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Castro-Balado A, Varela-Rey I, Mejuto B, Mondelo-García C, Zarra-Ferro I, Rodríguez-Jato T, Fernández-Ferreiro A. Updated antimicrobial dosing recommendations for obese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0171923. [PMID: 38526051 PMCID: PMC11064535 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01719-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased considerably in the last few decades. Pathophysiological changes in obese patients lead to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) alterations that can condition the correct exposure to antimicrobials if standard dosages are used. Inadequate dosing in obese patients can lead to toxicity or therapeutic failure. In recent years, additional antimicrobial PK/PD data, extended infusion strategies, and studies in critically ill patients have made it possible to obtain data to provide a better dosage in obese patients. Despite this, it is usually difficult to find information on drug dosing in this population, which is sometimes contradictory. This is a comprehensive review of the dosing of different types of antimicrobials (antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antituberculosis drugs) in obese patients, where the literature on PK and possible dosing strategies in obese adults was critically assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castro-Balado
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria Varela-Rey
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mejuto
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Mondelo-García
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Zarra-Ferro
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Rodríguez-Jato
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Kostopoulou E, Kalavrizioti D, Davoulou P, Papachristou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, Dassios T, Gkentzi D, Kyriakou SI, Karatza A, Dimitriou G, Goumenos D, Spiliotis BE, Plotas P, Papasotiriou M. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), Activin-A and Clusterin in Children and Adolescents with Obesity or Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:450. [PMID: 38396489 PMCID: PMC10887959 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in diabetes and obesity through macrophage activation. Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), activin-A, and clusterin are chemokines with known roles in diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study is to investigate their possible diagnostic and/or early prognostic values in children and adolescents with obesity and type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS We obtained serum samples from children and adolescents with a history of T1DM or obesity, in order to measure and compare MCP-1, activin-A, and clusterin concentrations. RESULTS Forty-three subjects were included in each of the three groups (controls, T1DM, and obesity). MCP-1 values were positively correlated to BMI z-score. Activin-A was increased in children with obesity compared to the control group. A trend for higher values was detected in children with T1DM. MCP-1 and activin-A levels were positively correlated. Clusterin levels showed a trend towards lower values in children with T1DM or obesity compared to the control group and were negatively correlated to renal function. CONCLUSIONS The inflammation markers MCP-1, activin-A, and clusterin are not altered in children with T1DM. Conversely, obesity in children is positively correlated to serum MCP-1 values and characterized by higher activin-A levels, which may reflect an already established systematic inflammation with obesity since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.K.); (B.E.S.)
| | - Dimitra Kalavrizioti
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (P.D.); (E.P.); (D.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Panagiota Davoulou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (P.D.); (E.P.); (D.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Evangelos Papachristou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (P.D.); (E.P.); (D.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Xenophon Sinopidis
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Sotirios Fouzas
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.F.); (T.D.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Theodore Dassios
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.F.); (T.D.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Despoina Gkentzi
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.F.); (T.D.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Stavroula Ioanna Kyriakou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Ageliki Karatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.F.); (T.D.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Gabriel Dimitriou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.F.); (T.D.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Dimitrios Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (P.D.); (E.P.); (D.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Bessie E. Spiliotis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.K.); (B.E.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Marios Papasotiriou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (P.D.); (E.P.); (D.G.); (M.P.)
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Sanches MD, Goldberg TBL, Rizzo ADCB, da Silva VN, Mosca LN, Romagnoli GG, Gorgulho CM, Araujo Junior JP, de Lima GR, Betti IR, Kurokawa CS. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in obese adolescents with antibody against to adenovirus 36. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9918. [PMID: 37336969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity in adolescents has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with the inflammatory response and viral infections. The aim of this study was to understand the profile of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with the inflammatory response and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese adolescents with positive serology for adenovirus 36 (ADV36). Thirty-six overweight, 36 obese, and 25 severe obesity adolescents aged 10 to 16 years were included in the study. The following variables were analyzed: sex, age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glucose, serum cytokine concentrations, and ADV36 antibodies. Cytokines and chemokines were quantified by cytometry and ADV36 serology was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed higher levels of the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10 and of the chemokine interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in severe obesity adolescents compared to the obese and overweight groups, as well as in the group with MetS compared to the group without this syndrome. The frequency of ADV36-positive individuals did not differ between groups. The findings revealed differences in BMI between the obese and severe obesity groups versus the overweight group in the presence of positivity for ADV36, suggesting an association with weight gain and possibly MetS installation.
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Park JH, Kang I, Kim HC, Lee Y, Lee SK, Lee HK. Obesity enhances antiviral immunity in the genital mucosa through a microbiota-mediated effect on γδ T cells. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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The Cardiovascular Benefits and Infections Risk of SGLT2i versus Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100979. [PMID: 36295882 PMCID: PMC9610220 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and metformin are both widely accepted anti-hyperglycemic agents. However, there is still no systematic review evaluating the cardiovascular benefits and risk of infections of SGLT2i versus metformin. To make that clear, we designed this study. Public databases, including the Cochrane library database, PubMed, and Embase were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) fitting the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers extracted the data and appraised the study quality independently. Thirteen RCTs enrolling 4189 patients were eligible for this analysis. Our results showed that compared with metformin, SGLT2i increased the risk of genitourinary tract infections (p < 0.00001). Further subgroup analysis suggested that the occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTI) was not statistically significant (p = 0.18), but the incidence of reproductive tract infections (RTI) was significantly increased in patients in the SGLT2i group compared with that in the metformin group (p < 0.00001). In addition, SGLT2i markedly decreased the levels of cardiovascular risk factor, including body weight, blood pressure, and triglyceride level, and significantly increased the HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.00001) in patients versus that of metformin. For type 2 diabetes patients with obesity, SGLT2i was associated with more significant reductions in weight and blood pressure compared to metformin without an increased risk of genitourinary infections, and the reduction in fasting plasma glucose was superior in the SGLT2i group; the decrease in HbA1c was similar in both groups. Additionally, no significant publication bias was seen. Based on these findings, SGLT2i provided the similar antihyperglycemic effects, additional cardiovascular benefits, and a potential RTI risk compared with that of metformin. Our results indicate that SGLT2i is a good choice for those patients with metformin intolerance or resistance.
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6
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Xu KY, Li D, Hu ZJ, Zhao CC, Bai J, Du WL. Vancomycin dosing in an obese patient with acute renal failure: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:6218-6226. [PMID: 35949852 PMCID: PMC9254177 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin is the most commonly used drug for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The empirical clinical doses of vancomycin based on non-obese patients may not be optimal for obese ones.
CASE SUMMARY This study reports a case of vancomycin dosing adjustment in an obese patient (body mass index 78.4 kg/m2) with necrotizing fasciitis of the scrotum and left lower extremity accompanied with acute renal failure. Dosing adjustment was performed based on literature review and factors that influence pharmacokinetic parameters are analyzed. The results of the blood drug concentration monitoring confirmed the successful application of our dosing adjustment strategy in this obese patient. Total body weight is an important consideration for vancomycin administration in obese patients, which affects the volume of distribution and clearance of vancomycin. The alterations of pharmacokinetic parameters dictate that vancomycin should be dose-adjusted when applied to obese patients. At the same time, the pathophysiological status of patients, such as renal function, which also affects the dose adjustment of the patient, should be considered.
CONCLUSION Monitoring vancomycin blood levels in obese patients is critical to help adjust the dosing regimen to ensure that vancomycin concentrations are within the effective therapeutic range and to reduce the incidence of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wen-Li Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
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Time to Consider the “Exposome Hypothesis” in the Development of the Obesity Pandemic. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081597. [PMID: 35458158 PMCID: PMC9032727 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic shows no signs of abatement. Genetics and overnutrition together with a dramatic decline in physical activity are the alleged main causes for this pandemic. While they undoubtedly represent the main contributors to the obesity problem, they are not able to fully explain all cases and current trends. In this context, a body of knowledge related to exposure to as yet underappreciated obesogenic factors, which can be referred to as the “exposome”, merits detailed analysis. Contrarily to the genome, the “exposome” is subject to a great dynamism and variability, which unfolds throughout the individual’s lifetime. The development of precise ways of capturing the full exposure spectrum of a person is extraordinarily demanding. Data derived from epidemiological studies linking excess weight with elevated ambient temperatures, in utero, and intergenerational effects as well as epigenetics, microorganisms, microbiota, sleep curtailment, and endocrine disruptors, among others, suggests the possibility that they may work alone or synergistically as several alternative putative contributors to this global epidemic. This narrative review reports the available evidence on as yet underappreciated drivers of the obesity epidemic. Broadly based interventions are needed to better identify these drivers at the same time as stimulating reflection on the potential relevance of the “exposome” in the development and perpetuation of the obesity epidemic.
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise and is caused by many factors. Obesity places patients at risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Although obesity in the normal population is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, obesity in critically ill patients has lower mortality. This is referred to as the obesity paradox, and although not fully understood, involves several mechanisms that demonstrate a protective factor in critically ill obese patients. However, despite the benefit, the management of critically ill obese patients faces many challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Falls
- University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, 751 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Sheila Melander
- University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, 751 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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9
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Ousey K, Blackburn J, Stephenson J, Southern T. Incidence and Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection following Emergency Cesarean Section: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Adv Skin Wound Care 2021; 34:482-487. [PMID: 34415252 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000767368.20398.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence, risk, and associated factors that contribute to an acquired surgical site infection (SSI) after emergency cesarean section (CS). METHODS This retrospective case-control study was conducted in an acute district general hospital in England with 206 patients (101 SSI patients and 105 non-SSI patients) who had an emergency CS in 2017. Grade of surgeon, smoking status, preoperative vaginal swab status (positive or negative), diabetes status, age, body mass index, membrane rupture to delivery interval, and length of surgery were recorded. Risk factors were identified using simple and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Body mass index was significantly associated with SSI (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.24; P < .001). Further, substantive nonsignificant associations were recorded between SSI and patient age and vaginal swab status. CONCLUSIONS Body mass index was the only significant risk factor for the development of an SSI after emergency CS, possibly because of the impact of excessive adipose tissue on the immune system and reduced effectiveness of antibiotics. Diabetes status, patient age, and preoperative vaginal swab status were not significantly associated with SSI. Improved guidelines and strategies for managing at-risk patients would enable clinicians to reduce the risk of SSI development. The importance of wound management including frequent wound cleaning, appropriate dressings, dressing changes, and education is highlighted. Future research on larger samples should be conducted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ousey
- At the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, Karen Ousey, PhD, FRSB, RGN, FHEA, CMgr, MCMI, is Professor of Skin Integrity and Director, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention; Joanna Blackburn, PhD, is Research Fellow, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention; John Stephenson, PhD, is Senior Lecturer, School of Human and Health Sciences; and Tom Southern, MS, is Master's Student, School of Human and Health Sciences. The authors have disclosed no financial relationships related to this article. Submitted October 6, 2020; accepted in revised form November 5, 2020
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10
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Ganesan SM, Vazana S, Stuhr S. Waistline to the gumline: Relationship between obesity and periodontal disease-biological and management considerations. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:299-314. [PMID: 34463987 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic and periodontitis is the sixth most prevalent disease in the world. These two noncommunicable diseases share several risk determinants. Epidemiologic evidence from the last 2 decades has established an increase in periodontitis prevalence in obese and overweight individuals. Biologic mechanisms potentially linking obesity and periodontal disease are adiposity-associated hyperinflammation, microbial dysbiosis, altered immune response, specific genetic polymorphisms, and increased stress. However, because of the lack of longitudinal interventional studies and randomized clinical trials, there is insufficient evidence to determine the cause-effect relationship between these two diseases. Despite this, the negative impact of obesity on oral health is well established. Several logistic and physiologic complications are associated with treating obese patients in a dental setting, and it requires an interprofessional team approach. Oral health care professionals need to be aware of the specific management considerations while rendering for this cohort, including modified practice facility and equipment, tailored supportive periodontal therapy, and heightened precaution during conscious sedation and surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirth M Ganesan
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephanie Vazana
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sandra Stuhr
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Tarantino G, Citro V, Cataldi M. Findings from Studies Are Congruent with Obesity Having a Viral Origin, but What about Obesity-Related NAFLD? Viruses 2021; 13:1285. [PMID: 34372491 PMCID: PMC8310150 DOI: 10.3390/v13071285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection has recently started receiving greater attention as an unusual causative/inducing factor of obesity. Indeed, the biological plausibility of infectobesity includes direct roles of some viruses to reprogram host metabolism toward a more lipogenic and adipogenic status. Furthermore, the probability that humans may exchange microbiota components (virome/virobiota) points out that the altered response of IFN and other cytokines, which surfaces as a central mechanism for adipogenesis and obesity-associated immune suppression, is due to the fact that gut microbiota uphold intrinsic IFN signaling. Last but not least, the adaptation of both host immune and metabolic system under persistent viral infections play a central role in these phenomena. We hereby discuss the possible link between adenovirus and obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms of adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) involvement in hepatic steatosis/NAFLD consist in reducing leptin gene expression and insulin sensitivity, augmenting glucose uptake, activating the lipogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue, and increasing the level of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, all of these ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, by reducing leptin expression and secretion Ad-36 may have in turn an obesogenic effect through increased food intake or decreased energy expenditure via altered fat metabolism. Finally, Ad-36 is involved in upregulation of cAMP, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p38 signaling pathways, downregulation of Wnt10b expression, increased expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 with consequential lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, “Umberto I” Hospital, Nocera Inferiore (Sa), 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy;
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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El-Mallah CA, Beyh YS, Obeid OA. Iron Fortification and Supplementation: Fighting Anemia of Chronic Diseases or Fueling Obesity? Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab032. [PMID: 33959691 PMCID: PMC8085477 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant worldwide increase in obesity has become a major health problem. Excess adiposity has been extensively linked to inflammation. Recently, studies have shown that dietary intake and microbiota dysbiosis can affect the health of the gut and lead to low-grade systemic inflammation, worsening the state of obesity and further exacerbating inflammation. The latter is shown to decrease iron status and potentially increase the risk of anemia by inhibiting iron absorption. Hence, anemia of obesity is independent of iron intake and does not properly respond to increased iron ingestion. Therefore, countries with a high rate of obesity should assess the health impact of fortification and supplementation with iron due to their potential drawbacks. This review tries to elucidate the relation between inflammation and iron status to better understand the etiology of anemia of obesity and chronic diseases and wisely design any dietary or medical interventions for the management of anemia and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A El-Mallah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara S Beyh
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omar A Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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The Fatty Acid Lipid Metabolism Nexus in COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010090. [PMID: 33440724 PMCID: PMC7826519 DOI: 10.3390/v13010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric symptomology seen in early-stage severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-2003 and COVID-19 is evidence of virus replication occurring in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Aberrant lipid metabolism in morbidly obese individuals adversely affects the COVID-19 immune response and increases disease severity. Such observations are in line with the importance of lipid metabolism in COVID-19, and point to the gut as a site for intervention as well as a therapeutic target in treating the disease. Formation of complex lipid membranes and palmitoylation of coronavirus proteins are essential during viral replication and assembly. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and restoration of lipid catabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) impede replication of coronaviruses closely related to SARS-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2). In vitro findings and clinical data reveal that the FASN inhibitor, orlistat, and the AMPK activator, metformin, may inhibit coronavirus replication and reduce systemic inflammation to restore immune homeostasis. Such observations, along with the known mechanisms of action for these types of drugs, suggest that targeting fatty acid lipid metabolism could directly inhibit virus replication while positively impacting the patient's response to COVID-19.
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Characterization of the adipogenic protein E4orf1 from adenovirus 36 through an in silico approach. J Mol Model 2020; 26:285. [PMID: 32978703 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) is related to human obesity due to its adipogenic activity mediated by the early 4 open reading frame 1 (E4orf1) protein. Mechanisms underlying the adipogenic effect of E4orf1 are not completely understood; however, the proliferation and differentiation of fat cells are increased through the activation of the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase pathway by binding proteins containing PDZ domain. This study characterized E4orf1 tridimensional structure and analyzed its interactions with PDZ domain-containing proteins in order to provide new information about the behavior of this viral protein and its targets, which could provide an interesting druggable target for obesity-related cardiometabolic alterations. In silico strategies such as homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) were used to study the interaction of E4orf1 with five PDZ domains of disk large homolog 1 (PDZ-1 and PDZ-2), membrane-associated guanylate kinase 1 (PDZ-3), and multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (PDZ-7 and PDZ-10). Mutagenesis analysis of selected residues was performed to evaluate their effects on the stabilization of E4orf1:PDZ complexes. MD simulations showed that the E4orf1:PDZ10 complex was more stable than the others ones. The highly hydrophobic residues at the C-terminal region (114-125) of the E4orf1 are essential in the initial phase stabilization of the complexes. Moreover, the residues 80-85 in the core region contribute to longer stabilization of the E4orf1:PDZ10 complex, a result that was confirmed by in silico mutagenesis. In conclusion, E4orf1 forms a stable complex with PDZ10 domain, and the residues 80-85 are of particular importance. The characterization of E4orf1 interactions with PDZ domains provides an initial approach to discover druggable targets for Ad-36-induced obesity.
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Αntoniadou M, Varzakas T. Breaking the vicious circle of diet, malnutrition and oral health for the independent elderly. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3233-3255. [PMID: 32686465 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1793729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs senses, mastication, oral status and function, causing nutritional needs and diet insufficiencies. The present needs of independent older adults suggest that health research and oral health care should shift from reductionist disease management to integral and personal treatment plans, including lifestyle, psychological, nutritional and oral health coaching approaches. Dentists and other medical professionals that work in the field of gerodontology should be educated on the macro and micronutrient needs of the elderly and incorporate certain nutritional plans early in the life of their patients with their approval and cooperation, in order to postpone tooth loss and masticatory impairment. Old recipes such as the Mediterranean diet should be kept as a base for all the elderly and be enriched in a customized interpersonal way from the dentist as well as the medical professional according to the specific needs of one's oral and general health status. In this nonsystematic review paper, the basic aspects of the vicious cycle of nutrition and oral health status are discussed and suggestions of major nutrients' influence and needs for independent elders are reported. Based on the scientific data collected, suggestions are made for the food industry for better quality and dosage of foods for this category of individuals. Such strategies can be a whole new area of interest for the food industry in order to obtain better quality of food packaging for the independent OA with accepted texture, odor, colors, macronutrients and micronutrients' consistency and in specific portions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Αntoniadou
- Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Dept. Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece
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16
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Mhandire DZ, Mhandire K, Magadze M, Wonkam A, Kengne AP, Dandara C. Genetic variation in toll like receptors 2, 7, 9 and interleukin-6 is associated with cytomegalovirus infection in late pregnancy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:113. [PMID: 32450795 PMCID: PMC7247288 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and/or reactivation in pregnancy is associated with a myriad of adverse infant outcomes. However, the role of host genetic polymorphisms in modulating maternal CMV status is inconclusive. This study investigated the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) and cytokine genes with maternal plasma CMV DNA status in black Zimbabweans. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 110 women in late gestation who included 36 CMV infected cases and 74 CMV uninfected, age and HIV status matched controls were enrolled. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes which code for proteins involved in immunity against CMV were genotyped using Iplex GOLD SNP genotyping protocol on the Agena MassARRAY® system. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata SE and the 'Genetics' and 'SNPassoc' packages of the statistical package R. RESULTS The TLR7 rs179008A > T (p < 0.001) polymorphism was associated while the TLR9 rs352139T > C (p = 0.049) polymorphism was on the borderline for association with CMV positive (CMV+) status. In contrast, the interleukin (IL)-6 rs10499563T > C (p < 0.001) and TLR2 rs1816702C > T (p = 0.001) polymorphisms were associated with CMV negative (CMV-) status. Furthermore, allele frequencies of SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TLR7, IL-6, IL-10, IL-28B, IL-1A and interferon AR1 (IFNAR1) genes are being reported here for the first time in a Zimbabwean population. The allele frequencies in the Zimbabwean population are generally comparable to other African populations but different when compared to European and Asian populations. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor and interleukin genetic polymorphisms influence CMV status in late gestation among black Zimbabweans. This is attributable to possible modulation of immune responses to CMV reactivation in a population previously exposed to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Z Mhandire
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Mhandire
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mulalo Magadze
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Shirani F, Teimoori A, McAinch AJ, Rashno M, Latifi SM, Karandish M. Human adenovirus 36 improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles and increases inflammatory markers in Wistar rats. J Investig Med 2020; 68:980-984. [PMID: 32303633 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) causes obesity with increased adiposity, in contrast, Ad-36 infection reduces glucose and lipid metabolism; the results, however, are not consistent. In the current study, the effects of Ad-36 infection on glucose and lipid profile and inflammatory markers in Wistar rats were investigated. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into infected and control groups. Ad-36 virus suspension was injected in the experimental group rats. Blood samples were collected in the beginning and after 12 weeks in both groups. After 12 weeks, a significant improvement was observed in fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, insulin sensitivity, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in the infected group compared with the non-infected groups. There were no significant differences in inflammatory biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels between infected and control groups. This study showed that Ad-36 had favorable effects on glycemic and lipid control in infected rats, but inflammatory biomarker levels were similar for 2 groups. Ad-36 infections could potentially be a new way to develop novel antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shirani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, and Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Diabetes Research Center and Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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18
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Lock NC, Susin C, Damé-Teixeira N, Maltz M, Alves LS. Sex differences in the association between obesity and gingivitis among 12-year-old South Brazilian schoolchildren. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:559-566. [PMID: 32167175 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between weight status and gingivitis in a representative sample of 12-year-old schoolchildren from South Brazil. BACKGROUND An association between obesity and gingivitis in children and adolescents has been observed; however, the present evidence has major limitations. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Porto Alegre, South Brazil, from September 2009 to December 2010 and included a representative sample of 1528 12-year-old schoolchildren attending public and private schools. Data collection included the application of a questionnaire, recording of anthropometric measures (weight and height), and clinical examination (gingival bleeding index, recorded in four sites per tooth). The outcome of the study was the prevalence of gingivitis, defined as the proportion of schoolchildren presenting ≥52% of bleeding sites (based on the median). Weight status was categorized according to body mass index into normal, overweight, or obese. The association between predictor variables and gingivitis prevalence was assessed using Poisson regression models. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. RESULTS Gingivitis prevalence was 48.7% (95% IC = 33.8-63.6) and, on average, schoolchildren presented 51.8% (95% IC = 46.2-57.5) of bleeding sites. Obese individuals had 13% higher prevalence for presenting gingivitis than did normal-weight ones (PR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.09-1.18, P < .001). The stratified analysis showed that this association was sex-specific: Obese girls presented a greater chance of having gingivitis (adjusted PR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.09-1.34, P < .001), but such association was not observed among boys (PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.95-1.20, P = .29). CONCLUSION This study showed sex differences in the association between obesity and gingivitis among 12-year-old South Brazilian schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicássia Cioquetta Lock
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marisa Maltz
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luana Severo Alves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Bhattacharya I, Ghayor C, Pérez Dominguez A, Weber FE. From Influenza Virus to Novel Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2)-The Contribution of Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556962. [PMID: 33123087 PMCID: PMC7573145 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.556962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of 2020, the governments and the health systems around the world are tackling infections and fatalities caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus pandemic has turned more complicated as individuals with co-morbidities like diabetes, cardiovascular conditions and obesity are at a high risk of acquiring infection and suffering from a more severe course of disease. Prolonged viral infection and obesity are independently known to lower the immune response and a combination can thus result in a "cytokine storm" and a substantial weakening of the immune system. With the rise in obesity cases globally, the chances that obese individuals will acquire infection and need hospitalization are heightened. In this review, we discuss why obesity, a low-grade chronic inflammation, contributes toward the increased severity in COVID-19 patients. We suggest that increased inflammation, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, elevated adipokines and higher ectopic fat may be the factors contributing to the disease severity, in particular deteriorating the cardiovascular and lung function, in obese individuals. We look at the many lessons learnt from the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic and relate it to the very little but fast incoming information that is available from the SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Bhattacharya
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Pérez Dominguez
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E. Weber
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Franz E. Weber
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Ponton F, Morimoto J, Robinson K, Kumar SS, Cotter SC, Wilson K, Simpson SJ. Macronutrients modulate survival to infection and immunity in Drosophila. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:460-470. [PMID: 31658371 PMCID: PMC7027473 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunity and nutrition are two essential modulators of individual fitness. However, while the implications of immune function and nutrition on an individual's lifespan and reproduction are well established, the interplay between feeding behaviour, infection and immune function remains poorly understood. Asking how ecological and physiological factors affect immune responses and resistance to infections is a central theme of eco‐immunology. In this study, we used the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate how infection through septic injury modulates nutritional intake and how macronutrient balance affects survival to infection by the pathogenic Gram‐positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. Our results show that infected flies maintain carbohydrate intake, but reduce protein intake, thereby shifting from a protein‐to‐carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of ~1:4 to ~1:10 relative to non‐infected and sham‐infected flies. Strikingly, the proportion of flies dying after M. luteus infection was significantly lower when flies were fed a low‐P high‐C diet, revealing that flies shift their macronutrient intake as means of nutritional self‐medication against bacterial infection. These results are likely due to the effects of the macronutrient balance on the regulation of the constitutive expression of innate immune genes, as a low‐P high‐C diet was linked to an upregulation in the expression of key antimicrobial peptides. Together, our results reveal the intricate relationship between macronutrient intake and resistance to infection and integrate the molecular cross‐talk between metabolic and immune pathways into the framework of nutritional immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Robinson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheemal S Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Morales Camacho WJ, Molina Díaz JM, Plata Ortiz S, Plata Ortiz JE, Morales Camacho MA, Calderón BP. Childhood obesity: Aetiology, comorbidities, and treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3203. [PMID: 31299135 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently considered a global epidemic, and its implications in mortality and morbidity in a paediatric patient and in adulthood are increasingly important. The objective of this article is to review in detail the definition of obesity according to age group, and, in turn, the epidemiology of this entity worldwide and in South America. Available evidence about pathophysiology and, additionally, associated comorbidities are reported in some of the most important and clinically relevant body systems. The recommendations on pharmacological and nonpharmacological management through changes in lifestyle and relevant aspects of bariatric surgery in the paediatric population are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Javier Morales Camacho
- Pediatrics, El Bosque University (UEB), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Investigation Group of Pediatrics, El Bosque University (UEB), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Jorge Mario Molina Díaz
- Department of Child Endocrinology, Federico Gómez Children's Hospital of Mexico (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Plata Ortiz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
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22
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Albandar JM, Susin C, Hughes FJ. Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 45 Suppl 20:S171-S189. [PMID: 29926486 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review proposes case definitions and diagnostic considerations of systemic disorders and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases and certain systemic disorders share similar genetic and/or environmental etiological factors, and affected patients may show manifestations of both diseases. Characterizing these diseases and the nature of the association between them could have important diagnostic value and therapeutic implications for patients. FINDINGS Numerous systemic disorders and certain medications can affect the periodontal attachment apparatus and cause loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone. Although many of these disorders are rare or uncommon, they often cause significant loss of periodontal tissue by influencing periodontal inflammation or through mechanisms distinct from periodontitis. Most of these disorders are due to innate mechanisms and some are acquired via environmental factors or lifestyle. Several disorders affect periodontal inflammation through alterations in the host immune response to periodontal infection; others cause defects in the gingiva or periodontal connective tissue, instigate metabolic changes in the host that affect various tissues of the periodontal apparatus, or operate by other mechanisms. For some systemic disorders that are more common, their contribution to the loss of periodontal tissue is modest, while for others, contribution is not supported by clear evidence. Few systemic medications are associated with increased loss of periodontal tissue, and these are typically medications used in the treatment of malignancies. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies systemic diseases and conditions that can affect the periodontal attachment apparatus and cause loss of periodontal supporting tissues and, where possible, presents case definitions for these. Many of these diseases are associated with a profound loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone, and for some of these disorders the periodontal manifestations may be among the first signs of the disease. These case definitions may be useful in the early diagnosis of these diseases and may contribute to an improvement in the management of periodontal manifestations and improve the quality of life for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim M Albandar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Department of Periodontics, Augusta University Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Francis J Hughes
- Unit of Periodontology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
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Maternal Obesity and Offspring Long-Term Infectious Morbidity. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091466. [PMID: 31540056 PMCID: PMC6780342 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity world-wide. Maternal obesity is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Furthermore, Obesity has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term pediatric infectious morbidity of children born to obese mothers. This population-based cohort analysis compared deliveries of obese (maternal pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and non-obese patients at a single tertiary medical center. Hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving infectious morbidities were evaluated according to a predefined set of ICD-9 codes. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative hospitalization incidence between the groups and Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for possible confounders. 249,840 deliveries were included. Of them, 3399 were children of obese mothers. Hospitalizations involving infectious morbidity were significantly more common in children born to obese mothers compared with non-obese patients (12.5% vs. 11.0%, p < 0.01). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of infectious-related hospitalizations in the obese group (log rank p = 0.03). Using the Cox regression model, maternal obesity was found to be an independent risk factor for long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring (adjusted HR = 1.125, 95% CI 1.021–1.238, p = 0.017).
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Central obesity is associated with helicobacter pylori infection: a large-scale cross-sectional retrospective study in West China. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-019-00765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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25
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Amsden JR, Slain D. Dosing Antifungals in Obesity: a Literature Review. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-0335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ileal transcriptome analysis in obese rats induced by high-fat diets and an adenoviral infection. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2134-2142. [PMID: 30670846 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic affecting millions of people. Obesity and associated health consequences tend to be complicated by diverse causes and multi-systemic involvement. Previous studies have investigated obesity induced by a single factor, such as a high-fat diet (HF) of typical energy-dense food and infection by an adipogenic virus, such as a widely studied human adenovirus serotype 36 (Ad-36). In this study, we hypothesized and investigated the synergistic effect of two causal factors, HF and Ad-36, in obesity induction. METHODS The 7-week-old Wistar rats (n = 1214/group) were randomly divided into weight-matched groups and induced for obesity with mock-control, HF, Ad-36, or HF + Ad-36 for 8-30 weeks, and compared for obesity phenotype. A global transcriptomic RNA-Seq analysis was used to profile signature gene response pathways in ileal tissues from 8-week control and obese animals during this early phase of obesity induction. RESULTS HF only and particularly co-administration of Ad-36 and HF (HF + Ad-36) induced significant obesity in rats (p < 0.05 or p < 0.005). Compared with either Ad-36 or HF alone, HF + Ad-36 treatment significantly aggravates obesity in rats regarding body weight (n = 12-14/group) and adiposity index (n = 6-7). Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of intestinal tissues revealed signature genes on an inter-systemic scale, including many genes in the pathways of circadian rhythm and antiviral immunity focusing on IFN signaling. CONCLUSIONS Ad-36 exacerbated the induction of obesity in rats compared with those treated with HF alone. Gene-responsive pathways involved in circadian rhythm and antiviral immunity in ileal tissues were significantly (p < 0.05, and FDR < 0.01) regulated during the early phase of obesity induction. This study provided a co-factorial model for obesity induction and profiled molecular targets for further validation and molecular manipulation.
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Kim M, Basharat A, Santosh R, Mehdi SF, Razvi Z, Yoo SK, Lowell B, Kumar A, Brima W, Danoff A, Dankner R, Bergman M, Pavlov VA, Yang H, Roth J. Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3072. [PMID: 30171821 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over-nutrition and its late consequences are a dominant theme in medicine today. In addition to the health hazards brought on by over-nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under "obesity paradox." Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20th century, under-nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under-nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over-nutrition. This continuum yields J-shaped or U-shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20th century, are being neglected. This "hidden hunger" is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. Nutrition-related conditions worthy of special attention from caregivers include excess vitamin A, excess vitamin D, and deficiency of magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Anam Basharat
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Ramchandani Santosh
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Syed F Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Zanali Razvi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Sun K Yoo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Amrat Kumar
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, Cpl. Michael J Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Dankner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
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Albandar JM, Susin C, Hughes FJ. Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol 2018; 89 Suppl 1:S183-S203. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.16-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasim M. Albandar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Department of Periodontics; Augusta University Dental College of Georgia; Augusta GA USA
| | - Francis J. Hughes
- Unit of Periodontology; Dental Institute; Kings College London; London UK
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Zhou X, Ye Y, Tang G, Zhou X. Obesity and infection, accompanying phenomenon or causal association? Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Peterson LS, Gállego Suárez C, Segaloff HE, Griffin C, Martin ET, Odetola FO, Singer K. Outcomes and Resource Use Among Overweight and Obese Children With Sepsis in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med 2018; 35:472-477. [PMID: 29471722 DOI: 10.1177/0885066618760541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of overweight and obesity on outcomes and resource use among patients with sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). DESIGN Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics, resource use, and mortality among children 0 to 20 years of age admitted to the C.S. MottChildren's Hospital PICU (University of Michigan) between January 2009 and December 2015, with a diagnostic code for sepsis at admission (based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification codes) and with weight and height measurements at PICU admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 454 participants met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-six were categorized as underweight (body mass index [BMI] percentile <5th) and were excluded, which left a final sample size of 378 participants. Children with a BMI >5th and <85th percentiles for age were categorized as normal weight and those with a BMI >85th percentile as overweight/obese. After descriptive and bivariate analyses, multivariate regression methods were used to assess the independent effect of obesity status on mortality and the use of PICU technology after adjustment for patient age and illness severity at admission. Of the 378 patients studied, 41.3% were overweight/obese. There was no difference in microbiologic etiology of sepsis (P = .36), median PICU length of stay in days (5.4 vs 5.6; P = .61), or PICU mortality (6.4% vs 7.2%; P = .76) by weight status. The use of specialized PICU technology including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.13-6.79) and continuous renal replacement therapy (OR: 4.58, 95% CI: 1.16-18.0) was higher among overweight/obese patients, compared with normal weight patients. CONCLUSIONS Although PICU mortality and length of stay were similar for obese-overweight patients and normal weight critically ill children with sepsis, there was significantly higher use of specialized organ-supportive technology among obese patients, likely indicating higher occurrence of multiple organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cecilia Gállego Suárez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hannah E Segaloff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cameron Griffin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Folafoluwa O Odetola
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Shirani F, Teimoori A, Rashno M, Latifi SM, Karandish M. Using rats as a research model to investigate the effect of human adenovirus 36 on weight gain. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2017; 13:167-171. [PMID: 29147126 PMCID: PMC5677319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has shown a positive correlation between obesity and viral infections with a particular emphasis on the human adenovirus-36 (Ad-36). Ad-36 is the first human virus that may increase adiposity in animals, and it is considered as a possible risk factor for obesity in humans; however, the results were not consistent across all the studies. The present study was conducted to examine the influence of Ad-36 infection on obesity in a rat model. METHODS Eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 170-240 gram (g), were randomly divided into two groups, infection group (48 rats) and a control group (12 rats). The rats in the infection group were infected with human Ad-36. All rats were given free access to a normal chow diet and water. They were weighed weekly. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation (SD) body weights were 229.0 ± 25.9 g and 232.3 ± 16.6 g in the infection and control groups, respectively at the time of infection. The mean ± SD body weight of the infection group (304.0 ± 39.0 g) was higher than the control group (301.0 ± 36.5 g) at 12 weeks post-infection (P = 0.82). Although two groups had approximately same food intakes, the mean change in body weight was greater in the infection group than the control group (75.8 ± 27.9 g vs. 70.8 ± 24.5 g) but it was not significant (P = 0.57). CONCLUSION We did not find a statistically significant association between weight gain and Ad-36 infection in the rat model. It seems that longer follow-up duration is needed to develop a significant weight gain in the infected rats. Rats can be used as a good animal model for further investigations about Ad-36-induced obesity, provided not to rely merely on weight measurements. Evaluating body composition or histopathological assessments are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shirani
- PhD Candidate, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center AND School of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Assistant Professor, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center AND School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Assistant Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Lecturer, Diabetes Research Center AND Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Professor, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center AND School of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kosaraju R, Guesdon W, Crouch MJ, Teague HL, Sullivan EM, Karlsson EA, Schultz-Cherry S, Gowdy K, Bridges LC, Reese LR, Neufer PD, Armstrong M, Reisdorph N, Milner JJ, Beck M, Shaikh SR. B Cell Activity Is Impaired in Human and Mouse Obesity and Is Responsive to an Essential Fatty Acid upon Murine Influenza Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4738-4752. [PMID: 28500069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk for infections and poor responses to vaccinations, which may be due to compromised B cell function. However, there is limited information about the influence of obesity on B cell function and underlying factors that modulate B cell responses. Therefore, we studied B cell cytokine secretion and/or Ab production across obesity models. In obese humans, B cell IL-6 secretion was lowered and IgM levels were elevated upon ex vivo anti-BCR/TLR9 stimulation. In murine obesity induced by a high fat diet, ex vivo IgM and IgG were elevated with unstimulated B cells. Furthermore, the high fat diet lowered bone marrow B cell frequency accompanied by diminished transcripts of early lymphoid commitment markers. Murine B cell responses were subsequently investigated upon influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 infection using a Western diet model in the absence or presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA, an essential fatty acid with immunomodulatory properties, was tested because its plasma levels are lowered in obesity. Relative to controls, mice consuming the Western diet had diminished Ab titers whereas the Western diet plus DHA improved titers. Mechanistically, DHA did not directly target B cells to elevate Ab levels. Instead, DHA increased the concentration of the downstream specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, and protectin DX. All three SPMs were found to be effective in elevating murine Ab levels upon influenza infection. Collectively, the results demonstrate that B cell responses are impaired across human and mouse obesity models and show that essential fatty acid status is a factor influencing humoral immunity, potentially through an SPM-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasagna Kosaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - William Guesdon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Miranda J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Heather L Teague
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - E Madison Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Kymberly Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Lance C Bridges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Lauren R Reese
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834.,Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045; and
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045; and
| | - J Justin Milner
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Melinda Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; .,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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Arman D, Kuraitis D, Moriguchi J, Hamilton M, Liou F, Siddiqui S, Luu M, Zakowski P, Arabia F, Kobashigawa J. Do Prior Driveline Infections Increase the Risk of Infection in Heart Transplant Patients Treated With Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Induction Therapy? Transplant Proc 2017; 48:3393-3396. [PMID: 27931587 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) has been increasing over the past several years. Driveline infections (DLIs) are one of the most common complications seen in these patients; reportedly, up to 50% of patients with MCSDs can develop this complication. It is believed that the removal of the driveline results in treatment of the localized infection area. MCSD patients are also known to develop circulating antibodies. These circulating antibodies have been associated with poor outcomes after heart transplantation. The use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) as induction therapy reportedly decreases the development of circulating antibodies; it is now commonly used in sensitized patients undergoing heart transplantation. It is unknown whether ATG induction therapy immediate posttransplant will increase the risk of infection of those MCSD patients with DLIs. METHODS Between 2003 and 2013, we evaluated 57 MCSD patients who subsequently underwent heart transplantation and received ATG induction therapy. Patients were divided into those with previous MCSD DLI and those without, and they were assessed for 1-year freedom from infection (specifically, sternal wound infections). One-year survival and freedom from treated rejection, both cellular and antibody mediated, were also assessed. RESULTS MCSD patients with DLIs who received ATG induction did not have a lower freedom from any treated infection and from sternal wound infection posttransplant compared with those MCSD patients without DLIs and not treated with ATG induction. There were also no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of 1-year posttransplant survival and freedom from treated rejection. CONCLUSIONS The use of ATG induction in patients with prior DLIs did not seem to increase the risk for posttransplant infection (eg, sternal wound infection). ATG induction can therefore be safely used in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arman
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - D Kuraitis
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Moriguchi
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - M Hamilton
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - F Liou
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - S Siddiqui
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - M Luu
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - P Zakowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - F Arabia
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Kobashigawa
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California.
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Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid inhibits the differentiation of mouse preadipocytes through pattern recognition receptor-mediated secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:875-885. [PMID: 27311810 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections can disturb the functions of adipose tissues and thus result in metabolic diseases. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA, induces innate antiviral responses by mimicking viral infection through the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). Poly(I:C) also inhibits the differentiation of mouse preadipocytes but the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. In this study, poly(I:C) inhibited preadipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, but not in a time-dependent manner. Endogenously transfected poly(I:C) severely impaired the adipogenesis of preadipocytes compared with exogenously added poly(I:C). Low concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) could effectively inhibit the preadipocyte differentiation. The effect of exogenously added poly(I:C) on inhibition of differentiation was significantly diminished in the preadipocytes of TLR3 knockout mice. By contrast, endogenously transfected poly(I:C) still inhibited the differentiation of TLR3-deficient preadipocytes. Hence, MDA5/RIG-I signaling was involved in the poly(I:C)-induced inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation. The effect of poly(I:C) stimulation, either through endogenous transfection or exogenous addition, on inhibition of differentiation was significantly diminished in the preadipocytes of TNF-α knockout mice. These results confirmed the evidence that poly(I:C) inhibited the differentiation of mouse preadipocytes through PRR-mediated secretion of TNF-α.
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Guervil DJ, Kaye KS, Hassoun A, Cole P, Huang XY, Friedland HD. Ceftaroline fosamil as first-line versus second-line treatment for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) or community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). J Chemother 2016; 28:180-6. [PMID: 25817579 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The Clinical Assessment Program and Teflaro(®) Utilization Registry (CAPTURE) is a multicenter registry study of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) patients treated with ceftaroline fosamil in the US. Data for this analysis were collected between August 2011 and February 2013 at US study centres by randomly ordered chart review. Clinical success rates among ABSSSI patients were >81% when ceftaroline fosamil was used as first- or second-line therapy, including monotherapy and concurrent therapy. Among CABP patients, clinical success rates were >77% among first-line and second-line patients and patients who received first-line concurrent therapy or second line monotherapy or concurrent therapy. For CABP patients treated with ceftaroline fosamil as first-line monotherapy, the clinical success rate was 70%. Ceftaroline fosamil is an effective treatment option for patients with ABSSSI or CABP with similar clinical success rates when used as first-line or second-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Guervil
- a Infectious Diseases, Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Keith S Kaye
- b Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ali Hassoun
- c Alabama Infectious Disease Center , Huntsville , AL , USA
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Gaio EJ, Haas AN, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV, Albandar JM, Susin C. Effect of obesity on periodontal attachment loss progression: a 5-year population-based prospective study. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:557-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Gaio
- Faculty of Dentistry - Periodontology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Alex Nogueira Haas
- Faculty of Dentistry - Periodontology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Rui Vicente Oppermann
- Faculty of Dentistry - Periodontology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Jasim M. Albandar
- Department of Periodontology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Biology; The Dental College of Georgia; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
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Abstract
Obesity, which causes some cancer types and other diseases, is not only a global public health problem, but also a factor that affects country's economy. Endocrinal, environmental, neuronal and genetic factors have important roles on the etiology of obesity. When the possibility that SMAM‐1 animal virus could have a relationship with obesity was observed, obesity studies focused on human adenoviruses. Adenovirus‐36 was first isolated in 1978 and was the first human adenovirus to be tested in terms of infectobesity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies proved the strong relationship between adenovirus‐36 presence and obesity. Therefore, a large-scale study incorporating various ethnicities and age groups is required to investigate the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its links with viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamese Murat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Altoparlak Ulku
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Abstract
The strategies employed in vaccinology have improved since the seminal work of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century. Stimulated by failure to develop vaccines for cancers and chronic infectious diseases as well as an emergence of a multitude of new technologies not available earlier, vaccinology has moved from a largely experimental art to a new phase of innovation. Currently, immune reactions can be predicted and modeled before they occur and formulations can be optimized in advance for genetic background, age, sex, lifestyle, environmental factors, and microbiome. A multitude of scientific insights and technological advancements have led us to this current status, yet possibly none of the recent developments is individually more promising to achieve these goals than the interdisciplinary science of systems vaccinology. This review summarizes current trends and applications of systems vaccinology, including technically tangible areas of vaccine and immunology research which allow the transformative process into a truly broad understanding of vaccines, thereby effectively modeling interaction of vaccines with health and disease. It is becoming clear that a multitude of factors have to be considered to understand inter-patient variability of vaccine responses including those characterized from the interfaces between the immune system, microbiome, metabolome, and the nervous system.
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Alexandre PA, Kogelman LJA, Santana MHA, Passarelli D, Pulz LH, Fantinato-Neto P, Silva PL, Leme PR, Strefezzi RF, Coutinho LL, Ferraz JBS, Eler JP, Kadarmideen HN, Fukumasu H. Liver transcriptomic networks reveal main biological processes associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1073. [PMID: 26678995 PMCID: PMC4683712 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selection of beef cattle for feed efficiency (FE) traits is very important not only for productive and economic efficiency but also for reduced environmental impact of livestock. Considering that FE is multifactorial and expensive to measure, the aim of this study was to identify biological functions and regulatory genes associated with this phenotype. RESULTS Eight genes were differentially expressed between high and low feed efficient animals (HFE and LFE, respectively). Co-expression analyses identified 34 gene modules of which 4 were strongly associated with FE traits. They were mainly enriched for inflammatory response or inflammation-related terms. We also identified 463 differentially co-expressed genes which were functionally enriched for immune response and lipid metabolism. A total of 8 key regulators of gene expression profiles affecting FE were found. The LFE animals had higher feed intake and increased subcutaneous and visceral fat deposition. In addition, LFE animals showed higher levels of serum cholesterol and liver injury biomarker GGT. Histopathology of the liver showed higher percentage of periportal inflammation with mononuclear infiltrate. CONCLUSION Liver transcriptomic network analysis coupled with other results demonstrated that LFE animals present altered lipid metabolism and increased hepatic periportal lesions associated with an inflammatory response composed mainly by mononuclear cells. We are now focusing to identify the causes of increased liver lesions in LFE animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lisette J A Kogelman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Miguel H A Santana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Passarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Lidia H Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Fantinato-Neto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo L Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassunung, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R Leme
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassunung, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo F Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz L Coutinho
- Department of Animal Sciences, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José B S Ferraz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Joanie P Eler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Sundaram V, Kaung A, Rajaram A, Lu SC, Tran TT, Nissen NN, Klein AS, Jalan R, Charlton MR, Jeon CY. Obesity is independently associated with infection in hospitalised patients with end-stage liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:1271-80. [PMID: 26510540 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is the most common cause of mortality in end-stage liver disease (ESLD). The impact of obesity on infection risk in ESLD is not established. AIM To characterise the impact of obesity on infection risk in ESLD. METHODS We evaluated the association between infection and obesity in patients with ESLD. Patients grouped as non-obese, obesity class I-II and obesity class III were studied using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Validated diagnostic code based algorithms were utilised to determine weight category and infections, including bacteraemia, skin/soft tissue infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia/respiratory infection, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Risk factors for infection and mortality were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 115 465 patients identified, 100 957 (87.5%) were non-obese and 14 508 (12.5%) were obese, with 9489 (8.2%) as obesity class I-II and 5019 (4.3%) as obesity class III. 37 117 patients (32.1%) had an infection diagnosis. Infection was most prevalent among obesity class III (44.0%), followed by obesity class I-II (38.9%) and then non-obese (31.9%). In multivariable modelling, class III obesity (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.32-1.51; P < 0.001), and class I-II obesity (OR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.15; P = 0.026) were associated with infection. Compared to non-obese patients, obese individuals had greater prevalence of bacteraemia, UTI, and skin/soft tissue infection as compared to non-obese patients. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is newly identified to be independently associated with infection in end-stage liver disease. The distribution of infection sites varies based on weight category.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sundaram
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Kaung
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Rajaram
- Department of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - S C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T T Tran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N N Nissen
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A S Klein
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, UK
| | - M R Charlton
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - C Y Jeon
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Befus M, Lowy FD, Miko BA, Mukherjee DV, Herzig CTA, Larson EL. Obesity as a Determinant of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Among Inmates in Maximum-Security Prisons in New York State. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:494-502. [PMID: 26292691 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases a person's susceptibility to a variety of infections, including Staphylococcus aureus infections, which is an important cause of morbidity in correctional settings. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed the association between obesity and S. aureus colonization, a risk factor for subsequent infection, in New York State maximum-security prisons (2011-2013). Anterior nares and oropharyngeal cultures were collected. Structured interviews and medical records were used to collect demographic, behavioral, and medical data. Body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m(2))) was categorized as 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, or ≥35. The association between BMI and S. aureus colonization was assessed using log-binomial regression. Thirty-eight percent of 638 female inmates and 26% of 794 male inmates had a BMI of 30 or higher. More than 40% of inmates were colonized. Female inmates with a BMI of 25-29.9 (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.76), 30-34.9 (PR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.98), or ≥35 (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.96) had a higher likelihood of colonization than did those with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 after we controlled for age, educational level, smoking status, diabetes status, and presence of human immunodeficiency virus. Colonization was higher among male inmates with a BMI of 30-34.9 (PR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.61). Our findings demonstrate an association between BMI and S. aureus colonization among female prisoners. Potential contributory biologic and behavioral factors should be explored.
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Inafuku M, Matsuzaki G, Oku H. Intravenous Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese, Diabetic ob/ob Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128676. [PMID: 26039731 PMCID: PMC4454685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immune response profoundly influence metabolic syndrome and fatty acid metabolism. To analyze influence of systemic inflammatory response to metabolic syndrome, we inoculated an attenuated vaccine strain of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) into leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. BCG administration significantly decreased epididymal white adipose tissue weight, serum insulin levels, and a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin level and HMW/total adiponectin ratio of the BCG treated mice were significantly higher than those of control mice. Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and macrovesicular steatosis were markedly alleviated, and the enzymatic activities and mRNA levels of lipogenic-related genes in liver were significantly decreased in the BCG injected mice. We also exposed human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells to high levels of palmitate, which enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene expression and impaired insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation (Ser473). BCG treatment ameliorated both of these detrimental events. The present study therefore suggested that BCG administration suppressed development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, at least partly, by alleviating fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Inafuku
- Department of Tropical Bio-resources, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Department of Tropical Bio-resources, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Evans JD, Udeani G, Cole P, Friedland HD. Ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in obese patients. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:128-34. [PMID: 25295657 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceftaroline fosamil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. The Clinical Assessment Program and Teflaro Utilization Registry (CAPTURE) is a multicenter registry study of patients treated with ceftaroline fosamil in the United States for ABSSSI or community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical effectiveness of ceftaroline fosamil in the treatment of ABSSSI in obese patients [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30] compared with patients with a normal BMI (18.5 to ≤ 24.9). METHODS Data were collected at US study centers by randomly ordered chart review. RESULTS Data from 261 patients with a normal BMI and 690 patients with an obese BMI were collected. The percentage of males was higher in the normal BMI than in the obese category (58.2% and 49.0%, respectively). The mean and median ages at baseline were similar. Most patients (91%) were treated on a general hospital ward, and the mean and median lengths of stay were similar between the 2 groups (approximately 11 days and 7 days, respectively). A total of 73.2% of normal BMI patients and 77.5% of obese patients were discharged to home. Rates of diabetes mellitus were 26.4% in the normal BMI group and 55.1% in the obese group. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 26.1% of normal BMI patients and 20.5% of obese patients (16.4% morbidly obese subset). Mean treatment duration for all patients was 5.9 days. Of patients with a normal BMI, 57.5% received ceftaroline fosamil as monotherapy as did 63.3% of obese patients. Clinical success was high in both the normal BMI (85.1%) and the obese (89.0%) groups. CONCLUSION Ceftaroline fosamil is an effective treatment option for obese patients with ABSSSI with a similar clinical success rate, mean and median length of stay, and discharge destination to home when compared with normal BMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Evans
- Director of Pharmacy Services, CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital-Alice, Alice, TX.
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Savcheniuk O, Kobyliak N, Kondro M, Virchenko O, Falalyeyeva T, Beregova T. Short-term periodic consumption of multiprobiotic from childhood improves insulin sensitivity, prevents development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and adiposity in adult rats with glutamate-induced obesity. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:247. [PMID: 25030027 PMCID: PMC4223623 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Today the impairment of metabolism and obesity are being extensively investigated due to the significant increase of the prevalence of these diseases. There is scientific evidence that probiotics are beneficial for human health. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of multiprobiotic “Symbiter acidophilic concentrated” on obesity parameters in the rats under experimental obesity. Methods The study was carried out on 60 newborn Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups, 20 animals in each (females – n = 10, males – n = 10): intact rats, monosodium glutamate (MSG-) and MSG + probiotic group. Rats of intact group were administered with saline (8 μl/g, subcutaneously (s.c.)). Newborns rats of MSG-group and MSG + probiotic group were injected with a solution of MSG (4.0 mg/g) s.c. at 2nd – 10th postnatal days. The MSG + probiotic group was treated with 140 mg/kg (1.4 × 1010 CFU/kg) of multiprobiotic “Symbiter”. MSG-group was treated with 2.5 ml/kg of water (per os) respectively. Administration was started at the age of 4 weeks just after wean and continued for 3 month intermittently alternating two-week course of introduction with two-week course of break. Results Neonatal treatment with MSG caused a stunted growth in both MSG-groups, which manifested with significantly smaller naso-anal length compared to adult intact rats. There was no significant difference in weight between intact and MSG-groups on 120th day. The adiponectin level in the serum of rats with MSG-induced obesity decreased by 2.43 times (p = 0.001) in males and 1.75 (p = 0.020) in females. Concentration of leptin in adipose tissue were significantly higher by 45.9% (p = 0.019) and 61.2% (p = 0.009) respectively in males and females compared to intact rats. Our study has indicated that daily oral administration of multiprobiotic to neonatal MSG-treated rats by 2-week courses led to significant reduce of total body and VAT weight with subsequent improvement in insulin sensitivity and prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) development. Conclusions These results have shown that periodic treatment with multiprobiotic prevents the MSG-induced obesity and NAFLD development.
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The role of colonization pressure in the dissemination of colistin or tigecycline resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in critically ill patients. Infection 2014; 42:883-90. [PMID: 25008195 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the risk factors for incident enteric colonization by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) resistant to colistin or tigecycline during Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay. METHOD A prospective observational study of patients admitted to the ICU was conducted during a 27-month period. Rectal samples taken upon admission and weekly afterwards were inoculated on selective chromogenic agar. K. pneumoniae isolates were characterized by standard methodology. Mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) to colistin and tigecycline were determined by E-test. The presence of bla KPC gene was confirmed by PCR. RESULTS Among 254 patients, 62 (24.4%) became colonized by colistin- resistant KPC-Kp during their stay. Multivariate analysis revealed that corticosteroid, colistin administration and number of colonized patients in nearby beds per day were significantly associated with colonization. Among 257 patients, 39 (17.9%) became colonized by tigecycline resistant KPC-Kp during their stay. Risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were: days at risk, obesity, number of colonized patients treated in nearby beds per day and administration of tigecycline. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of colistin or tigecycline resistant KPC-Kp enteric carriage in ICU patients indicate that dissemination is due to their transfer from patient to patient via the personnel and indicates the importance of strict infection control protocols.
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Jiao Y, Mao X, Chang X, Abudureyimu K, Zhang C, Lu J, Wang Y, Nuermaimaiti N, Aisa Y, Gong X, Guan Y. Adenovirus36 infection expresses cellular APMI and Visfatin genes in overweight Uygur individuals. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:83. [PMID: 24739504 PMCID: PMC3996488 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is to determine if Adenovirus type 36 (Ad36) infection is related to macrophage infiltration in the obese group and non-obese group and the related molecular mechanisms. Methods Ninety obesity patients and 95 non-obesity Uygur individuals were enrolled in this study. CD68 levels in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The cytokine expression levels of adiponectin (APMI) and visfatin in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection of 3T3-L1 cells with Ad36 was performed. Real-time PCR was performed to determine expression levels of APMI and Visfatin genes in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes infected with Ad36. Results In the obese individuals infected with Ad36, the expression levels of adiponectin and visfatin in serum was elevated. For the individuals infected with Ad36, the macrophage infiltration (as indicated by CD68 level) in the obese group was also significantly higher than that in the non-obese group (P < 0.05) in both abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues. The real-time PCR results indicated that APMI mRNA levels and Visfatin mRNA levels in Ad36 infected cells were significantly increased. Conclusions Ad36 infection may be a factor related with macrophage infiltration in adipose tissues of the obese patients. The APMI and Visfatin genes may be involved in the mechanism underlying the effect of Ad36 infection on the obese patients. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1849614638119816
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaqun Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, P, R China.
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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