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Taroncher M, Zingales V, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ. Identification of Biotransformation Products of T-2 Toxin in HepG2 Cells Using LC-Q-TOF MS. Foods 2024; 13:1501. [PMID: 38790801 PMCID: PMC11120489 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin (T-2) is a type A trichothecene found in cereals. The formation of metabolites is a frequent cause of mycotoxin-induced toxicity. In this work, the conversion of T-2 during biotransformation reactions in HepG2 cells was evaluated. For this, HepG2 cells were exposed to 30 (IC50/2) and 60 (IC50) nM of T-2 for 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 24 h, and the concentrations of T-2 and its metabolites HT-2, T2-triol, T2-tetraol and neosolaniol were determined in both the cell fraction and culture medium through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry-time of flight (LC-Q-TOF MS). Results showed a fast metabolization of T-2 (>90%) during the first 2 h, with HT-2 as its main (>95%) biotransformation product. The cell fraction showed higher levels (p < 0.05) of HT-2 (39.9 ± 2.1 nM) compared to the culture medium (12.53 ± 2.4 nM). This trend was also observed for the identified metabolites. T2-triol reached its maximum concentration (1.7 ± 0.4 nM) at 2 h, and at later times a time-dependent increase in the T2-tetraol and neosolaniol concentrations was observed. The identification of T-2 metabolites shows the need to continue combined toxicity studies of mycotoxins for a correct risk characterization of these natural contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Taroncher
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Veronica Zingales
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
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Aki T, Tanaka H, Funakoshi T, Unuma K, Uemura K. Excessive N-acetylcysteine exaggerates glutathione redox homeostasis and apoptosis during acetaminophen exposure in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:66-72. [PMID: 37487439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is one of the biggest drawbacks of this relatively safe and widely used drug. In addition to its hepatotoxicity, APAP also cause comparable levels of toxicity on human hepatoma cells. Here we show activation of the intrinsic caspase-9/3 pathway of apoptosis followed by gasdermin E (GSDME) cleavage and subsequent ballooning in APAP (10 mM, 72 h)-treated Huh-7 human hepatocarcinoma cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant currently used as an antidote for APAP overdose, does not alleviate APAP toxicity in Huh-7 cells; NAC overdose (10 mM) rather aggravates APAP toxicity. NAC overdose not only aggravates cell death, but also decreases the cellular GSH/GSSG ratio, an indicator of redox homeostasis of glutathione. These results show for the first time that APAP-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is followed by secondary necrosis via the caspase-3/GSDME pathway. NAC overdose (10 mM) not only worsens the glutathione redox status, but also accelerates this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Aki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Unuma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ma Y, Hu L, Tang J, Guo W, Feng Y, Liu Y, Tang F. Three-Dimensional Cell Co-Culture Liver Models and Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076248. [PMID: 37047220 PMCID: PMC10094553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the primary site for the biotransformation of drugs, the liver is the most focused on organ type in pharmaceutical research. However, despite being widely used in pharmaceutical research, animal models have inherent species differences, while two-dimensional (2D) liver cell monocultures or co-cultures and three-dimensional (3D) liver cell monoculture in vitro liver models do not sufficiently represent the complexity of the human liver’s structure and function, making the evaluation results from these tools less reliable. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop more representative in vitro liver models for pharmaceutical research. Fortunately, an exciting new development in recent years has been the emergence of 3D liver cell co-culture models. These models hold great promise as in vitro pharmaceutical research tools, because they can reproduce liver structure and function more practically. This review begins by explaining the structure and main cell composition of the liver, before introducing the potential advantages of 3D cell co-culture liver models for pharmaceutical research. We also discuss the main sources of hepatocytes and the 3D cell co-culture methods used in constructing these models. In addition, we explore the applications of 3D cell co-culture liver models with different functional states and suggest prospects for their further development.
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Jaber FL, Sharma Y, Gupta S. Hepatocyte Transplantation Rebalances Cytokines for Hepatic Regeneration in Rats with Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Pathway-Related Acute Liver Failure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:27-38. [PMID: 36309105 PMCID: PMC9768683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate DNA damage response related to ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene restricts hepatic regeneration in acute liver failure. Resolving mechanistic gaps in liver damage and repair requires additional animal models that are unconstrained by ultrarapid and unpredictable mortalities or substantial divergences from human pathology. This study used Fischer 344 rats primed with the antitubercular drug, rifampicin, plus phenobarbitone, and monocrotaline, a DNA adduct-forming alkaloid. Rifampicin and monocrotaline can cause liver failure in people. This regimen resulted in hepatic oxidative stress, necrosis, DNA double-strand breaks, liver test abnormalities, altered serum cytokine expression, and mortality. Healthy donor hepatocytes were transplanted ectopically in the peritoneal cavity to study whether they could supply metabolic support and rebalance inflammatory or protective cytokines affecting liver regeneration events. Hepatocyte transplantation increased candidate cytokine levels (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, IL-10, and IL-12), leading to Atm, Stat3, and Akt signaling in hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells, lowering of inflammation, and improvements in intermediary metabolism, DNA repair, and hepatocyte proliferation. Such control of DNA damage and inflammation, along with stimulation of hepatic growth, offers paradigms for cell signaling to restore hepatic homeostasis and regeneration in acute liver failure. Further studies of molecular pathways of high pathobiological impact will advance the knowledge of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi-Luc Jaber
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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DNMT1/PKR double knockdowned HepG2 (HepG2-DP) cells have high hepatic function and differentiation ability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21173. [PMID: 36476676 PMCID: PMC9729623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HepG2 cells are widely used as a human hepatocytes model, but their functions, including drug metabolism, are inferior to primary hepatocytes. We previously reported that the hepatic gene expressions in HepG2 cells were upregulated by treatment with zebularine, which is an inhibitor of DNA methylation, through the inhibition of both DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In this study, we established a new HepG2 cell subline, HepG2-DP cells, by stable double knockdown of DNMT1 and PKR and evaluated its function. Albumin production, expression of CYP1A2 genes, and accumulation of lipid droplets were increased in HepG2-DP cells compared with the original HepG2 cells. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of transcription factors revealed that the expression of important genes for hepatic function, such as HNF1β, HNF4α, ONECUT1, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3, and various nuclear receptors, was upregulated in HepG2-DP cells. These results indicate that the newly established HepG2-DP cells are a highly functional hepatocyte cell line. In addition, we investigated whether HepG2-DP cells are able to mature by differentiation induction, since HepG2 cells are derived from hepatoblastoma. The gene expression of major CYPs and Phase II, III drug-metabolizing enzyme genes was significantly increased in HepG2-DP cells cultured in differentiation induction medium. These results suggest that HepG2-DP cells can be further matured by the induction of differentiation and could therefore be applied to studies of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
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Thirunavukkarasu C, Sharma Y, Tchaikovskaya T, Maslov AY, Gupta S. Transcriptional profiling reveals ataxia telangiectasia mutated pathways regulate joint copper and arsenic toxicity for hepatic metalloplasia and anti-cancer therapies. Life Sci 2022; 305:120787. [PMID: 35809665 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exposures to toxic metals, including arsenic (As), pose health risks but joint effects of physiologically needed metals, e.g., copper (Cu), are ill-defined for regulated metal-dependent cell proliferation (or metalloplasia). This study elucidated hepatic toxicities of As and Cu. MAIN METHODS Human HuH-7 cells were exposed to As and Cu and mRNA profiling obtained for molecular networks, regulators and signaling pathways. This followed biological testing of ATM signaling-related DNA damage response, mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosome activity using HuH-7 cells and primary hepatocytes. Free Cu ions were bound to 3-indole propionic acid for finding their contribution in toxicity. KEY FINDINGS The As or As plus Cu toxicities in HuH-7 cells produced dimorphic down- or up-regulation patterns in mRNA profiles. Significant differences extended for ontologies in protein synthesis, intermediary metabolism, mitochondrial function, autophagy, or cell survival and growth. Bioassays revealed ATM signaling regulated As and Cu toxicity for oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal activity, DNA damage response, and cell growth-arrest. Removal of reactive Cu ions decreased As and Cu toxicity. Primary hepatocytes withstood Cu and As toxicity better. SIGNIFICANCE This joint As and Cu toxicity offers further mechanisms for metalloplasia, carcinogenesis and tissue damage in other settings, e.g., during excess Cu accumulation in Wilson disease. Moreover, joint As and Cu toxicities are relevant for anti-cancer therapies, potentially including manipulations to increase intracellular Cu through altered uptake or efflux processes and incorporating ATM-related checkpoint inhibitors. Superior tolerance of healthy hepatocytes to Cu and As toxicity should improve safety margins for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Tatyana Tchaikovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander Y Maslov
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Laboratory of Applied Genomic Technologies, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Verdura S, Encinar JA, Fernández-Arroyo S, Joven J, Cuyàs E, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. Silibinin Suppresses the Hyperlipidemic Effects of the ALK-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Lorlatinib in Hepatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9986. [PMID: 36077379 PMCID: PMC9456400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The third-generation anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK-TKI) lorlatinib has a unique side effect profile that includes hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia in >80% of lung cancer patients. Here, we tested the hypothesis that lorlatinib might directly promote the accumulation of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in human hepatic cells. We investigated the capacity of the hepatoprotectant silibinin to modify the lipid-modifying activity of lorlatinib. To predict clinically relevant drug−drug interactions if silibinin were used to clinically manage lorlatinib-induced hyperlipidemic effects in hepatic cells, we also explored the capacity of silibinin to interact with and block CYP3A4 activity using in silico computational descriptions and in vitro biochemical assays. A semi-targeted ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS)-based lipidomic approach revealed that short-term treatment of hepatic cells with lorlatinib promotes the accumulation of numerous molecular species of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Silibinin treatment significantly protected the steady-state lipidome of hepatocytes against the hyperlipidemic actions of lorlatinib. Lipid staining confirmed the ability of lorlatinib to promote neutral lipid overload in hepatocytes upon long-term exposure, which was prevented by co-treatment with silibinin. Computational analyses and cell-free biochemical assays predicted a weak to moderate inhibitory activity of clinically relevant concentrations of silibinin against CYP3A4 when compared with recommended (rosuvastatin) and non-recommended (simvastatin) statins for lorlatinib-associated dyslipidemia. The elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in lorlatinib-treated lung cancer patients might involve primary alterations in the hepatic accumulation of lipid intermediates. Silibinin could be clinically explored to reduce the undesirable hyperlipidemic activity of lorlatinib in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verdura
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03207 Elche, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
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8
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Hammour MM, Othman A, Aspera-Werz R, Braun B, Weis-Klemm M, Wagner S, Nadalin S, Histing T, Ruoß M, Nüssler AK. Optimisation of the HepaRG cell line model for drug toxicity studies using two different cultivation conditions: advantages and limitations. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2511-2521. [PMID: 35748891 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line represents a successful model for hepatotoxicity studies. These cells are of human origin and are differentiated in vitro into mature and functional hepatocyte-like cells. The objective of this research was to compare two different culture protocols, Sison-Young et al. 2017 (hereinafter referred as Sison) and Gripon et al. 2002 (hereinafter referred as Biopredic) for HepaRG cells in order to optimise this model for drug metabolism and toxicity testing studies. HepaRG cells obtained from the same batch were cultured according to the described protocols. Using both protocols, differentiated HepaRG cells retained their drug metabolic capacity (major phase I/II enzymes) and transporters, as well as their morphological characteristics. Morphologically, HepaRG cells cultured after the Biopredic protocol formed more apical membranes and small ductular-like structures, than those cultivated using the Sison protocol. Also, the efflux activity of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) as well as the activity of uridine-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced in HepaRG cultured using the Sison protocol. Applying well-established drug cocktails to measure cytochrome P450 (CYPs) activity, we found that production of the corresponding metabolites was hampered in Sison-cultured HepaRG cells, indicating that the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 was significantly reduced. Moreover, HepaRG sensitivity to well-known drugs, namely diclofenac, amiodarone, imipramine and paracetamol, revealed some differences between the two culture protocols. Furthermore, the HepaRG cells can be maintained with higher viability and sufficient CYPs activity and expression (i.e. CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6) as well as liver-specific functions, using Biopredic compared with the Sison culture protocol. These maintained liver-specific functions might be dependent on the prolongation of the culture conditions in the case of the Biopredic protocol. In conclusion, based on the metabolic activity of HepaRG cells using the standard protocol from Biopredic, we believe that this protocol is optimal for investigating drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Majd Hammour
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amnah Othman
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Romina Aspera-Werz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Braun
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Weis-Klemm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Tanaka-Yachi R, Aizawa K, Shimizu K, Akutsu H, Nakamura K. Low-density cell culture enhances hepatic function through tight junction formation in HepG2 cells. Biol Cell 2022; 114:225-236. [PMID: 35603978 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro evaluation system using cultured hepatocytes is the most useful method in preclinical research, such as drug metabolism and toxicity test. Human hepatocytes should be used in an in vitro evaluation system because the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes varies among animal species. HepG2 cells, a liver cancer-derived cell line, are widely used as a human hepatocyte model; however, their hepatic functions are generally weak. In this study, we showed that low-density HepG2 cell culture induces hepatic function. The morphology of HepG2 cells was altered depending on the cell density at the time of seeding. Low-density cultured HepG2 cells proliferated as tightly packed colonies. The HepG2 cell colonies in low-density culture demonstrated enhanced tight junction formation. Tight junction protein gene expression levels, such as those of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM), claudin, occludin, and tricellulin, increased in low-density cultured HepG2 cells. Phase I and II metabolic enzymes, phase III transporter gene expression, and CYP3A4 activity also increased in low-density cultured HepG2 cells. Occludin and tricellulin knockdown inhibited the increased hepatic function in low-density cultures. Tricellulin knockdown reduced the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition, the expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group h member 2 (NR1H2) increased in low-density cultures, canceled by occludin and tricellulin knockdown. Our results suggest that low-density HepG2 cell cultures enhance hepatic function by promoting tight junction formation and demonstrate the importance of cell density in drug evaluation using hepatocyte cell lines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved [As per the style sheet of the journal, Abstracts of Research Articles should have four sections: Background Information, Results, Conclusions and Significance. Please restructure the abstract as per the journal style.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Tanaka-Yachi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Kazuko Aizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Kie Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development.,Faculty of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development.,Faculty of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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10
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Müller L, Keuter L, Bücksteeg D, Uebel T, Wilken M, Schürmann L, Behrens M, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Metabolic conjugation reduces in vitro toxicity of the flavonoid nevadensin. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113006. [PMID: 35436549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the association between metabolic capacity and toxicity of the natural occurring flavonoid nevadensin in vitro. Human colon (HT29), liver (HepG2) and bone marrow (KG1) carcinoma cells were used and strong cell line dependent differences in toxic effect strength were found. HepG2 and KG1 cells were more sensitive against nevadensin treatment in comparison to HT29 cells. High resolution mass spectrometry experiments showed that nevadensin is rapidly glucuronidated in HT29 cells, whereas KG1 cells do not metabolize nevadensin, thus glucuronidation was supposed to be a crucial metabolic pathway in vitro. To proof this suggestion, nevadensin glucuronides were isolated from pig liver microsomes und structurally elucidated via NMR spectroscopy. In HepG2 cells a cellular enrichment of nevadensin itself as well as nevadensin-7-O-glucuronide was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. A proteomic screening of uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in HT29 and HepG2 cells provided first hints that the isoforms UGT1A6 and UGT1A1 are responsible for nevadensin glucuronidation. Additionally, nevadensin was found to be a potent SULT inhibitor in HepG2 cells. In sum, the present study clearly illustrates the importance of obtaining detailed information about metabolic competence of cell lines which should be considered in the evaluation of toxic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Müller
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucas Keuter
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - David Bücksteeg
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Uebel
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Wilken
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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11
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Li L, Wang Q, He Y, Sun L, Yang Y, Pang X. Astragaloside IV suppresses migration and invasion of TGF-β 1-induced human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TGF-β 1/Smad3 pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:397-405. [PMID: 35092472 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), one of the major compounds extract from Astragalus membranaceus, has shown attractive anti-cancer effects in certain malignancies. Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as a crucial factor in promoting the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In response to OS, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) upregulates and induces heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) to combat oxidative damages. The phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal of Smad3 (pSmad3C) activates p21 to resist HCC progression, while the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad3 (pSmad3L) up-regulates c-Myc transcription to exert promoting effect towards HCC. This study aimed to explore whether AS-IV suppresses migration and invasion of human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathways. HuH-7 cells were induced with TGF-β1 (9 or 40 pM) to establish HCC model in vitro and pretreated with AS-IV at different concentration (5, 10, and 20 μM) for 24 h. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HuH-7 cells were measured. The expression of Nrf2, pSmad3C, Nrf2/pNrf2, HO-1, pSmad3C/3L, c-Myc, and p21 were detected. Exposure of HuH-7 cells to TGF-β1 enhanced the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ROS production. Pretreatment with AS-IV (5, 10, and 20 μM) significantly reduced the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ROS production in HuH-7 cells. Furthermore, AS-IV increased the expressions of Nrf2/pNrf2, HO-1, pSmad3C, and p21, meanwhile reduced the expressions of pSmad3L and c-Myc. In conclusion, our study suggested that AS-IV inhibit HuH-7 cells migration and invasion, which related to activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, up-regulation pSmad3C/p21 pathway, and down-regulation pSmad3L/c-Myc pathway. The present research supports the notion that AS-IV may be a latent agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liangjie Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xiaonan Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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12
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Hucke FIL, Bestehorn-Willmann M, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Zanetta P, Bugert JJ. CHIKV strains Brazil (wt) and Ross (lab-adapted) differ with regard to cell host range and antiviral sensitivity and show CPE in human glioblastoma cell lines U138 and U251. Virus Genes 2022; 58:188-202. [PMID: 35347588 PMCID: PMC8960095 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a (re)emerging arbovirus, is the causative agent of chikungunya fever. To date, no approved vaccine or specific antiviral therapy are available. CHIKV has repeatedly been responsible for serious economic and public health impacts in countries where CHIKV epidemics occurred. Antiviral tests in vitro are generally performed in Vero-B4 cells, a well characterised cell line derived from the kidney of an African green monkey. In this work we characterised a CHIKV patient isolate from Brazil (CHIKVBrazil) with regard to cell affinity, infectivity, propagation and cell damage and compared it with a high-passage lab strain (CHIKVRoss). Infecting various cell lines (Vero-B4, A549, Huh-7, DBTRG, U251, and U138) with both virus strains, we found distinct differences between the two viruses. CHIKVBrazil does not cause cytopathic effects (CPE) in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line Huh-7. Neither CHIKVBrazil nor CHIKVRoss caused CPE on A549 human lung epithelial cells. The human astrocyte derived glioblastoma cell lines U138 and U251 were found to be effective models for lytic infection with both virus strains and we discuss their predictive potential for neurogenic CHIKV disease. We also detected significant differences in antiviral efficacies regarding the two CHIKV strains. Generally, the antivirals ribavirin, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and T-1105 seem to work better against CHIKVBrazil in glioblastoma cells than in Vero-B4. Finally, full genome analyses of the CHIKV isolates were done in order to determine their lineage and possibly explain differences in tissue range and antiviral compound efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike I L Hucke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Marcella Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paola Zanetta
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DISS), School of Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Joachim J Bugert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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13
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Liu Y. Study Liver Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition and Hepatotoxicity Using DMSO-Differentiated HuH-7 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2474:39-46. [PMID: 35294754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2213-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolically competent, inexpensive, and robust in vitro cell models are needed for studying liver drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatotoxicity. Human hepatoma HuH-7 cells develop into a differentiated in vitro model resembling primary human hepatocytes after a 2-week dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. DMSO-differentiated HuH-7 cells express elevated cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme gene expression and activity compared to untreated HuH-7 cells. This cell model could be used to study CYP3A4 inhibition by reversible and time-dependent inhibitors, such as drugs, food ingredients, and environmental chemicals. The DMSO-differentiated HuH-7 model is also a suitable tool for investigating hepatotoxicity. This chapter describes a detailed methodology for developing DMSO-differentiated HuH-7 cells, which are subsequently used for CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
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14
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Mohammed HA, Eldeeb HM, Khan RA, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed SAA, Sajid MSM, Aly MSA, Ahmad AM, Abdellatif AAH, Eid SY, El-Readi MZ. Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195757. [PMID: 34641301 PMCID: PMC8510068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sage, Salvia officinalis L., is used worldwide as an aromatic herb for culinary purposes as well as a traditional medicinal agent for various ailments. Current investigations exhibited the effects of extended dryings of the herb on the yields, composition, oil quality, and hepatoprotective as well as anti-cancer biological activities of the hydrodistillation-obtained essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant. The essential oils’ yields, compositions, and biological activities levels of the fresh and differently timed and room-temperature dried herbs differed significantly. The lowest yields of the essential oil were obtained from the fresh herbs (FH, 631 mg, 0.16%), while the highest yield was obtained from the two-week dried herbs (2WDH, 1102 mg, 0.28%). A notable decrease in monoterpenes, with increment in the sesquiterpene constituents, was observed for the FH-based essential oil as compared to all the other batches of the essential oils obtained from the different-timed dried herbs. Additionally, characteristic chemotypic constituents of sage, i.e., α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, α-thujone, and camphor, were present in significantly higher proportions in all the dried herbs’ essential oils as compared to the FH-based essential oil. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as a significant increase in the total protein (p < 0.05) contents level, as compared to the acetaminophen (AAP) administered experimental group of rats. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the ALT level was demonstrated by the 4WDH-based essential oil in comparison to the FH-based essential oil. The levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were reduced (p < 0.05) in the pre-treated rats by the essential oil batches, with non-significant differences found among them as a result of the herbs dryings based oils. A notable increase in the viability of the cells, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC) levels, together with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed by the essential oils obtained from all the batches as compared with the AAP-treated cell-lines, HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7, that indicated the in vitro hepatoprotective effects of the sage essential oils. However, significant improvements in the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective activities with the 4WDH-based oil, as compared to all other essential oil-batches and silymarin standard demonstrated the beneficial effects of the drying protocol for the herb for its medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Hussein M. Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Mohsen S. Al-Omar
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, JUST, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Salman A. A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
| | - Mohammed S. M. Sajid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
| | | | - Adel M. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safaa Yehia Eid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.Y.E.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
| | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.Y.E.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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15
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Blidisel A, Marcovici I, Coricovac D, Hut F, Dehelean CA, Cretu OM. Experimental Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-A Preclinical Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3651. [PMID: 34359553 PMCID: PMC8344976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent form of primary liver carcinoma, is a heterogenous and complex tumor type with increased incidence, poor prognosis, and high mortality. The actual therapeutic arsenal is narrow and poorly effective, rendering this disease a global health concern. Although considerable progress has been made in terms of understanding the pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, genetics, and therapeutical approaches, several facets of human HCC remain undiscovered. A valuable and prompt approach to acquire further knowledge about the unrevealed aspects of HCC and novel therapeutic candidates is represented by the application of experimental models. Experimental models (in vivo and in vitro 2D and 3D models) are considered reliable tools to gather data for clinical usability. This review offers an overview of the currently available preclinical models frequently applied for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of initiation, development, and progression, as well as for the discovery of efficient treatments, highlighting the advantages and the limitations of each model. Furthermore, we also focus on the role played by computational studies (in silico models and artificial intelligence-based prediction models) as promising novel tools in liver cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Blidisel
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Florin Hut
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Octavian Marius Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
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16
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Viswanathan P, Gupta P, Sharma Y, Maisuradze L, Bandi S, Gupta S. Caffeine disrupts ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene-related pathways and exacerbates acetaminophen toxicity in human fetal immortalized hepatocytes. Toxicology 2021; 457:152811. [PMID: 33971260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants are at greater risk for adverse drug effects due to hepatic immaturity. Multiple interventions during intensive care increases potential for drug interactions. In this setting, high-dose caffeine used for apnea in premature infants may increase acetaminophen toxicity by inhibiting ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene activity during DNA damage response. To define caffeine and acetaminophen interaction, we modeled infantile prematurity in late-gestation fetal stage through human immortalized hepatocytes and liver organoids. The acute toxicity studies included assays for cell viability, mitochondrial dysfunction and ATM pathway-related DNA damage. Fetal cells expressed hepatobiliary properties, albeit with lower metabolic, synthetic and antioxidant functions than more mature hepatocytes. Acetaminophen in IC50 amount of 7.5 millimolar caused significant oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential impairments, and DNA breaks requiring ATM-dependent repair. Caffeine markedly exacerbated acetaminophen toxicity by suppressing ATM activity in otherwise nontoxic 2.5 millimolar amount. Similarly, the specific ATM kinase antagonist, KU-60019, reproduced this deleterious interaction in 5 micromolar amount. Replicative stress from combined acetaminophen and caffeine toxicity depleted cells undergoing DNA synthesis in S phase and activated checkpoints for G0/G1 or G2/M restrictions. Synergistic caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity in liver organoids indicated these consequences should apply in vivo. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, decreased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and ATM pathway disruption to mitigate caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity. We concluded that hepatic DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment and growth-arrest after combined caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity will be harmful for premature infants. Whether caffeine and acetaminophen toxicity may alter outcomes in subsequently encountered hepatic disease needs consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Viswanathan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sriram Bandi
- Department of Medicine, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA; Diabetes Center, USA; Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, USA; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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17
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Jayal P, Behera P, Mullick R, Ramachandra SG, Das S, Kumar A, Karande A. Responsive polymer-assisted 3D cryogel supports Huh7.5 as in vitro hepatitis C virus model and ectopic human hepatic tissue in athymic mice. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1286-1304. [PMID: 33295646 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models serve as the interface between conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture and animal models. 3D culture offers the best possible model system to understand the pathophysiology of human pathogens such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), which lacks a small animal model, due to narrow host tropism and non-permissiveness of murine hepatocytes. In this study, functionally robust spheroids of HCV permissive Huh7.5 cells were generated, assisted by the temperature or pH-responsive polymers PNIPAAm and Eudragit respectively, followed by the long-term growth of the multilayered 3D aggregates in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-alginate-gelatin (PAG) cryogel. The human serum albumin (HSA), marker of hepatic viability was detected up to 600 ng/ml on 24th day of culture. The 3D spheroid culture exhibited a distinct morphology and transcript levels with the upregulation of hepato-specific transcripts, nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), transthyretin (TTr), albumin (Alb), phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing genes. The two most important phase I enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, together responsible for 90% metabolism of drugs exhibited up to 9- and 12-fold increment, respectively in transcripts. The 3D culture was highly permissive to HCV infection and supported higher multiplicity of infection compared to monolayer Huh7.5 culture. Quantitation of high levels of HSA (500-200 ng/ml) in circulation in mice for 32 days asserted integration with host vasculature and in vivo establishment of 3D culture implants as an ectopic human hepatic tissue in mice. The study demonstrates the 3D spheroid Huh7.5 culture as a model for HCV studies and screening potential for anti-HCV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jayal
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmanava Behera
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranajoy Mullick
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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19
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Villalva-Pérez JM, Ramírez-Vargas MA, Serafín-Fabían JI, Ramírez M, Elena Moreno-Godínez M, Espinoza-Rojo M, Flores-Alfaro E. Characterization of Huh7 cells after the induction of insulin resistance and post-treatment with metformin. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:499-511. [PMID: 32409919 PMCID: PMC7450031 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-specific insulin resistance is associated with the development of the main challenges in metabolism, resulting in dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. In vitro models developed for researching hepatic insulin resistance are limited and employed cell lines without similar characteristics to primary human hepatocytes. The Huh7 cell line has been established as a model with similar characteristics to primary human hepatocytes. In addition, it has been identified in the Huh7 cell line that infection with the hepatitis C virus induces insulin resistance. Therefore, we analyzed the induction of insulin resistance (IR) in the Huh7 cell line using an overdosage of insulin and treatment with metformin for its reversal, with the purpose of establishing an insulin resistance model useful for metabolic and pharmacological studies. Insulin-resistant Huh7 (Huh7-IR) showed a reduction in Glut2, glycogen levels, and glucose uptake stimulated by insulin or tyrosine phosphorylation from the β-fraction of insulin receptor post-insulin stimulation, with an increase of glucose production and lipid intracellular content. These biomarkers are frequently observed in insulin-resistant hepatic cells. Moreover, treatment of Huh7-IR with 0.5, 1 or 2 mM of metformin by 24 h decreased the biomarkers associated with an insulin-resistant state. These results suggest that Huh7-IR could be used as an in vitro system to research hepatic insulin resistance in metabolic and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Villalva-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Zip: 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Zip: 39087, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Jesús Isimar Serafín-Fabían
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Zip: 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Mónica Ramírez
- CONACYT, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Javier Méndez Aponte No. 1, Fracc. Servidor Agrario, Zip: 39070, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Zip: 39087, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Mónica Espinoza-Rojo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Zip: 39087, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Zip: 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, Mexico.
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20
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Padberg F, Hering H, Luch A, Zellmer S. Indirect co-cultivation of HepG2 with differentiated THP-1 cells induces AHR signalling and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104957. [PMID: 32739440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HepG2 and THP-1 cells, the latter differentiated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), were co-cultured and characterized for typical liver-specific functions, such as xenobiotic detoxification, lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, liver injury-associated pathways, such as inflammation, were studied. In general, the co-cultivation of these cells produced a pro-inflammatory system, as indicated by increased levels of cytokines (IL-8, TGF-α, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TGF-β, and hFGF) in the respective supernatant. Increased expression levels of target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, were detected, accompanied by the increased enzyme activity of CYP1A1. Moreover, transcriptome analyses indicated a significant upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, which could be reduced to baseline levels by lovastatin. In contrast, total de novo lipid synthesis was reduced in co-cultured HepG2 cells. Key events of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for fibrosis were activated by the co-cultivation, however, no increase in the concentration of extracellular collagen was detected. This indicates, that AOP should be used with care. In summary, the indirect co-culture of HepG2/THP-1 cells results in an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an activation of the AHR pathway and an increased enzymatic CYP1A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Padberg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Henrik Hering
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Wahlicht T, Vièyres G, Bruns SA, Meumann N, Büning H, Hauser H, Schmitz I, Pietschmann T, Wirth D. Controlled Functional Zonation of Hepatocytes In Vitro by Engineering of Wnt Signaling. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1638-1649. [PMID: 32551516 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Key liver functions, including protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification, are performed by specific populations of hepatocytes that are defined by their relative positions within the liver lobules. On a molecular level, the functional heterogeneity with periportal and pericentral phenotypes, so-called metabolic liver zonation, is mainly established by a gradient of canonical Wnt signaling activity. Since the relevant physiological cues are missing in in vitro liver models, they fail to reflect the functional heterogeneity and thus lack many liver functions. We synthetically re-engineered Wnt signaling in murine and human hepatocytes using a doxycycline-dependent cassette for externally controlled digital expression of stabilized β-catenin. Thereby, we achieved adjustable mosaic-like activation of Wnt signaling in in vitro-cultured hepatocytes that was resistant to negative-feedback loops. This allowed the establishment of long-term-stable periportal-like and pericentral-like phenotypes that mimic the heterogeneity observed in vivo. The in vitro-zonated hepatocytes show differential expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and associated differential toxicity and higher levels of autophagy. Furthermore, recombinant adeno-associated virus and hepatitis C virus preferentially transduce the pericentral-like zonation phenotype, suggesting a bias of these viruses that has been unappreciated to date. These tightly controlled in vivo-like systems will be important for studies evaluating aspects of liver zonation and for the assessment of drug toxicity for mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wahlicht
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vièyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja A. Bruns
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Meumann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover−Braunschweig Partner Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover−Braunschweig Partner Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Department of Scientific Strategy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Medical University Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Lee DH, Jung YS, Yun J, Han SB, Roh YS, Song MJ, Hong JT. Peroxiredoxin 6 mediates acetaminophen-induced hepatocyte death through JNK activation. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101496. [PMID: 32171727 PMCID: PMC7068129 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most frequently used drugs; however, its overdose leads to acute liver injury. Recently, studies have reported that the adduction of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), a member of the PRDX family of antioxidant enzymes, is associated with liver diseases. However, the role of PRDX6 in APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear. Here, we assessed both age-matched (about 12 weeks) PRDX6-overexpressing transgenic mice (PRDX6 mice) and wild type (WT) mice presenting acute liver injury induced by the intraperitoneal injection of APAP (500 mg/kg). Although PRDX6 is known as an antioxidant enzyme, PRDX6 mice unexpectedly demonstrated severe liver injury following APAP injection compared with WT mice. We observed that PRDX6 was hyperoxidized after APAP administration. Additionally, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels were markedly elevated in PRDX6 mice following APAP administration. Moreover, APAP-induced JNK phosphorylation was considerably increased in the liver of PRDX6 mice. MJ33, an inhibitor of PRDX6, attenuated APAP-induced liver injury both in WT and PRDX6 mice. Notably, MJ33 reduced the APAP-induced increase in JNK activation, iPLA2 activity, and LPC levels. Although SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, abolished APAP-induced liver injury, it failed to affect the APAP-induced hyperoxidation of PRDX6, iPLA2 activity, and LPC levels. These results suggested that PRDX6 was converted to the hyperoxidized form by the APAP-induced high concentration of hydrogen peroxides. In the liver, hyperoxidized PRDX6 induced cellular toxicity via JNK activation by enhancing iPLA2 activity and LPC levels; this mechanism appears to be a one-way cascade. PRDX6 is hyperoxidized by ROS induced by APAP in the liver. Increased hyperoxidized PRDX6 by overexpression aggravates APAP-induced liver injury. Hyperoxidized PRDX6 enhances JNK activation via increasing its iPLA2 activity. MJ33, iPLA activity of PRDX6 inhibitor, inhibits APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07345, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Ruoß M, Rebholz S, Weimer M, Grom-Baumgarten C, Athanasopulu K, Kemkemer R, Käß H, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. Development of Scaffolds with Adjusted Stiffness for Mimicking Disease-Related Alterations of Liver Rigidity. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E17. [PMID: 32183326 PMCID: PMC7151584 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is one of the most common reasons for the failure of drugs in clinical trials and frequent withdrawal from the market. Reasons for such failures include the low predictive power of in vivo studies, that is mainly caused by metabolic differences between humans and animals, and intraspecific variances. In addition to factors such as age and genetic background, changes in drug metabolism can also be caused by disease-related changes in the liver. Such metabolic changes have also been observed in clinical settings, for example, in association with a change in liver stiffness, a major characteristic of an altered fibrotic liver. For mimicking these changes in an in vitro model, this study aimed to develop scaffolds that represent the rigidity of healthy and fibrotic liver tissue. We observed that liver cells plated on scaffolds representing the stiffness of healthy livers showed a higher metabolic activity compared to cells plated on stiffer scaffolds. Additionally, we detected a positive effect of a scaffold pre-coated with fetal calf serum (FCS)-containing media. This pre-incubation resulted in increased cell adherence during cell seeding onto the scaffolds. In summary, we developed a scaffold-based 3D model that mimics liver stiffness-dependent changes in drug metabolism that may more easily predict drug interaction in diseased livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Silas Rebholz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Marina Weimer
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Carl Grom-Baumgarten
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Kiriaki Athanasopulu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Hanno Käß
- Faculty of Basic Science, University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, 73728 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany;
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
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24
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Ruoß M, Kieber V, Rebholz S, Linnemann C, Rinderknecht H, Häussling V, Häcker M, Olde Damink LHH, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. Cell-Type-Specific Quantification of a Scaffold-Based 3D Liver Co-Culture. Methods Protoc 2019; 3:E1. [PMID: 31878071 PMCID: PMC7189675 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the metabolic activity of human hepatocytes and liver cancer cell lines, many approaches have been reported in recent years. The metabolic activity could be increased mainly by cultivating the cells in 3D systems or co-cultures (with other cell lines). However, if the system becomes more complex, it gets more difficult to quantify the number of cells (e.g., on a 3D matrix). Until now, it has been impossible to quantify different cell types individually in 3D co-culture systems. Therefore, we developed a PCR-based method that allows the quantification of HepG2 cells and 3T3-J2 cells separately in a 3D scaffold culture. Moreover, our results show that this method allows better comparability between 2D and 3D cultures in comparison to the often-used approaches based on metabolic activity measurements, such as the conversion of resazurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Vanessa Kieber
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Silas Rebholz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Marina Häcker
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | | | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, BG-Klinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.K.); (S.R.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (V.H.); (M.H.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
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25
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Gupta P, Sharma Y, Viswanathan P, Gupta S. Cellular cytokine receptor signaling and ATM pathway intersections affect hepatic DNA repair. Cytokine 2019; 127:154946. [PMID: 31837586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways involving ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene and its downstream partners and effectors are critical for the DNA damage response. Cell survival, proliferation and tissue homeostasis are dependent upon preservation of DNA integrity but additional intracellular mechanisms contribute in these processes. As receptor-mediated signaling with beneficial intersections in ATM pathways could have therapeutic significance, we interrogated such intersections with assays using HuH-7 cells (hepatocytes). These cells were subjected to acetaminophen toxicity, which is a leading cause of hepatic injury and acute liver failure in people. The ATM pathway was examined in HuH-7-ATM-Prom-tdT cells containing fluorescent td-Tomato transgene reporter for ATM promoter activity. Titrated doses of specific growth factors were used as ligands for receptor-mediated signaling. The contribution of JAK/STAT3 signaling was defined by the loss-of-function approach with the JAK antagonist, ruxolitinib. In these assays, impairment in ATM-related DNA damage response following acetaminophen toxicity was ameliorated by selected growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. The JAK/STAT3 signaling was exclusive to granulocyte colony stimulating factor but concerned additional pathways in cases of other growth factors. Antagonism of JAK/STAT3 by ruxolitinib abrogated benefits in ATM pathway-mediated DNA repair; and identification of the ruxolitinib-sensitive component of cytoprotection allowed separations of these pathway intersections. Therefore, this subtractive approach for ATM and other regulators in pathways will be informative for DNA damage response. These mechanisms will benefit therapeutic development for ATM-related tissue and organ injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA
| | - Preeti Viswanathan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA; Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA.
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26
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Tsafantakis N, Katsanou ES, Kyriakopoulou K, Psarou EC, Raptaki I, Skaltsounis AL, Audebert M, Machera KA, Fokialakis N. Comparative UHPLC-HRMS Profiling, Toxicological Assessment, and Protection Against H 2O 2-Induced Genotoxicity of Different Parts of Opuntia ficus indica. J Med Food 2019; 22:1280-1293. [PMID: 31584314 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opuntia ficus indica has been an important dietary source and a traditionally used medicinal plant. Given the promising health-promoting properties of this plant, a comparative toxicological assessment and antioxidant bioevaluation of extracts from different parts of the plant were carried out in relation to their chemical profile. Toxicity was examined at multiple endpoints using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Comet and the γH2AX In-Cell Western Assay, while hyphenated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) analysis was carried out to identify main constituents. None of the extracts showed any cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on cell lines used, apart from the flower extract in HepG2 cells at the highest concentration tested (2.5 mg/mL). Both fruit flesh and seed extracts demonstrated a prominent protective effect against H2O2-induced genotoxicity in almost all concentrations tested, while extracts originated from flowers and cladodes were effective only at the low non-cytotoxic (0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL) and high (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) concentrations, respectively. In total, 2 phenolic acids, 12 flavonoids, along with 3 feruloyl derivatives and the plant pigment indicaxanthin, were tentatively identified by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Phenolic acids (compounds 1 and 2) were mainly distributed in cladodes (64.6%), while flavonoids (3-14) in the flowers (81.8%). Overall, the highest amount of total flavonoids (22.76 ± 0.015 mg of quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) and total phenolics (62.80 ± 0.009 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) was found in the flower extract. Flavonoid glycosides have not been detected in the seeds and the flesh, while the fruit seed extract contained mainly feruloyl derivatives. Our data provide convincing evidences for the lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of O. ficus indica aqueous extracts and, in parallel, support the potential for further exploitation of this plant in the food supplement or functional food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efrosini S Katsanou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini-Christina Psarou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Iliana Raptaki
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios L Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marc Audebert
- UMR1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Kyriaki A Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Shortt K, Heruth DP, Zhang N, Wu W, Singh S, Li DY, Zhang LQ, Wyckoff GJ, Qi LS, Friesen CA, Ye SQ. Identification of Novel Regulatory Genes in APAP Induced Hepatocyte Toxicity by a Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1396. [PMID: 30718897 PMCID: PMC6362041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used analgesic responsible for more than half of acute liver failure cases. Identification of previously unknown genetic risk factors would provide mechanistic insights and novel therapeutic targets for APAP-induced liver injury. This study used a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to evaluate genes that are protective against, or cause susceptibility to, APAP-induced liver injury. HuH7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells containing CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts were treated with 15 mM APAP for 30 minutes to 4 days. A gene expression profile was developed based on the 1) top screening hits, 2) overlap of expression data from APAP overdose studies, and 3) predicted affected biological pathways. We further demonstrated the implementation of intermediate time points for the identification of early and late response genes. This study illustrated the power of a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to systematically identify novel genes involved in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and to provide potential targets to develop novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Shortt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Precision Genomics, Intermountain Healthcare, St. George, UT, 84790, USA
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.
| | - NiNi Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shipra Singh
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ding-You Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Li Qin Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Gerald J Wyckoff
- Division of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Craig A Friesen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shui Qing Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Ruoß M, Damm G, Vosough M, Ehret L, Grom-Baumgarten C, Petkov M, Naddalin S, Ladurner R, Seehofer D, Nussler A, Sajadian S. Epigenetic Modifications of the Liver Tumor Cell Line HepG2 Increase Their Drug Metabolic Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020347. [PMID: 30654452 PMCID: PMC6358789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human liver tumor cells have reduced metabolic functions as compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH) they are widely used for pre-screening tests of drug metabolism and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to modify liver cancer cell lines in order to improve their drug-metabolizing activities towards PHH. It is well-known that epigenetics is strongly modified in tumor cells and that epigenetic regulators influence the expression and function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes through altering crucial transcription factors responsible for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, we screened the epigenetic status of four different liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, HLE, HepG2 and AKN-1) which were reported to have metabolizing drug activities. Our results showed that HepG2 cells demonstrated the highest similarity compared to PHH. Thus, we modified the epigenetic status of HepG2 cells towards 'normal' liver cells by 5-Azacytidine (5-AZA) and Vitamin C exposure. Then, mRNA expression of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker SNAIL and CYP enzymes were measured by PCR and determinate specific drug metabolites, associated with CYP enzymes by LC/MS. Our results demonstrated an epigenetic shift in HepG2 cells towards PHH after exposure to 5-AZA and Vitamin C which resulted in a higher expression and activity of specific drug metabolizing CYP enzymes. Finally, we observed that 5-AZA and Vitamin C led to an increased expression of Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and E-Cadherin and a significant down regulation of Snail1 (SNAIL), the key transcriptional repressor of E-Cadherin. Our study shows, that certain phase I genes and their enzyme activities are increased by epigenetic modification in HepG2 cells with a concomitant reduction of EMT marker gene SNAIL. The enhancing of liver specific functions in hepatoma cells using epigenetic modifiers opens new opportunities for the usage of cell lines as a potential liver in vitro model for drug testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran 16635-148, Iran.
| | - Lisa Ehret
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Carl Grom-Baumgarten
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Petkov
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Silvio Naddalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sahar Sajadian
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Ruoß M, Häussling V, Schügner F, Olde Damink LHH, Lee SML, Ge L, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. A Standardized Collagen-Based Scaffold Improves Human Hepatocyte Shipment and Allows Metabolic Studies over 10 Days. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E86. [PMID: 30332824 PMCID: PMC6316810 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to pronounced species differences, hepatotoxicity of new drugs often cannot be detected in animal studies. Alternatively, human hepatocytes could be used, but there are some limitations. The cells are not always available on demand or in sufficient amounts, so far there has been only limited success to allow the transport of freshly isolated hepatocytes without massive loss of function or their cultivation for a long time. Since it is well accepted that the cultivation of hepatocytes in 3D is related to an improved function, we here tested the Optimaix-3D Scaffold from Matricel for the transport and cultivation of hepatocytes. After characterization of the scaffold, we shipped cells on the scaffold and/or cultivated them over 10 days. With the evaluation of hepatocyte functions such as urea production, albumin synthesis, and CYP activity, we showed that the metabolic activity of the cells on the scaffold remained nearly constant over the culture time whereas a significant decrease in metabolic activity occurred in 2D cultures. In addition, we demonstrated that significantly fewer cells were lost during transport. In summary, the collagen-based scaffold allows the transport and cultivation of hepatocytes without loss of function over 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Serene M L Lee
- Hepacult GmbH, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg, Germany.
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Liming Ge
- Hepacult GmbH, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Roth AD, Lama P, Dunn S, Hong S, Lee MY. Polymer coating on a micropillar chip for robust attachment of PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel for 3D hepatic cell culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:634-644. [PMID: 29853133 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For better mimicking tissues in vivo and developing predictive cell models for high-throughput screening (HTS) of potential drug candidates, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been performed in various hydrogels. In this study, we have investigated several polymer coating materials to robustly attach PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel on a micropillar chip for 3D culture of Hep3B human hepatic cells, which can be used as a tool for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity. Among several amphiphilic polymers with maleic anhydride groups tested, 0.01% (w/v) poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMA-OD) provided superior coating properties with no PuraMatrix spot detachment from the micropillar chip and no air bubble entrapment in a complementary microwell chip. To maintain Hep3B cell viability in PuraMatrix gel on the chip, gelation conditions were optimized in the presence of additional salts, at different seeding densities, and for growth medium washes. As a result, salts in growth media were sufficient for gelation, and relatively high cell seeding at 6 million cells/mL and two media washes for pH neutralization were required. With optimized 3D cell culture conditions, controlled gene expression and compound toxicity assessment were successfully demonstrated by using recombinant adenoviruses carrying genes for green and red fluorescent proteins as well as six model compounds. Overall, PuraMatrix hydrogel on the chip was suitable for 3D cell encapsulation, gene expression, and rapid toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Pratap Lama
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States.
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31
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Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Polo M, Alegre F, Moragrega AB, Gibellini L, Marti‐Rodrigo A, Blas‐Garcia A, Esplugues JV, Apostolova N. Lon protease: a novel mitochondrial matrix protein in the interconnection between drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4409-4429. [PMID: 28940366 PMCID: PMC5715983 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) domains that enable it to interact directly with mitochondria and mediate metabolic flow and Ca2+ transfer. A growing list of proteins have been identified as MAMs components, but how they are recruited and function during complex cell stress situations is still not understood, while the participation of mitochondrial matrix proteins is largely unrecognized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH This work compares mitochondrial/ER contact during combined ER stress/mitochondrial dysfunction using a model of human hepatoma cells (Hep3B cell line) treated for 24 h with classic pharmacological inducers of ER stress (thapsigargin), mitochondrial dysfunction (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone or rotenone) or both (the antiretroviral drug efavirenz used at clinically relevant concentrations). KEY RESULTS Markers of mitochondrial dynamics (dynamin-related protein 1, optic atrophy 1 and mitofusin 2) were expressed differently with these stimuli, pointing to a specificity of combined ER/mitochondrial stress. Lon, a matrix protease involved in protein and mtDNA quality control, was up-regulated at mRNA and protein levels under all conditions. However, only efavirenz decreased the mitochondrial content of Lon while increasing its extramitochondrial presence and its localization to MAMs. This latter effect resulted in an enhanced mitochondria/ER interaction, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation experiments of MAMs protein partners and confocal microscopy imaging. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A specific dual drug-induced mitochondria-ER effect enhances the MAMs content of Lon and its extramitochondrial expression. This is the first report of this phenomenon and suggests a novel MAMs-linked function of Lon protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO‐Hospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaSpain
| | - Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO‐Hospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaSpain
| | - Angela B Moragrega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of MedicineModenaItaly
| | - Alberto Marti‐Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Blas‐Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO‐Hospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)ValenciaSpain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO‐Hospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)ValenciaSpain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)ValenciaSpain
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Chen Y, Zeng L, Wang Y, Tolleson WH, Knox B, Chen S, Ren Z, Guo L, Mei N, Qian F, Huang K, Liu D, Tong W, Yu D, Ning B. The expression, induction and pharmacological activity of CYP1A2 are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA hsa-miR-132-5p. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 145:178-191. [PMID: 28822783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is one of the most abundant and important drug metabolizing enzymes in human liver. However, little is known about the post-transcriptional regulation of CYP1A2, especially the mechanisms involving microRNAs (miRNAs). This study applied a systematic approach to investigate the post-transcriptional regulation of CYP1A2 by miRNAs. Candidate miRNAs targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of CYP1A2 were screened in silico, resulting in the selection of sixty-two potential miRNAs for further analysis. The levels of two miRNAs, hsa-miR-132-5p and hsa-miR-221-5p, were inversely correlated with the expression of CYP1A2 mRNA transcripts in normal human liver tissue samples represented in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The interactions between these miRNAs and cognate CYP1A2 mRNA sequences were evaluated using luciferase reporter gene studies and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, by which a direct interaction was confirmed involving hsa-miR-132-5p and a cognate binding site present in the CYP1A2 3'-UTR. Experiments by which hsa-miR-132-5p or random miRNA controls were introduced into HepG2, Huh-7 and HepaRG hepatic cell lines showed that only hsa-miR-132-5p suppressed the endogenous and lansoprazole-induced expression of CYP1A2, at biological activity, protein production, and mRNA transcript levels. Furthermore, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that hsa-miR-132-5p attenuates CYP1A2-mediated, lansoprazole-enhanced, flutamide-induced hepatic cell toxicity. Results from multilayer experiments demonstrate that hsa-miR-132-5p suppresses the expression of CYP1A2 and that this suppression is able to decrease the extent of an adverse drug-drug interaction involving lansoprazole and flutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Linjuan Zeng
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William H Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Bridgett Knox
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Kaihong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - David Liu
- Longevity Center of CHI St. Vincent Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dianke Yu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Khazali AS, Clark AM, Wells A. A Pathway to Personalizing Therapy for Metastases Using Liver-on-a-Chip Platforms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:364-380. [PMID: 28425064 PMCID: PMC5484059 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for most cancer-related deaths. The majority of solid cancers, including those of the breast, colorectum, prostate and skin, metastasize at significant levels to the liver due to its hemodynamic as well as tumor permissive microenvironmental properties. As this occurs prior to detection and treatment of the primary tumor, we need to target liver metastases to improve patients' outcomes. Animal models, while proven to be useful in mechanistic studies, do not represent the heterogeneity of human population especially in drug metabolism lack proper human cell-cell interactions, and this gap between animals and humans results in costly and inefficient drug discovery. This underscores the need to accurately model the human liver for disease studies and drug development. Further, the occurrence of liver metastases is influenced by the primary tumor type, sex and race; thus, modeling these specific settings will facilitate the development of personalized/targeted medicine for each specific group. We have adapted such all-human 3D ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system (MPS) (a.k.a. liver-on-a-chip) to investigate human micrometastases. This review focuses on the sources of liver resident cells, especially the iPS cell-derived hepatocytes, and examines some of the advantages and disadvantages of these sources. In addition, this review also examines other potential challenges and limitations in modeling human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Khazali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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González LT, Minsky NW, Espinosa LEM, Aranda RS, Meseguer JP, Pérez PC. In vitro assessment of hepatoprotective agents against damage induced by acetaminophen and CCl 4. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:39. [PMID: 28086854 PMCID: PMC5234107 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro bioassays are important in the evaluation of plants with possible hepatoprotective effects. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pretreatment of HepG2 cells with hepatoprotective agents against the damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and paracetamol (APAP). METHODS Antioxidative activity was measured using an assay to measure 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. The in vitro hepatotoxicity of CCl4 and APAP, and the cytotoxic and hepatoprotective properties of silymarin (SLM), silybinin (SLB), and silyphos (SLP) were evaluated by measuring cell viability; activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC); and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) levels). RESULTS Only SLB and SLM showed strong antioxidative activity in the DPPH assay (39.71 ± 0.85 μg/mL and 14.14 ± 0.65 μg/mL, respectively). CCl4 induced time- and concentration-dependent changes. CCl4 had significant effects on cell viability, enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, TAOxC, and SOD and GSH levels. These differences remained significant up to an exposure time of 3 h. APAP induced a variety of dose- and time-dependent responses up to 72 h of exposure. SLM, SLB, and SLP were not cytotoxic. Only SLB at a concentration of 100 μg/mL or 150 μg/mL significantly decreased the enzyme activities and MDA level, and prevented depletion of total antioxidants compared with CCl4. CONCLUSIONS CCl4 was more consistent than APAP in inducing cell injury. Only SLB provided hepatoprotection. AST, LDH, and MDA levels were good markers of liver damage.
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Wewering F, Jouy F, Caliskan S, Kalkhof S, von Bergen M, Luch A, Zellmer S. Hepatic co-cultures in vitro reveal suitable to detect Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress responses on the bladder carcinogen o-anisidine. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:153-160. [PMID: 28089782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The azo dye o-anisidine is known as an industrial and environmental pollutant. Metabolites of o-anisidine remain in the liver for >24h. However, the toxicological impact of o-anisidine on the liver and its individual cell types, e.g., hepatocytes and immune cells, is currently poorly understood. A novel co-culture system, composed of HepG2 or Huh-7 cells, and differentiated THP-1 cells was used to study the metabolic capacity towards o-anisidine, and compared to primary murine hepatocytes which express high enzyme activities. As model compounds the carcinogenic arylamine o-anisidine and its non-carcinogenic isomer, p-anisidine, as well as caffeine were used. Global proteome analysis revealed an activation of eIF2 and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathways only in co-cultures after treatment with o-anisidine. This was confirmed via detection of reactive oxygen species. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased already after 3h treatment of cells, which correlated with a decrease of ATP levels (R2>0.92). In the supernatant of co-cultured, but not single-cultured HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, o-anisidine caused increases of damage-associated proteins, such as HMGB1 (high mobility group box-1) protein. In summary, only co-cultures of HepG2 and THP-1 cells predict o-anisidine induced stress responsive pathways, since the system has a higher sensitivity compared to single cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wewering
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florent Jouy
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sükran Caliskan
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Coburg, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Roth AD, Lee MY. Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury (IDILI): Potential Mechanisms and Predictive Assays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9176937. [PMID: 28133614 PMCID: PMC5241492 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9176937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a significant source of drug recall and acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States. While current drug development processes emphasize general toxicity and drug metabolizing enzyme- (DME-) mediated toxicity, it has been challenging to develop comprehensive models for assessing complete idiosyncratic potential. In this review, we describe the enzymes and proteins that contain polymorphisms believed to contribute to IDILI, including ones that affect phase I and phase II metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, drug transporters, inflammation, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We then describe the various assays that have been developed to detect individual reactions focusing on each of the mechanisms described in the background. Finally, we examine current trends in developing comprehensive models for examining these mechanisms. There is an urgent need to develop a panel of multiparametric assays for diagnosing individual toxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Roth
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
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Burkina V, Rasmussen MK, Pilipenko N, Zamaratskaia G. Comparison of xenobiotic-metabolising human, porcine, rodent, and piscine cytochrome P450. Toxicology 2017; 375:10-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Oxidative stress during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Sources, pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential. Redox Biol 2016; 10:148-156. [PMID: 27744120 PMCID: PMC5065645 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is characterized by an extensive oxidative stress. However, its source, pathophysiological role and possible therapeutic potential if targeted, have been controversially described. Earlier studies argued for cytochrome P450-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) during APAP metabolism, which resulted in massive lipid peroxidation and subsequent liver injury. However, subsequent studies convincingly challenged this assumption and the current paradigm suggests that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, which impair mitochondrial function and are responsible for cell signaling resulting in cell death. Although immune cells can be a source of ROS in other models, no reliable evidence exists to support a role for immune cell-derived ROS in APAP hepatotoxicity. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial targeted antioxidants can be viable therapeutic agents against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP overdose, and re-purposing existing drugs to target oxidative stress and other concurrent signaling events can be a promising strategy to increase its potential application in patients with APAP overdose. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS and RNS that are responsible for the toxicity. Cytochrome P450 and inflammatory cells are probably not relevant sources of ROS for the toxicity. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a promising therapeutic target against APAP overdose.
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Cipriano M, Freyer N, Knöspel F, Oliveira NG, Barcia R, Cruz PE, Cruz H, Castro M, Santos JM, Zeilinger K, Miranda JP. Self-assembled 3D spheroids and hollow-fibre bioreactors improve MSC-derived hepatocyte-like cell maturation in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1815-1832. [PMID: 27590069 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3D cultures of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) have emerged as promising models for short- and long-term maintenance of hepatocyte phenotype in vitro cultures by better resembling the in vivo environment of the liver and consequently increase the translational value of the resulting data. In this study, the first stage of hepatic differentiation of human neonatal mesenchymal stem cells (hnMSCs) was performed in 2D monolayer cultures for 17 days. The second stage was performed by either maintaining cells in 2D cultures for an extra 10 days, as control, or alternatively cultured in 3D as self-assembled spheroids or in multicompartment membrane bioreactor system. All systems enabled hnMSC differentiation into HLCs as shown by positive immune staining of hepatic markers CK-18, HNF-4α, albumin, the hepatic transporters OATP-C and MRP-2 as well as drug-metabolizing enzymes like CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Similarly, all models also displayed relevant glucose, phase I and phase II metabolism, the ability to produce albumin and to convert ammonia into urea. However, EROD activity and urea production were increased in both 3D systems. Moreover, the spheroids revealed higher bupropion conversion, whereas bioreactor showed increased albumin production and capacity to biotransform diclofenac. Additionally, diclofenac resulted in an IC50 value of 1.51 ± 0.05 and 0.98 ± 0.03 in 2D and spheroid cultures, respectively. These data suggest that the 3D models tested improved HLC maturation showing a relevant biotransformation capacity and thus provide more appropriate reliable models for mechanistic studies and more predictive systems for in vitro toxicology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Cipriano
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Barcia
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Helder Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge M Santos
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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41
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Nelson LJ, Morgan K, Treskes P, Samuel K, Henderson CJ, LeBled C, Homer N, Grant MH, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Human Hepatic HepaRG Cells Maintain an Organotypic Phenotype with High Intrinsic CYP450 Activity/Metabolism and Significantly Outperform Standard HepG2/C3A Cells for Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 120:30-37. [PMID: 27285124 PMCID: PMC5225883 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional in vitro human hepatic models for drug testing are based on the use of standard cell lines derived from hepatomas or primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Limited availability, interdonor functional variability and early phenotypic alterations in PHHs restrict their use, whilst standard cell lines such as HepG2 lack a substantial and variable set of liver‐specific functions such as CYP450 activity. Alternatives include the HepG2‐derivative C3A cells selected as a more differentiated and metabolically active hepatic phenotype. Human HepaRG cells are an alternative organotypic co‐culture model of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes reported to maintain in vivo‐like liver‐specific functions, including intact Phase I–III drug metabolism. In this study, we compared C3A and human HepaRG cells using phenotypic profiling, CYP450 activity and drug metabolism parameters to assess their value as hepatic models for pre‐clinical drug testing or therapeutics. Compared with C3As, HepaRG co‐cultures exhibit a more organotypic phenotype, including evidence of hepatic polarity with the strong expression of CYP3A4, the major isoform involved in the metabolism of over 60% of marketed drugs. Significantly greater CYP450 activity and expression of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 genes in HepaRG cells (comparable with that of human liver tissue) was demonstrated. Moreover, HepaRG cells also preferentially expressed the hepatic integrin α5β1 – an important modulator of cell behaviour including growth and survival, differentiation and polarity. Drug metabolite profiling of phenacetin (CYP1A2) and testosterone (CYP3A4) using LC‐MS/MS and HPLC, respectively, revealed that HepaRGs had more intact (Phase I–II) metabolism profile. Thus, HepaRG cells significantly outperform C3A cells for the potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Nelson
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Morgan
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kay Samuel
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Development and Innovation Directorate, Cell Therapy Group, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Claire LeBled
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Helen Grant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter C Hayes
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John N Plevris
- Hepatology Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Herzog N, Hansen M, Miethbauer S, Schmidtke KU, Anderer U, Lupp A, Sperling S, Seehofer D, Damm G, Scheibner K, Küpper JH. Primary-like human hepatocytes genetically engineered to obtain proliferation competence display hepatic differentiation characteristics in monolayer and organotypical spheroid cultures. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:341-53. [PMID: 26715207 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are in great demand during drug development and in hepatology. However, both scarcity of tissue supply and donor variability of primary cells create a need for the development of alternative hepatocyte systems. By using a lentivirus vector system to transfer coding sequences of Upcyte® proliferation genes, we generated non-transformed stable hepatocyte cultures from human liver tissue samples. Here, we show data on newly generated proliferation-competent HepaFH3 cells investigated as conventional two-dimensional monolayer and as organotypical three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture. In monolayer culture, HepaFH3 cells show typical cobblestone-like hepatocyte morphology and anchorage-dependent growth for at least 20 passages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that characteristic hepatocyte marker proteins cytokeratin 8, human serum albumin, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were expressed. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that expression levels of analyzed phase I CYP enzymes were at similar levels compared to those of cultured primary human hepatocytes and considerably higher than in the liver carcinoma cell line HepG2. Additionally, transcripts for phase II liver enzymes and transporter proteins OATP-C, MRP2, Oct1, and BSEP were present in HepaFH3. The cells produced urea and converted model compounds such as testosterone, diclofenac, and 7-OH-coumarin into phases I and II metabolites. Interestingly, phases I and II enzymes were expressed at about the same levels in convenient monolayer cultures and complex 3D spheroids. In conclusion, HepaFH3 cells and related primary-like hepatocyte lines seem to be promising tools for in vitro research of liver functions and as test system in drug development and toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Max Hansen
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethbauer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Schmidtke
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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43
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Liu Y. Study Liver Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition and Hepatotoxicity Using DMSO-Differentiated HuH-7 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1473:63-70. [PMID: 27518624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6346-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolically competent, inexpensive, and robust in vitro cell models are needed for studying liver drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatotoxicity. Human hepatoma HuH-7 cells develop into a differentiated in vitro model resembling primary human hepatocytes after a 2-week dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells express elevated cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme gene expression and activity compared to untreated HuH-7 cells. This cell model could be used to study CYP3A4 inhibition by reversible and time-dependent inhibitors, including drugs, food-related substances, and environmental chemicals. The DMSO-treated HuH-7 model is also a suitable tool for investigating hepatotoxicity. This chapter describes a detailed methodology for developing DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells, which are subsequently used for CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
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44
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Maes M, Vinken M, Jaeschke H. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:86-97. [PMID: 26631581 PMCID: PMC4691574 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure can be the consequence of various etiologies, with most cases arising from drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Western countries. Despite advances in this field, the management of acute liver failure continues to be one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. The availability of adequate experimental models is of crucial importance to provide a better understanding of this condition and to allow identification of novel drug targets, testing the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and acting as models for assessing mechanisms of toxicity. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure rely on surgical procedures, chemical exposure or viral infection. Each of these models has a number of strengths and weaknesses. This paper specifically reviews commonly used chemical in vivo and in vitro models of hepatotoxicity associated with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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45
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Marinho AT, Dias CG, Pinheiro PF, Lemos AR, Antunes AMM, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Miranda JP, Pereira SA. Nevirapine modulation of paraoxonase-1 in the liver: An in vitro three-model approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 82:147-53. [PMID: 26620700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nevirapine is associated with severe hepatotoxicity, through the formation of reactive metabolites. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a promiscuous enzyme involved in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics and proposed as a biomarker of hepatotoxicity. The aim of this work was to explore the effects of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine, on PON-1 activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2D and 3D primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and also HepG2 2D cell cultures, were exposed to nevirapine, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine, and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. The paraoxonase (POase), arylesterase (AREase) and lactonase (LACase) activities of PON-1 were quantified. RESULTS Effects of nevirapine and its metabolites were only observed in the 3D cell model. Both nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine increased POase (p<0.05, p<0.01) and LACase activities (p<0.05, p<0.001). The AREase activity was increased only upon 12-hydroxy-nevirapine exposure (p<0.01). These modulatory effects were observed at 300μM concentrations of nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. CONCLUSIONS The formation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine seems to be the main factor responsible for the increase of PON-1 activities induced by nevirapine exposure. This effect was only observed in the 3D model, suggesting that an in vivo-like system is necessary for this modulation to occur. The present data suggest that the 3D model is a more suitable in vitro model than the conventional ones to explore drug effects on PON-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Marinho
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clara G Dias
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Pinheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Lemos
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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46
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AlGhamdi S, Leoncikas V, Plant KE, Plant NJ. Synergistic interaction between lipid-loading and doxorubicin exposure in Huh7 hepatoma cells results in enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular oxidative stress: implications for acute and chronic care of obese cancer patients. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:1479-1487. [PMID: 26744621 PMCID: PMC4692330 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00173k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of clinically obese individuals in the last twenty years. This has resulted in an increasingly common scenario where obese individuals are treated for other diseases, including cancer. Here, we examine interactions between lipid-induced steatosis and doxorubicin treatment in the human hepatoma cell line Huh7. The response of cells to either doxorubicin, lipid-loading or a combination were examined at the global level by DNA microarray, and for specific endpoints of cytotoxicity, lipid-loading, reactive oxygen species, anti-oxidant response systems, and apoptosis. Both doxorubicin and lipid-loading caused a significant accumulation of lipid within Huh7 cells, with the combination resulting in an additive accumulation. In contrast, cytotoxicity was synergistic for the combination compared to the individual components, suggesting an enhanced sensitivity of lipid-loaded cells to the acute hepatotoxic effects of doxorubicin. We demonstrate that a synergistic increase in reactive oxygen species and deregulation of protective anti-oxidant systems, most notably metallothionein expression, underlies this effect. Transcriptome analysis confirms synergistic changes at the global level, and is consistent with enhanced pro-inflammatory signalling in steatotic cells challenged with doxorubicin. Such effects are consistent with a potentiation of progression along the fatty liver disease spectrum. This suggests that treatment of obese individuals with doxorubicin may increase the risk of both acute (i.e. hepatotoxicity) and chronic (i.e. progress of fatty liver disease) adverse effects. This work highlights the need for more study in the growing therapeutic area to develop risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AlGhamdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK .
| | - V Leoncikas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK .
| | - K E Plant
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK .
| | - N J Plant
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK .
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47
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Khoury L, Zalko D, Audebert M. Complementarity of phosphorylated histones H2AX and H3 quantification in different cell lines for genotoxicity screening. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1983-95. [PMID: 26404763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus assay is broadly used, but is not per se able to discriminate aneugenic from clastogenic compounds, and cytotoxicity can be a confounding factor. In vitro genotoxicity assays generally rely on cell lines with limited metabolic capabilities. Recently, the use of histone H2AX and H3 phosphorylation markers (γH2AX and p-H3) was proposed to discriminate aneugenic from clastogenic chemicals. The aim of the present study was to develop a new genotoxic screening strategy based on the use of the γH2AX and p-H3 biomarkers in combination with cell lines with distinct biotransformation properties. First, we tested a training set of 20 model chemicals comprised of 10 aneugens, five clastogens and five cytotoxics on three human cell lines (HepG2, LS-174T and ACHN). Our data confirm the robustness of these two biomarkers to discriminate efficiently clastogens, aneugens and misleading cytotoxic chemicals in HepG2 cells. Aneugenic compounds induced either an increase or a decrease in p-H3 depending on their mode of action. Clastogens induced γH2AX, and cytotoxic compounds generated a marked decrease in these two biomarkers. Moreover, the use of different cell lines permits to discriminate direct from bioactivated genotoxins without the need of an exogenous metabolic activation system. Finally, we further evaluated this strategy using a test set of 13 chemicals with controversial genotoxic potential. The resulting data demonstrate that the combined analysis of γH2AX and p-H3 is an efficient strategy. Notably, we demonstrated that three compounds (fisetin, hydroquinone and okadaic acid) display both aneugenic and clastogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Khoury
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France. .,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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48
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Liu Y, Flynn TJ, Xia M, Wiesenfeld PL, Ferguson MS. Evaluation of CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity using DMSO-treated human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:221-30. [PMID: 26377104 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A human hepatoma cell line (HuH-7) was evaluated as a metabolically competent cell model to investigate cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition, induction, and hepatotoxicity. First, CYP3A4 gene expression and activity were determined in HuH-7 cells under three culture conditions: 1-week culture, 3-week culture, or 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. HuH-7 cells treated with DMSO for 2 weeks after confluence expressed the highest CYP3A4 gene expression and activity compared to the other two culture conditions. Furthermore, CYP3A4 activity in DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells was compared to that in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2/C3A) and human bipotent progenitor cell line (HepaRG), which yielded the following ranking: HepaRG > DMSO-treated HuH-7 >> HepG2/C3A cells. The effects of three known CYP3A4 inhibitors were evaluated using DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells. CYP3A4 enzyme inhibition in HuH-7 cells was further compared to human recombinant CYP3A4, indicating similar potency for reversible inhibitors (IC 50 within 2.5-fold), but different potency for the irreversible inhibitor. Next, induction of CYP3A4 activity was compared between DMSO-treated HuH-7 and HepaRG cells using two known inducers. DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells yielded minimal CYP3A4 induction compared to that in the HepaRG cells after 48-h treatments. Finally, the cytotoxicity of five known hepatotoxicants was evaluated in DMSO-treated HuH-7, HepG2/C3A, and HepaRG cells, and significant differences in cytotoxic sensitivity were observed. Overall, DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells are a valuable model for medium- or high-throughput screening of chemicals for CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas J Flynn
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paddy L Wiesenfeld
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Martine S Ferguson
- Division of Public Health Informatics & Analytics, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Sajadian SO, Ehnert S, Vakilian H, Koutsouraki E, Damm G, Seehofer D, Thasler W, Dooley S, Baharvand H, Sipos B, Nussler AK. Induction of active demethylation and 5hmC formation by 5-azacytidine is TET2 dependent and suggests new treatment strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:98. [PMID: 26366235 PMCID: PMC4567821 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global deregulation of DNA methylation is one of the crucial causes of hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that the anti-cancer drug 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) mediates the activation of tumor suppressor genes through passive demethylation by inhibiting DNMT1. Recent evidence suggests that active demethylation which is mediated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins may also be an important step to control global methylation. However, there exists a controversial discussion in which TET proteins are involved in the demethylation process in HCC. Therefore, we firstly wanted to identify which of the TETs are involved in demethylation and later to study whether or not 5-AZA could trigger the TET-dependent active demethylation process in HCC. HCC cell lines (Huh-7, HLE, HLF), primary human hepatocytes (hHeps), and tissues from both healthy (55 patients) and HCC patients (55 patients) were included in this study; mRNA levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, 2) and TETs (TET1-3) were studied via qPCR and confirmed by Western blot. The expression of 5hmC/5mC was determined by immunohistochemistry in human HCC tissues and the corresponding adjacent healthy liver. HCC cell lines were stimulated with 5-AZA (0-20 μM) and viability (Resazurin conversion), toxicity (LDH release), proliferation (PCNA), and 5hmC/5mC distribution were assessed. In addition, knockdown experiments on TET proteins in HCC cell lines using short interference RNAs (siRNAs), in the presence and absence of 5-AZA, were performed. RESULTS Our data applying qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting clearly show that TET2 and TET3 but not TET1 were significantly decreased in HCC tissue and different HCC cell lines compared to non-tumor liver tissues and hHeps. In addition, we show here for the first time applying knockdown experiments that 5-AZA is able to trigger an active TET2-dependent demethylation process with concomitant significant changes in 5hmC/5mC in HCC cell lines and hHeps. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly show that the expression and activity of TET2 and TET3 proteins but not TET1 are impaired in hepatocellular carcinoma leading to the reduction of 5hmC in HCCs. Furthermore, this study identified a novel function of 5-azacytidine in promoting a TET-mediated generation of 5hmC suggesting that the availability of 5-AZA in cancer cells will have various effects on different epigenetic targets. These findings may open new therapeutic strategies for epigenetic drugs to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Olsadat Sajadian
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haghighat Vakilian
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eirini Koutsouraki
- />Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Georg Damm
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Thasler
- />Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- />Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bence Sipos
- />Department of Pathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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50
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She X, Wang F, Ma J, Chen X, Ren D, Lu J. In vitroantioxidant and protective effects of corn peptides on ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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