Redox- and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free radicals and their role in human disease

Elements in trace amount with a significant role in human physiology: a tumor pathophysiological and diagnostic aspects

Cancer has a devastating impact globally regardless of gender, age, and community, which continues its severity to the population due to the lack of efficient strategy for the cancer diagnosis and treatment. According to the World Health Organisation report, one out of six people dies due to this deadly cancer and we need effective strategies to regulate it. In this context, trace element has a very hidden and unexplored role and require more attention from investigators. The variation in concentration of trace elements was observed during comparative studies on a cancer patient and a healthy person making them an effective target for cancer regulation. The percentage of trace elements present in the human body depends on environmental exposure, food habits, and habitats and could be instrumental in the early diagnosis of cancer. In this review, we have conducted inclusive analytics on trace elements associated with the various types of cancers and explored the several methods involved in their analysis. Further, intricacies in the correlation of trace elements with prominent cancers like prostate cancer, breast cancer, and leukaemia are represented in this review. This comprehensive information on trace elements proposes their role during cancer and as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis.

Bacterial community composition and function vary with farmland type and soil depth around a mining area

Heavy metal pollution can have adverse impacts on microorganisms, plants and even human health. To date, the impact of heavy metals on bacteria in farmland has yielded poor attention, and there is a paucity of knowledge on the impact of land type on bacteria in mining area with heavy metal pollution. Around a metal-contaminated mining area, two soil depths in three types of farmlands were selected to explore the composition and function of bacteria and their correlations with the types and contents of heavy metals. The compositions and functions of bacterial communities at the three different agricultural sites were disparate to a certain extent. Some metabolic functions of bacterial community in the paddy field were up-regulated compared with those at other site. These results observed around mining area were different from those previously reported in conventional farmlands. In addition, bacterial community composition in the top soils was relatively complex, while in the deep soils it became more unitary and extracellular functional genes got enriched. Meanwhile, heavy metal pollution may stimulate the enrichment of certain bacteria to protect plants from damage. This finding may aid in understanding the indirect effect of metal contamination on plants and thus putting forward feasible strategies for the remediation of metal-contaminated sites. MAIN FINDINGS OF THE WORK: This was the first study to comprehensively explore the influence of heavy metal pollution on the soil bacterial communities and metabolic potentials in different agricultural land types and soil depths around a mining area.

Copper Deposition in Polydopamine Nanostructure to Promote Cuproptosis by Catalytically Inhibiting Copper Exporters of Tumor Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cuproptosis is an emerging programmed cell death, displaying great potential in cancer treatment. However, intracellular copper content to induce cuproptosis is unmet, which mainly ascribes to the intracellular pumping out equilibrium mechanism by copper exporter ATP7A and ATP7B. Therefore, it is necessary to break such export balance mechanisms for desired cuproptosis. Mediated by diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) coordination, herein a strategy to efficiently assemble copper ions into polydopamine nanostructure (PDA-DTC/Cu) for reprogramming copper metabolism of tumor is developed. The deposited Cu2+ can effectively trigger the aggregation of lipoylated proteins to induce cuproptosis of tumor cells. Beyond elevating intracellular copper accumulation, PDA-DTC/Cu enables to break the balance of copper metabolism by disrupting mitochondrial function and restricting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy supply, thus catalytically inhibiting the expressions of ATP7A and ATP7B of tumor cells to enhance cuproptosis. Meanwhile, the killed tumor cells can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to stimulate the immune response. Besides, PDA-DTC/Cu NPs can promote the repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs ) to relieve the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME). Collectively, PDA-DTC/Cu presented a promising "one stone two birds" strategy to realize copper accumulation and inhibit copper export simultaneously to enhance cuproptosis for 4T1 murine breast cancer immunotherapy.

Preparation and identification of antioxidant peptides from Quasipaa spinosa skin through two-step enzymatic hydrolysis and molecular simulation

Frog skin, a by-product of Quasipaa Spinosa farming, is rich in protein and potentially a valuable raw material for obtaining antioxidant peptides. This study used papain combined with acid protease to digest frog skin in a two-step enzymatic hydrolysis method. Based on a single factor and response surface experiments, experimental conditions were optimized, and the degree of hydrolysis was 30 %. A frog skin hydrolysate (QSPH-Ⅰ-3) was obtained following ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. IC50 for DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities were 1.68 ± 0.05, 1.20 ± 0.14 and 1.55 ± 0.11 mg/mL, respectively. Peptide sequences (17) were analyzed and, through molecular docking, peptides with low binding energies for KEAP1 were identified, which might affect the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway. These findings suggest protein hydrolysates and antioxidant peptide derivatives might be used in functional foods.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as carrier for improved drug delivery and biosensing applications

Porous organic frameworks (POFs) represent a significant subclass of nanoporous materials in the field of materials science, offering exceptional characteristics for advanced applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a novel and intriguing type of porous material, have garnered considerable attention due to their unique design capabilities, diverse nature, and wide-ranging applications. The unique structural features of COFs, such as high surface area, tuneable pore size, and chemical stability, render them highly attractive for various applications, including targeted and controlled drug release, as well as improving the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical biosensors. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the methods employed in creating COFs with specific properties that can be effectively utilized in biomedical applications. To address this indispensable fact, this review paper commences with a concise summary of the different methods and classifications utilized in synthesizing COFs. Second, it highlights the recent advancements in COFs for drug delivery, including drug carriers as well as the classification of drug delivery systems and biosensing, encompassing drugs, biomacromolecules, small biomolecules and the detection of biomarkers. While exploring the potential of COFs in the biomedical field, it is important to acknowledge the limitations that researchers may encounter, which could impact the practicality of their applications. Third, this paper concludes with a thought-provoking discussion that thoroughly addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with leveraging COFs for biomedical applications. This review paper aims to contribute to the scientific community's understanding of the immense potential of COFs in improving drug delivery systems and enhancing the performance of biosensors in biomedical applications.

Analysis of the remediation competence of Aspergillus flavus biomass in wastewater of the dyeing industry: An in-vitro study

The dyeing industry effluent causes severe environmental pollution and threatens the native flora and fauna. The current study aimed to analyze the physicochemical parameters of dyeing industry wastewater collected in different sites (K1, E2, S3, T4, and V5), as well as the metal tolerance and decolourisation ability of Aspergillus flavus. Furthermore, the optimal biomass quantity and temperatures required for efficient bioremediation were investigated. Approximately five dyeing industry wastewater samples (K1, E2, S3, T4, and V5) were collected from various sampling stations, and the majority of the physical and chemical characteristics were discovered to be above the permissible limits. A. flavus demonstrated outstanding metal resistance to As, Cu, Cr, Zn, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Cd on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates at concentrations of up to 500 g mL-1. At 4 g L-1 concentrations, A. flavus biomass decolorized up to 11.2-46.5%. Furthermore, 35°C was found to be the optimal temperature for efficient decolourisation of A. flavus biomass. The toxicity of 35°C-treated wastewater on V. mungo and prawn larvae was significantly reduced. These findings indicate that the biomass of A. flavus can be used to decolorize dyeing industry wastewater.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: The role of oxidative stress and therapeutic approaches

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) or reoxygenation injury is the paradoxical exacerbation of cellular impairment following restoration of blood flow after a period of ischemia during surgical procedures or other conditions. Acute interruption of blood supply to the liver and subsequent reperfusion can result in hepatocyte injury, apoptosis, and necrosis. Since the liver requires a continuous supply of oxygen for many biochemical reactions, any obstruction of blood flow can rapidly lead to hepatic hypoxia, which could quickly progress to absolute anoxia. Reoxygenation results in the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, which lead to the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Consequent acute inflammatory cascades lead to significant impairment of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Furthermore, the expression of several vascular growth factors results in the heterogeneous closure of numerous hepatic sinusoids, which leads to reduced oxygen supply in certain areas of the liver even after reperfusion. Therefore, it is vital to identify appropriate therapeutic modalities to mitigate hepatic IR injury and subsequent tissue damage. This review covers all the major aspects of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, with special emphasis on oxidative stress, associated inflammation and complications, and prospective therapeutic approaches.

Serum copper and obesity among healthy adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND

Copper (Cu) homeostasis are important processes in the cause of metabolic diseases, but the association between Cu and obesity remains unclear.

METHODS

Participants were drawn from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted logistic regression assessed the associations of serum Cu concentrations (tertiles) with obesity and central obesity in individuals without comorbidities. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2, and central obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥80 cm for women and ≥95 cm for men.

RESULTS

This cross-sectional study included 1,665 adults without comorbidities, representing 24,744,034 people (mean age 35.1 years, 48.5% female). High serum Cu levels (tertile 3: ≥19.19 μmol/L) were associated with higher odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 4.48, 95% CI[confidence interval]: 2.44-8.32) and central obesity (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.19-4.66) compared to low serum Cu levels (tertile 1: ≤15.64 μmol/L). The dose-response curve showed a nonlinear association between Cu levels and obesity (P-nonlinear = 0.02) and a linear association with central obesity (P-nonlinear = 0.21).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that higher serum Cu levels are associated with increased odds of obesity in healthy American adults.

Ultrasmall Metal TPZ Complexes with Deep Tumor Penetration for Enhancing Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy and Inducing Antitumor Immune Responses

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the most common minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of solid tumors, but residual malignant tissues or small satellite lesions after insufficient RFA (iRFA) are difficult to remove, often leading to metastasis and recurrence. Here, Fe-TPZ nanoparticles are designed by metal ion and (TPZ) ligand complexation for synergistic enhancement of RFA residual tumor therapy. Fe-TPZ nanoparticles are cleaved in the acidic microenvironment of the tumor to generate Fe2+ and TPZ. TPZ, an anoxia-dependent drug, is activated in residual tumors and generates free radicals to cause tumor cell death. Elevated Fe2+ undergoes a redox reaction with glutathione (GSH), inducing a strong Fenton effect and promoting the production of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH). In addition, the ROS/GSH imbalance induced by this treatment promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD), which triggers the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, macrophage polarization, and lymphocyte infiltration, thus triggering a systemic antitumor immune response and noteworthy prevention of tumor metastasis. Overall, this integrated treatment program driven by multiple microenvironment-dependent pathways overcomes the limitations of the RFA monotherapy approach and thus improves tumor prognosis. Furthermore, these findings aim to provide new research ideas for regulating the tumor immune microenvironment.

Arthropods in landfills and their accumulation potential for toxic elements: A review

Landfills, as a source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), pose a threat to the environment and human health. A literature review was conducted to explore the diversity of arthropods inhabiting solid waste landfills, as well as on the bioaccumulation of PTEs by arthropods. This review presents scientific papers over the last 20 years. Their importance in landfill ecosystems has been the subject of research; however, the issue of the accumulation of compounds such as toxic elements is emphasized only in a few studies. The bioaccumulation of PTEs was studied for 10 arthropod species that founded in landfills: Orthomorpha coarctata and Trigoniulus corallinus (class Diplopoda), Armadillidium vulgare and Trachelipus rathkii (class Malacostraca), the 6 species of the class Insecta - Zonocerus variegatus, Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Macrotermes bellicosus, Austroaeschna inermis, Calathus fuscipes and Harpalus rubripes.

Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach

Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It is characterized by persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an analog of L-arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased NO production and increased BP. Animal models exposed to L-NAME manifest hypertension, making it a useful design for studying the hypertension condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches for managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other plant sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids have been extensively studied in cell cultures, animal models, and, to lesser extent, in human trials to evaluate their effectiveness against L-NAME-induced hypertension. This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. They enhance endothelial function by promoting NO bioavailability, vasodilation, and the preservation of vascular homeostasis. Flavonoids also modulate vasoactive factors involved in BP regulation, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1. Moreover, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation-mediated hypertension. This review provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of flavonoids against L-NAME-induced hypertension. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action suggest their ability to target multiple pathways involved in hypertension development. Nonetheless, the reviewed studies contribute to the evidence supporting the useful of flavonoids for hypertension prevention and treatment. In conclusion, flavonoids represent a promising class of natural compounds for combating hypertension. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource summarizing the current knowledge on the antihypertensive effects of specific flavonoids, facilitating further investigation and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for hypertension management.

The interaction effects of zinc and polygenic risk score with benzo[a]pyrene exposure on lung cancer risk: A prospective case-cohort study among Chinese populations

The relationship of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with lung cancer risk has been firmly established, but whether this association could be modified by other environmental or genetic factors remains to be explored. To investigate whether and how zinc (Zn) and genetic predisposition modify the association between BaP and lung cancer, we performed a case-cohort study with a 5.4-year median follow-up duration, comprising a representative subcohort of 1399 participants and 359 incident lung cancer cases. The baseline concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-albumin adduct (BPDE-Alb) and Zn were quantified. We also genotyped the participants and computed the polygenic risk score (PRS) for lung cancer. Our findings indicated that elevated BPDE-Alb and PRS were linked to increased lung cancer risk, with the HR (95%CI) of 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb and 1.27 (1.14, 1.41) per SD increment in PRS, but high plasma Zn level was linked to a lower lung cancer risk [HR (95%CI)=0.77 (0.66, 0.91) per SD increment in ln-transformed Zn]. There was evidence of effect modification by Zn on BaP-lung cancer association (P for multiplicative interaction = 0.008). As Zn concentrations increased from the lowest to the highest tertile, the lung cancer risk per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb decreased from 2.07 (1.48, 2.89) to 1.33 (0.90, 1.95). Additionally, we observed a significant synergistic interaction of BPDE-Alb and PRS [RERI (95%CI) = 0.85 (0.03, 1.67)], with 42% of the incident lung cancer cases among individuals with high BPDE-Alb and high PRS attributable to their additive effect [AP (95%CI) = 0.42 (0.14, 0.69)]. This study provided the first prospective epidemiological evidence that Zn has protective effect against BaP-induced lung tumorigenesis, whereas high genetic risk can enhance the harmful effect of BaP. These findings may provide novel insight into the environment-environment and environment-gene interaction underlying lung cancer development, which may help to develop prevention and intervention strategies to manage BaP-induced lung cancer.

Modulation of Adverse Health Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure by Zinc and Its Transporters

Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant metal in the human body and is essential for the function of 10% of all proteins. As metals cannot be synthesized or degraded, they must be assimilated from the diet by specialized transport proteins, which unfortunately also provide an entry route for the toxic metal pollutant cadmium (Cd). The intestinal absorption of Zn depends on the composition of food that is consumed, firstly the amount of Zn itself and then the quantity of other food constituents such as phytate, protein, and calcium (Ca). In cells, Zn is involved in the regulation of intermediary metabolism, gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The cellular influx, efflux, subcellular compartmentalization, and trafficking of Zn are coordinated by transporter proteins, solute-linked carriers 30A and 39A (SLC30A and SLC39A), known as the ZnT and Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP). Because of its chemical similarity with Zn and Ca, Cd disrupts the physiological functions of both. The concurrent induction of a Zn efflux transporter ZnT1 (SLC30A1) and metallothionein by Cd disrupts the homeostasis and reduces the bioavailability of Zn. The present review highlights the increased mortality and the severity of various diseases among Cd-exposed persons and the roles of Zn and other transport proteins in the manifestation of Cd cytotoxicity. Special emphasis is given to Zn intake levels that may lower the risk of vision loss and bone fracture associated with Cd exposure. The difficult challenge of determining a permissible intake level of Cd is discussed in relation to the recommended dietary Zn intake levels.

Occupational Exposure to Metal-Based Nanomaterials: A Possible Relationship between Chemical Composition and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Nanomaterials (NMs) are in high demand for a wide range of practical applications; however, comprehensively understanding the toxicity of these materials is a complex challenge, due to the limited availability of epidemiological evidence on the human health effects arising from workplace exposures. The aim of this work is to assess whether and how urinary metal concentrations could be reliable and useful in NM biomonitoring. In the framework of "NanoExplore Project" [EU LIFE17 Grant ENV/GR/000285], 43 not-exposed subjects and 40 exposed workers were recruited to measure exposure to NMs (PCN and LDSA) in the proximity of the workstations and biological biomarkers (urinary metal concentrations-Aluminum (Al), Silica (Si), Titanium (Ti), and Chromium (Cr); urinary OS biomarkers-TAP, Isop, and MDA). The results showed that Si and Ti were directly associated with NM exposure (both PCN and LDSA), as well as with OS biomarkers, especially in exposed workers. Moreover, the mediation analyses showed that Si could account for about 2.8% in the relationship between LDSA and OS biomarkers, possibly by decreasing OS antioxidant defenses in exposed people. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that occupational exposure to mixtures containing NMs can represent an underestimated hazard for exposed people, increasing the body burden and the oxidative balance.

Strong Uptake of Gas-Phase Organic Peroxy Radicals (ROO•) by Solid Surfaces Driven by Redox Reactions

Organic peroxy radicals (ROO•) are key oxidants in a wide range of chemical systems such as living organisms, chemical synthesis and polymerization systems, combustion systems, the natural environment, and the Earth's atmosphere. Although surfaces are ubiquitous in all of these systems, the interactions of organic peroxy radicals with these surfaces have not been studied until today because of a lack of adequate detection techniques. In this work, the uptake and reaction of gas-phase organic peroxy radicals (CH3OO• and i-C3H7OO•) with solid surfaces was studied by monitoring each radical specifically and in real-time with mass spectrometry. Our results show that the uptake of organic peroxy radicals varies widely with the surface material. While their uptake by borosilicate glass and perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA) was negligible, it was substantial with metals and even dominated over the gas-phase reactions with stainless steel and aluminum. The results also indicate that these uptakes are controlled by redox reactions at the surfaces for which the products were analyzed. Our results show that the reactions of organic peroxy radicals with metal surfaces have to be carefully considered in all the experimental investigations of these radicals as they could directly impact the kinetic and mechanistic knowledge derived from such studies.

The association between trace metals in both cancerous and non-cancerous tissues with the risk of liver and gastric cancer progression in northwest China

Liver cancer and gastric cancer have extremely high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. It is well known that an increase or decrease in trace metals may be associated with the formation and development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in cancerous liver and gastric tissues, compared to adjacent healthy tissues, and to investigate the relationship between trace metals and cancer progression. During surgery, multiple samples were taken from the cancerous and adjacent healthy tissues of patients with liver and gastric cancer, and trace metal levels within these samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in tissues from patients with liver cancer were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Similarly, patients with gastric cancer also showed lower levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn-but higher levels of Cu and Se-compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In addition, patients with liver and gastric cancers who had poorly differentiated tumours and positive lymph node metastases showed lower levels of trace metals (P < 0.05), although no significant changes in their concentrations were observed to correlate with sex, age, or body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression, principal component analysis (PCA), Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile-based g computing (qgcomp) models were used to analyse the relationships between trace metal concentrations in liver and gastric cancer tissues and the progression of these cancers. We found that single or mixed trace metal levels were negatively associated with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer, and the posterior inclusion probability (PIP) of each metal showed that Cd contributed the most to poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer (all PIP = 1.000). These data help to clarify the relationship between changes in trace metal levels in cancerous liver and gastric tissues and the progression of these cancers. Further research is warranted, however, to fully elucidate the mechanisms and causations underlying these findings.

Metal and oxidative potential exposure through particle inhalation and oxidative stress biomarkers: a 2-week pilot prospective study among Parisian subway workers

OBJECTIVE

In this pilot study on subway workers, we explored the relationships between particle exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine to identify the most relevant biomarkers for a large-scale study in this field.

METHODS

We constructed a comprehensive occupational exposure assessment among subway workers in three distinct jobs over 10 working days, measuring daily concentrations of particulate matter (PM), their metal content and oxidative potential (OP). Individual pre- and post-shift EBC and urine samples were collected daily. Three oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in these matrices: malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-isoprostane. The association between each effect biomarker and exposure variables was estimated by multivariable multilevel mixed-effect models with and without lag times.

RESULTS

The OP was positively associated with Fe and Mn, but not associated with any effect biomarkers. Concentration changes of effect biomarkers in EBC and urine were associated with transition metals in PM (Cu and Zn) and furthermore with specific metals in EBC (Ba, Co, Cr and Mn) and in urine (Ba, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Ti and Zn). The direction of these associations was both metal- and time-dependent. Associations between Cu or Zn and MDAEBC generally reached statistical significance after a delayed time of 12 or 24 h after exposure. Changes in metal concentrations in EBC and urine were associated with MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations the same day.

CONCLUSION

Associations between MDA in both EBC and urine gave opposite response for subway particles containing Zn versus Cu. This diverting Zn and Cu pattern was also observed for 8-OHdG and urinary concentrations of these two metals. Overall, MDA and 8-OHdG responses were sensitive for same-day metal exposures in both matrices. We recommend MDA and 8-OHdG in large field studies to account for oxidative stress originating from metals in inhaled particulate matter.

Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of ROS, organisms have evolved a complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line defense mechanism is the most efficient and involves antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line of defense plays an irreplaceable role in the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal of superoxide radicals by SOD prevents the formation of the much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO- (O2•-  + NO• → ONOO-) and maintains the physiologically relevant level of nitric oxide (NO•), an important molecule in neurotransmission, inflammation, and vasodilation. The second-line antioxidant defense pathway involves exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. The third-line antioxidant defense is ensured by the repair or removal of oxidized proteins and other biomolecules by a variety of enzyme systems. This review briefly discusses the endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) and exogenous (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given to the first-line antioxidant defense system provided by SOD, CAT, and GPx. The chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes, enzyme-related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, and neurological diseases), and the role of enzymes (e.g., GPx4) in cellular processes such as ferroptosis are discussed. Potential therapeutic applications of enzyme mimics and recent progress in metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) and nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) are also discussed. Moreover, attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), and glutathione (GSH)), the activation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, and the protection against chronic diseases. Given that there is a discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies, approaches that may result in greater pharmacological and clinical success of low-molecular-weight antioxidant therapies are also subject to discussion.

Simulated gastric leachate of 3D printer metal-fill filaments induces cytotoxic effects in rat and human intestinal models

Metals are used in 3-dimensional (3D) printer filaments in the manufacture of 3D printed objects. Exposure to the filaments, printed objects and emissions from printing may pose health risks from release of toxic metals. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of extruded 3D printer filament leachates in rat and human intestinal cells. Copper-, bronze-, and steel-fill extruded filaments were incubated in acidic media for 2 h. Leachates were adjusted to pH 7 and cells exposed for 4 or 24 h. Concentration- and time-dependent decreases in rat and human cell viability were observed using a colorimetric assay and confirmed by microscopy. Copper- and bronze-fill leachates were more cytotoxic than steel. Copper-fill leachates had the highest copper concentrations by ICP-MS. Exposure to CuSO4 resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in rat cells. The copper chelator bathocuproine disulphonate alleviated cytotoxicity of CuSO4 and copper-fill leachate, suggesting that copper ions have a role in the cytotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide increased and glutathione decreased in rat cells exposed to copper-fill leachate, suggesting the formation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, our data indicate that metals released from the acidic exposure of print objects using metal-fill filaments, especially copper, are toxic to rat and human intestinal cells and additional studies are needed.

Icariin, astragaloside a and puerarin mixture attenuates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that seriously threatens the quality of life of the elderly. Its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis, a cell death caused by excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Uncontrolled lipid peroxidation is the core process of ferroptosis, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation of ferroptosis may be an important therapeutic target for AD. Based on previous studies, we mixed standards of icariin, astragaloside IV, and puerarin, named the standard mixture YHG, and investigated the effect of YHG on ferroptosis -lipid peroxidation in APP/PS1 mice. DFX, a ferroptosis inhibitor, was used as a control drug. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used as an AD animal model, and behavioral experiments, iron level detection, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, lipid peroxidation level detection, antioxidant capacity detection, immunofluorescence, Western blot and real-time qPCR were performed. It was found that YHG could reduce body weight, significantly improve abnormal behaviors and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons in APP/PS1 mice. The results of biochemical tests showed that YHG reduced the contents of iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) in brain tissue and serum, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunofluorescence, WesternBlot and real-time qPCR results showed that YHG could promote the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4). Inhibited the expression of long-chain acyllipid coenzyme a synthetase 4(ACSL4) and lysophosphatidyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3). This study suggests that the mechanism by which YHG improves cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation.

Trace Element Concentration in the Blood and Aqueous Humor of Subjects with Eye Cataract

Cataract, characterized by the opacification of the lens, is the leading cause of reversible blindness and visual impairment globally. The study aims to investigate the role of trace elements such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in the development and severity of cataract. Elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in blood and aqueous humor of 32 cataract cases and 27 controls living in the Latium region, Italy. The association between element concentration in blood and aqueous humor and cataract severity, gender, and age of subjects were also assessed. Results showed Cr levels significantly elevated in both blood and aqueous humor of cataract cases, with concentrations that increased with cataract severity. In addition, blood Pb levels were significantly higher in older cases and positively correlated with the age of cataract cases, while blood Co and Cu levels negatively correlated with cataract severity, suggesting changes in the levels of these elements. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the involvement of specific elements in cataract development and severity, and the findings highlighted important avenues for future research. Understanding the biological mechanism underlying element-induced cataract may contribute to preventing cataractogenesis and providing targeted interventions.

The Antioxidant Action of Astragali radix: Its Active Components and Molecular Basis

Astragali radix is a traditional medicinal herb with a long history and wide application. It is frequently used in prescriptions with other medicinal materials to replenish Qi. According to the classics of traditional Chinese medicine, Astragali radix is attributed with properties such as Qi replenishing and surface solidifying, sore healing and muscle generating, and inducing diuresis to reduce edema. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that some extracts and active ingredients in Astragali radix function as antioxidants. The polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids in Astragali radix offer beneficial effects in preventing and controlling diseases caused by oxidative stress. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the effective components and molecular mechanisms through which Astragali radix exerts antioxidant activity. In this paper, we review the active components with antioxidant effects in Astragali radix; summarize the content, bioavailability, and antioxidant mechanisms; and offer a reference for the clinical application of Astragalus and the future development of novel antioxidants.

Shedding light on ONOO- detection: the emergence of a fast-response fluorescent probe for biological systems

ONOO-, a bioactive molecule, plays a critical role in inflammation-related signaling pathways and pathological mechanisms. Numerous studies have established a direct correlation between elevated ONOO- levels and tumor progression. Therefore, investigating ONOO- levels in inflammation and tumors is of utmost importance. Fluorescence imaging presents a highly sensitive, non-invasive, easily operable, selective, and efficient method for ONOO- detection in situ. In this study, we designed and synthesized a rhodamine-based probe, NRho, which effectively identifies tumors, inflammatory cells, tissues, and organs by detecting ONOO- content. The synthesis process of NRho is simple, yielding a probe with favorable spectral characteristics and rapid response. Our cell imaging analysis has provided novel insights, revealing distinct ONOO- levels among different types of cancer cells, with hepatocellular carcinoma cells exhibiting higher ONOO- content than the others. This observation marks the proposal of such variations in ONOO- levels across cancer cell types. Furthermore, our study has showcased the practicality of our probe in live organ imaging, enabling the identification of tumors from living organs within a brief 5-minute incubation period. Additionally, our findings highlight the rapid detection capability of the probe NRho in various tissue samples, effectively identifying inflammation. This research holds important promise in advancing biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.

Ferroptosis and cuproptposis in kidney Diseases: dysfunction of cell metabolism

Metal ions play an important role in living organisms and are involved in essential physiological activities. However, the overload state of ions can cause excess free radicals, cell damage, and even cell death. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis are specific forms of cell death that are distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other regulated cell death. These unique modalities of cell death, dependent on iron and copper, are regulated by multiple cellular metabolic pathways, including steady-state metal redox treatment mitochondrial activity of lipid, amino acid and glucose metabolism, and various signaling pathways associated with disease. Although the mechanisms of ferroptosis and cuproptosis are not yet fully understood, there is no doubt that ion overload plays a crucial act in these metal-dependent cell deaths. In this review, we discussed the core roles of ion overload in ferroptosis and cuproptosis, the association between metabolism imbalance and ferroptosis and cuproptosis, the extract the diseases caused by ion overload and current treatment modalities.

Diphenyl Diselenide Through Reduction of Inflammation, Oxidative Injury and Caspase-3 Activation Abates Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats

Neurotoxicity associated with chemotherapy is a debilitating side effect of cancer management in humans which reportedly involves inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) is an organoselenium compound which exhibits its anti-tumoral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic effects. Nevertheless, its possible effect on chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is not known. Using rat model, we probed the behavioral and biochemical effects accompanying administration of antineoplastic agent doxorubicin (7.5 mg/kg) and DPDS (5 and 10 mg/kg). Anxiogenic-like behavior, motor and locomotor insufficiencies associated with doxorubicin were considerably abated by both DPDS doses with concomitant enhancement in exploratory behavior as demonstrated by reduced heat maps intensity and enhanced track plot densities. Moreover, with exception of cerebral glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, biochemical data demonstrated reversal of doxorubicin-mediated decline in cerebral and cerebellar antioxidant status indices and the increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by both doses of DPDS. Also, cerebellar and cerebral lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species levels were considerably diminished in rats administered doxorubicin and DPDS. In addition, DPDS administration abated myeloperoxidase activity, tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide levels along with caspase-3 activity in doxorubicin-administered rats. Chemoprotection of doxorubicin-associated neurotoxicity by DPDS was further validated by histomorphometry and histochemical staining. Taken together, DPDS through offsetting of oxido-inflammatory stress and caspase-3 activation elicited neuroprotection in doxorubicin-treated rats.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell damage and cell death in ischemia-reperfusion injury in organ transplantation

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical pathological condition in which cell death plays a major contributory role, and negatively impacts post-transplant outcomes. At the cellular level, hypoxia due to ischemia disturbs cellular metabolism and decreases cellular bioenergetics through dysfunction of mitochondrial electron transport chain, causing a switch from cellular respiration to anaerobic metabolism, and subsequent cascades of events that lead to increased intracellular concentrations of Na+, H+ and Ca2+ and consequently cellular edema. Restoration of blood supply after ischemia provides oxygen to the ischemic tissue in excess of its requirement, resulting in over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which overwhelms the cells' antioxidant defence system, and thereby causing oxidative damage in addition to activating pro-inflammatory pathways to cause cell death. Moderate ischemia and reperfusion may result in cell dysfunction, which may not lead to cell death due to activation of recovery systems to control ROS production and to ensure cell survival. However, prolonged and severe ischemia and reperfusion induce cell death by apoptosis, mitoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, cuproptosis and parthanoptosis. This review discusses cellular and molecular mechanisms of these various forms of cell death in the context of organ transplantation, and their inhibition, which holds clinical promise in the quest to prevent IRI and improve allograft quality and function for a long-term success of organ transplantation.

Associations between multiple metal exposure and fertility in women: A nested case-control study

Metal pollution can cause a decline in female fertility, however, previous studies have focused more on the effect of a single metal on fertility. In this study, we evaluated the effect of metal mixtures on female fertility based on nested case-control samples. The plasma levels of 22 metal elements from 180 women were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Minimum absolute contraction and selection operator (LASSO) penalty regression selected metals with the greatest influence on clinical outcome. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between single metals and fertility while a Bayesian kernel function regression (BKMR) model was used to analyze the effect of mixed metals. Eight metals (Calcium (Ca), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Rubidium (Rb), Strontium (Sr) and Zirconium (Zr)) were selected by LASSO regression for subsequent analysis. After adjusting for covariates, the logistic model showed that Cu (Odds Ratio(OR):0.33, 95% CI: 0.13 - 0.84) and Co (OR:0.38, 95% CI: 0.15 -0.94) caused a significant reduction in fertility, and identified the protective effect of Zn (OR: 2.96, 95% CI:1.21 -7.50) on fertility. Trend tests showed that increased Cr, Cu, and Rb levels were associated with reduced fertility. The BKMR model showed that Cr, Co, Cu, and Rb had a nonlinear relationship with fertility decline when controlling for the concentrations of other metals and suggested that Cu and Cr might exert an influence on fertility. Analysis showed a negative correlation between Cu, Cr, Co, Rb, and fertility, and a positive correlation between Zn and fertility. Furthermore, we found evidence for the interaction between Cu and Cr. Our findings require further validation and may identify new mechanisms in the future.

Cadmium neurotoxicity and therapeutic strategies

Cadmium (Cd) is a multitarget, carcinogenic, nonessential environmental pollutant. Due to its toxic effects at very low concentrations, lengthy biological half-life, and low excretion rate, exposure to Cd carries a concern. Prolonged exposure to Cd causes severe injury to the nervous system of both humans and animals. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the neurotoxic effects of Cd have yet to be fully elucidated. The accurate chemical mechanism potentially entails the destruction of metal-ion homeostasis, inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Here we review the evidence of the neurotoxic effects of Cd and corresponding strategies to protect against Cd-induced central nervous system injury.

Preparation of smart magnetic fluids and application in sewage treatment: Copper adsorption, kinetic and isotherm study

The effective removal of heavy metal ions from sewage remains a critical issue, and applying the operability of magnetic materials to large volume wastewater treatment has been a significant challenge. In this paper, metal ions adsorption induced aggregation strategy is proposed to solve this contradiction. The intelligent magnetic fluid designed in this study is a well-dispersed fluid state when treating sewage, and can efficiently adsorb heavy metal ions in wastewater with high adsorption capacity and ultra-fast adsorption kinetics. More importantly, after saturation of adsorption, the magnetic fluid will transform from a well-dispersed fluid state to an agglomeration state which is easy to precipitate and separate via external magnetic field. In a simple and effective way, the particles size of magnetic nanoparticles was precisely controlled by cellulose derivatives modification to obtain a stable magnetic fluid in water. The Freundlich model best described Cu2+ adsorption on magnetite nanoparticles, the correlation coefficients from the Cu2+ adsorption on the two magnetic fluids are 0.9554 and 0.9336, n are 1.868 and 2.117, revealing a favorable adsorption of Cu2+ onto magnetic fluids. The pseudo second-order model fitted the adsorption kinetic data better, the qe are 0.1948 and 0.1315 mmol/g and the R2 are 0.9999, indicating that the adsorption of Cu2+ onto the magnetic fluid was dominated by chemisorption. Moreover, the removal rate of Cu2+ in tap water and lake water was more than 97.1%, and the removal rate of large volume sewage was 81.7%. The synthetic magnetic fluid has high adsorption capacity, ultra-fast adsorption kinetics, reusability and easy separation, indicating its potential application for the removal of heavy metal ions from large-volume sewage.

Association between Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Cancerous and Non-cancerous Tissues with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer Progression in Northwest China

Alterations in heavy metals and trace element levels may be associated with various cancers. However, the role of this interaction in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is unclear. In recent years, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models have provided new ideas for analyzing the effects of metal mixtures on CRC progression. Herein, we assessed the differences in the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in tumors and adjacent healthy tissues, to investigate the relationship between heavy metals/trace elements and CRC progression. Surgical samples of CRC and noncancerous tissues were collected, and trace metal levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression, PCA, and BKMR models were used to investigate the relationship between heavy metals and trace elements and the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in CRC. Cancer tissues showed lower As, Cd, Co, and Cr concentrations, and higher Se concentrations than healthy tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, CRC patients with poorly differentiated tumors and/or positive lymph node metastases had lower levels of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Se (P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that single metal concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression. PCA and BKMR models also showed that the metal mixture concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression, with Cd contributing the most. Overall, changes in heavy metal and trace element levels may be related to the development of CRC; however, further mechanistic studies are required.

Evaluation of the Concentration of Selected Elements in the Serum of Patients with Degenerative Stenosis of the Lumbosacral Spine

In humans, 23 elements have been shown to have biological activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) in the serum of patients diagnosed with lumbar degenerative stenosis when compared to the concentrations of those elements in the serum of healthy volunteers. The study group consisted of 60 patients who were diagnosed with degenerative stenosis of the lumbosacral spine and who qualified for hemilaminectomy. The control group included 60 healthy volunteers without degenerative spinal stenosis. The clinical specimens studied had sera collected from both groups. The quantitative analysis of the selected elements revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) lower concentrations of Zn (740 ± 110 µg/L vs. 880 ± 160 µg/L) and Mg (22,091 ± 4256 µg/L vs. 24,100 ± 4210 µg/L) in the serum of the patients from the study group when compared to the controls. By contrast, K (16,230 µg/L ± 1210 µg/L vs. 13,210 µg/L ± 1060 µg/L) and Fe (141.87 µg/L ± 11.22 µg/L vs. 109.1 µg/L ± 26.43 µg/L) levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the controls (p < 0.05). No statistically significant changes were detected in the concentrations of the assessed micronutrients and macronutrients in both sexes in either the study group, the control group, or those based on body mass index (p > 0.05). In the serum samples from the study group, the strongest correlations were noted between the concentrations. In the study group, we showed a significant relationship between the levels of Fe/Zn (r = 0.41), Fe/Na (r = 0.41), Fe/P (r = 0.55), Zn/P (r = 0.68), Zn/K (r = 0.48), Zn/Ca (r = 0.94), Mg/Ca (r = 0.79), and Na/K (r = 0.67). We showed that only Mg concentration varied statistically significantly with the severity of pain (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the assessment of Fe, Zn, Mg, and K concentrations can be helpful in predicting the onset of degenerative changes in the spine.

Toxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of worldwide public health significance. Diet is the main non-workplace Cd exposure source other than passive and active smoking. The intestinal absorption of Cd involves transporters for essential metals, notably iron and zinc. These transporters determine the Cd body burden because only a minuscule amount of Cd can be excreted each day. The International Agency for Research on Cancer listed Cd as a human lung carcinogen, but the current evidence suggests that the effects of Cd on cancer risk extend beyond the lung. A two-year bioassay demonstrated that Cd caused neoplasms in multiple tissues of mice. Also, several non-tumorigenic human cells transformed to malignant cells when they were exposed to a sublethal dose of Cd for a prolonged time. Cd does not directly damage DNA, but it influences gene expression through interactions with essential metals and various proteins. The present review highlights the epidemiological studies that connect an enhanced risk of various neoplastic diseases to chronic exposure to environmental Cd. Special emphasis is given to the impact of body iron stores on the absorption of Cd, and its implications for breast cancer prevention in highly susceptible groups of women. Resistance to cell death and other cancer phenotypes acquired during Cd-induced cancer cell transformation, under in vitro conditions, are briefly discussed. The potential role for the ZnT1 efflux transporter in the cellular acquisition of tolerance to Cd cytotoxicity is highlighted.

Transferrin receptor 2 mitigates periodontitis-driven alveolar bone loss

Periodontitis is associated with significant alveolar bone loss. Patients with iron overload suffer more frequently from periodontitis, however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the role of transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2), one of the main regulators of iron homeostasis, in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the dental phenotype under basal conditions in mice. As Tfr2 suppresses osteoclastogenesis, we hypothesized that deficiency of Tfr2 may exacerbate periodontitis-induced bone loss. Mice lacking Tfr2 (Tfr2-/- ) and wild-type (Tfr2+/+ ) littermates were challenged with experimental periodontitis. Mandibles and maxillae were collected for microcomputed tomography and histology analyses. Osteoclast cultures from Tfr2+/+ and Tfr2-/- mice were established and analyzed for differentiation efficiency, by performing messenger RNA expression and protein signaling pathways. After 8 days, Tfr2-deficient mice revealed a more severe course of periodontitis paralleled by higher immune cell infiltration and a higher histological inflammation index than Tfr2+/+ mice. Moreover, Tfr2-deficient mice lost more alveolar bone compared to Tfr2+/+ littermates, an effect that was only partially iron-dependent. Histological analysis revealed a higher number of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of Tfr2-deficient mice. In line, Tfr2-deficient osteoclastic differentiation ex vivo was faster and more efficient as reflected by a higher number of osteoclasts, a higher expression of osteoclast markers, and an increased resorptive activity. Mechanistically, Tfr2-deficient osteoclasts showed a higher p38-MAPK signaling and inhibition of p38-MAPK signaling in Tfr2-deficient cells reverted osteoclast formation to Tfr2+/+ levels. Taken together, our data indicate that Tfr2 modulates the inflammatory response in periodontitis thereby mitigating effects on alveolar bone loss.

Determination of H2O2 and its antioxidant activity by BCM@Au NPs ratiometric SERS sensor

As a reactive oxygen species (ROS), excessive production of H2O2 contributes to the development of several diseases such as, inflammation, cancer, and respiratory diseases. Supplementation with endogenous or exogenous antioxidants can scavenge ROS and reduce the oxidation of cellular molecules, thus alleviating the generation of diseases. Therefore, the determination of H2O2 content and its antioxidant activity is of great importance in disease diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, a ratiometric SERS sensor with a flexible cellulose membrane was designed for quantitative detection of H2O2 and assessment of antioxidant activity. First, gold seeds were reduced on bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) and Au NPs were smoothly deposited on the bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) using halides to reduce the reduction potential in the growth solution to form a flexible BCM@Au NPs SERS substrate. Afterwards, the oxidation of H2O2 was used to convert 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) to the corresponding phenol form 3-hydroxyphenylethanol (3-HTP). The change of substance resulted in a good linear relationship between the intensity ratio corresponding to the two Raman shifts of 881 cm-1 and 995 cm-1 and the H2O2 concentration with a detection limit of 0.0186 μM. This opens up a new method for the detection of H2O2 with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, this SERS platform was successfully used for the determination of antioxidant activity. It is promising to be applied to disease diagnosis and efficacy evaluation.

Assessment of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity competence of methonolic extracts of Trianthema ortulacastrum and Andrographis paniculata

An in-vitro investigation was performed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lung cancer activities of methanol extracts of aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata and Trianthema portulacastrum. Furthermore studied major functional groups of phytochemicals present in the methanol extracts of these plants through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results showed that the methanol extract of A. paniculata contain more number of pharmaceutically valuable phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside, phytosterol, and tannin than T. portulacastrum. Similar way the methanol extract of A. paniculata showed considerable dose dependent antioxidant (DPPH: 63%), antidiabetic (α-amylase: 82.31% and α-glucosidase inhibitions: 72.34%), and anti-inflammatory (albumin-denaturation inhibition: 76.3% and anti-lipoxygenase: 61.2%) activities (at 900 μg mL-1 concentration) than T. portulacastrum. However, the anti-lung cancer activities of these test plants against A549 cells were not considerable. According to FTIR analysis, the A. paniculata methanol extract has a larger number of characteristic peaks attributed to the active functional groups of pharmaceutically valuable bioactive components that belong to different types of phytochemicals. These findings imply that A. paniculata methanol extracts can be used for additional research, such as bioactive compound screening and purification, as well as assessing their potential biomedical uses in various in-vitro and in-research settings.

Antibacterial, antidiabetic, acute toxicity, antioxidant, and nephroproductive competence of extracts of Lannea coromandelica fruit through in-vitro and in-vivo animal model investigation

The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and nephroprotective activities of methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lannea coromandelica fruit were investigated through in-vitro (agar well diffusion method) and in-vivo (animal model) study. The methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against selective bacterial pathogens at increased concentration (15.0 mg mL-1) in the following order P. vulgaris (35.2 ± 1.6 mm) > E. aerogenes (32.1 ± 2.1 mm) > K. pneumoniae (29.3±2 mm) > P. acnes (28.2 ± 2.4 mm) > S. aureus (25.5 ± 2.4 mm) > S. pyogenes (24.3 ± 2.1 mm) than aqueous extract. The MIC values of this methanol and aqueous extract was found as 2.5-7.5 mg mL-1 and 5.0 to 1.0 mg mL-1 respectively. Different treatment sets (A-E) on a rat-based animal model study revealed that the methanol extract has excellent antioxidant and nephroprotective activity, as well as favorable effects on essential biochemical substances involved in active metabolic activities. As demonstrated by histopathological and microscopic examination, the biologically active chemical present in methanol extract had a positive effect on serum markers, enzyme, and non-enzyme-based antioxidant activities, as well as lowering the toxicity caused by EG in the rat (as nephroprotective activity) renal cells.

Development of Anticancer Ferric Complex Based on Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles That Generate Oxygen in Cells to Overcome Hypoxia-Induced Resistance in Metal Chemotherapy

To achieve the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of a ferric (Fe) complex via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanism in solid tumors, a therapeutic Fe-based Schiff-base complex (Fe1) was synthesized and encapsulated in human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs), which generated oxygen (O2) in cancer cells in situ. The HSA-Fe1-O2 NP (HSA-Fe1-O2NP) delivery system effectively overcame hypoxia-induced resistance in metal chemotherapy, alleviated the hypoxic condition of tumor tissues, and showed excellent tumor suppression by generating excess ROS and promoting the apoptosis of SK-N-MC tumor cells. The HSA-Fe1-O2NPs not only enhanced the ability of the Fe1 complex to target tumor cells but also decreased adverse effects in vivo.

A Novel Multi-Functional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Al3+/Zn2+/Cd2+ and its Practical Applications

A novel multi-functional fluorescence probe HMIC based on hydrazide Schiff base has been successfully synthesized and characterized. It can distinguish Al3+/Zn2+/Cd2+ in ethanol, in which fluorescence emission with different colors (blue for Al3+, orange for Zn2+, and green for Cd2+) were presented. The limits of detection of HMIC towards three ions were calculated from the titration curve as 7.70 × 10- 9 M, 4.64 × 10- 9 M, and 1.35 × 10- 8 M, respectively. The structures of HMIC and its complexes were investigated using UV-Vis spectra, Job's plot, infrared spectra, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and DFT calculations. Practical application studies have also demonstrated that HMIC can be applied to real samples with a low impact of potential interferents. Cytotoxicity and cellular imaging assays have shown that HMIC has good cellular permeability and potential antitumor effects. Interestingly, HMIC can image Al3+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ in the cells with different fluorescence signals.

Ameliorating impact of coenzyme Q10 on the profile of adipokines, cardiomyopathy, and hematological markers correlated with the glucotoxicity sequelae in diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

In diabetes, high blood glucose induces glucotoxicity, resulting in the further damage of pancreatic beta-cells and then precipitating diabetic complications. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between glucotoxicity with the level of adipokines, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and hematological markers. Moreover, the study examined the potential modulatory effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the aforementioned markers associated with the sequelae of diabetes mellitus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned to receive an injection of STZ to induce diabetes (n = 16) or to remain uninduced (n = 8). The hyperglycemic status was induced in fasting rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg /kg b.w.) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Three days after STZ injection, rats were divided into three groups; Normal control group (A), Diabetic control group (B), and CoQ10- treated diabetic group (C). The group (C) was fed with the basal diet supplemented with 5 g of CoQ10 per kilogram of diet for three weeks after the diabetes induction. After 21 days, the blood and serum samples were taken to conduct biochemical analyses. Blood glucose was determined by Blood Glucose Monitoring System. Adipokines or cytokines were evaluated by ELISA from a serum sample. Cardiac myopathy biomarkers were estimated by UP-Converting Phosphor Immunoassay Analyzer, and hematological parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer.

RESULTS

In hyperglycemic rats, the level of fasting blood glucose, and serum level of resistin, omentin, TNF-α, and cardiomyopathy biomarkers significantly increased (P < 0.05). The treatment with CoQ10 significantly decreased the profile of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers (cardiac enzymes and LPPLA2) in diabetic rats and also reduced glucose levels (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte percentages significantly decreased while significant increases were observed in granulocytes and MID percentages in hyperglycemic rats.

CONCLUSION

Diabetic rats had higher serum levels of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers. Among the hematological markers, GRA% and MID% increased while LYM% decreased. The profile of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers improved when CoQ10 was supplemented. The study suggests that CoQ10 may have a beneficial effect on improving diabetic complications.

Heavy metal-tolerant bacteria Bacillus cereus BCS1 degrades pyrethroid in a soil-plant system

The heightened concern about the environmental impacts of pollutants drives interest in reducing their threats to humans and the environment. Bioremediating polluted sites under environmental stresses like biotic and abiotic poses significant challenges. This study aimed to isolate a bacterium that effectively degrades pyrethroids even under abiotic stresses involving heavy metals and biotic stresses with autochthonous factors. Here, a bacterial strain, Bacillus cereus BCS1 was isolated. The response surface methodology was established to quantify the environmental impacts on pyrethroid degradation. BCS1 effectively degraded pyrethroids across conditions at 21-36 °C, pH 6.5-8.0 and inoculum sizes 1.9-4.1 mg·L-1, exceeding 90% degradation. Notably, over 84% of β-cypermethrin (β-CP) was degraded even when exposed to various concentrations of lead (10-1000 mg·L-1), chromium (10-1000 mg·L-1), or cadmium (0.5-50 mg·L-1). Moreover, BCS1 significantly accelerated β-CP degradation in soil-plant systems, displaying biotic stress tolerance, with lower half-life values (10.1 and 9.5 d) in soil and higher removal (92.1% and 60.9%) in plants compared to controls (27.7 and 25.7 d), and (18.2% and 24.3%). This study presents a novel strain capable of efficiently degrading pyrethroids and displaying remarkable environmental stress resistance. Findings shed light on bioremediating organic pollutants in complex soil ecosystems.

Metal profiling in coronary ischemia-reperfusion injury: Implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling

Coronary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from a blockage of blood supply to the heart followed by restoration of perfusion, leading to oxidative stress induced pathological processes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master antioxidant transcription factor, plays a key role in regulating redox signaling. Over the past decades, the field of metallomics has provided novel insights into the mechanism of pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathological processes. Both redox-active (e.g. Fe and Cu) and redox-inert (e.g. Zn and Mg) metals play unique roles in establishing redox balance under IR injury. Notably, Zn protects against oxidative stress in coronary IR injury by serving as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD1) and proteins such as metallothionein (MT) and KEAP1/NRF2 mediated antioxidant defenses. An increase in labile Zn2+ inhibits proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2 by modifying KEAP1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) conformations. Fe and Cu catalyse the formation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction and also serve as cofactors of antioxidant enzymes and can activate NRF2 antioxidant signaling. We review the evidence that Zn and redox-active metals Fe and Cu affect redox signaling in coronary cells during IR and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular metal content. In view of the unique double-edged characteristics of metals, we aim to bridge the role of metals and NRF2 regulated redox signaling to antioxidant defenses in IR injury, with a long-term aim of informing the design and application of novel therapeutics.

The Impact of ROS and NGF in the Gliomagenesis and their Emerging Implications in the Glioma Treatment

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS sources can be endogenous, such as cellular organelles and inflammatory cells, or exogenous, such as ionizing radiation, alcohol, food, tobacco, chemotherapeutical agents and infectious agents. Oxidative stress results in damage of several cellular structures (lipids, proteins, lipoproteins, and DNA) and is implicated in various disease states such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. A large body of studies showed that ROS plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Indeed, increased production of ROS causes accumulation in DNA damage leading to tumorigenesis. Various investigations demonstrated the involvement of ROS in gliomagenesis. The most common type of primary intracranial tumor in adults is represented by glioma. Furthermore, there is growing attention on the role of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in brain tumor pathogenesis. NGF is a growth factor belonging to the family of neurotrophins. It is involved in neuronal differentiation, proliferation and survival. Studies were conducted to investigate NGF pathogenesis's role as a pro- or anti-tumoral factor in brain tumors. It has been observed that NGF can induce both differentiation and proliferation in cells. The involvement of NGF in the pathogenesis of brain tumors leads to the hypothesis of a possible implication of NGF in new therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have focused on the role of neurotrophin receptors as potential targets in glioma therapy. This review provides an updated overview of the role of ROS and NGF in gliomagenesis and their emerging role in glioma treatment.

Anti-oxidant effects of herbal residue from Shengxuebao mixture on heat-stressed New Zealand rabbits

Heat stress can lead to hormonal imbalances, weakened immune system, increased metabolic pressure on the liver, and ultimately higher animal mortality rates. This not only seriously impairs the welfare status of animals, but also causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Due to its rich residual bioactive components and good safety characteristics, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) residue is expected to become a high-quality feed additive with anti-oxidative stress alleviating function. This study focuses on the potential of Shengxuebao mixture herbal residue (SXBR) as an anti-heat stress feed additive. Through the UPLC (ultra performance liquid chromatography) technology, the average residue rate of main active ingredients from SXBR were found to be 25.39%. SXBR were then added into the basal diet of heat stressed New Zealand rabbits at the rates of 5% (SXBRl), 10% (SXBRm) and 20% (SXBRh). Heat stress significantly decreased the weight gain, as well as increased neck and ear temperature, drip loss in meat, inflammation and oxidative stress. Also, the hormone levels were disrupted, with a significant increase in serum levels of CA, COR and INS. After the consumption of SXBR in the basal diet for 3 weeks, the weight of New Zealand rabbits increased significantly, and the SXBRh group restored the redness value of the meat to a similar level as the control group. Furthermore, the serum levels T3 thyroid hormone in the SXBRh group and T4 thyroid hormone in the SXBRm group increased significantly, the SXBRh group showed a significant restoration in inflammation markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity, HSP-70, MDA, and ROS) levels. Moreover, the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis found that, the expression levels of antioxidant genes such as Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and GPX1 were significantly upregulated in the SXBRh group, and the expression level of the Keap1 gene was significantly downregulated. Additionally, the SXBRm group showed significant upregulation in the expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 genes. Western blot experiments further confirmed the up-regulation of Nrf2, Ho-1 and NQO1 proteins. This study provides a strategy for the utilization of SXBR and is of great significance for the green recycling of the TCM residues, improving the development of animal husbandry and animal welfare.

Usnic acid attenuates 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) induced oral carcinogenesis through inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation in male golden Syrian hamster model

In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of usnic acid (UA), an effective secondary metabolite component of lichens, against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the hamster model. Initially, the buccal pouch carcinogenesis was induced by administering 0.5% DMBA to the HBP (hamster buccal pouch) region about three times a week until the 10th week. Then, UA was orally treated with different concentrations (25, 50, 100 mg/kg b.wt) on alternative days of DMBA exposure, and the experimental process ended in the 16th week. After animal experimentation, we observed 100% tumor incidence with well-differentiated OSCC, dysplasia, and hyperplasia lesions in the DMBA-induced HBP region. Furthermore, the UA treatment of DMBA-induced hamster effectively inhibited tumor growth. In addition, UA upregulated antioxidant levels, interfered with the elevated lipid peroxidation by-product of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and changed the activities of the liver detoxification enzyme (Phase I and II) in DMBA-induced hamsters. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of inflammatory markers (iNOS and COX-2) and proliferative cell markers (cyclin-D1 and PCNA) were upregulated in the buccal pouch part of hamster animals induced with DMBA. Notably, the oral administration of UA significantly suppressed these markers during DMBA-induced hamsters. Collectively, our findings revealed that UA exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and apoptosis-inducing characteristics, demonstrating UA's protective properties against DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis.

Combined interactions of amino acids and organic acids in heavy metal binding in plants

This research focused on the different approaches to the transport and internal chelation of metals with amino acids and organic acids in plants. Therefore, in the first phase, the plants studied were identified the characteristics of the bioaccumulation factors. Steria pumila, Echium angustifolium, Typha angustifolia, Sisymbrium austriacum were identified as hyperaccumulators (Cd, Ni), accumulators (Pb, Sn, and Se), excluders (Cr, Hg). On the other hand, the Sisymbrium austriacum only showed the characteristic of the accumulator for Cr. In the second phase, the combined effects of amino acids and organic acids on the chelation of heavy metals in plants were tested by a multi-linear regression model. Related to our hypothesis, Amino acids; Gly and Leu (Cd), Trp and Ile (Pb), Asp, Ser, and Leu (Cr), Ser (Hg), Trp and Glu (Ni), Asp, Thr, and Gly (Sn), Asn and Leu (Se), Organic acids; Malonic and Malic acid (Cd), Malonic acid (Pb), Oxalic and Malic acid (Cr), Oxalic, Succinic, Citric and Butyric acid (Hg), Malonic and Malic acid (Ni), Malonic, Maleic, and Malic acid (Sn), Malonic and Citric acid (Se) were concluded that had combined effect for heavy metal's phytochelation ability into plants.

Association Between the Serum Copper Levels and Environmental Tobacco Exposure on the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children: a Study Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study was to assess the individual effects of serum copper levels and environmental tobacco exposure and their joint effects on the risk of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of 6 to 19 year olds. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1849 children and adolescents participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 2011 and 2016. Environmental tobacco exposure was determined by cotinine levels. The serum copper level was divided into < median group and ≥ median groups according to the median of 109.81 µg/dL. The outcome was overweight/obese in children and adolescents. Weighted multinomial multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association of serum copper and cotinine levels, with the risk of overweight/obesity, and the joint effects on the risk of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The subgroup analyses based on age, gender, and household smoking status were conducted. Among 1849 children and adolescents, 332 children and adolescents had overweight BMI, and 450 children and adolescents had obese BMI. Higher serum copper levels were associated with the risk of obesity in children and adolescents (odds ratio (OR) 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-6.31, P = 0.006). A positive association between increasing levels of cotinine levels and the risk of overweight (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.16-2.87, P = 0.010) and obesity (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.03-6.40, P = 0.044) in children and adolescents was observed. A remarkable association was found between higher serum copper in combination with higher cotinine levels and the risk of overweight (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.19-8.83, P = 0.023) and obesity (OR 8.76, 95% CI 2.14-35.87, P = 0.003) in children and adolescents. The subgroup analyses revealed positive associations between high serum copper levels in combination with high cotinine levels and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years, of female sex, and without smoking family members. There may exist a joint effect of serum copper levels and environmental tobacco exposure on overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. These findings offer an insight that early weight control and reduction of tobacco exposure and the detection of serum copper levels may be important in reducing the risk of obesity in children.

A Review on Bioactive Anthraquinone and Derivatives as the Regulators for ROS

Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, which are often found in medicinal herbs. These compounds exert antioxidant-related pharmacological actions including neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotective effects and anti-aging, etc. Considering the benefits from their pharmacological use, recently, there was an upsurge in the development and utilization of anthraquinones as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators. In this review, a deep discussion was carried out on their antioxidant activities and the structure-activity relationships. The antioxidant mechanisms and the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds were furtherly explored and demonstrated. Due to the specific chemical activity of ROS, antioxidants are essential for human health. Therefore, the development of reagents that regulate the imbalance between ROS formation and elimination should be more extensive and rational, and the exploration of antioxidant mechanisms of anthraquinones may provide new therapeutic tools and ideas for various diseases mediated by ROS.

Advances in Wireless, Batteryless, Implantable Electronics for Real-Time, Continuous Physiological Monitoring

This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless, batteryless, fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring, focusing on advancing human health care. Design considerations, such as biological constraints, energy sourcing, and wireless communication, are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human tissues. In addition, we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems, emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. The wireless, batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body, enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease diagnosis. Lastly, we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care, highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.

Astaxanthin Protects against Alcoholic Liver Injury via Regulating Mitochondrial Redox Balance and Calcium Homeostasis

Increasing evidence points to the critical role of calcium overload triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). As an important organelle for aerobic respiration with a double-layered membrane, mitochondria are pivotal targets of alcohol metabolism-mediated lipid peroxidation, wherein mitochondria-specific phospholipid cardiolipin oxidation to 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) ultimately leads to mitochondrial integrity and function impairment. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to identify effective nutritional intervention targeting mitochondrial redox function for an alternative therapy of ALD, in order to compensate for the difficulty in achieving alcohol withdrawal due to addiction. In this study, we confirmed the significant advantages of astaxanthin (AX) against alcohol toxicity among various carotenoids via cell experiments and identified the potential in mitochondrion morphogenesis and calcium signaling pathway by bioinformatics analysis. The ALD model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was also generated to investigate the effectiveness of AX on alcohol-induced liver injury, and the underlying mechanisms were further explored. AX intervention attenuated alcohol-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation as well as mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by degenerative morphology changes and collapsed membrane potential. Also, AX reduced the production of 4-HNE by activating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, which is closely associated with the redox balance of mitochondria. In addition, relieved mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation caused by AX was observed both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we revealed the structure-activity relationship of AX and mitochondrial membrane channel proteins MCU and VDAC1, implying potential acting targets. Altogether, our data indicated a new mechanism of AX intervention which protects against alcohol-induced liver injury through restoring redox balance and Ca2+ homeostasis in mitochondria, as well as provided novel insights into the development of AX as a therapeutic option for the management of ALD.

New insight of the pathogenesis in osteoarthritis: the intricate interplay of ferroptosis and autophagy mediated by mitophagy/chaperone-mediated autophagy

Ferroptosis, characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, is a form of iron-driven cell death. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy, where degradation of damaged mitochondria is the key mechanism for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Additionally, Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a biological process that transports individual cytoplasmic proteins to lysosomes for degradation through companion molecules such as heat shock proteins. Research has demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis, mitophagy, and CMA in the pathological progression of Osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, research has indicated a significant correlation between alterations in the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and the occurrence of OA, particularly in relation to ferroptosis and mitophagy. In light of these findings, our study aims to assess the regulatory functions of ferroptosis and mitophagy/CMA in the pathogenesis of OA. Additionally, we propose a mechanism of crosstalk between ferroptosis and mitophagy, while also examining potential pharmacological interventions for targeted therapy in OA. Ultimately, our research endeavors to offer novel insights and directions for the prevention and treatment of OA.