has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in mice. This post hoc analysis of a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined whether 1 year of calcium supplementation affected circulating TOC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in 1368 older community-dwelling women (mean age 75.2 ± 2.7 years). METHODS Women enrolled in the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study trial (1998-2003) were supplemented with 1.2 g/d of elemental calcium (in the form of calcium carbonate) or placebo. Circulating TOC, ucOC and HbA1c was measured at 1 year (1999). RESULTS After 1 year of calcium supplementation, TOC and ucOC levels were 17% and 22% lower compared with placebo (mean 22.7 ± 9.1 vs. 27.3 ± 10.9 μg/L and 11.1 ± 4.9 vs. 13.0 ± 5.7 μg/L, both P < 0.001). Carboxylated osteocalcin/ucOC was 6% lower after calcium supplementation (P < 0.05). Despite this, no differences in HbA1c were observed (calcium, 5.2 ± 0.6 vs. placebo, 5.3 ± 0.8%; P = 0.08). Calcium supplementation did not affect BMI, whole body lean or fat mass. In exploratory analyses, total calcium (dietary and supplemental) was inversely related to TOC and ucOC, indicating calcium intake is an important dietary determinant of osteocalcin levels. CONCLUSION One year of calcium supplementation in older women led to modest reductions in TOC and ucOC, with no changes in muscle or fat mass, or HbA1c. Future studies should explore whether treatments with more profound effects of suppressing ucOC may lead to impaired glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - T C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - E M Lim
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - L C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - J M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K Zhu
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - W H Lim
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - L A Adams
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - R L Prince
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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23
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Saad FA. Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1462:37-52. [PMID: 31556133 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent osteodegenerative disease and silent killer linked to a decrease in bone mass and decline of bone microarchitecture, due to impaired bone matrix mineralization, raising the risk of fracture. Nevertheless, the process of bone matrix mineralization is still an unsolved mystery. Osteoporosis is a polygenic disorder associated with genetic and environmental risk factors; however, the majority of genes associated with osteoporosis remain largely unknown. Several signaling pathways regulate bone mass; therefore, dysregulation of a single signaling pathway leads to metabolic bone disease owing to high or low bone mass. Parathyroid hormone, core-binding factor α-1 (Cbfa1), Wnt/β-catenin, the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL), myostatin, and osteogenic exercise signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of bone mass. The myostatin signaling pathway increases bone resorption by activating the RANKL signaling pathway, whereas osteogenic exercise inhibits myostatin and sclerostin while inducing irisin that consequentially activates the Cbfa1 and Wnt/β-catenin bone formation pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize what is known about osteoporosis-related signaling pathways; define the role of these pathways in osteoporosis drug discovery; focus light on the link between bone, muscle, pancreas, and adipose integrative physiology and osteoporosis; and underline the emerging role of osteogenic exercise in the prevention of, and care for, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Ali Saad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Hiam D, Voisin S, Yan X, Landen S, Jacques M, Papadimitriou ID, Munson F, Byrnes E, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I, Eynon N. The association between bone mineral density gene variants and osteocalcin at baseline, and in response to exercise: The Gene SMART study. Bone 2019; 123:23-27. [PMID: 30878522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteocalcin (OC) is used as a surrogate marker for bone turnover in clinical settings. As bone mineral density (BMD) is largely heritable, we tested the hypothesis that a) bone-associated genetic variants previously identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and combined into a genetic risk score (GRS) are associated with a) circulating levels of OC and b) the changes in OC following acute exercise. METHODS Total OC (tOC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and carboxylated OC (cOC) were measured in serum of 73 healthy Caucasian males at baseline and after a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise. In addition, genotyping was conducted targeting GWAS variants previously reported to be associated with BMD and then combined into a GRS. Potential associations between the GRS and tOC, ucOC and cOC were tested with linear regressions adjusted for age. RESULTS At baseline none of the individual SNPs associated with tOC, ucOC and cOC. However, when combined, a higher GRS was associated with higher tOC (β = 0.193 ng/mL; p = 0.037; 95% CI = 0.012, 0.361) and cOC (β = 0.188 ng/mL; p = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.004, 0.433). Following exercise, GRS was associated with ucOC levels, (β = 3.864 ng/mL; p-value = 0.008; 95% CI = 1.063, 6.664) but not with tOC or cOC. CONCLUSION Screening for genetic variations may assist in identifying people at risk for abnormal circulating levels of OC at baseline/rest. Genetic variations in BMD predicted the ucOC response to acute exercise indicating that physiological functional response to exercise may be influenced by bone-related gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Fiona Munson
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.; Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Liu Y, Liu X, R Lewis J, Brock K, C Brennan-Speranza T, Teixeira-Pinto A. Relationship between serum osteocalcin/undercarboxylated osteocalcin and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review/meta-analysis study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023918. [PMID: 30862632 PMCID: PMC6429918 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global burden of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is steadily increasing. Experimental studies have demonstrated that a novel hormone secreted by bone cells, osteocalcin (OC), can stimulate beta-cell proliferation and improve insulin sensitivity in mice. Observational studies in humans have investigated the relationship between OC and metabolic parameters, and T2DM. Importantly, few studies have reported on the undercarboxylated form of OC (ucOC), which is the putative active form of OC suggested to affect glucose metabolism. OBJECTIVES We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to: (1) compare the levels of serum OC and ucOC between T2DM and normal glucose-tolerant controls (NGC); (2) investigate the risk ratios between serum OC and ucOC, and T2DM; (3) determine the correlation coefficient between OC and ucOC and fasting insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, haemoglobin A1c and fasting glucose levels and (4) explore potential sources of between-study heterogeneity. The secondary objective is to compare the serum OC and ucOC between pre-diabetes (PD) and NGC and between T2DM and PD. HODS AND ANALYSIS This study will report items in line with the guidelines outlined in preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. We will include observational studies (cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies) and intervention studies with baseline data. Three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS) will be searched from inception until July 2018 without language restrictions. Two reviewers will independently screen the titles and abstracts and conduct a full-text assessment to identify eligible studies. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus with a third reviewer. The risk of bias assessment will be conducted by two reviewers independently based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Potential sources of between-study heterogeneity will be tested using meta-regression/subgroup analyses. Contour-enhanced funnel plots and Egger's test will be used to identify potential publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethical approval is not required. We will disseminate the results to a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017073127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Liu
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaye Brock
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Armando Teixeira-Pinto
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Byrnes E, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, attenuates postprandial suppression of circulating osteocalcin in young overweight and obese adults. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:403-410. [PMID: 30306222 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone remodeling markers (BRMs) are suppressed following the consumption of a meal. Our findings indicate that a single session of continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, performed 1 h after a meal attenuates the postprandial suppression of BRMs. INTRODUCTION Acute exercise transiently increases BRMs including osteocalcin (tOC) and the undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin (ucOC), a hormone that is implicated in glucose regulation. The effects of acute exercise and exercise-intensity on postprandial levels of tOC and ucOC are unknown. METHODS Twenty-seven adults that were overweight or obese (age 30 ± 1 years; BMI 30 ± 1 kg∙m-2; mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated to perform a single session of low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE; nine females, five males) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE; eightfemales, five males) 1 h after consumption of a standard breakfast. Serum tOC, ucOC, and ucOC/tOC were measured at baseline, 1 h, and 3 h after breakfast consumption on a rest day (no exercise) and the exercise day (exercise 1 h after breakfast). RESULTS Compared to baseline, serum tOC and ucOC were suppressed 3 h after breakfast on the rest day (- 10 ± 1% and - 6 ± 2%, respectively; p < 0.05), whereas ucOC/tOC was elevated (2.5 ± 1%; p = 0.08). Compared to the rest day, CMIE attenuated the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC (rest day - 10 ± 2% versus CMIE - 5 ± 2%, p < 0.05) and ucOC (rest day - 6 ± 4% versus CMIE 11 ± 2%, p < 0.05), and increased postprandial ucOC/tOC (rest day 3 ± 2% versus CMIE 15 ± 1%, p < 0.05). In contrast, LV-HIIE did not alter postprandial tOC, ucOC, or ucOC/tOC (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Acute CMIE, but not LV-HIIE, attenuates the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC and ucOC. CMIE may be an effective tool to control the circulating levels of BRMs following meal consumption in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - C S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - N K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Parker L, Lin X, Garnham A, McConell G, Stepto NK, Hare DL, Byrnes E, Ebeling PR, Seeman E, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I. Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Men Is Associated With Suppressed Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:49-58. [PMID: 30138543 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mice, glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance occurs largely through impaired osteoblast function and decreased circulating undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC). Whether these mechanisms contribute to glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in humans has yet to be established. In addition, the effects of glucocorticoids on the exercise-induced increase in circulating ucOC and insulin sensitivity are also unknown. We hypothesized that acute glucocorticoid treatment would lead to basal and postexercise insulin resistance in part through decreased circulating ucOC and ucOC-mediated skeletal muscle protein signaling. Nine healthy men completed two separate cycling sessions 12 hours after ingesting either glucocorticoid (20 mg prednisolone) or placebo (20 mg Avicel). The homeostatic model assessment was used to assess basal insulin sensitivity and a 2-hour euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was commenced 3 hours after exercise to assess postexercise insulin sensitivity. Serum ucOC and skeletal muscle protein signaling were measured. Single-dose glucocorticoid ingestion increased fasting glucose (27%, p < 0.01) and insulin (83%, p < 0.01), and decreased basal insulin sensitivity (-47%, p < 0.01). Glucocorticoids reduced insulin sensitivity after cycling exercise (-34%, p < 0.01), reduced muscle GPRC6A protein content (16%, p < 0.05), and attenuated protein phosphorylation of mTORSer2481 , AktSer374 , and AS160Thr642 (59%, 61%, and 50%, respectively; all ps < 0.05). Serum ucOC decreased (-24%, p < 0.01) which correlated with lower basal insulin sensitivity (r = 0.54, p = 0.02), lower insulin sensitivity after exercise (r = 0.72, p < 0.05), and attenuated muscle protein signaling (r = 0.48-0.71, p < 0.05). Glucocorticoid-induced basal and postexercise insulin resistance in humans is associated with the suppression of circulating ucOC and ucOC-linked protein signaling in skeletal muscle. Whether ucOC treatment can offset glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in human subjects requires further investigation. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn McConell
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zanatta LCB, Boguszewski CL, Borba VZC, Moreira CA. Association between undercarboxylated osteocalcin, bone mineral density, and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:446-451. [PMID: 30304109 PMCID: PMC10118734 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteocalcin has been associated with several effects on energy and glucose metabolism. However, the physiological role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (U-osc; the hormonally active isoform of osteocalcin) is still controversial. To correlate the serum levels of U-osc with bone mineral density (BMD) values and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study including 105 postmenopausal women (age 56.5 ± 6.1 years, body mass index [BMI] 28.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2) grouped based on the presence of three or less, four, or five criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The subjects underwent dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and BMD and blood tests for the measurement of U-osc and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) levels. RESULTS The mean U-osc level was 3.1 ± 3.4 ng/mL (median 2.3 ng/mL, range 0.0-18.4 ng/mL) and the mean BSAP level was 12.9 ± 4.0 ng/mL (median 12.1 ng/mL, range 73-24.4 ng/mL). There were no associations between U-osc and BSAP levels with serum metabolic parameters. Lower fasting glucose levels were observed in participants with increased values of U-osc/femoral BMD ratio (3.61 ± 4 ng/mL versus 10.2 ± 1.6 ng/mL, p = 0.036). When the participants were stratified into tertiles according to the U-osc/ femoral BMD and U-osc/lumbar BMD ratios, lower fasting glucose levels correlated with increased ratios (p = 0.029 and p = 0.042, respectively). CONCLUSION Based on the ratio of U-osc to BMD, our study demonstrated an association between U-osc and glucose metabolism. However, no association was observed between U-osc and metabolic parameters.The U-osc/BMD ratio is an innovative way to correct the U-osc value for bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila C B Zanatta
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Cesar L Boguszewski
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Victoria Z C Borba
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Carolina A Moreira
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório PRO, Seção de Histomorfometria Óssea, Fundação Pró-Renal, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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29
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Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin: Experimental and Human Evidence for a Role in Glucose Homeostasis and Muscle Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070847. [PMID: 29966260 PMCID: PMC6073619 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have indicated that osteocalcin, and in particular its undercarboxylated form (ucOC), is not only a nutritional biomarker reflective of vitamin K status and an indicator of bone health but also an active hormone that mediates glucose metabolism in experimental studies. This work has been supported by the putative identification of G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A (GPRC6A) as a cell surface receptor for ucOC. Of note, ucOC has been associated with diabetes and with cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies, consistent with a pathophysiological role for ucOC in vivo. Limitations of existing knowledge include uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms by which ucOC interacts with GPRC6A to modulate metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, technical issues with commonly used assays for ucOC in serum, and a paucity of clinical trials to prove causation and illuminate the scope for novel health interventions. A key emerging area of research is the role of ucOC in relation to expression of GPRC6A in muscle, and whether exercise interventions may modulate metabolic outcomes favorably in part via ucOC. Further research is warranted to clarify potential direct and indirect roles for ucOC in human health and cardiometabolic diseases.
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30
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Obri A, Khrimian L, Karsenty G, Oury F. Osteocalcin in the brain: from embryonic development to age-related decline in cognition. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:174-182. [PMID: 29376523 PMCID: PMC5958904 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable, unexpected aspect of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is that it is necessary for both brain development and brain function in the mouse, as its absence results in a profound deficit in spatial learning and memory and an exacerbation of anxiety-like behaviour. The regulation of cognitive function by osteocalcin, together with the fact that its circulating levels decrease in midlife compared with adolescence in all species tested, raised the prospect that osteocalcin might be an anti-geronic hormone that could prevent age-related cognitive decline. As presented in this Review, recent data indicate that this is indeed the case and that osteocalcin is necessary for the anti-geronic activity recently ascribed to the plasma of young wild-type mice. The diversity and amplitude of the functions of osteocalcin in the brain, during development and postnatally, had long called for the identification of its receptor in the brain, which was also recently achieved. This Review presents our current understanding of the biology of osteocalcin in the brain, highlighting the bony vertebrate specificity of the regulation of cognitive function and pointing toward where therapeutic opportunities might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Obri
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W 168th St. Rm 1602, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Lori Khrimian
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W 168th St. Rm 1602, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W 168th St. Rm 1602, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Franck Oury
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, CS 61431, Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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31
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Colleluori G, Napoli N, Phadnis U, Armamento-Villareal R, Villareal DT. Effect of Weight Loss, Exercise, or Both on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Secretion in Frail, Obese Older Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4807046. [PMID: 28951766 PMCID: PMC5603129 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4807046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity exacerbates age-related decline in glucometabolic control. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) regulates pancreatic insulin secretion. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions on UcOC and insulin secretion has not been investigated. METHODS One hundred seven frail, obese older adults were randomized into the control (N = 27), diet (N = 26), exercise (N = 26), and diet-exercise (N = 28) groups for 1 year. Main outcomes included changes in UcOC and disposition index (DI). RESULTS UcOC increased in the diet group (36 ± 11.6%) but not in the other groups (P < 0.05 between groups). Although similar increases in DI occurred in the diet-exercise and diet groups at 6 months, DI increased more in the diet-exercise group (92.4 ± 11.4%) than in the diet group (61.9 ± 15.3%) at 12 months (P < 0.05). UcOC and body composition changes predicted DI variation in the diet group only (R2 = 0.712), while adipocytokines and physical function changes contributed to DI variation in both the diet (∆R2 = 0.140 and 0.107) and diet-exercise (∆R2 = 0.427 and 0.243) groups (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Diet, but not exercise or both, increases UcOC, whereas both diet and diet-exercise increase DI. UcOC accounts for DI variation only during active weight loss, while adipocytokines and physical function contribute to diet-exercise-induced DI variation, highlighting different mechanisms for lifestyle-induced improvements in insulin secretion. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00146107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Colleluori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- University Campus-Biomedico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Uma Phadnis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dennis T. Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Levinger I, Brennan-Speranza TC, Zulli A, Parker L, Lin X, Lewis JR, Yeap BB. Multifaceted interaction of bone, muscle, lifestyle interventions and metabolic and cardiovascular disease: role of osteocalcin. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2265-2273. [PMID: 28289780 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) may play a role in glucose homeostasis and cardiometabolic health. This review examines the epidemiological and interventional evidence associating osteocalcin (OC) and ucOC with metabolic risk and cardiovascular disease. The complexity in assessing such correlations, due to the observational nature of human studies, is discussed. Several studies have reported that higher levels of ucOC and OC are correlated with lower fat mass and HbA1c. In addition, improved measures of glycaemic control via pharmacological and non-pharmacological (e.g. exercise or diet) interventions are often associated with increased circulating levels of OC and/or ucOC. There is also a relationship between lower circulating OC and ucOC and increased measures of vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease. However, not all studies have reported such relationship, some with contradictory findings. Equivocal findings may arise because of the observational nature of the studies and the inability to directly assess the relationship between OC and ucOC on glycaemic control and cardiovascular health in humans. Studying OC and ucOC in humans is further complicated due to numerous confounding factors such as sex differences, menopausal status, vitamin K status, physical activity level, body mass index, insulin sensitivity (normal/insulin resistance/T2DM), tissue-specific effects and renal function among others. Current observational and indirect interventional evidence appears to support a relationship between ucOC with metabolic and cardiovascular disease. There is also emerging evidence to suggest a direct role of ucOC in human metabolism. Further mechanistic studies are required to (a) clarify causality, (b) explore mechanisms involved and
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - T C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Zulli
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - L Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - X Lin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - J R Lewis
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - B B Yeap
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
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33
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Lin X, Hanson E, Betik AC, Brennan-Speranza TC, Hayes A, Levinger I. Hindlimb Immobilization, But Not Castration, Induces Reduction of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Associated With Muscle Atrophy in Rats. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1967-1978. [PMID: 27291707 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) has been implicated in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and function. However, whether muscle mass and strength loss in atrophic conditions is related to a reduction in ucOC is not clear. We hypothesized that both immobilization and testosterone depletion would lead to reductions in ucOC, associated with not only the degree of muscle atrophy but also changes to atrophy signaling pathway(s) in male rats. We subjected 8-week-old male Fischer (F344) rats to 7 days of hindlimb immobilization 10 days after castration surgery. Hindlimb immobilization, but not castration, resulted in a significant reduction in ucOC (30%) and lower ucOC was correlated with the degree of muscle loss and muscle weakness. ucOC levels, the expression of ucOC-sensitive receptor G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A (GPRC6A), as well as the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were associated with the expression and activity of a number of proteins in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Forkhead Box O (FOXO) signaling pathways in a muscle type-specific manner. These data suggest that ucOC may have other effects on skeletal muscle in addition to its insulin sensitizing effect. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Hanson
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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35
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Levinger I, Brennan-Speranza TC, Stepto NK, Jerums G, Parker L, McConell GK, Anderson M, Garnham A, Hare DL, Ebeling PR, Seeman E. A Single Dose of Prednisolone as a Modulator of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Sensitivity Post-Exercise in Healthy Young Men: A Study Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e78. [PMID: 27259402 PMCID: PMC4912677 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) increases insulin sensitivity in mice. In humans, data are supportive, but the studies are mostly cross-sectional. Exercise increases whole-body insulin sensitivity, in part via ucOC, while acute glucocorticoid treatment suppresses ucOC in humans and mice. OBJECTIVES A single dose of prednisolone reduces the rise in ucOC produced by exercise, which partly accounts for the failed increase in insulin sensitivity following exercise. METHODS Healthy young men (n=12) aged 18 to 40 years will be recruited. Initial assessments will include analysis of fasting blood, body composition, aerobic power (VO2peak), and peak heart rate. Participants will then be randomly allocated, double-blind, to a single dose of 20 mg of prednisolone or placebo. The two experimental trials will involve 30 minutes of interval exercise (90%-95% peak heart rate), followed by 3 hours of recovery and 2 hours of euglycaemic- hyperinsulinaemic clamp (insulin clamp). Seven muscle biopsies and blood samples will be obtained at rest, following exercise and post-insulin clamps. RESULTS The study is funded by the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Victoria University. Enrollment has already commenced and data collection will be completed in 2016. CONCLUSION If the hypothesis is confirmed, the study will provide novel insights into the potential role of ucOC in insulin sensitivity in human subjects and will elucidate pathways involved in exercise-induced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Miller CT, Fraser SF, Selig SE, Rice T, Grima M, Straznicky NE, Levinger I, Lambert EA, van den Hoek DJ, Dixon JB. The functional and clinical outcomes of exercise training following a very low energy diet for severely obese women: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:125. [PMID: 26956987 PMCID: PMC4784287 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical practice guidelines globally recommend lifestyle modification including diet and exercise training as first-line treatment for obesity. The clinical benefits of exercise training in adults with obesity is well-documented; however, there is no strong evidence for the effectiveness of exercise training for weight loss in class II and class III obesity. The purpose of the randomised controlled trial described in this protocol article is to examine the effect of exercise training, in addition to a very low energy diet (VLED), in clinically severe obese women for changes in body composition, physical function, quality of life, and markers of cardiometabolic risk. Methods/Design Sixty women, aged 18–50 years with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 34.9 kg.m2 and at least one obesity-related co-morbidity, will be recruited for this 12-month study. Participants will be randomised to either exercise plus energy restriction (n = 30), or energy restriction alone (n = 30). All participants will follow an energy-restricted individualised diet incorporating a VLED component. The exercise intervention group will also receive exercise by supervised aerobic and resistance training and a home-based exercise programme totalling 300 minutes per week. Primary outcome measures include body composition and aerobic fitness. Secondary outcome measures include: physical function, cardiometabolic risk factors, quality of life, physical activity, and mental health. All outcome measures will be conducted at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Discussion Previous research demonstrates various health benefits of including exercise training as part of a healthy lifestyle at all BMI ranges. Although clinical practice guidelines recommend exercise training as part of first-line treatment for overweight and obesity, there are few studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of exercise in class II and class III obesity. The study aims to determine whether the addition of exercise training to a VLED provides more favourable improvements in body composition, physical function, quality of life, and markers of cardiometabolic risk for women with clinically severe obesity, compared to VLED alone. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12611000694910). Date registered: 4 July 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Miller
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Steve F Fraser
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Steve E Selig
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Toni Rice
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mariee Grima
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nora E Straznicky
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elisabeth A Lambert
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Daniel J van den Hoek
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - John B Dixon
- Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Levinger I, Seeman E, Jerums G, McConell GK, Rybchyn MS, Cassar S, Byrnes E, Selig S, Mason RS, Ebeling PR, Brennan-Speranza TC. Glucose-loading reduces bone remodeling in women and osteoblast function in vitro. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/3/e12700. [PMID: 26847728 PMCID: PMC4758933 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a reduction in osteoblast life span and the volume of bone formed by each basic multicellular unit. Each time bone is resorbed, less is deposited producing microstructural deterioration. Aging is also associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, either of which may cause, or be the result of, a decline in undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), a protein produced by osteoblasts that increases insulin sensitivity. We examined whether glucose‐loading reduces bone remodeling and ucOC in vivo and osteoblast function in vitro, and so compromises bone formation. We administered an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to 18 pre and postmenopausal, nondiabetic women at rest and following exercise and measured serum levels of bone remodeling markers (BRMs) and ucOC. We also assessed whether increasing glucose concentrations with or without insulin reduced survival and activity of cultured human osteoblasts. Glucose‐loading at rest and following exercise reduced BRMs in pre and postmenopausal women and reduced ucOC in postmenopausal women. Higher glucose correlated negatively, whereas insulin correlated positively, with baseline BRMs and ucOC. The increase in serum glucose following resting OGTT was associated with the reduction in bone formation markers. D‐glucose (>10 mmol L−1) increased osteoblast apoptosis, reduced cell activity and osteocalcin expression compared with 5 mmol L−1. Insulin had a protective effect on these parameters. Collagen expression in vitro was not affected in this time course. In conclusion, glucose exposure reduces BRMs in women and exercise failed to attenuate this suppression effect. The suppressive effect of glucose on BRMs may be due to impaired osteoblast work and longevity. Whether glucose influences material composition and microstructure remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Jerums
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Clinical Exercise Science Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark S Rybchyn
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samantha Cassar
- Clinical Exercise Science Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Steve Selig
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Levinger I, Lin X, Zhang X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Volpato B, Hayes A, Jerums G, Seeman E, McConell G. The effects of muscle contraction and recombinant osteocalcin on insulin sensitivity ex vivo. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:653-63. [PMID: 26259649 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We tested whether GPRC6A, the putative receptor of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), is present in mouse muscle and whether ucOC increases insulin sensitivity following ex vivo muscle contraction. GPPRC6A is expressed in mouse muscle and in the mouse myotubes from a cell line. ucOC potentiated the effect of ex vivo contraction on insulin sensitivity. INTRODUCTION Acute exercise increases skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. In humans, exercise increases circulating ucOC, a hormone that increases insulin sensitivity in rodents. We tested whether GPRC6A, the putative receptor of ucOC, is present in mouse muscle and whether recombinant ucOC increases insulin sensitivity in both C2C12 myotubes and whole mouse muscle following ex vivo muscle contraction. METHODS Glucose uptake was examined in C2C12 myotubes that express GPRC6A following treatment with insulin alone or with insulin and increasing ucOC concentrations (0.3, 3, 10 and 30 ng/ml). In addition, glucose uptake, phosphorylated (p-)AKT and p-AS160 were examined ex vivo in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) dissected from C57BL/6J wild-type mice, at rest, following insulin alone, after muscle contraction followed by insulin and after muscle contraction followed by recombinant ucOC then insulin exposure. RESULTS We observed protein expression of the likely receptor for ucOC, GPRC6A, in whole muscle sections and differentiated mouse myotubes. We observed reduced GPRC6A expression following siRNA transfection. ucOC significantly increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake dose-dependently up to 10 ng/ml, in differentiated mouse C2C12 myotubes. Insulin increased EDL glucose uptake (∼30 %, p < 0.05) and p-AKT and p-AKT/AKT compared with rest (all p < 0.05). Contraction prior to insulin increased muscle glucose uptake (∼25 %, p < 0.05), p-AKT, p-AKT/AKT, p-AS160 and p-AS160/AS160 compared with contraction alone (all p < 0.05). ucOC after contraction increased insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake (∼12 % p < 0.05) and p-AS160 (<0.05) more than contraction plus insulin alone but without effect on p-AKT. In the absence of insulin and/or of contraction, ucOC had no significant effect on muscle glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS GPRC6A, the likely receptor of osteocalcin (OC), is expressed in mouse muscle. ucOC treatment augments insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and following ex vivo muscle contraction. ucOC may partly account for the insulin sensitizing effect of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - X Lin
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - X Zhang
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - T C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Volpato
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Hayes
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Jerums
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G McConell
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Liu DM, Guo XZ, Tong HJ, Tao B, Sun LH, Zhao HY, Ning G, Liu JM. Association between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2823-33. [PMID: 26089135 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the associations between osteocalcin (Ocn) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). It was revealed that both total Ocn and undercarboxylated Ocn (unOcn) were negatively related with FPG and HbA1c, and the association of unOcn with FPG was more pronounced in men. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the strength of associations between Ocn and FPG and HbA1c using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS A search was carried out using the databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane library from 2007 to 2014 to identify related studies. A pooled effect size with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) was derived. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 39 studies involving 23,381 participants. The overall correlation was -0.16 (95 % CI, -0.19 to -0.14) between total Ocn (tOcn) and FPG and -0.15 (95 % CI, -0.20 to -0.11) between undercarboxylated Ocn (unOcn) and FPG. In the analysis of the association between Ocn and HbA1c, the pooled correlation was -0.16 (95 % CI, -0.18 to -0.14) for tOcn and -0.16 (95 % CI, -0.23 to -0.08) for unOcn. The magnitude of the correlation between unOcn and FPG is significantly higher in men than in women (r = -0.18, 95 % CI, -0.21 to -0.14; r = -0.09, 95 % CI, -0. 13 to -0.05, respectively; P for interaction < 0.05). Similar trend was also found between unOcn and HbA1c but without significance (for men, r = -0.19, 95 % CI, -0.24 to -0.14; for women, r = -0.09, 95 % CI, -0.22 to 0.04, respectively; P for interaction > 0.05). No indication of significant publication bias was found in any method. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrated that both unOcn and tOcn were similarly and negatively correlated with FPG and HbA1c in humans. The negative correlations between unOcn and glucose metabolism appear to be more pronounced in men than in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-M Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - X-Z Guo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - H-J Tong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - B Tao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - L-H Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - H-Y Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - G Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - J-M Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Brotto M, Bonewald L. Bone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical. Bone 2015; 80:109-114. [PMID: 26453500 PMCID: PMC4600532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is significantly more complex than portrayed by traditional reductionist approaches that have focused on and studied the components of this system separately. While bone and skeletal muscle are the two largest tissues within this system, this system also includes tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints and other connective tissues along with vascular and nervous tissues. Because the main function of this system is locomotion, the mechanical interaction among the major players of this system is essential for the many shapes and forms observed in vertebrates and even in invertebrates. Thus, it is logical that the mechanical coupling theories of musculoskeletal development exert a dominant influence on our understanding of the biology of the musculoskeletal system, because these relationships are relatively easy to observe, measure, and perturb. Certainly much less recognized is the molecular and biochemical interaction among the individual players of the musculoskeletal system. In this brief review article, we first introduce some of the key reasons why the mechanical coupling theory has dominated our view of bone-muscle interactions followed by summarizing evidence for the secretory nature of bones and muscles. Finally, a number of highly physiological questions that cannot be answered by the mechanical theories alone will be raised along with different lines of evidence that support both a genetic and a biochemical communication between bones and muscles. It is hoped that these discussions will stimulate new insights into this fertile and promising new way of defining the relationships between these closely related tissues. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for biochemical communication between bone and muscle is important not only from a basic research perspective but also as a means to identify potential new therapies for bone and muscle diseases, especially for when they co-exist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, UMKC School of Nursing & Health Studies, 2464 Charlotte, USA; UMKC School of Medicine, 2464 Charlotte, USA
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Bone Biology/Mineralized Tissue Research Program, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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The effect of hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and exercise on bone remodeling markers in obese men. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:731. [PMID: 26331010 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodelling markers (BRMs) are suppressed following a glucose load and during glucose infusion. As exercise increases indices of bone health and improves glucose handling, we hypothesised that, at rest, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp will suppress BRMs in obese men and that exercise prior to the clamp will prevent this suppression. Eleven obese nondiabetic men (age 58.1±2.2 years, body mass index=33.1±1.4 kg m(-2) mean±s.e.m.) had a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (HEC) at rest (Control) and 60 min post exercise (four bouts × 4 min cycling at 95% of hazard ratiopeak). Blood samples were analysed for serum insulin, glucose, bone formation markers, total osteocalcin (tOC) and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and the bone resorption marker, β-isomerised C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTx). In the control trial (no exercise), tOC, P1NP and β-CTx decreased with HEC by >10% compared with baseline (P<0.05). Fasting serum glucose, but not insulin, tended to correlate negatively with the BRMs (β range -0.57 to -0.66, p range 0.051-0.087). β-CTx, but not OC or P1NP, increased within 60 min post exercise (∼16%, P<0.01). During the post-exercise HEC, the glucose infusion rate was ∼30% higher compared with the no exercise trial. Despite this, BRMs were only suppressed to a similar extent as in the control session (10%). HEC suppressed BRMs in obese men. Exercise did not prevent this suppression of BRMs by HEC but improved glucose handling during the trial. It remains to be tested whether an exercise intervention of longer duration may be able to prevent the effect of HEC on bone remodelling.
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Kim YS, Nam JS, Yeo DW, Kim KR, Suh SH, Ahn CW. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:686-94. [PMID: 25174991 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteocalcin has been proposed to be a novel link between bone and energy metabolism. Previous studies showed its relations to exercise, body fat and glucose metabolism, but their interrelationship remains inconslusive. We evaluated the changes in osteocalcin level following 8-week exercise programme and assessed how they are related to concomitant changes in body fat composition, insulin resistance and various adipocytokines in a single centre, randomized and prospective design. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 39 young obese, otherwise healthy males were randomly assigned to control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 29) groups. Subjects in Exercise group were on 8-week supervised exercise training programme of four sessions per week. Body fat compositions were analysed using whole body bone mineral density, various metabolic parameters, osteocalcin and adipocytokines were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after 8-week exercise programme. RESULTS Body fat reduction following exercise significantly increased serum total (1·51 ± 0·36 vs 1·69 ± 0·39 mmol/l, P = 0·01, baseline vs postexercise) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin level (0·44 ± 0·14 vs 0·64 ± 0·26 mmol/l, P < 0·01), and the increase in osteocalcin was in negative correlations with changes in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage as well as HOMA-IR and leptin (all P < 0·05). The changes in osteocalcin and leptin were not independent predictors of changes in insulin resistance and osteocalcin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a physiological axis of bone-fat-energy metabolism, exercise-induced body fat reduction and improved insulin sensitivity were accompanied by an increase in serum osteocalcin and leptin levels, but other factors also seem to be involved in this interrelationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bonewald LF. Does defective bone lead to defective muscle? J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:593-5. [PMID: 25727709 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Ferron M, Lacombe J, Germain A, Oury F, Karsenty G. GGCX and VKORC1 inhibit osteocalcin endocrine functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:761-76. [PMID: 25753038 PMCID: PMC4362468 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-specific gene inactivation experiments delineate the functions of the enzymes required for osteocalcin modification and demonstrate that it is its uncarboxylated form that acts as a hormone. Osteocalcin (OCN) is an osteoblast-derived hormone favoring glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, male fertility, brain development, and cognition. Before being secreted by osteoblasts in the bone extracellular matrix, OCN is γ-carboxylated by the γ-carboxylase (GGCX) on three glutamic acid residues, a cellular process requiring reduction of vitamin K (VK) by a second enzyme, a reductase called VKORC1. Although circumstantial evidence suggests that γ-carboxylation may inhibit OCN endocrine functions, genetic evidence that it is the case is still lacking. Here we show using cell-specific gene inactivation models that γ-carboxylation of OCN by GGCX inhibits its endocrine function. We further show that VKORC1 is required for OCN γ-carboxylation in osteoblasts, whereas its paralogue, VKORC1L1, is dispensable for this function and cannot compensate for the absence of VKORC1 in osteoblasts. This study genetically and biochemically delineates the functions of the enzymes required for OCN modification and demonstrates that it is the uncarboxylated form of OCN that acts as a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Ferron
- Unité de recherche en physiologie intégrative et moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada Département de médecine, Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, and Programmes de biologie moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada Département de médecine, Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, and Programmes de biologie moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada Département de médecine, Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, and Programmes de biologie moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Julie Lacombe
- Unité de recherche en physiologie intégrative et moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Amélie Germain
- Unité de recherche en physiologie intégrative et moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada Département de médecine, Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, and Programmes de biologie moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Franck Oury
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Gérard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Lombardi G, Perego S, Luzi L, Banfi G. A four-season molecule: osteocalcin. Updates in its physiological roles. Endocrine 2015; 48:394-404. [PMID: 25158976 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is the main non-collagenous hydroxyapatite-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and hypertrophic chondrocytes. It has a regulatory role in mineralization and it is considered a marker of bone cell metabolism. Recent findings evidenced new extra-skeletal roles for OC, depicting it as a real hormone. OC shares many functional features with the common hormones, such as tissue-specific expression, circadian rhythm, and synthesis as a pre-pro-molecule. However, it has some peculiar features making it a unique molecule: OC exists in different forms based on the degree of carboxylation. Indeed, OC has three glutamic acid residues, in position 17, 21, and 24, which are subject to γ-carboxylation, through the action of a vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxytransferase. The degree of carboxylation, and thus the negative charge density, determines the affinity for the calcium ions deposited in the extracellular matrix of the bone. The modulation of the carboxylation could, thus, represent the mechanism by which the body controls the circulating levels, and hence the hormonal function, of OC. There are evidences linking OC, and the bone metabolism, with a series of endocrine (glucose metabolism, energy metabolism, fertility) physiological (muscle activity) and pathological functions (ectopic calcification). Aim of this review is to give a full overview of the physiological roles of OC by collecting the newest experimental findings on this intriguing molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy,
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Brennan-Speranza TC, Conigrave AD. Osteocalcin: an osteoblast-derived polypeptide hormone that modulates whole body energy metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:1-10. [PMID: 25416346 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein that is regularly used in the clinical setting as a serum marker of bone turnover. Recent evidence indicates that osteocalcin plays a previously unsuspected role in the control of energy metabolism. Thus, osteocalcin-deficient mice have a profoundly deranged metabolic phenotype that includes insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and abnormal fat deposition. Additionally, osteocalcin administration in mice improves insulin sensitivity and decreases fat pad mass and serum triglyceride levels. The role of osteocalcin in human macronutrient metabolism is less clear but recent studies report positive correlations between serum osteocalcin levels and established indices of metabolic health. Herein, we review key physiological functions of osteocalcin, focussing on the roles of osteocalcin in the modulation of macronutrient metabolism, male reproductive function and foetal brain development. We consider the implications of these findings for the coordination of metabolism with development and fertility. We also consider evidence that a Class C G-protein-coupled receptor from a subgroup known to mediate nutrient-sensing acts as the osteocalcin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,
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Faienza MF, Luce V, Ventura A, Colaianni G, Colucci S, Cavallo L, Grano M, Brunetti G. Skeleton and glucose metabolism: a bone-pancreas loop. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:758148. [PMID: 25873957 PMCID: PMC4383460 DOI: 10.1155/2015/758148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has been considered a structure essential for mobility, calcium homeostasis, and hematopoietic function. Recent advances in bone biology have highlighted the importance of skeleton as an endocrine organ which regulates some metabolic pathways, in particular, insulin signaling and glucose tolerance. This review will point out the role of bone as an endocrine "gland" and, specifically, of bone-specific proteins, as the osteocalcin (Ocn), and proteins involved in bone remodeling, as osteoprotegerin, in the regulation of insulin function and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenza Luce
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ventura
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavallo
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- *Giacomina Brunetti:
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Levinger I, Jerums G, Stepto NK, Parker L, Serpiello FR, McConell GK, Anderson M, Hare DL, Byrnes E, Ebeling PR, Seeman E. The effect of acute exercise on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin sensitivity in obese men. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2571-6. [PMID: 24861730 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise improves insulin sensitivity for hours after the exercise is ceased. The skeleton contributes to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity via osteocalcin (OC) in its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form in mice. We tested the hypothesis that insulin sensitivity over the hours after exercise is associated with circulating levels of ucOC. Eleven middle-aged (58.1 ± 2.2 years mean ± SEM), obese (body mass index [BMI] = 33.1 ± 1.4 kg/m(2) ) nondiabetic men completed a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp at rest (rest-control) and at 60 minutes after exercise (4 × 4 minutes of cycling at 95% of HRpeak ). Insulin sensitivity was determined by glucose infusion rate relative to body mass (GIR, mL/kg/min) as well as GIR per unit of insulin (M-value). Blood samples and five muscle biopsies were obtained; two at the resting-control session, one before and one after clamping, and three in the exercise session, at rest, 60 minutes after exercise, and after the clamp. Exercise increased serum ucOC (6.4 ± 2.1%, p = 0.013) but not total OC (p > 0.05). Blood glucose was ∼6% lower and insulin sensitivity was ∼35% higher after exercise compared with control (both p < 0.05). Phosphorylated (P)-AKT (Ak thymoma) was higher after exercise and insulin compared with exercise alone (no insulin) and insulin alone (no exercise, all p < 0.05). In a multiple-linear regression including BMI, age, and aerobic fitness, ucOC was associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity at rest (β = 0.59, p = 0.023) and after exercise (β = 0.66, p = 0.005). Insulin sensitivity, after acute exercise, is associated with circulating levels of ucOC in obese men. Whether ucOC has a direct effect on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after exercise is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, NorthWest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Ferron M, Lacombe J. Regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton: Osteocalcin and beyond. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Confavreux CB, Szulc P, Casey R, Varennes A, Goudable J, Chapurlat RD. Lower serum osteocalcin is associated with more severe metabolic syndrome in elderly men from the MINOS cohort. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:275-83. [PMID: 24842726 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone has emerged as an endocrine organ regulating energy metabolism through secretion of osteocalcin. In epidemiological studies, presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was associated with lower osteocalcin level. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether osteocalcin level was associated with MetS severity in men and whether it was more strongly associated with MetS compared with N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (βCTX). METHODS We included 798 men aged 51-85 years for total osteocalcin measurement. Number of MetS criteria was used to define severity. We used polytomous logistic regression to assess the relationship between MetS severity and osteocalcin level. RESULTS Thirty percent of men had MetS. In patients with MetS, the higher the number of MetS traits were present, the lower was the average osteocalcin level (0-2 criteria: 551 men: 19.5±6.7 ng/ml, three criteria: 155 men: 19.3±7.4 ng/ml, four criteria: 72 men: 17.3±5.7 ng/ml, and five criteria: 20 men: 15.0±5.1 ng/ml; P for trend=0.002).In the polytomous logistic regression model, an increase in osteocalcin level of 10 ng/ml was associated with lower prevalence of severe MetS: three criteria (odds ratio (OR)=0.93 (0.70-1.24)), four criteria (OR=0.54 (0.34-0.84)), and five criteria (OR=0.28 (0.10-0.82)) in comparison with no MetS (P for trend=0.008).After adjustment, using stepwise analysis of the polytomous logistic regression model, we observed that osteocalcin, age, and apparent free testosterone entered in the model but not other bone markers (PINP, βCTX, and BAP). CONCLUSION In older Caucasian men, total osteocalcin level was associated with MetS severity. Osteocalcin was more strongly associated with MetS severity than other bone turnover markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille B Confavreux
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
| | - Pawel Szulc
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
| | - Romain Casey
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
| | - Annie Varennes
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
| | - Joelle Goudable
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
| | - Roland D Chapurlat
- Université de Lyon - INSERM UMR1033Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pavillon F, 5 place d'Arsonval, Lyon 69003, FranceOFSEP-Université de LyonHospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceCentral Biochemical LaboratoryHôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69003, FranceINSERM UMR1060-Université de LyonLyon, France
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