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Kanbay M, Copur S, Guldan M, Ozbek L, Hatipoglu A, Covic A, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C. Proximal tubule hypertrophy and hyperfunction: a novel pathophysiological feature in disease states. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae195. [PMID: 39050867 PMCID: PMC11267238 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of proximal tubules (PTs), a major component of the renal tubular structure in the renal cortex, has been examined extensively. Along with its physiological role in the reabsorption of various molecules, including electrolytes, amino acids and monosaccharides, transcellular transport of different hormones and regulation of homeostasis, pathological events affecting PTs may underlie multiple disease states. PT hypertrophy or a hyperfunctioning state, despite being a compensatory mechanism at first in response to various stimuli or alterations at tubular transport proteins, have been shown to be critical pathophysiological events leading to multiple disorders, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome and congestive heart failure. Moreover, pharmacotherapeutic agents have primarily targeted PTs, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, urate transporters and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. In this narrative review, we focus on the physiological role of PTs in healthy states and the current understanding of the PT pathologies leading to disease states and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guldan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lasin Ozbek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Hatipoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Grigore T Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- CNR-IFC, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Renale, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, c/o Nefrologia, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Dai F, Lee SO, Song JH, Yoo WG, Shin EH, Bai X, Hong SJ. Glucose transporters and sodium glucose co-transporters cooperatively import glucose into energy-demanding organs in carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012315. [PMID: 38968307 PMCID: PMC11253919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis imports large amounts of glucose to generate energy and metabolic intermediates through glycolysis. We hypothesized that C. sinensis absorbs glucose through glucose transporters and identified four subtypes of glucose transporter (CsGTP) and one sodium glucose co-transporter (CsSGLT) in C. sinensis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expressed sequence tags encoding CsGTPs were retrieved from the C. sinensis transcriptome database, and their full-length cDNA sequences were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The tissue distribution of glucose transporters in C. sinensis adults was determined using immunohistochemical staining. Developmental expression was measured using RT-qPCR. The transport and distribution of glucose into living C. sinensis were monitored using confocal microscopy. Membrane topology and key functional residues of CsGTPs were homologous to their counterparts in animals and humans. CsGTP1, 2, and 4 were transcribed 2.4-5.5 times higher in the adults than metacercariae, while CsGTP3 was transcribed 2.1 times higher in the metacercariae than adults. CsSGLT transcription was 163.6 times higher in adults than in metacercariae. In adults, CsSGLT was most abundant in the tegument; CsGTP3 and CsSGLT were localized in the vitelline gland, uterine wall, eggs, mesenchymal tissue, and testes; CsGTP4 was found in sperm and mesenchymal tissue; and CsGTP1 was mainly in the sperm and testes. In C. sinensis adults, exogenous glucose is imported in a short time and is present mainly in the middle and posterior body, in which the somatic and reproductive organs are located. Of the exogenous glucose, 53.6% was imported through CsSGLT and 46.4% through CsGTPs. Exogenous glucose import was effectively inhibited by cytochalasin B and phlorizin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We propose that CsSGLT cooperates with CsGTPs to import exogenous glucose from the environmental bile, transport glucose across mesenchymal tissue cells, and finally supply energy-demanding organs in C. sinensis adults. Studies on glucose transporters may pave the way for the development of new anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Dai
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ok Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology and Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Infectious Vectors and Diseases, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Xin M, Bi F, Wang C, Huang Y, Xu Y, Liang S, Cai T, Xu X, Dong L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Song X, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L. The circadian rhythm: A new target of natural products that can protect against diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00133-4. [PMID: 38631431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system diseases remains to be explored. In the internal environment of organisms, the metabolism of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (including biohormones and enzymes) exhibit a certain circadian rhythm to maintain the energy supply and material cycle needed for the normal activities of organisms. As a key factor for the health of organisms, the circadian rhythm can be disrupted by pathological conditions, and this disruption accelerates the progression of diseases and results in a vicious cycle. The current treatments targeting the circadian rhythm for the treatment of metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system diseases have certain limitations, and the identification of safer and more effective circadian rhythm regulators is needed. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically assess the possibility of using the biological clock as a natural product target for disease intervention, this work reviews a range of evidence on the potential effectiveness of natural products targeting the circadian rhythm to protect against diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. This manuscript focuses on how natural products restore normal function by affecting the amplitude of the expression of circadian factors, sleep/wake cycles and the structure of the gut microbiota. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This work proposes that the circadian rhythm, which is regulated by the amplitude of the expression of circadian rhythm-related factors and the sleep/wake cycle, is crucial for diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system and nervous system and is a new target for slowing the progression of diseases through the use of natural products. This manuscript provides a reference for the molecular modeling of natural products that target the circadian rhythm and provides a new perspective for the time-targeted action of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China; National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Fangjie Bi
- Heart Center, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yujia Xu
- Department of Echocardiography, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tianxing Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yini Fang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China.
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Terzo C, Gembillo G, Cernaro V, Longhitano E, Calabrese V, Casuscelli C, Peritore L, Santoro D. Investigational new drugs for the treatment of chronic renal failure: an overview of the literature. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:319-334. [PMID: 38429874 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2326624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widespread throughout the world, with a high social and health impact. It is considered a 'silent killer' for its sudden onset without symptoms in the early stages of the disease. The main goal of nephrologists is to slow the progression of kidney disease and treat the associated symptoms with a range of new medications. AREAS COVERED The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the new investigational drugs for the treatment of chronic renal failure. Data were obtained from the available scientific literature and from the ClinicalTrials.gov website. EXPERT OPINION Among the drugs currently being researched, SGLT2 inhibitors appear to be the most promising drugs for the treatment of CKD, has they have slower progression of CKD and protection of cardiorenal function. An important role in the future of CKD treatment is played by autologous cell-therapy, which appears to be a new frontier in the treatment of CKD. Other therapeutic strategies are currently being investigated and have been shown to slow the progression of CKD. However, further studies are needed to determine whether these approaches may offer benefits in slowing the progression of CKD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Terzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Gembillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Longhitano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Casuscelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Peritore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU G. Martino PAD B, Messina, Italy
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Yue R, Liu G, Yang M, Long C, Yan D. Evidential support for garlic supplements against diabetic kidney disease: a preclinical meta-analysis and systematic review. Food Funct 2024; 15:12-36. [PMID: 38051214 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a popular spice that is widely used for food and medicinal purposes and has shown potential effects on diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nevertheless, systematic preclinical studies are still lacking. In this meta-analysis and systematic review, we evaluated the role and potential mechanisms of action of garlic and its derived components in animal models of DKD. We searched eight databases for relevant studies from the establishment of the databases to December 2022 and updated in April 2023 before the completion of this review. A total of 24 trials were included in the meta-analysis. It provided preliminary evidence that supplementing with garlic could improve the indicators of renal function (BUN, Scr, 24 h urine volume, proteinuria, and KI) and metabolic disorders (BG, insulin, and body weight). Meanwhile, the beneficial effects of garlic and its components in DKD could be related to alleviating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory reactions, delaying renal fibrosis, and improving glucose metabolism. Furthermore, time-dose interval analysis exhibited relatively greater effectiveness when garlic products were supplied at doses of 500 mg kg-1 with interventions lasting 8-10 weeks, and garlic components were administered at doses of 45-150 mg kg-1 with interventions lasting 4-10 weeks. This meta-analysis and systematic review highlights for the first time the therapeutic potential of garlic supplementation in animal models of DKD and offers a more thorough evaluation of its effects and mechanisms to establish an evidence-based basis for designing future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Jiang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zihan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rensong Yue
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guojie Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoyi Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Caiyi Long
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dawei Yan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Xu B, Li S, Kang B, Fan S, Chen C, Li W, Chen J, He Z, Tang F, Zhou J. Role of SLC5A2 polymorphisms and effects of genetic polymorphism on sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorsinhibitor response. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9637-9647. [PMID: 37819499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. T2DM is a highly heterogeneous polygenic disease. Due to genetic variation, variations in lifestyle and other environmental exposures, there are certain variations in the phenotype of T2DM patients. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel hypoglycaemic agents that increase urinary glucose excretion by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney. For glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, studies have confirmed a variety of gene variants that may modify their effects. For SGLT2 inhibitors, research has focused on the SLC5A2 gene encoding SGLT2 and UGT1A9 gene polymorphisms affecting SGLT2 inhibitor metabolism. The SLC5A2 polymorphism rs9934336 have been associated with decreased HbA1c during the oral glucose tolerance test. Common variants of the SLC5A2 gene are related to blood glucose and insulin concentrations, but not glucagon concentrations. SLC5A2 rs9934336 and rs3116150 are related to a lower risk of heart failure. SGLT2 inhibitor exposure of UGT1A9*3 carriers is commonly higher than that of noncarriers, while these effects commonly have no obvious clinical significance on SGLT2 inhibitor pharmacokinetics. In terms of efficacy, general SLC5A2 variants show no significant effect on the response to the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin. At present, research on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors is limited. The main purpose of this review is to elucidate the general effects of SGLT2 polymorphisms and the association between polymorphisms and the treatment response to SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shaoqian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Bo Kang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shangzhi Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Canyu Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zunbo He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Fan Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jiecan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Zhang Y, He Y, Liu S, Deng L, Zuo Y, Huang K, Liao B, Li G, Feng J. SGLT2 Inhibitors in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Potential Mechanisms. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:641-662. [PMID: 37620652 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Population aging combined with higher susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in older adults is increasing the incidence of conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, arrhythmia, and hypertension. sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) were originally developed as a novel oral drug for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unexpectedly, recent studies have shown that, beyond their effect on hyperglycemia, SGLT2i also have a variety of beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Experimental models of cardiovascular disease have shown that SGLT2i ameliorate the process of aging-related cardiovascular disease by inhibiting inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and reversing endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the role of SGLT2i in aging-related cardiovascular disease and propose the use of SGLT2i to prevent and treat these conditions in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Keming Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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8
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Gillard BT, Amor N, Iraizoz FA, Pauža AG, Campbell C, Greenwood MP, Alagaili AN, Murphy D. Mobilisation of jerboa kidney gene networks during dehydration and opportunistic rehydration. iScience 2023; 26:107574. [PMID: 37664605 PMCID: PMC10470305 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Desert animals have evolved systems that enable them to thrive under dry conditions. Focusing on the kidney, we have investigated the transcriptomic adaptations that enable a desert rodent, the Lesser Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), to withstand water deprivation and opportunistic rehydration. Analysis of the whole kidney transcriptome showed many differentially expressed genes in the Jerboa kidney, 6.4% of genes following dehydration and an even greater number (36.2%) following rehydration compared to control. Genes correlated with the rehydration condition included many ribosomal protein coding genes suggesting a concerted effort to accelerate protein synthesis when water is made available. We identify an increase in TGF-beta signaling antagonists in dehydration (e.g., GREM2). We also describe expression of multiple aquaporin and solute carrier transporters mapped to specific nephron segments. The desert adapted renal transcriptome presented here is a valuable resource to expand our understanding of osmoregulation beyond that derived from model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Gillard
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Nabil Amor
- LR18ES05, Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystems, Department of Biology - Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Fernando Alvira Iraizoz
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Audrys G. Pauža
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Colin Campbell
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Ada Lovelace Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Michael P. Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | | | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
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9
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Chitwood DG, Uy L, Fu W, Klaubert SR, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Dynamics of Amino Acid Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Circulomics in a Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Adapted to Moderate and High Levels of Extracellular Lactate. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1576. [PMID: 37628627 PMCID: PMC10454118 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of metabolic wastes in cell cultures can diminish product quality, reduce productivity, and trigger apoptosis. The limitation or removal of unintended waste products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures has been attempted through multiple process and genetic engineering avenues with varied levels of success. One study demonstrated a simple method to reduce lactate and ammonia production in CHO cells with adaptation to extracellular lactate; however, the mechanism behind adaptation was not certain. To address this profound gap, this study characterizes the phenotype of a recombinant CHO K-1 cell line that was gradually adapted to moderate and high levels of extracellular lactate and examines the genomic content and role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) and gene expression on the adaptation process. More than 500 genes were observed on eccDNAs. Notably, more than 1000 genes were observed to be differentially expressed at different levels of lactate adaptation, while only 137 genes were found to be differentially expressed between unadapted cells and cells adapted to grow in high levels of lactate; this suggests stochastic switching as a potential stress adaptation mechanism in CHO cells. Further, these data suggest alanine biosynthesis as a potential stress-mitigation mechanism for excess lactate in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Lisa Uy
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Wanfang Fu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Stephanie R. Klaubert
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Christopher A. Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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10
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Ji L, Mishra M, De Geest B. The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure Management: The Continuing Challenge of Clinical Outcome Endpoints in Heart Failure Trials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1092. [PMID: 37111578 PMCID: PMC10140883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may be regarded as the first effective treatment in these patients. However, this proposition must be evaluated from the perspective of the complexity of clinical outcome endpoints in heart failure. The major goals of heart failure treatment have been categorized as: (1) reduction in (cardiovascular) mortality, (2) prevention of recurrent hospitalizations due to worsening heart failure, and (3) improvement in clinical status, functional capacity, and quality of life. The use of the composite primary endpoint of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in SGLT2 inhibitor HFpEF trials flowed from the assumption that hospitalization for heart failure is a proxy for subsequent cardiovascular death. The use of this composite endpoint was not justified since the effect of the intervention on both components was clearly distinct. Moreover, the lack of convincing and clinically meaningful effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on metrics of heart failure-related health status indicates that the effect of this class of drugs in HFpEF patients is essentially restricted to an effect on hospitalization for heart failure. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitors do not represent a substantial breakthrough in the management of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.J.); (M.M.)
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11
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The gastric proton pump in gobiid and mudskipper fishes. Evidence of stomach loss? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111300. [PMID: 36031062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stomach loss has occurred independently multiple times during gnathostome evolution with notable frequency within the Teleostei. Significantly, this loss of acid-peptic digestion has been found to correlate with the secondary genomic loss of the gastric proton pump subunits (atp4a, atp4b) and pepsinogens/pepsins (pga, pgc). Gastric glands produce gastric juice containing the acid and pepsin and thus their presence is a hallmark feature of a digestive system capable of acid-peptic digestion. However, in gobiid fishes although oesogaster and gastric glands have been identified histologically, their functional significance has been questioned. In the present study we address whether the gastric proton pump is present and expressed in gastric glands of the goby Neogobius species (Gobiidae) and in members of the family Oxudercidae, a group of amphibious gobiid fishes commonly known as mudskippers (genera: Periophthalmus, Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon and Scartelaos). We confirmed the presence of gastric glands and have immunohistochemically localized gastric proton pump expression to these glands in Neogobius fluviatilis and Periophthalmus novemradiatus, Periophthalmus barbarus and Boleophthalmus boddarti. Genome analysis in Neogobius melanostomus, Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus, Scartelaos histophorus, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, and Periophthalmodon schlosseri revealed the presence of both atp4a and atp4b subunit orthologues in all species in a conserved genomic loci organization. Moreover, it was possible to deduce that the complete open reading frame and the key functional amino acid residues are present. The conserved expression of the gastric proton pump provides clear evidence of the potential for gastric acid secretion indicating that acid digestion is retained in these gobiid fishes and not lost.
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12
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SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment-Mechanisms of Action and Emerging New Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235811. [PMID: 36497303 PMCID: PMC9738342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new group of antidiabetic drugs, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors), have recently been shown to have anticancer effects and their expression has been confirmed in many cancer cell lines. Given the metabolic reprogramming of these cells in a glucose-based model, the ability of SGLT-2 inhibitors to block the glucose uptake by cancer cells appears to be an attractive therapeutic approach. In addition to tumour cells, SGLT-2s are only found in the proximal tubules in the kidneys. Furthermore, as numerous clinical trials have shown, the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors is well-tolerated and safe in patients with diabetes and/or heart failure. In vitro cell culture studies and preclinical in vivo studies have confirmed that SGLT-2 inhibitors exhibit antiproliferative effects on certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms of this action remain unclear. Even in those tumour cell types in which SGLT-2 is present, there is sometimes an SGLT-2-independent mechanism of anticancer action of this group of drugs. This article presents the current state of knowledge of the potential mechanisms of the anticancer action of SGLT-2 inhibitors and their possible future application in clinical oncology.
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13
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Nakhal MM, Aburuz S, Sadek B, Akour A. Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 2022; 27:7174. [PMID: 36364000 PMCID: PMC9653623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantially increasing incidence rate. It is characterized by repetitive behavior, learning difficulties, deficits in social communication, and interactions. Numerous medications, dietary supplements, and behavioral treatments have been recommended for the management of this condition, however, there is no cure yet. Recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental diseases, based on their proved anti-inflammatory effects, such as downregulating the expression of several proteins, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). Furthermore, numerous previous studies revealed the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitors to provide antioxidant effects, due to their ability to reduce the generation of free radicals and upregulating the antioxidant systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). These properties have led to significant improvements in the neurologic outcomes of multiple experimental disease models, including cerebral oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and epilepsy. Such diseases have mutual biomarkers with ASD, which potentially could be a link to fill the gap of the literature studying the potential of repurposing the SGLT2 inhibitors' use in ameliorating the symptoms of ASD. This review will look at the impact of the SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodevelopmental disorders on the various models, including humans, rats, and mice, with a focus on the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Furthermore, this review will discuss how SGLT2 inhibitors regulate the ASD biomarkers, based on the clinical evidence supporting their functions as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein Aburuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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14
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Qiang W, Lei Y, Yuan L, Yuan J, Zhang J, Shan Y, Tian H, Shi B, Guo H. SGLT-2 as a potential target in pancreatic cancer: the preliminary clue from The Cancer Genome Atlas data. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:2539-2552. [PMID: 36388652 PMCID: PMC9660074 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporters-2 (SGLT-2) has been reported as overexpressed in tumors including pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance, as well as the potential role of SGLT-2 in PC development and progression. METHODS The expression of SGLT-2 was assessed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PC dataset (179 cases). The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of PC patients with high and low SLC5A2 expression were compared using the online database Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using The Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tool. The genetic correlations of SLC5A2 genes in different subtypes of PC were analyzed by using cBioPortal and LinkedOmics online databases. RESULTS No relationship between SGLT-2 expression and PC risk factors, tumor location, histology grade, or tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage was identified. Further, SGLT-2 could not be used as prognosis predictor. The KEGG analyses demonstrated that high SGLT-2 expression is correlated with activation of pathways related with chemical carcinogenesis, energy metabolism and drug metabolism, and the suppression of nucleotide excision repair, messenger RNA (mRNA) surveillance, and cell cycle regulation. Specifically, high SGLT-2 level also coexisted with upregulation of gene symbols for pancreatic progenitor subtype for PC. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for SGLT-2 as a potential target for PC treatment, and SGLT-2 inhibitors should be further evaluated as a novel therapy in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuyang Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Xi'an Baqiao District People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Emergency Department, Xi'an Hospital of Civil Aviation, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Wang X, Tang M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Mao J, Deng Q, Li S, Jia Z, Du L. Dexamethasone enhances glucose uptake by SGLT1 and GLUT1 and boosts ATP generation through the PPP-TCA cycle in bovine neutrophils. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e76. [PMID: 36174980 PMCID: PMC9523333 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical dexamethasone (DEX) treatment or stress in bovines results in extensive physiological changes with prominent hyperglycemia and neutrophils dysfunction. Objectives To elucidate the effects of DEX treatment in vivo on cellular energy status and the underlying mechanism in circulating neutrophils. Methods We selected eight-month-old male bovines and injected DEX for 3 consecutive days (1 time/d). The levels of glucose, total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in blood were examined, and we then detected glycogen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, phosphofructosekinase-1 (PFK1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, glucose transporter (GLUT)1, GLUT4, sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT)1 and citrate synthase (CS) protein expression and autophagy levels in circulating neutrophils. Results DEX injection markedly increased blood glucose, TP and TC levels, the Ca2+/P5+ ratio and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and significantly decreased blood IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Particularly in neutrophils, DEX injection inhibited p65-NFκB activation and elevated glycogen and ATP contents and SGLT1, GLUT1 and GR expression while inhibiting PFK1 activity, enhancing G6PDH activity and CS expression and lowering cell autophagy levels. Conclusions DEX induced neutrophils glucose uptake by enhancing SGLT1 and GLUT1 expression and the transformation of energy metabolism from glycolysis to pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)-tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This finding gives us a new perspective on deeper understanding of clinical anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Herbivorous Livestock Perinatal Diseases, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yansong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingdong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Qinghua Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Herbivorous Livestock Perinatal Diseases, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Shusen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Zhenwei Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Liyin Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Herbivorous Livestock Perinatal Diseases, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China.
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16
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D’Souza LJ, Wright SH, Bhattacharya D. Genetic evidence that uptake of the fluorescent analog 2NBDG occurs independently of known glucose transporters. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261801. [PMID: 36001583 PMCID: PMC9401136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescent derivative of glucose, 2-Deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-amino]-D-glucose (2NBDG), is a widely used surrogate reagent to visualize glucose uptake in live cells at single cell resolution. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in 5TGM1 myeloma cells, we demonstrate that ablation of the glucose transporter gene Slc2a1 abrogates radioactive glucose uptake but has no effect on the magnitude or kinetics of 2NBDG import. Extracellular 2NBDG, but not NBD-fructose was transported by primary plasma cells into the cytoplasm suggesting a specific mechanism that is unlinked from glucose import and that of chemically similar compounds. Neither excess glucose nor pharmacological inhibition of GLUT1 impacted 2NBDG uptake in myeloma cells or primary splenocytes. Genetic ablation of other expressed hexose transporters individually or in combination with one another also had no impact on 2NBDG uptake. Ablation of the genes in the Slc29 and Slc35 families of nucleoside and nucleoside sugar transporters also failed to impact 2NBDG import. Thus, cellular uptake of 2NBDG is not necessarily a faithful indicator of glucose transport and is promoted by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. D’Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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17
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Transcriptome and Network Analyses Reveal the Gene Set Involved in PST Accumulation and Responses to Toxic Alexandrium minutum Exposure in the Gills of Chlamys farreri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147912. [PMID: 35887262 PMCID: PMC9324277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are filter-feeding organisms that can accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) through ingesting toxic marine dinoflagellates. While the effects of PST accumulation upon the physiology of bivalves have been documented, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed in the gills of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) after 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 day(s) exposure of PST-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at day 1 (1538) and day 15 (989) than that at day 3 (77), day 5 (82), and day 10 (80) after exposure, and most of the DEGs were only regulated at day 1 or day 15, highlighting different response mechanisms of scallop to PST-producing dinoflagellate at different stages of exposure. Functional enrichment results suggested that PST exposure induced the alterations of nervous system development processes and the activation of xenobiotic metabolism and substance transport processes at the acute and chronic stages of exposure, respectively, while the immune functions were inhibited by PST and might ultimately cause the activation of apoptosis. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and ten responsive modules for toxic algae exposure were identified, among which the yellow module was found to be significantly correlated with PST content. Most of the hub genes in the yellow module were annotated as solute carriers (SLCs) with eight being OCTN1s, implying their dominant roles in regulating PST accumulation in scallop gills. Overall, our results reveal the gene set responding to and involved in PST accumulation in scallop gills, which will deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism of bivalve resistance to PST.
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18
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Petersen AM, Small CM, Yan Y, Wilson C, Batzel P, Bremiller RA, Buck CL, von Hippel FA, Cresko WA, Postlethwait JH. Evolution and developmental expression of the sodium-iodide symporter ( NIS, slc5a5) gene family: Implications for perchlorate toxicology. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1079-1098. [PMID: 35899258 PMCID: PMC9309457 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate sodium-iodide symporter (NIS or SLC5A5) transports iodide into the thyroid follicular cells that synthesize thyroid hormone. The SLC5A protein family includes transporters of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. Disruption of SLC5A5 function by perchlorate, a pervasive environmental contaminant, leads to human pathologies, especially hypothyroidism. Perchlorate also disrupts the sexual development of model animals, including threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), but the mechanism of action is unknown. To test the hypothesis that SLC5A5 paralogs are expressed in tissues necessary for the development of reproductive organs, and therefore are plausible candidates to mediate the effects of perchlorate on sexual development, we first investigated the evolutionary history of Slc5a paralogs to better understand potential functional trajectories of the gene family. We identified two clades of slc5a paralogs with respect to an outgroup of sodium/choline cotransporters (slc5a7); these clades are the NIS clade of sodium/iodide and lactate cotransporters (slc5a5, slc5a6, slc5a8, slc5a8, and slc5a12) and the SGLT clade of sodium/glucose cotransporters (slc5a1, slc5a2, slc5a3, slc5a4, slc5a10, and slc5a11). We also characterized expression patterns of slc5a genes during development. Stickleback embryos and early larvae expressed NIS clade genes in connective tissue, cartilage, teeth, and thyroid. Stickleback males and females expressed slc5a5 and its paralogs in gonads. Single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) on zebrafish sex-genotyped gonads revealed that NIS clade-expressing cells included germ cells (slc5a5, slc5a6a, and slc5a6b) and gonadal soma cells (slc5a8l). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that perchlorate exerts its effects on sexual development by interacting with slc5a5 or its paralogs in reproductive tissues. These findings show novel expression domains of slc5 genes in stickleback and zebrafish, which suggest similar functions across vertebrates including humans, and provide candidates to mediate the effects of perchlorate on sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Petersen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
- J.J. Howard Marine Lab, Northeast Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationSandy HookNew JerseyUSA
| | - Clayton M. Small
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - Yi‐Lin Yan
- Department of Biology, Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Department of Biology, Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - Peter Batzel
- Department of Biology, Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - Ruth A. Bremiller
- Department of Biology, Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - C. Loren Buck
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
| | - Frank A. von Hippel
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public HealthUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - William A. Cresko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - John H. Postlethwait
- Department of Biology, Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
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19
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Läsche M, Gallwas J, Gründker C. Like Brothers in Arms: How Hormonal Stimuli and Changes in the Metabolism Signaling Cooperate, Leading HPV Infection to Drive the Onset of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5050. [PMID: 35563441 PMCID: PMC9103757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all precautionary actions and the possibility of using vaccinations to counteract infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV-related cancers still account for approximately 5% of all carcinomas. Worldwide, many women are still excluded from adequate health care due to their social position and origin. Therefore, immense efforts in research and therapy are still required to counteract the challenges that this disease entails. The special thing about an HPV infection is that it is not only able to trick the immune system in a sophisticated way, but also, through genetic integration into the host genome, to use all the resources available to the host cells to complete the replication cycle of the virus without activating the alarm mechanisms of immune recognition and elimination. The mechanisms utilized by the virus are the metabolic, immune, and hormonal signaling pathways that it manipulates. Since the virus is dependent on replication enzymes of the host cells, it also intervenes in the cell cycle of the differentiating keratinocytes and shifts their terminal differentiation to the uppermost layers of the squamocolumnar transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix. The individual signaling pathways are closely related and equally important not only for the successful replication of the virus but also for the onset of cervical cancer. We will therefore analyze the effects of HPV infection on metabolic signaling, as well as changes in hormonal and immune signaling in the tumor and its microenvironment to understand how each level of signaling interacts to promote tumorigenesis of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.L.); (J.G.)
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20
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Ramírez-Guerrero G, Müller-Ortiz H, Pedreros-Rosales C. Poliuria en el adulto. Una aproximación diagnóstica basada en la fisiopatología. Rev Clin Esp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Kurabayashi A, Furihata K, Iwashita W, Tanaka C, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Furihata M, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote ischemic preconditioning upregulates preferentially hepatic glucose transporter-4 via its plasma membrane translocation, leading to accumulating glycogen in the liver. Life Sci 2022; 290:120261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Sharma S, Mittal A, Kumar S, Mittal A. Structural Perspectives and Advancement of SGLT2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e170921196601. [PMID: 34538233 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210917122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an ailment that affects a large number of individuals worldwide and its pervasiveness has been predicted to increase later on. Every year, billions of dollars are spent globally on diabetes-related health care practices. Contemporary hyperglycemic therapies to rationalize Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) mostly involve pathways that are insulin-dependent and lack effectiveness as the pancreas' β-cell function declines more significantly. Homeostasis via kidneys emerges as a new and future strategy to minimize T2DM complications. This article covers the reabsorption of glucose mechanism in the kidneys, the functional mechanism of various Sodium- Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, their structure and driving profile, and a few SGLT2 inhibitors now accessible in the market as well as those in different periods of advancement. The advantages of SGLT2 inhibitors are dose-dependent glycemic regulation changes with a significant reduction both in the concentration of HbA1c and body weight clinically and statistically. A considerable number of SGLT2 inhibitors have been approved by the FDA, while a few others, still in preliminaries, have shown interesting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana-142021, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
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23
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Vallon V, Nakagawa T. Renal Tubular Handling of Glucose and Fructose in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2995-3044. [PMID: 34964123 PMCID: PMC9832976 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The proximal tubule of the kidney is programmed to reabsorb all filtered glucose and fructose. Glucose is taken up by apical sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 whereas SGLT5 and potentially SGLT4 and GLUT5 have been implicated in apical fructose uptake. The glucose taken up by the proximal tubule is typically not metabolized but leaves via the basolateral facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 and is returned to the systemic circulation or used as an energy source by distal tubular segments after basolateral uptake via GLUT1. The proximal tubule generates new glucose in metabolic acidosis and the postabsorptive phase, and fructose serves as an important substrate. In fact, under physiological conditions and intake, fructose taken up by proximal tubules is primarily utilized for gluconeogenesis. In the diabetic kidney, glucose is retained and gluconeogenesis enhanced, the latter in part driven by fructose. This is maladaptive as it sustains hyperglycemia. Moreover, renal glucose retention is coupled to sodium retention through SGLT2 and SGLT1, which induces secondary deleterious effects. SGLT2 inhibitors are new anti-hyperglycemic drugs that can protect the kidneys and heart from failing independent of kidney function and diabetes. Dietary excess of fructose also induces tubular injury. This can be magnified by kidney formation of fructose under pathological conditions. Fructose metabolism is linked to urate formation, which partially accounts for fructose-induced tubular injury, inflammation, and hemodynamic alterations. Fructose metabolism favors glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration as urate suppresses aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and has been linked to potentially detrimental aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:2995-3044, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA,Correspondence to and
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Rakuwakai-Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan,Correspondence to and
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24
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Sędzikowska A, Szablewski L. Human Glucose Transporters in Renal Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13522. [PMID: 34948317 PMCID: PMC8708129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney plays an important role in glucose homeostasis by releasing glucose into the blood stream to prevent hypoglycemia. It is also responsible for the filtration and subsequent reabsorption or excretion of glucose. As glucose is hydrophilic and soluble in water, it is unable to pass through the lipid bilayer on its own; therefore, transport takes place using carrier proteins localized to the plasma membrane. Both sodium-independent glucose transporters (GLUT proteins) and sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT proteins) are expressed in kidney tissue, and mutations of the genes coding for these glucose transporters lead to renal disorders and diseases, including renal cancers. In addition, several diseases may disturb the expression and/or function of renal glucose transporters. The aim of this review is to describe the role of the kidney in glucose homeostasis and the contribution of glucose transporters in renal physiology and renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek Szablewski
- Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
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25
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Moinul M, Amin SA, Kumar P, Patil UK, Gajbhiye A, Jha T, Gayen S. Exploring sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors with machine learning approach: A novel hope in anti-diabetes drug discovery. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 111:108106. [PMID: 34923429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anti-diabetes agents exhibit some undesirable side effects. Recently, lactic acidosis and/or bladder cancer were also reported with the use of these agents. Hence, there is an urgent need for alternative anti-diabetes in order to reduce/avoid the unwanted effects. In this scenario sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors has already been established as an important class of anti-diabetic drug. The search for new generation SGLT2 inhibitors with high affinity is still an ongoing process. Here, we aim to develop computational models to predict the SGLT2 inhibitory activity of small molecules based on chemical structures. This work provides in-silico analysis to propose possible fragment/fingerprint identification recommended for SGLT2 inhibitors. Up-to-our knowledge, this study is an initiative to propose fingerprints responsible for SGLT2 inhibition. Furthermore, we used nine different algorithms to build machine learning (ML) models that could be used to prioritize compounds as SGLT2 inhibitors from large libraries. The best performing ML models were applied to virtually screen a large collection of FDA approved drugs. The best predicted compounds have been recommended to be biologically investigated in future in order to identify next generation SGLT2 inhibitors with different chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moinul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Umesh Kumar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Asmita Gajbhiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Shi M, Wang C, Ji J, Cai Q, Zhao Q, Xi W, Zhang J. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SGLT1 inhibits proliferation and alters metabolism of gastric cancer cells. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110192. [PMID: 34774990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles played by sodium/glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) that transport glucose in cells independent of extracellular glucose concentration in gastric cancer are unknown. METHODS The expression of SGLT1 in 75 primary gastric cancer and paired adjacent normal tissue specimens was determined. Also, the underlying mechanism of the altered SGLT1 expression and its impact on the proliferation of the gastric cancer cells and their metabolism were investigated. RESULTS SGLT1 expression was found to be positively associated with pT, pN, TNM staging, histological differentiation, and a worse overall survival. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of SGLT1 could inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cells, promote their apoptosis, and could also alter the metabolism of gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, the transcription activity of SGLT1 could be negatively regulated by p53. CONCLUSIONS Besides identifying the important role of SGLT1 in gastric cancer, the underlying regulation mechanism in play was also elucidated. These make SGLT1 a promising new molecular target for the design of novel therapeutic modalities to control gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qu Cai
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qianfu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenqi Xi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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27
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Honda Y, Ozaki A, Iwaki M, Kobayashi T, Nogami A, Kessoku T, Ogawa Y, Tomeno W, Imajo K, Yoneda M, Saito S, Nagashima Y, Nakajima A. Protective effect of SGL5213, a potent intestinal sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitor, in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:176-183. [PMID: 34384565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic disease. SGL5213, which is minimally absorbed and is restricted to the intestinal tract, is a potent intestinal sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) inhibitor. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of SGL5213 in a rodent model of NAFLD. METHODS Using a rodent model of NAFLD, we compared SGL5213 efficacy with miglitol, which is an α-glucosidase inhibitor. We used a high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced NAFLD model. RESULTS SGL5213 and miglitol improved obesity, liver dysfunction, insulin resistance, and the NAFLD severity. To further investigate the effects of SGL5213, we analyzed the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and liver fibrosis, and cecal pH levels. SGL5213 and miglitol treatment significantly decreased mRNA expression of factors involved in inflammation and liver fibrosis. SGL5213 treatment significantly decreased cecal pH levels, which did not occur with miglitol. CONCLUSIONS SGL5213 had a protective effect on the pathogenesis of NAFLD in a rodent model. We considered that inhibiting glucose absorption and increasing glucose content in the gastrointestinal tract with SGL5213 might have contributed to the protective effect in NAFLD. SGL5213 is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Anna Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Michihiro Iwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Asako Nogami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0002, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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28
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Ramírez-Guerrero G, Müller-Ortiz H, Pedreros-Rosales C. Polyuria in adults. A diagnostic approach based on pathophysiology. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 222:301-308. [PMID: 34509418 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyuria is a common clinical condition characterized by a urine output that is inappropriately high (more than 3 L in 24 h) for the patient's blood pressure and plasma sodium levels. From a pathophysiological point of view, it is classified into two types: polyuria due to a greater excretion of solutes (urine osmolality >300 mOsm/L) or due to an inability to increase solute concentration (urine osmolality <150 mOsm/L). Sometimes both mechanisms can coexist (urine osmolality 150-300 mOsm/L). Polyuria is a diagnostic challenge and its proper treatment requires an evaluation of the medical record, determination of urine osmolality, estimation of free water clearance, use of water deprivation tests in aqueous polyuria, and measurement of electrolytes in blood and urine in the case of osmotic polyuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramírez-Guerrero
- Unidad de Diálisis y Trasplante Renal, Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - H Müller-Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile; Unidad de Nefrología, Diálisis y Trasplante, Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano, Talcahuano, Bío Bío, Chile; Instituto de Nefrología Concepción, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - C Pedreros-Rosales
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile; Unidad de Nefrología, Diálisis y Trasplante, Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano, Talcahuano, Bío Bío, Chile; Instituto de Nefrología Concepción, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
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29
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Potter JHT, Davies KTJ, Yohe LR, Sanchez MKR, Rengifo EM, Struebig M, Warren K, Tsagkogeorga G, Lim BK, dos Reis M, Dávalos LM, Rossiter SJ. Dietary Diversification and Specialization in Neotropical Bats Facilitated by Early Molecular Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3864-3883. [PMID: 34426843 PMCID: PMC8382914 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary adaptation is a major feature of phenotypic and ecological diversification, yet the genetic basis of dietary shifts is poorly understood. Among mammals, Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae) show unmatched diversity in diet; from a putative insectivorous ancestor, phyllostomids have radiated to specialize on diverse food sources including blood, nectar, and fruit. To assess whether dietary diversification in this group was accompanied by molecular adaptations for changing metabolic demands, we sequenced 89 transcriptomes across 58 species and combined these with published data to compare ∼13,000 protein coding genes across 66 species. We tested for positive selection on focal lineages, including those inferred to have undergone dietary shifts. Unexpectedly, we found a broad signature of positive selection in the ancestral phyllostomid branch, spanning genes implicated in the metabolism of all major macronutrients, yet few positively selected genes at the inferred switch to plantivory. Branches corresponding to blood- and nectar-based diets showed selection in loci underpinning nitrogenous waste excretion and glycolysis, respectively. Intriguingly, patterns of selection in metabolism genes were mirrored by those in loci implicated in craniofacial remodeling, a trait previously linked to phyllostomid dietary specialization. Finally, we show that the null model of the widely-used branch-site test is likely to be misspecified, with the implication that the test is too conservative and probably under-reports true cases of positive selection. Our findings point to a complex picture of adaptive radiation, in which the evolution of new dietary specializations has been facilitated by early adaptations combined with the generation of new genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H T Potter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Yale University, 210 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miluska K R Sanchez
- Escuela Profesional de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura, Peru
| | - Edgardo M Rengifo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz,’ Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible (BioS), Lima, Peru
| | - Monika Struebig
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Warren
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Tsagkogeorga
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Burton K Lim
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario dos Reis
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Pliszka M, Szablewski L. Glucose Transporters as a Target for Anticancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164184. [PMID: 34439338 PMCID: PMC8394807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For mammalian cells, glucose is a major source of energy. In the presence of oxygen, a complete breakdown of glucose generates 36 molecules of ATP from one molecule of glucose. Hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer; therefore, cancer cells prefer the process of glycolysis, which generates only two molecules of ATP from one molecule of glucose, and cancer cells need more molecules of glucose in comparison with normal cells. Increased uptake of glucose by cancer cells is due to increased expression of glucose transporters. However, overexpression of glucose transporters, promoting the process of carcinogenesis, and increasing aggressiveness and invasiveness of tumors, may have also a beneficial effect. For example, upregulation of glucose transporters is used in diagnostic techniques such as FDG-PET. Therapeutic inhibition of glucose transporters may be a method of treatment of cancer patients. On the other hand, upregulation of glucose transporters, which are used in radioiodine therapy, can help patients with cancers. Abstract Tumor growth causes cancer cells to become hypoxic. A hypoxic condition is a hallmark of cancer. Metabolism of cancer cells differs from metabolism of normal cells. Cancer cells prefer the process of glycolysis as a source of ATP. Process of glycolysis generates only two molecules of ATP per one molecule of glucose, whereas the complete oxidative breakdown of one molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. Therefore, cancer cells need more molecules of glucose in comparison with normal cells. Increased uptake of glucose by these cells is due to overexpression of glucose transporters, especially GLUT1 and GLUT3, that are hypoxia responsive, as well as other glucose transport proteins. Increased expression of these carrier proteins may be used in anticancer therapy. This phenomenon is used in diagnostic techniques such as FDG-PET. It is also suggested, and there are observations, that therapeutic inhibition of glucose transporters may be a method in treatment of cancer patients. On the other hand, there are described cases, in which upregulation of glucose transporters, as, for example, NIS, which is used in radioiodine therapy, can help patients with cancer. The aim of this review is the presentation of possibilities, and how glucose transporters can be used in anticancer therapy.
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31
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Zwierzchowski L, Ostrowska M, Żelazowska B, Bagnicka E. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine SLC2A12 and SLC5A1 glucose transporter genes - the effect on gene expression and milk traits of Holstein Friesian cows. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:225-235. [PMID: 34355642 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1954934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the 5'-regulatory regions (promoters) of the bovine glucose transporter (GT) genes SLC2A12 and SLC5A1. These polymorphisms were shown to associate with certain milk production traits in HF cows, including milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count. It was shown that the SNP g.-671C > G (NC_037336.1: g.72224078C > G) in the SLC2A12 gene could be an effective marker of cattle production traits and that genotypes CC and CG are associated with the best productivity. The polymorphisms found in the SLC5A1 gene promoter also influenced milk production traits in HF cows, albeit to a lesser extent, and we propose that these polymorphisms could be useful as genetic markers for milk production traits in marker-assisted selection (MAS); however, this must be confirmed on larger populations of cattle. In addition, the presence of polymorphisms within promoter regions appears to affect the expression of GT genes in the cow mammary gland and modify transcription factor (TF) binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lech Zwierzchowski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences (IGAB PAS), Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ostrowska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Żelazowska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences (IGAB PAS), Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences (IGAB PAS), Jastrzębiec, Poland
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Tsai KF, Chen YL, Chiou TTY, Chu TH, Li LC, Ng HY, Lee WC, Lee CT. Emergence of SGLT2 Inhibitors as Powerful Antioxidants in Human Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1166. [PMID: 34439414 PMCID: PMC8388972 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents. Apart from their glucose-lowering effects, large clinical trials assessing certain SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed cardiac and renal protective effects in non-diabetic patients. These excellent outcomes motivated scientists and clinical professionals to revisit their underlying mechanisms. In addition to the heart and kidney, redox homeostasis is crucial in several human diseases, including liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers, with accumulating preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors. In the present review, we aimed to update recent advances in the antioxidant roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in common but debilitating human diseases. We anticipate that this review will guide new research directions and novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathies, liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers in the era of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Yung-Lung Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
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Nielsen MMK, Aryal E, Safari E, Mojsoska B, Jenssen H, Prabhala BK. Current State of SLC and ABC Transporters in the Skin and Their Relation to Sweat Metabolites and Skin Diseases. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9020023. [PMID: 34065737 PMCID: PMC8163169 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With a relatively large surface area (2 m2) and 15% of total body mass, the skin forms the largest organ of the human body. The main functions of the skin include regulation of body temperature by insulation or sweating, regulation of the nervous system, regulation of water content, and protection against external injury. To perform these critical functions, the skin encodes genes for transporters responsible for the cellular trafficking of essential nutrients and metabolites to maintain cellular hemostasis. However, the knowledge on the expression, regulation, and function of these transporters is very limited and needs more work to elucidate how these transporters play a role both in disease progression and in healing. Furthermore, SLC and ABC transporters are understudied, and even less studied in skin. There are sparse reports on relation between transporters in skin and sweat metabolites. This mini review focuses on the current state of SLC and ABC transporters in the skin and their relation to sweat metabolites and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. K. Nielsen
- Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (M.M.K.N.); (E.A.)
| | - Eva Aryal
- Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (M.M.K.N.); (E.A.)
| | - Elnaz Safari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran;
| | - Biljana Mojsoska
- Institute of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (B.M.); (H.J.)
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Institute of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (B.M.); (H.J.)
| | - Bala Krishna Prabhala
- Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (M.M.K.N.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Kaur P, Behera BS, Singh S, Munshi A. "The pharmacological profile of SGLT2 inhibitors: Focus on mechanistic aspects and pharmacogenomics". Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174169. [PMID: 33984301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by high glucose levels, has been listed to be one of the world's major causes of death. Around 1.6 million deaths are attributed to this disease each year. Persistent hyperglycemic conditions in diabetic patients affect various organs of the body leading to diabetic complications and worsen the disease condition. Current treatment strategies for diabetes include biguanides, sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, insulin and its analogs, DPP-4(dipeptidyl peptidase-4) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide) analogs. However, many side effects contributing to the devastation of the disease are associated with them. Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition has been reported to be new insulin-independent approach to diabetes therapy. It blocks glucose uptake in the kidneys by inhibiting SGLT2 transporters, thereby promoting glycosuria. Dapagliflozin, empagliflozin and canagliflozin are the most widely used SGLT2 inhibitors. They are effective in controlling blood glucose and HbA1c levels with few side effects including hypoglycemia or weight gain which makes them preferable to other anti-diabetic drugs. However, treatment is found to be associated with inter-individual drug response to SGLT2 inhibitors and adverse drug reactions which are also affected by genetic variations. There have been very few pharmacogenetics trials of these drugs. This review discusses the various SGLT2 inhibitors, their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and genetic variation influencing the inter-individual drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhsimran Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
| | - Bidwan Sekhar Behera
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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Luo J, Hu S, Fu M, Luo L, Li Y, Li W, Cai Y, Dong R, Yang Y, Tu L, Xu X. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase alleviates insulin resistance and hypertension via downregulation of SGLT2 in the mouse kidney. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100667. [PMID: 33864813 PMCID: PMC8131320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) exerts beneficial effects on insulin resistance and/or hypertension. EETs could be readily converted to less biological active diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). However, whether sEH inhibition can ameliorate the comorbidities of insulin resistance and hypertension and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were rendered hypertensive and insulin resistant through a high-fat and high-salt (HF–HS) diet. The sEH inhibitor, 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), was used to treat mice (1 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks, followed by analysis of metabolic parameters. The expression of sEH and the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) was markedly upregulated in the kidneys of mice fed an HF–HS diet. We found that TPPU administration increased kidney EET levels, improved insulin resistance, and reduced hypertension. Furthermore, TPPU treatment prevented upregulation of SGLT2 and the associated increased urine volume and the excretion of urine glucose and urine sodium. Importantly, TPPU alleviated renal inflammation. In vitro, human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were used to further investigate the underlying mechanism. We observed that 14,15-EET or sEH knockdown or inhibition prevented the upregulation of SGLT2 upon treatment with palmitic acid or NaCl by inhibiting the inhibitory kappa B kinase α/β/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, sEH inhibition by TPPU alleviated insulin resistance and hypertension induced by an HF–HS diet in mice. The increased urine excretion of glucose and sodium was mediated by decreased renal SGLT2 expression because of inactivation of the inhibitory kappa B kinase α/β/NF-κB–induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiqing Hu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglu Fu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liman Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueting Cai
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruolan Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xizhen Xu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China.
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Qu Y, Kahl S, Miska KB, Schreier LL, Russell B, Elsasser TH, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. The effect of delayed feeding post-hatch on caeca development in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:731-748. [PMID: 33834926 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1912291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Broiler chicks are frequently deprived of food up to 72 h due to uneven hatching rates, management procedures and transportation to farms. Little is known about the effect of delayed feeding due to extended hatching times on the early neonatal development of the caeca. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the developmental changes and effects of a 48-h delay in feed access immediately post-hatch (PH) on the caeca.2. After hatch, birds (Ross 708) were randomly divided into two treatment groups (n = 6 battery pen/treatment). One group (early fed; EF) received feed and water immediately after hatch, while the second group (late fed; LF) had access to water but had delayed access to feed for 48 h. Contents averaging across all regions of the caeca were collected for mRNA expression as well as for histological analysis at -48, 0, 4 h PH and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days PH.3. Expression of MCT-1 (a nutrient transporter), Cox7A2 (related to mitochondrial function) IgA, pIgR, and ChIL-8 (immune function) genes was affected by delayed access to feed that was dependent by the time PH. Expression of immune and gut barrier function-related genes (LEAP2 and MUC2, respectively) was increased in LF group. There was no effect of feed delay on expression of genes related to mitochondrial functions in the caeca, although developmental changes were observed (ATP5F1B, Cox4|1). Caecal mucus and muscle thickness were affected by delayed access to feed during caeca development.4. The data suggested a limited effect of delayed feed access PH on the developmental changes in caecal functions. However, the caeca seemed to be relatively resistant to delayed access to feed early PH, with only a few genes affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S Kahl
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K B Miska
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - L L Schreier
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - B Russell
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - M Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Rysz J, Franczyk B, Radek M, Ciałkowska-Rysz A, Gluba-Brzózka A. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in Renal Transplant Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3422. [PMID: 33810367 PMCID: PMC8036743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a main public health problem, the prevalence of which is continuously increasing worldwide. Due to adverse effects of renal replacement therapies, kidney transplantation seems to be the optimal form of therapy with significantly improved survival, quality of life and diminished overall costs compared with dialysis. However, post-transplant patients frequently suffer from post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) which an important risk factor for cardiovascular and cardiovascular-related deaths after transplantation. The management of post-transplant diabetes resembles that of diabetes in the general population as it is based on strict glycemic control as well as screening and treatment of common complications. Lifestyle interventions accompanied by the tailoring of immunosuppressive regimen may be of key importance to mitigate PTDM-associated complications in kidney transplant patients. More transplant-specific approach can include the exchange of tacrolimus with an alternative immunosuppressant (cyclosporine or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor), the decrease or cessation of corticosteroid therapy and caution in the prescribing of diuretics since they are independently connected with post-transplant diabetes. Early identification of high-risk patients for cardiovascular diseases enables timely introduction of appropriate therapeutic strategy and results in higher survival rates for patients with a transplanted kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Maciej Radek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery of Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
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Läsche M, Urban H, Gallwas J, Gründker C. HPV and Other Microbiota; Who's Good and Who's Bad: Effects of the Microbial Environment on the Development of Cervical Cancer-A Non-Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030714. [PMID: 33807087 PMCID: PMC8005086 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is responsible for around 5% of all human cancers worldwide. It develops almost exclusively from an unsolved, persistent infection of the squamocolumnar transformation zone between the endo- and ecto-cervix with various high-risk (HR) human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The decisive turning point on the way to persistent HPV infection and malignant transformation is an immune system weakened by pathobionts and oxidative stress and an injury to the cervical mucosa, often caused by sexual activities. Through these injury and healing processes, HPV viruses, hijacking activated keratinocytes, move into the basal layers of the cervical epithelium and then continue their development towards the distal prickle cell layer (Stratum spinosum). The microbial microenvironment of the cervical tissue determines the tissue homeostasis and the integrity of the protective mucous layer through the maintenance of a healthy immune and metabolic signalling. Pathological microorganisms and the resulting dysbiosis disturb this signalling. Thus, pathological inflammatory reactions occur, which manifest the HPV infection. About 90% of all women contract an HPV infection in the course of their lives. In about 10% of cases, the virus persists and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) develops. Approximately 1% of women with a high-risk HPV infection incur a cervical carcinoma after 10 to 20 years. In this non-systematic review article, we summarise how the sexually and microbial mediated pathogenesis of the cervix proceeds through aberrant immune and metabolism signalling via CIN to cervical carcinoma. We show how both the virus and the cancer benefit from the same changes in the immune and metabolic environment.
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Ayoub BM, Michel HE, Mowaka S, Hendy MS, Tadros MM. Repurposing of Omarigliptin as a Neuroprotective Agent Based on Docking with A 2A Adenosine and AChE Receptors, Brain GLP-1 Response and Its Brain/Plasma Concentration Ratio after 28 Days Multiple Doses in Rats Using LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040889. [PMID: 33567615 PMCID: PMC7915074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors in the current work suggested the potential repurposing of omarigliptin (OMR) for neurodegenerative diseases based on three new findings that support the preliminary finding of crossing BBB after a single dose study in the literature. The first finding is the positive results of the docking study with the crystal structures of A2A adenosine (A2AAR) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) receptors. A2AAR is a member of non-dopaminergic GPCR superfamily receptor proteins and has essential role in regulation of glutamate and dopamine release in Parkinson’s disease while AChE plays a major role in Alzheimer’s disease as the primary enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Docking showed that OMR perfectly fits into A2AAR binding pocket forming a distinctive hydrogen bond with Threonine 256. Besides other non-polar interactions inside the pocket suggesting the future of the marketed anti-diabetic drug (that cross BBB) as a potential antiparkinsonian agent while OMR showed perfect fit inside AChE receptor binding site smoothly because of its optimum length and the two fluorine atoms that enables quite lean fitting. Moreover, a computational comparative study of OMR docking, other 12 DPP-4 inhibitors and 11 SGLT-2 inhibitors was carried out. Secondly, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentration in rats’ brain tissue was determined by the authors using sandwich GLP-1 ELISA kit bio-analysis to ensure the effect of OMR after the multiple doses’ study. Brain GLP-1 concentration was elevated by 1.9-fold following oral multiple doses of OMR (5 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 28 days) as compared to the control group. The third finding is the enhanced BBB crossing of OMR after 28 days of multiple doses that had been studied using LC-MS/MS method with enhanced liquid–liquid extraction. A modified LC-MS/MS method was established for bioassay of OMR in rats’ plasma (10–3100 ng/mL) and rats’ brain tissue (15–2900 ng/mL) using liquid–liquid extraction. Alogliptin (ALP) was chosen as an internal standard (IS) due to its LogP value of 1.1, which is very close to the LogP of OMR. Extraction of OMR from samples of both rats’ plasma and rats’ brain tissue was effectively achieved with ethyl acetate as the extracting solvent after adding 1N sodium carbonate to enhance the drug migration, while choosing acetonitrile to be the diluent solvent for the IS to effectively decrease any emulsion between the layers in the stated method of extraction. Validation results were all pleasing including good stability studies with bias of value below 20%. Concentration of OMR in rats’ plasma were determined after 2 h of the latest dose from 28 days multiple doses, p.o, 5 mg/kg/day. It was found to be 1295.66 ± 684.63 ng/mL estimated from the bio-analysis regression equation. OMR passed through the BBB following oral administration and exhibited concentration of 543.56 ± 344.15 ng/g in brain tissue, taking in consideration the dilution factor of 10. The brain/plasma concentration ratio of 0.42 (543.56/1295.66) was used to illustrate the penetration power through the BBB after the multiple doses for 28 days. Results showed that OMR passed through the BBB more effectively in the multiple dose study as compared to the previously published single dose study by the authors. Thus, the present study suggests potential repositioning of OMR as antiparkinsonian agent that will be of interest for researchers interested in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam M. Ayoub
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; (S.M.); (M.S.H.)
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-226-890-000; Fax: +20-226-300-010
| | - Haidy E. Michel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Shereen Mowaka
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; (S.M.); (M.S.H.)
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Moataz S. Hendy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; (S.M.); (M.S.H.)
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Mariam M. Tadros
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Głuchowska K, Pliszka M, Szablewski L. Expression of glucose transporters in human neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 540:8-15. [PMID: 33429199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the human body. It is involved in the receive, store and participation in information retrieval. It can use several substrates as a source of energy, however, the main source of energy is glucose. Cells of the central nervous system need a continuous supply of energy, therefore, transport of glucose into these cells is very important. There are three distinct families of glucose transporters: sodium-independent glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs), and uniporter, SWEET protein. In the human brain only GLUTs and SGLTs were detected. In neurodegenerative diseases was observed hypometabolism of glucose due to decreased expression of glucose transporters, in particular GLUT1 and GLUT3. On the other hand, animal studies revealed, that increased levels of these glucose transporters, due to for example by the increased copy number of SLC2A genes, may have a beneficial effect and may be a targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with AD, HD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Głuchowska
- Medical University of Warsaw, Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Pliszka
- Medical University of Warsaw, Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Szablewski
- Medical University of Warsaw, Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
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Le J, Fu Y, Han Q, Wei X, Ji H, Chen Y, Wang Q, Pi P, Li J, Lin X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ye J. Restoration of mRNA Expression of Solute Carrier Proteins in Liver of Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Metformin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:720784. [PMID: 34659115 PMCID: PMC8515182 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.720784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), the most common medicine for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), improves insulin sensitivity by targeting the liver, intestine and other organs. Its impact on expression of the solute carrier (Slc) transporter genes have not been reported in the mechanism of insulin sensitization. In this study, we examined Slc gene expression in the liver and colon of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice treated with MET by transcriptomic analysis. There were 939 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver of DIO mice vs lean mice, which included 34 Slc genes. MET altered 489 DEGs in the liver of DIO mice, in which 23 were Slc genes. Expression of 20 MET-responsive Slc DEGs was confirmed by qRT-PCR, in which 15 Slc genes were altered in DIO mice and their expressions were restored by MET, including Slc2a10, Slc2a13, Slc5a9, Slc6a14, Slc7a9, Slc9a2, Slc9a3, Slc13a2, Slc15a2, Slc26a3, Slc34a2, Slc37a1, Slc44a4, Slc51b and Slc52a3. While, there were only 97 DEGs in the colon of DIO mice with 5 Slc genes, whose expression was not restored by MET. The data suggest that more genes were altered in the liver over the colon by the high fat diet (HFD). There were 20 Slc genes with alteration confirmed in the liver of DIO mice and 15 of them were restored by MET, which was associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity and obesity. The restoration may improve the uptake of glucose, amino acids, mannose, fructose, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and bumetanide in hepatocytes of the liver of DIO mice. The study provides new insight into the mechanism of metformin action in insulin sensitization and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Le
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuqin Han
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xindong Wei
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicin Affiliated 81st Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Houlin Ji
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuying Wang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixian Pi
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjie Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Ye, ;
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Li N, Zhou H. SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Novel Player in the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4775-4788. [PMID: 33192053 PMCID: PMC7654518 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s269514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) characterized by diastolic and systolic dysfunction independently of hypertension and coronary heart disease, eventually develops into heart failure, which is strongly linked to a high prevalence of mortality in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Sodium-glucose cotransporter type2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are a novel type of hypoglycemic agent in increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion. Excitingly, the EMPA-REG clinical trial proved that empagliflozin significantly reduced the relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) death and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) plus CV disease (CVD). The EMPRISE trial showed that empagliflozin decreased the risk of HHF in T2DM patients with and without a CVD history in routine care. These beneficial effects of SGLT2Is could not be entirely attributed to glucose-lowering or natriuretic action. There could be potential direct mechanisms of SGLT2Is in cardioprotection. Recent studies have shown the effects of SGLT2Is on cardiac iron homeostasis, mitochondrial function, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, antioxidative stress, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, as well as GlcNAcylation in the heart. This article reviews the current literature on the effects of SGLT2Is on DCM in preclinical studies. Possible molecular mechanisms regarding potential benefits of SGLT2Is for DCM are highlighted, with the purpose of providing a novel strategy for preventing DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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SGLT2 inhibitors, an accomplished development in field of medicinal chemistry: an extensive review. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1961-1990. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic progressive metabolic disease caused by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. In spite of the availability of several antihyperglycaemics, there is a need for the development of safer antidiabetic drugs due to their undesirable effects. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are a class of antidiabetics, which hinder the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, causing excretion of glucose via urine. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are a well-tolerated class with no significant adverse effects and are found to be favorable in certain conditions, which may be rudimentary to cardiovascular and renal diseases. The current advancements in their design and development, their mechanism of action, structure–activity relationship, synthesis and in silico development along with their auxiliary roles have been extensively reviewed.
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Al Hamed FA, Elewa H. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Glucose-linked Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Stroke. Clin Ther 2020; 42:e242-e249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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D'Souza SW, Copp AJ, Greene NDE, Glazier JD. Maternal Inositol Status and Neural Tube Defects: A Role for the Human Yolk Sac in Embryonic Inositol Delivery? Adv Nutr 2020; 12:212-222. [PMID: 32892218 PMCID: PMC7849949 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with myo-inositol during the periconceptional period of pregnancy may ameliorate the recurrence risk of having a fetus affected by a neural tube defect (NTD; e.g., spina bifida). This could be of particular importance in providing a means for preventing NTDs that are unresponsive to folic acid. This review highlights the characteristics of inositol and describes the role of myo-inositol in the prevention of NTDs in rodent studies and the evidence for its efficacy in reducing NTD risk in human pregnancy. The possible reduction in NTD risk by maternal myo-inositol implies functional and developmentally important maternal-embryonic inositol interrelationships and also suggests that embryonic uptake of myo-inositol is crucial for embryonic development. The establishment of active myo-inositol cellular uptake mechanisms in the embryonic stages of human pregnancy, when the neural tube is closing, is likely to be an important determinant of normal development. We draw attention to the generation of materno-fetal inositol concentration gradients and relationships, and outline a transport pathway by which myo-inositol may be delivered to the early developing human embryo. These considerations provide novel insights into the mechanisms that may underpin inositol's ability to confer embryonic developmental benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W D'Souza
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Toyoshima J, Saito M, Kaibara A, Isaka H, Sakatani T. Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Ipragliflozin Between Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1787-1798.e3. [PMID: 32839028 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to determine the appropriate dose regimen for a Phase III study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T1DM. METHODS The PK (AUC24h of plasma ipragliflozin) and PD (renal glucose clearance) properties in patients with T1DM and T2DM were assessed in 2 independent clinical pharmacologic studies of ipragliflozin. The same maximum efficacy (Emax) model described the PK/PD relationship in patients with T1DM and T2DM. Changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in T1DM patients were simulated by applying a previously established FPG model for ipragliflozin in patients with T2DM. FINDINGS Data from 42 patients with T1DM and 28 patients with T2DM were used. Comparable AUC24h of plasma ipragliflozin and similar dose dependency were observed on day 14 between patients with T1DM and those with T2DM. Decreases in renal glucose clearance were comparable regardless of the ipragliflozin dose in both groups of patients. The estimated mean Emax and AUC24h producing 50% of Emax (EX50) were 45.1 mL/min (95% CI, 37.0-53.2 mL/min) and 2160 ng·h/mL (95% CI, 929-3390 ng·h/mL), respectively, in all patients with T1DM and T2DM. Observed FPG in patients with T1DM was reproduced well by the simulation from the previously established FPG model. IMPLICATIONS The PK/PD properties for ipragliflozin were comparable between patients with T1DM and T2DM, suggesting no substantial difference in PK/PD relationships in both patient populations. The dose regimen used for patients with T2DM was also recommended for a Phase III study in Japanese patients with T1DM. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01023945 and NCT02529449.
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Zelniker TA, Braunwald E. Mechanisms of Cardiorenal Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:422-434. [PMID: 32000955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a new drug class approved for treatment of diabetes, have been shown to possess a favorable metabolic profile and to significantly reduce atherosclerotic events, hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular and total mortality, and progression of chronic kidney disease. Although initially considered to be only glucose-lowering agents, the effects of SGLT2i have expanded far beyond that, and their use is now being studied in the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease, even in patients without diabetes. It is therefore critical for cardiologists, diabetologists, nephrologists, and primary care physicians to be familiar with this drug class. This first part of this 2-part review provides an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms of the cardio-metabolic-renal benefits of SGLT2i. The second part summarizes the recent clinical trials of SGLT2i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Zelniker
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. https://twitter.com/ZelnikerThomas
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Piperidou A, Loutradis C, Sarafidis P. SGLT-2 inhibitors and nephroprotection: current evidence and future perspectives. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:12-25. [PMID: 32778748 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Diabetic kidney disease develops in 30-50% of diabetic patients and it is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the Western world. Strict blood pressure control and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blocker use are the cornerstones of CKD treatment; however, their application in everyday clinical practice is not always ideal and in many patients CKD progression still occurs. Accumulated evidence in the past few years clearly suggests that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors present potent nephroprotective properties. In clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, these agents were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50% and the incidence of composite hard renal outcomes by 40-50%. Furthermore, their mechanism of action appears rather solid, as they interfere with the major mechanism of proteinuric CKD progression, i.e., glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration. The present review summarizes the current evidence from human trials on the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on nephroprotection and discusses their position in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Piperidou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Loutradis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Schnell O, Valensi P, Standl E, Ceriello A. Comparison of mechanisms and transferability of outcomes of SGLT2 inhibition between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00129. [PMID: 32704554 PMCID: PMC7375088 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic disease with ever-increasing prevalence and a variety of serious complications for persons with DM, such as cardiovascular and/or renal complications. New glucose-lowering therapies like DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors have undergone cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as by the guidance of the FDA. However, CVOTs for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are generally lacking. Both, persons with T1DM and T2DM, are burdened with a high incidence of cardiovascular and renal disease such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although pathologies of the two types of diabetes cannot be compared, similar mechanisms and risk factors like sex, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, endothelial damage and (background) inflammation have been identified in the development of CVD and DKD in T1DM and T2DM. Recent CVOTs in T2DM demonstrated that SGLT-2 inhibitors, besides exerting a glucose-lowering effect, have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and renal mechanisms. These mechanisms are reviewed in detail in this manuscript and evaluated for possible transferability to, and thus efficacy in, T1DM. Our review of current literature suggests that SGLT-2 inhibitors have cardioprotective benefits beyond their glucose-lowering effects. As this mainly has been observed in CVOTs in T2DM, further investigation in the adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Valensi
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetology NutritionAPHP, Jean VERDIER Hospital, Paris Nord University, CINFO, CRNH‐IdFBondyFrance
| | | | - Antonio Ceriello
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic DiseasesIRCCS MultiMedicaSesto San Giovanni (MI)Italy
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Guo D, Mizukami H, Osonoi S, Takahashi K, Ogasawara S, Kudo K, Sasaki T, Yagihashi S. Beneficial effects of combination therapy of canagliflozin and teneligliptin on diabetic polyneuropathy and β-cell volume density in spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Metabolism 2020; 107:154232. [PMID: 32302619 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parasympathetic nerve (PN) signaling plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pancreatic β-cell volume density (Vβ). PN may be pathologically affected in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). However, the association between the reduction of PNs in islets and Vβ and the therapeutic effects of a DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) and an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Goto-Kakizaki rats (GK) have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided 5-week old male GK and Wistar rats (W) into a DPP4i-treated group (GKTe), SGLT2i-treated group (GKCa), and combination-treated group (GKCaTe). After 25 weeks, the pancreata was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS Vβ in GK was significantly decreased (p < 0.01 vs. W), whereas Vβ was the most well preserved in GKCaTe (p < 0.05 vs. GKTe), followed by GKTe (p < 0.05 vs. GK). The decreased amount of PNs in the islets and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in GK was significantly improved in the treated groups compared with GK (p < 0.05 vs. GKCa and GKTe and p < 0.01 vs. GKCaTe). PN density and IENFD were significantly correlated with Vβ (r = 0.55, p < 0.01 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively). IENFD was identified as a surrogate marker for the prediction of Vβ (cutoff value, 16.39). CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of DPP4i and SGLT2i improved Vβ accompanied by PNs density and IENFD. IENFD was proportionally correlated with Vβ. Therefore, the prevention of DPN development may be concurrently beneficial for the preservation of Vβ in nonobese T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Guo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Saori Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kudo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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