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Feinkohl I, Janke J, Slooter AJC, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T. The Association of Plasma Leptin, Soluble Leptin Receptor and Total and High-Molecular Weight Adiponectin With the Risk of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:1119-1129. [PMID: 38637191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (NCD) are poorly characterized in terms of their risk factor profiles. Leptin and adiponectin are adipose-tissue-derived hormones with a role in inflammation and atherosclerosis whose function in perioperative NCD is unclear. Here, we used a cohort of older adults to examine the association of preoperative plasma concentrations of these biomarkers with the risk of perioperative NCD. METHODS Prospective analysis of 768 participants aged ≥ 65 years of the BioCog study. Blood was collected before surgery for measurement of plasma total and high-molecular-weight (hmw) adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R). The free leptin index (FLI, leptin:sOB-R) was calculated. Postoperative delirium (POD) was assessed twice daily until postoperative day 7/discharge. Five hundred twenty-six patients (68.5%) returned for 3-month follow-up and provided data on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). POCD was defined as a decline on six neuropsychological tests that exceeded that of a nonsurgical control group. Logistic regression analyses examined the associations of each exposure with POD and POCD risk, in separate models adjusted for age, sex, fasting, surgery type, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Of 768 patients, 152 (19.8%) developed POD. Of 526 attendants of the follow-up, 54 (10.3%) had developed POCD. Leptin, sOB-R, and total and hmw adiponectin were each not associated with POD. For POCD, we observed reduced risk in patients in FLI quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% CI 0.08, 0.89). Sensitivity analyses for the outcome POD revealed statistically significant interaction terms of sOB-R and total adiponectin with obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2 versus BMI<30kg/m2). For the outcome POCD, a higher sOB-R was associated with an increased risk in the obese subgroup (odds ratio, 4.00; 95% CI 1.01, 15.86). CONCLUSIONS We did not find consistent evidence for the role of leptin, its receptor, and total and hmw adiponectin in POD and POCD risk. Future research should be used to support or refute our findings and to fully characterize any differences in the associations of these hormones with POD/POCD between obese and nonobese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Medical Biometry and Epidemiology Group, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany; Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, UZ Brussels and Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georg Winterer
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; MDC/BIH Biobank, Max Delbrueck Center, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Gutiérrez Rico E, Joseph P, Noutsos C, Poon K. Hypothalamic and hippocampal transcriptome changes in App NL-G-F mice as a function of metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction. Neuroscience 2024; 554:107-117. [PMID: 39002757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a silent phase that predates characteristic cognitive decline and eventually leads to active cognitive deficits. Metabolism, diet, and obesity have been correlated to the development of AD but is poorly understood. The hypothalamus is a brain region that exerts homeostatic control on food intake and metabolism and has been noted to be impacted during the active phase of Alzheimer's disease. This study, in using an amyloid overexpression AppNL-G-F mouse model under normal metabolic conditions, examines blood markers in young and old male AppNL-G-F mice (n = 5) that corresponds to the silent and active phases of AD, and bulk gene expression changes in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. The results show a large panel of inflammatory mediators, leptin, and other proteins that may be involved in weakening the blood brain barrier, to be increased in the young AppNL-G-F mice but not in the old AppNL-G-F mice. There were also several differentially expressed genes in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus in the young AppNL-G-F mice prior to amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline that persisted in the old AppNL-G-F mice, including GABRa2 receptor, Wdfy1, and several pseudogenes with unknown function. These results suggests that a larger panel of inflammatory mediators may be used as blood markers to detect silent AD, and that a change in leptin and gene expression in the hypothalamus exist prior to cognitive effects, suggesting a coupling of metabolism with amyloid plaque induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gutiérrez Rico
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Patricia Joseph
- SUNY Old Westbury, 223 Store Hill Rd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Christos Noutsos
- SUNY Old Westbury, 223 Store Hill Rd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Kinning Poon
- SUNY Old Westbury, 223 Store Hill Rd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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Charisis S, Short MI, Bernal R, Kautz TF, Treviño HA, Mathews J, Dediós AGV, Muhammad JAS, Luckey AM, Aslam A, Himali JJ, Shipp EL, Habes M, Beiser AS, DeCarli C, Scarmeas N, Ramachandran VS, Seshadri S, Maillard P, Satizabal CL. Leptin bioavailability and markers of brain atrophy and vascular injury in the middle age. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39132759 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the associations of leptin markers with cognitive function and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain atrophy and vascular injury in healthy middle-aged adults. METHODS We included 2262 cognitively healthy participants from the Framingham Heart Study with neuropsychological evaluation; of these, 2028 also had available brain MRI. Concentrations of leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and their ratio (free leptin index [FLI]), indicating leptin bioavailability, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cognitive and MRI measures were derived using standardized protocols. RESULTS Higher sOB-R was associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA, β = -0.114 ± 0.02, p < 0.001), and higher free water (FW, β = 0.091 ± 0.022, p < 0.001) and peak-width skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD, β = 0.078 ± 0.021, p < 0.001). Correspondingly, higher FLI was associated with higher FA (β = 0.115 ± 0.027, p < 0.001) and lower FW (β = -0.096 ± 0.029, p = 0.001) and PSMD (β = -0.085 ± 0.028, p = 0.002). DISCUSSION Higher leptin bioavailability was associated with better white matter (WM) integrity in healthy middle-aged adults, supporting the putative neuroprotective role of leptin in late-life dementia risk. HIGHLIGHTS Higher leptin bioavailability was related to better preservation of white matter microstructure. Higher leptin bioavailability during midlife might confer protection against dementia. Potential benefits might be even stronger for individuals with visceral obesity. DTI measures might be sensitive surrogate markers of subclinical neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Charisis
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Meghan I Short
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tiffany F Kautz
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hector A Treviño
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Julia Mathews
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Angel Gabriel Velarde Dediós
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jazmyn A S Muhammad
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alison M Luckey
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Asra Aslam
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jayandra J Himali
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric L Shipp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vasan S Ramachandran
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pauline Maillard
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang D, Wang G, Wang X, Ren Z, Jia C. Native Mass Spectrometry-Centric Approaches Revealed That Neuropeptides Frequently Interact with Amyloid-β. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2719-2728. [PMID: 39066700 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates are recognized as initiators of Alzheimer's disease, and their interaction with the nervous system contributes to the progression of neurodegeneration. Herein, we investigated the frequency at which neuropeptides interact with Aβ and affect the aggregation kinetics and cytotoxicity of Aβ. To this end, we established a native mass spectrometry (MS)-centric workflow for screening Aβ-interacting neuropeptides, and six out of 12 neuropeptides formed noncovalent complexes with Aβ species in the MS gas phase. Thioflavin-T fluorescence assays and gel separation indicated that leptin and cerebellin decreased Aβ aggregation, whereas kisspeptin increased this process. In addition, leptin and cerebellin attenuated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, which was independent of the influence of metal ions. Leptin can chelate copper from copper-bound Aβ species, reducing the cytotoxicity caused by the aggregation of Aβ and metal ion complexes. Overall, our study demonstrated that neuropeptides frequently interact with Aβ and revealed that leptin and cerebellin are potential inhibitors of Aβ aggregation, providing great insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of Aβ interacting with the nervous system and facilitating drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
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Lee S, Byun MS, Yi D, Ahn H, Jung G, Jung JH, Chang YY, Kim K, Choi H, Choi J, Lee JY, Kang KM, Sohn CH, Lee YS, Kim YK, Lee DY. Plasma Leptin and Alzheimer Protein Pathologies Among Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e249539. [PMID: 38700863 PMCID: PMC11069086 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that low levels of plasma leptin, a major adipokine, are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and cognitive decline. Nevertheless, the mechanistic pathway linking plasma leptin and AD-related cognitive decline is not yet fully understood. Objective To examine the association of plasma leptin levels with in vivo AD pathologies, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau deposition, through both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches among cognitively unimpaired older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a longitudinal cohort study from the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer Disease. Data were collected from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020, and data were analyzed from July 11 to September 6, 2022. The study included a total of 208 cognitively unimpaired participants who underwent baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scans for brain Aβ deposition. For longitudinal analyses, 192 participants who completed both baseline and 2-year follow-up PET scans for brain Aβ deposition were included. Exposure Plasma leptin levels as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Main Outcomes and Measures Baseline levels and longitudinal changes of global Aβ and AD-signature region tau deposition measured by PET scans. Results Among the 208 participants, the mean (SD) age was 66.0 (11.3) years, 114 were women (54.8%), and 37 were apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers (17.8%). Lower plasma leptin levels had a significant cross-sectional association with greater brain Aβ deposition (β = -0.04; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.00; P = .046), while there was no significant association between plasma leptin levels and tau deposition (β = -0.02; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.02; P = .41). In contrast, longitudinal analyses revealed that there was a significant association between lower baseline leptin levels and greater increase of tau deposition over 2 years (β = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.01; P = .03), whereas plasma leptin levels did not have a significant association with longitudinal change of Aβ deposition (β = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.00-0.02; P = .27). Conclusions and Relevance The present findings suggest that plasma leptin may be protective for the development or progression of AD pathology, including both Aβ and tau deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ahn
- Interdisciplinary Program of Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Humanities, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijung Jung
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyung Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Koung Mi Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Humanities, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Firth W, Pye KR, Weightman Potter PG. Astrocytes at the intersection of ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:515-536. [PMID: 38652065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Once considered passive cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glia are now known to actively maintain the CNS parenchyma; in recent years, the evidence for glial functions in CNS physiology and pathophysiology has only grown. Astrocytes, a heterogeneous group of glial cells, play key roles in regulating the metabolic and inflammatory landscape of the CNS and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders. This review will outline astrocyte functions in the CNS in healthy ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration, with a focus on the inflammatory responses and mitochondrial function, and will address therapeutic outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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Das-Earl P, Schreihofer DA, Sumien N, Schreihofer AM. Temporal and region-specific tau hyperphosphorylation in the medulla and forebrain coincides with development of functional changes in male obese Zucker rats. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:689-708. [PMID: 38416718 PMCID: PMC11305650 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00409.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with development of tauopathies that contribute to cognitive decline. Without functional leptin receptors, male obese Zucker rats (OZRs) develop MetS, and they have increased phosphorylated tau (ptau) with impaired cognitive function. In addition to regulating energy balance, leptin enhances activation of the hippocampus, which is essential for spatial learning and memory. Whether spatial learning and memory are always impaired in OZRs or develop with MetS is unknown. We hypothesized that male OZRs develop MetS traits that promote regional increases in ptau and functional deficits associated with those brain regions. In the medulla and cortex, tau-pSer199,202 and tau-pSer396 were comparable in juvenile (7-8 wk old) lean Zucker rats (LZRs) and OZRs but increased in 18- to 19-wk-old OZRs. Elevated tau-pSer396 was concentrated in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla, and by this age OZRs had hypertension with increased arterial pressure variability. In the hippocampus, tau-pSer199,202 and tau-pSer396 were still comparable in 18- to 19-wk-old OZRs and LZRs but elevated in 28- to 29-wk-old OZRs, with emergence of deficits in Morris water maze performance. Comparable escape latencies observed during acquisition in 18- to 19-wk-old OZRs and LZRs were increased in 28- to 29-wk-old OZRs, with greater use of nonspatial search strategies. Increased ptau developed with changes in the insulin/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus and cortex but not medulla, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. These data demonstrate that leptin is not required for spatial learning and memory in male OZRs. Furthermore, early development of MetS-associated autonomic dysfunction by the medulla may be predictive of later hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Male obese Zucker rats (OZRs) lack functional leptin receptors and develop metabolic syndrome (MetS). At 16-19 wk, OZRs are insulin resistant, with increased ptau in dorsal medulla and impaired autonomic regulation of AP. At 28-29 wk OZRs develop increased ptau in hippocampus with deficits in spatial learning and memory. Juvenile OZRs lack elevated ptau and these deficits, demonstrating that leptin is not essential for normal function. Elevated ptau and deficits emerge before the onset of diabetes in insulin-resistant OZRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Das-Earl
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Derek A Schreihofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Ann M Schreihofer
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Afsar A, Zhang L. Putative Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning the Inverse Roles of Mitochondrial Respiration and Heme Function in Lung Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:185. [PMID: 38534454 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria serve as the major source of oxidative stress. Impaired mitochondria produce less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be a major factor in the oxidative imbalance observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Well-balanced mitochondrial respiration is important for the proper functioning of cells and human health. Indeed, recent research has shown that elevated mitochondrial respiration underlies the development and therapy resistance of many types of cancer, whereas diminished mitochondrial respiration is linked to the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondria govern several activities that are known to be changed in lung cancer, the largest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because of the significant dependence of lung cancer cells on mitochondrial respiration, numerous studies demonstrated that blocking mitochondrial activity is a potent strategy to treat lung cancer. Heme is a central factor in mitochondrial respiration/oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and its association with cancer is the subject of increased research in recent years. In neural cells, heme is a key component in mitochondrial respiration and the production of ATP. Here, we review the role of impaired heme metabolism in the etiology of AD. We discuss the numerous mitochondrial effects that may contribute to AD and cancer. In addition to emphasizing the significance of heme in the development of both AD and cancer, this review also identifies some possible biological connections between the development of the two diseases. This review explores shared biological mechanisms (Pin1, Wnt, and p53 signaling) in cancer and AD. In cancer, these mechanisms drive cell proliferation and tumorigenic functions, while in AD, they lead to cell death. Understanding these mechanisms may help advance treatments for both conditions. This review discusses precise information regarding common risk factors, such as aging, obesity, diabetes, and tobacco usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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9
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Valentin-Escalera J, Leclerc M, Calon F. High-Fat Diets in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: How Can Eating Too Much Fat Increase Alzheimer's Disease Risk? J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:977-1005. [PMID: 38217592 PMCID: PMC10836579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fatty acids is a suspected risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the causal link behind these associations, high-fat diets (HFD) have been repeatedly investigated in animal models. Preclinical studies allow full control over dietary composition, avoiding ethical concerns in clinical trials. The goal of the present article is to provide a narrative review of reports on HFD in animal models of AD. Eligibility criteria included mouse models of AD fed a HFD defined as > 35% of fat/weight and western diets containing > 1% cholesterol or > 15% sugar. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from 1946 to August 2022, and 32 preclinical studies were included in the review. HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance have been replicated in most studies, but with methodological variability. Most studies have found an aggravating effect of HFD on brain Aβ pathology, whereas tau pathology has been much less studied, and results are more equivocal. While most reports show HFD-induced impairment on cognitive behavior, confounding factors may blur their interpretation. In summary, despite conflicting results, exposing rodents to diets highly enriched in saturated fat induces not only metabolic defects, but also cognitive impairment often accompanied by aggravated neuropathological markers, most notably Aβ burden. Although there are important variations between methods, particularly the lack of diet characterization, these studies collectively suggest that excessive intake of saturated fat should be avoided in order to lower the incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Valentin-Escalera
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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10
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Bogdan S, Puścion-Jakubik A, Klimiuk K, Socha K, Kochanowicz J, Gorodkiewicz E. The Levels of Leptin, Cystatin C, Neuropilin-1 and Tau Protein in Relation to Dietary Habits in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6855. [PMID: 37959320 PMCID: PMC10650913 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older people. Its prevalence is expected to increase, and therefore it poses a serious challenge to the healthcare system. The aim of the study was to assess the concentration of leptin, cystatin C, neuropilin-1 and tau protein, as well as the influence of dietary habits on these parameters, in a group of AD patients (n = 110) compared to 60 healthy people (n = 60). It has been shown that AD patients, compared to healthy people, are characterized by significantly higher median concentrations of leptin (9.97 vs. 3.08), cystatin c (1.53 vs. 0.56) and tau protein (8.46 vs. 4.19), but significantly lower median neuropilin-1 (69.94 vs. 167.28). Multiple regression analyses showed that leptin levels could be explained by dietary habits in 27%, cystatin C in 51%, neuropilin-1 in 41% and tau protein in 25% of cases. Modification of eating habits may contribute to improving the values of the discussed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bogdan
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (S.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Puścion-Jakubik
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Klimiuk
- Podlasie Center of Psychogeriatrics, Swobodna 38 Street, 15-756 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a Street, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Ewa Gorodkiewicz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (S.B.); (E.G.)
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11
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Ly M, Yu GZ, Mian A, Cramer A, Meysami S, Merrill DA, Samara A, Eisenstein SA, Hershey T, Babulal GM, Lenze EJ, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Raji CA. Neuroinflammation: A Modifiable Pathway Linking Obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:853-866. [PMID: 37365110 PMCID: PMC10528955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are three major interrelated modern health conditions with complex relationships. Early-life depression may serve as a risk factor for AD, while late-life depression may be a prodrome of AD. Depression affects approximately 23% of obese individuals, and depression itself raises the risk of obesity by 37%. Mid-life obesity independently increases AD risk, while late-life obesity, particularly metabolically healthy obesity, may offer protection against AD pathology. Chronic inflammation serves as a key mechanism linking obesity, AD, and depression, encompassing systemic inflammation from metabolic disturbances, immune dysregulation through the gut microbiome, and direct interactions with amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation. In this review, we explore the biological mechanisms of neuroinflammation in relation to obesity, AD, and depression. We assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation and discuss current and future radiological imaging initiatives for studying neuroinflammation. By comprehending the intricate interplay among depression, obesity, and AD, especially the role of neuroinflammation, we can advance our understanding and develop innovative strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ly
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gary Z Yu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ali Mian
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Somayeh Meysami
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, Santa Monica, CA; Department of Translational Neurosciences, Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - David A Merrill
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, Santa Monica, CA; Department of Translational Neurosciences, Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Amjad Samara
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sarah A Eisenstein
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ganesh M Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
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12
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Ashford JW. Neuroplasticity: The Critical Issue for Alzheimer's Disease and Links to Obesity and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:867-875. [PMID: 37481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
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13
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Zhu J, Jin J, Qi Q, Li L, Zhou J, Cao L, Wang L. The association of gut microbiome with recurrent pregnancy loss: A comprehensive review. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:157-169. [PMID: 37357394 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state gut microbiome not only promotes the metabolism and absorption of nutrients that are difficult to digest by the host itself, but also participates in systemic metabolism. Once the dynamic balance is disturbed, the gut microbiome may lead to a variety of diseases. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1-2% of women of reproductive age, and its prevalence has increased in recent years. According to the literature review, the gut microbiome is a new potential driver of the pathophysiology of recurrent abortion, and the gut microbiome has emerged as a new candidate for clinical prevention and treatment of RPL. However, few studies have concentrated on the direct correlation between RPL and the gut microbiome, and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences recurrent miscarriage need further investigation. In this review, the effects of the gut microbiome on RPL were discussed and found to be associated with inflammatory response, the disruption of insulin signaling pathway and the formation of insulin resistance, maintenance of immunological tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface due to the interference with the immune imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaxi Jin
- The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Qi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhoushan Women and Children Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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14
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Pan X, Coban Akdemir ZH, Gao R, Jiang X, Sheynkman GM, Wu E, Huang JH, Sahni N, Yi SS. AD-Syn-Net: systematic identification of Alzheimer's disease-associated mutation and co-mutation vulnerabilities via deep learning. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad030. [PMID: 36752347 PMCID: PMC10025433 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most challenging neurodegenerative diseases because of its complicated and progressive mechanisms, and multiple risk factors. Increasing research evidence demonstrates that genetics may be a key factor responsible for the occurrence of the disease. Although previous reports identified quite a few AD-associated genes, they were mostly limited owing to patient sample size and selection bias. There is a lack of comprehensive research aimed to identify AD-associated risk mutations systematically. To address this challenge, we hereby construct a large-scale AD mutation and co-mutation framework ('AD-Syn-Net'), and propose deep learning models named Deep-SMCI and Deep-CMCI configured with fully connected layers that are capable of predicting cognitive impairment of subjects effectively based on genetic mutation and co-mutation profiles. Next, we apply the customized frameworks to data sets to evaluate the importance scores of the mutations and identified mutation effectors and co-mutation combination vulnerabilities contributing to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we evaluate the influence of mutation pairs on the network architecture to dissect the genetic organization of AD and identify novel co-mutations that could be responsible for dementia, laying a solid foundation for proposing future targeted therapy for AD precision medicine. Our deep learning model codes are available open access here: https://github.com/Pan-Bio/AD-mutation-effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Pan
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zeynep H Coban Akdemir
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gloria M Sheynkman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Center for Public Health Genomics, and UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S Stephen Yi
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs (ILSGP), College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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15
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Bukhbinder AS, Hinojosa M, Harris K, Li X, Farrell CM, Shyer M, Goodwin N, Anjum S, Hasan O, Cooper S, Sciba L, Vargas A, Hunter DH, Ortiz GJ, Chung K, Cui L, Zhang GQ, Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB, Schulz PE. Population-Based Mini-Mental State Examination Norms in Adults of Mexican Heritage in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1323-1339. [PMID: 36872776 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately identifying cognitive changes in Mexican American (MA) adults using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) requires knowledge of population-based norms for the MMSE, a scale which has widespread use in research settings. OBJECTIVE To describe the distribution of MMSE scores in a large cohort of MA adults, assess the impact of MMSE requirements on their clinical trial eligibility, and explore which factors are most strongly associated with their MMSE scores. METHODS Visits between 2004-2021 in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort were analyzed. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old and of Mexican descent. MMSE distributions before and after stratification by age and years of education (YOE) were assessed, as was the proportion of trial-aged (50-85- year-old) participants with MMSE <24, a minimum MMSE cutoff most frequently used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. As a secondary analysis, random forest models were constructed to estimate the relative association of the MMSE with potentially relevant variables. RESULTS The mean age of the sample set (n = 3,404) was 44.4 (SD, 16.0) years old and 64.5% female. Median MMSE was 28 (IQR, 28-29). The percentage of trial-aged participants (n = 1,267) with MMSE <24 was 18.6%; 54.3% among the subset with 0-4 YOE (n = 230). The five variables most associated with the MMSE in the study sample were education, age, exercise, C-reactive protein, and anxiety. CONCLUSION The minimum MMSE cutoffs in most phase III prodromal-to-mild AD trials would exclude a significant proportion of trial-aged participants in this MA cohort, including over half of those with 0-4 YOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avram S Bukhbinder
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Miriam Hinojosa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristofer Harris
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Farrell
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madison Shyer
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sahar Anjum
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Omar Hasan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Cooper
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lois Sciba
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Vargas
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David H Hunter
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guadalupe J Ortiz
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Chung
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Licong Cui
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Paul E Schulz
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Liu CC, Wang QH, Xin JY, Liu YH, Zeng F, Chen DW, Li HY, Yi X, Zeng GH, Wang YJ, Xiang Y, Chen Y. Association of Adipokines with Alzheimer's Disease in a Chinese Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:523-533. [PMID: 37807776 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between plasma adipose factor levels and Alzheimer's patients is not entirely clear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate associations between AD and plasma levels of three adipokines including plasma adiponectin, leptin, and resistin. METHODS A single-center, cross-sectional study recruited AD patients (n = 148) and cognitively normal (CN) controls (n = 110). The multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associations of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin with the presence of AD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to determine the diagnostic power of adiponectin, leptin and resistin for AD. RESULTS After adjusted for the conventional risk factors, plasma levels of leptin (OR = 0.417, 95% CI: 0.272-0.638, p < 0.0001) and adiponectin (OR = 1.249, 95% CI: 1.151-1.354, p < 0.0001) were associated with the presence of AD. In total participants, the plasma adiponectin level was negatively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001) and was positively with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and age (p < 0.0001). The plasma level of leptin was negatively correlated with CDR scores (p < 0.0001) and positively correlated with MMSE scores (p < 0.0001). Both adiponectin (p < 0. 0001) and leptin (p < 0. 0001) featured higher AUC than the random chance. CONCLUSIONS Plasma adiponectin and leptin were associated with the presence, symptomatic severity, and diagnostic power of AD, suggesting a potential role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Yan Xin
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Wan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Yun Li
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Hua Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
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17
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Lu L, Fu Z, Wu B, Zhang D, Wang Y. Leptin ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease by suppressing inflammation via activating p-Akt signaling pathway. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220270. [PMID: 37035120 PMCID: PMC10080705 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neuronal loss, cognitive disorder, and memory decline. Leptin has been reported to have a neuroprotective effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Objective Our aim was to investigate whether intraperitoneal injection of leptin has a neuroprotective effect and to explore its underlying mechanisms in the AD mouse model. Methods Aβ1-42 was injected into male C57BL/6J mice to construct an AD mouse model, and leptin was injected intraperitoneally to cure AD. The Morris water maze test was used to investigate spatial learning ability. Neuronal loss was tested by tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the hippocampus, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay was applied to detect neuronal apoptosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were monitored by RT-PCR and western blotting was selected to explore which signaling pathway leptin acted on. Results Leptin ameliorated spatial learning impairment, restored neuronal loss and apoptosis, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by activating the p-Akt signaling pathway in Aβ1-42-induced AD mice. Conclusion Leptin ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced AD by suppressing inflammation via activating the p-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Neurology Department, Hebei Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Thangshan, 063000, China
| | - Zijuan Fu
- Neurology Department, Hebei Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Thangshan, 063000, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Hebei Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Dongsen Zhang
- Neurology Department, Hebei Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Thangshan, 063000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Emergency Department, Hebei Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Thangshan, 063000, China
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18
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Weise CM, Chen K, Chen Y, Devadas V, Su Y, Reiman EM. Differential impact of body mass index and leptin on baseline and longitudinal positron emission tomography measurements of the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1031189. [PMID: 36570534 PMCID: PMC9782536 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1031189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have suggested that greater adiposity in older adults is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) related cognitive decline, some investigators have postulated that this association may be due to the protective effects of the adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin. In this study we sought to demonstrate that higher body mass indices (BMIs) are associated with greater baseline FDG PET measurements of the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl), a marker of local neuronal activity, slower rCMRgl declines in research participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). We then sought to clarify the extent to which those relationships are attributable to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or plasma leptin concentrations. Materials and methods We used baseline PET images from 716 73 ± 8 years-old aMCI participants from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) of whom 453 had follow up images (≥6 months; mean follow up time 3.3 years). For the leptin analyses, we used baseline CSF samples from 81 of the participants and plasma samples from 212 of the participants. Results As predicted, higher baseline BMI was associated with greater baseline CMRgl measurements and slower declines within brain regions preferentially affected by AD. In contrast and independently of BMI, CSF, and plasma leptin concentrations were mainly related to less baseline CMRgl within mesocorticolimbic brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis. Discussion While higher BMIs are associated with greater baseline CMRgl and slower declines in persons with aMCI, these associations appear not to be primarily attributable to leptin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Weise
- Department of Neurology, Marti-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany,Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany,*Correspondence: Christopher M. Weise,
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vivek Devadas
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States,School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States,Arizona State University-Banner Health Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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19
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Pasqualetti G, Thayanandan T, Edison P. Influence of genetic and cardiometabolic risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101723. [PMID: 36038112 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Cardiometabolic and genetic risk factors play an important role in the trajectory of AD. Cardiometabolic risk factors including diabetes, mid-life obesity, mid-life hypertension and elevated cholesterol have been linked with cognitive decline in AD subjects. These potential risk factors associated with cerebral metabolic changes which fuel AD pathogenesis have been suggested to be the reason for the disappointing clinical trial results. In appreciation of the risks involved, using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar, a relevant literature search on cardiometabolic and genetic risk factors in AD was conducted. We discuss the role of genetic as well as established cardiovascular risk factors in the neuropathology of AD. Moreover, we show new evidence of genetic interaction between several genes potentially involved in different pathways related to both neurodegenerative process and cardiovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Thayanandan
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
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20
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Heng S, Betin M, Limon I. [Obesity and central leptin resistance: Impact on Alzheimer's disease]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:746-478. [PMID: 36094251 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Heng
- M1 Biologie intégrative et physiologie (BIP), Parcours Nutrition, qualité et santé, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris, France
| | - Melody Betin
- M1 Biologie intégrative et physiologie (BIP), Parcours Nutrition, qualité et santé, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Équipe Dynamique des signaux intracellulaires et cibles thérapeutiques, UMR 8256 Adaptation biologique et vieillissement, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
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21
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López-Gambero AJ, Pacheco-Sánchez B, Rosell-Valle C, Medina-Vera D, Navarro JA, Fernández-Arjona MDM, de Ceglia M, Sanjuan C, Simon V, Cota D, Rivera P, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Dietary administration of D-chiro-inositol attenuates sex-specific metabolic imbalances in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112994. [PMID: 35483188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that hypothalamic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and weight loss precede and progress along with the cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) with sex differences. This study aimed to determine the effect of oral dietary administration of D-Chiro-inositol (DCI), an inositol used against insulin resistance associated with polycystic ovary, on the occurrence of metabolic disorders in the transgenic 5xFAD mouse model of AD (FAD: Family Alzheimer's Disease). DCI was administered from 6 to 10 months of age to male and female 5xFAD mice and control (non-Tg) littermates. Energy balance and multiple metabolic and inflammatory parameters in the hypothalamus, liver and plasma were evaluated to assess the central and peripheral effects of DCI. Results indicated that weight loss and reduced food intake in 5xFAD mice were associated with decreased neuropeptides controlling food intake and the appearance of a pro-inflammatory state in the hypothalamus. Oral administration of DCI partially restored energy balance and hypothalamic parameters, highlighting an increased expression of Npy and Agrp and female-specific downregulation of Gfap and Igf1. DCI also partially normalized impaired insulin signaling and circulating insulin, GLP-1, and GIP deficiencies in 5xFAD mice. Principal component analysis of metabolic parameters indicated the presence of a female-specific fatty liver in 5xFAD mice: DCI administration reversed hepatic fat accumulation, β-oxidation, inflammation and increased GOT and GPT levels. Our study depicts that metabolic impairment along with the cognitive decline in a mouse model of AD, which is exacerbated in females, can be ameliorated by oral supplementation with insulin-sensitizing DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J López-Gambero
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | | | | | - Dina Medina-Vera
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; UGC Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- EURONUTRA S.L, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Campanillas, 29590, Spain.
| | - Vincent Simon
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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22
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Flores-Cordero JA, Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Alba G, Flores-Barragán A, Sánchez-Margalet V. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Leptin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5202. [PMID: 35563589 PMCID: PMC9099768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, affecting many people due to excessive saturated fat consumption, lack of exercise, or a sedentary lifestyle. Leptin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue that increases in obesity and has central actions not only at the hypothalamic level but also in other regions and nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These regions express the long form of leptin receptor LepRb, which is the unique leptin receptor capable of transmitting complete leptin signaling, and are the first regions to be affected by chronic neurocognitive deficits, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this review, we discuss different leptin resistance mechanisms that could be implicated in increasing the risk of developing AD, as leptin resistance is frequently associated with obesity, which is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and obesity is considered a risk factor for AD. Key players of leptin resistance are SOCS3, PTP1B, and TCPTP whose signalling is related to inflammation and could be worsened in AD. However, some data are controversial, and it is necessary to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of the AD-causing pathological processes and how altered leptin signalling affects such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Sánchez Pizjuan 4, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.A.F.-C.); (A.P.-P.); (C.J.-C.); (G.A.); (A.F.-B.)
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23
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Guzzardi MA, La Rosa F, Campani D, Collado MC, Monleon D, Cacciato Insilla A, Tripodi M, Zega A, Dattilo A, Brunetto MR, Maffei M, Bonino F, Iozzo P. Liver and White/Brown Fat Dystrophy Associates with Gut Microbiota and Metabolomic Alterations in 3xTg Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040278. [PMID: 35448465 PMCID: PMC9028874 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic impairments and liver and adipose depots alterations were reported in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), highlighting the role of the liver–adipose–tissue–brain axis in AD pathophysiology. The gut microbiota might play a modulating role. We investigated the alterations to the liver and white/brown adipose tissues (W/BAT) and their relationships with serum and gut metabolites and gut bacteria in a 3xTg mouse model during AD onset (adulthood) and progression (aging) and the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) and intranasal insulin (INI). Glucose metabolism (18FDG-PET), tissue radiodensity (CT), liver and W/BAT histology, BAT-thermogenic markers were analyzed. 16S-RNA sequencing and mass-spectrometry were performed in adult (8 months) and aged (14 months) 3xTg-AD mice with a high-fat or control diet. Generalized and HFD resistant deficiency of lipid accumulation in both liver and W/BAT, hypermetabolism in WAT (adulthood) and BAT (aging), abnormal cytokine–hormone profiles, and liver inflammation were observed in 3xTg mice; INI could antagonize all these alterations. Specific gut microbiota–metabolome profiles correlated with a significant disruption of the gut–microbiota–liver–adipose axis in AD mice. In conclusion, fat dystrophy in liver and adipose depots contributes to AD progression, and associates with altered profiles of the gut microbiota, which candidates as an appealing early target for preventive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela Guzzardi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-3152722
| | - Federica La Rosa
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pathology, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (D.C.); (A.C.I.)
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Research Institute INCLIVA/CIBERFES for Frailty and Healthy Aging, University of Valencia, 46003 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cacciato Insilla
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pathology, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (D.C.); (A.C.I.)
| | - Maria Tripodi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
| | - Alessandro Zega
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
| | | | - Maurizia Rossana Brunetto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Hepatitis Viruses, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
| | - Ferruccio Bonino
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.L.R.); (M.T.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (P.I.)
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24
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Malbon AJ, Sordo L, Wilson LA, Gunn-Moore D, Paraschou G, Macintyre N, Schwarz T, McGorum B, Hahn C. Alzheimer-like pathology in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of aged donkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 113:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Teixeira AL, Salem H, Martins LB, Gonzales MM, Seshadri S, Suchting R. Factors Associated with Apathy in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:403-411. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Apathy is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To determine the prevalence of apathy and the associated clinical and laboratorial parameters (focus on inflammatory biomarkers) in patients with dementia enrolled at the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) study. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of TARCC baseline. Participants were evaluated through different clinical tools, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Life (IADL)/Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS). Apathy was defined by a positive response to the respective item in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Questionnaire applied to caregivers. Serum levels of 16 biomarkers were determined by HumanMap multiplex immunoassay. Comparisons between apathy versus non-apathy groups were carried out with non-parametric tests. Logistic regression and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were used to separately model apathy as a function of each biomarker, adjusted for the potential confounders. Results: From 1,319 patients with AD (M/F: 579/740, mean age ± SD: 75.3 ± 8.4), 373 (28.3%) exhibited apathy. When categorized according to the presence of apathy, the groups had significant differences in sex, diabetes diagnosis, and tobacco use. The apathy group also had worse cognitive performance and daily functioning than the non-apathy group as assessed, respectively, by MMSE and IADL/PSMS. Higher levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and leptin were associated with higher odds of apathy. Conclusion: Apathy is associated with cognitive and functional status in AD. The association between apathy and peripheral inflammatory mediators deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haitham Salem
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lais B. Martins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- Biggs Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Biggs Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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26
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de Carvalho TS. Calorie restriction or dietary restriction: how far they can protect the brain against neurodegenerative diseases? Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1640-1644. [PMID: 35017409 PMCID: PMC8820686 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding the correct nutritional intervention is one of the biggest challenges in treating patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In general, these patients develop strong metabolic alterations, resulting in lower treatment efficacy and higher mortality rates. However, there are still many open questions regarding the effectiveness of dietary interventions in neurodiseases. Some studies have shown that a reduction in calorie intake activates key pathways that might be important for preventing or slowing down the progression of such diseases. However, it is still unclear whether these neuroprotective effects are associated with an overall reduction in calories (hypocaloric diet) or a specific nutrient restriction (diet restriction). Therefore, here we discuss how commonly or differently hypocaloric and restricted diets modulate signaling pathways and how these changes can protect the brain against neurodegenerative diseases.
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27
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Ekraminasab S, Dolatshahi M, Sabahi M, Mardani M, Rashedi S. The Interactions between Adipose Tissue Secretions and Parkinson's disease; The Role of Leptin. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:873-891. [PMID: 34989050 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that regulates appetite by acting on receptors in the hypothalamus, where it modifies food intake to maintain equilibrium with the body energy resources. Leptin and its receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system, suggesting that they may give neuronal survival signals. The potential of leptin to decrease/increase neuronal damage and neuronal plasticity in Parkinson's diseases (PD) is the subject of this review, which outlines our current knowledge of how leptin acts in the brain. Although leptin-mediated neuroprotective signaling results in neuronal death prevention, it can affect neuroinflammatory cascades and also neuronal plasticity which contribute to PD pathology. Other neuroprotective molecules, such as insulin and erythropoietin, share leptin-related signaling cascades, and therefore constitute a component of the neurotrophic effects mediated by endogenous hormones. With the evidence that leptin dysregulation causes increased neuronal vulnerability to damage in PD, using leptin as a target for therapeutic modification is an appealing and realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ekraminasab
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahta Mardani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Rashedi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Lopez-Vilaret KM, Cantero JL, Fernandez-Alvarez M, Calero M, Calero O, Lindín M, Zurrón M, Díaz F, Atienza M. Impaired glucose metabolism reduces the neuroprotective action of adipocytokines in cognitively normal older adults with insulin resistance. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23936-23952. [PMID: 34731089 PMCID: PMC8610113 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that aging-related dysfunctions of adipose tissue and metabolic disturbances increase the risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MtbS), eventually leading to cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the neuroprotective role of adipocytokines in this process has not been specifically investigated. The present study aims to identify metabolic alterations that may prevent adipocytokines from exerting their neuroprotective action in normal ageing. We hypothesize that neuroprotection may occur under insulin resistance (IR) conditions as long as there are no other metabolic alterations that indirectly impair the action of adipocytokines, such as hyperglycemia. This hypothesis was tested in 239 cognitively normal older adults (149 females) aged 52 to 87 years (67.4 ± 5.9 yr). We assessed whether the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the presence of different components of MtbS moderated the association of plasma adipocytokines (i.e., adiponectin, leptin and the adiponectin to leptin [Ad/L] ratio) with cognitive functioning and cortical thickness. The results showed that HOMA-IR, circulating triglyceride and glucose levels moderated the neuroprotective effect of adipocytokines. In particular, elevated triglyceride levels reduced the beneficial effect of Ad/L ratio on cognitive functioning in insulin-sensitive individuals; whereas under high IR conditions, it was elevated glucose levels that weakened the association of the Ad/L ratio with cognitive functioning and with cortical thickness of prefrontal regions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the neuroprotective action of adipocytokines is conditioned not only by whether cognitively normal older adults are insulin-sensitive or not, but also by the circulating levels of triglycerides and glucose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Fernandez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Calero
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Lindín
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Zurrón
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Díaz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Lin SF, Fan YC, Pan WH, Bai CH. Bone and Lean Mass Loss and Cognitive Impairment for Healthy Elder Adults: Analysis of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2013-2016 and a Validation Study With Structural Equation Modeling. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747877. [PMID: 34722612 PMCID: PMC8548616 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bone and lean mass loss and cognitive impairment are prevalent in elder adults and have been hypothesized to share a potential link. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study systemically sampled elder adults aged ≥65 years and conducted the door-to-door survey. The causal diagrams help to decide which covariates were included in the generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). The structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed for the validation. Results: A total of 535 participants were enrolled and categorized into the normal (67.3%), mild cognitive impairment (18.3%), and dementia groups (14.4%). With increasing in the severity of cognitive impairment, the bone marrow density and lean mass consistently showed the trend of decreasing values. In the GLMMs, a significant association existed between the decrease of the bone mineral density (BMD) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (β = 5.819 scores per g/cm2 decrease, p = 0.0305) with adjustment of the age, sex, and physical activity. The SEM models confirmed that the MMSE was significantly and directly predicted by the age (β = 0.1363, p = 0.0003) and BMD (β = 0.1251, p = 0.0006) independently and indirectly predicted by lean mass (β = 0.1138, p = 0.0003) through the bone density path. Conclusion: In conclusion, an independent association between bone loss and cognitive impairment was existed rather than the confounding effect and the decrease of lean mass indirectly contributed to cognitive impairment by influencing the bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lin
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Fan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Samant NP, Gupta GL. Adiponectin: a potential target for obesity-associated Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1565-1572. [PMID: 34047927 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and dementia are two growing problems worldwide. Obesity act as a crucial risk factor for various diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several preclinical studies showed that middle-age obesity can be act as a possible feature of mild cognitive impairment in later years. Some studies have also demonstrated that a high-fat diet causes AD pathology, including extracellular amyloid-beta accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and cognition impairment. The correlation and molecular mechanism related to obesity-associated AD needs to be better evaluated. Presently, obesity results in an altered expression of several hormones, growth factors, and adipokines. Multiple signaling pathways such as leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and glutamate are involved to regulate vital functions in the brain and act as neuroprotective mediators for AD in a normal state. In obesity, altered adiponectin (APN) level and its associated downstream pathway could result in multiple signaling pathway disruption. Presently, Adiponectin and its inducers or agonist are considered as potential therapeutics for obesity-associated AD. This review mainly focuses on the pleiotropic effects of adiponectin and its potential to treat obesity-associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Patil Samant
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India.
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur Campus, Shirpur, 425 405, Maharashtra, India.
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31
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Sanborn V, Preis SR, Ang A, Devine S, Mez J, DeCarli C, Au R, Alosco ML, Gunstad J. Association Between Leptin, Cognition, and Structural Brain Measures Among "Early" Middle-Aged Adults: Results from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1279-1289. [PMID: 32831199 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the pathophysiological processes of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the potential role of leptin. Human studies have shown that both low and high levels of leptin can be associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes, suggesting this relationship may be moderated by another risk factor. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between plasma leptin levels and both neuropsychological test performance and structural neuroimaging and assessed whether body mass index (BMI) is an effect modifier of these associations. METHODS Our study sample consisted of 2,223 adults from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation Cohort (average age = 40 years, 53% women). RESULTS Among the entire sample, there was no association between leptin and any of the neuropsychological domain measures or any of the MRI brain volume measures, after adjustment for BMI, APOE4, and other clinical factors. However, we did observe that BMI category was an effect modifier for the association between leptin and verbal memory (p for interaction = 0.03), where higher levels of leptin were associated with better performance among normal weight participants (BMI 18.5-24.9) kg/m2 (beta = 0.12, p = 0.02). No association was observed between leptin level and verbal memory test performance among participants who were overweight or obese. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the association between leptin and cognitive function is moderated by BMI category. Prospective examination of individuals transitioning from middle age to older adulthood will help to clarify the contribution of leptin to AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanborn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sarah R Preis
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvin Ang
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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32
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Bisogno T, Lauritano A, Piscitelli F. The Endocannabinoid System: A Bridge between Alzheimer's Disease and Gut Microbiota. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:934. [PMID: 34575083 PMCID: PMC8470731 DOI: 10.3390/life11090934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia over time. The main clinical hallmarks of the disease (e.g., beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) begin during preclinical AD when cognitive deficits are not yet apparent. Hence, a more profound understanding of AD pathogenesis is needed to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the gut microbiome are increasingly emerging as important players in maintaining the general homeostasis and the health status of the host. However, their interaction has come to light just recently with gut microbiota regulating the eCB tone at both receptor and enzyme levels in intestinal and adipose tissues. Importantly, eCB system and gut microbiome, have been suggested to play a role in AD in both animal and human studies. Therefore, the microbiome gut-brain axis and the eCB system are potential common denominators in the AD physiopathology. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a general overview on the role of both the eCB system and the microbiome gut-brain axis in AD and to suggest possible mechanisms that underlie the potential interplay of these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 2 Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
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33
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Gadhave K, Kumar D, Uversky VN, Giri R. A multitude of signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and their roles in AD pathogenesis and therapy. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2689-2745. [PMID: 32783388 PMCID: PMC7876169 DOI: 10.1002/med.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exact molecular mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology continue to represent a mystery. In the past decades, comprehensive data were generated on the involvement of different signaling pathways in the AD pathogenesis. However, the utilization of signaling pathways as potential targets for the development of drugs against AD is rather limited due to the immense complexity of the brain and intricate molecular links between these pathways. Therefore, finding a correlation and cross-talk between these signaling pathways and establishing different therapeutic targets within and between those pathways are needed for better understanding of the biological events responsible for the AD-related neurodegeneration. For example, autophagy is a conservative cellular process that shows link with many other AD-related pathways and is crucial for maintenance of the correct cellular balance by degrading AD-associated pathogenic proteins. Considering the central role of autophagy in AD and its interplay with many other pathways, the finest therapeutic strategy to fight against AD is the use of autophagy as a target. As an essential step in this direction, this comprehensive review represents recent findings on the individual AD-related signaling pathways, describes key features of these pathways and their cross-talk with autophagy, represents current drug development, and introduces some of the multitarget beneficial approaches and strategies for the therapeutic intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
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Ishii M. Midlife dyslipidaemia as a modifiable risk factor for later-life dementia. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2021; 2:e453-e454. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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35
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Bautista J, Ortega Á, Nava M, Salazar J, Díaz-Camargo E, Medina O, Rojas-Quintero J, Bermúdez V. Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapeutics links. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:745-766. [PMID: 34168725 PMCID: PMC8192246 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two highly prevalent disorders worldwide, especially among elderly individuals. T2DM appears to be associated with cognitive dysfunction, with a higher risk of developing neurocognitive disorders, including AD. These diseases have been observed to share various pathophysiological mechanisms, including alterations in insulin signaling, defects in glucose transporters (GLUTs), and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms implicated in the association of these pathologies as well as recent therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles have been associated with the dysfunction of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nervous tissues as well as the decrease in the expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in the different areas of the brain, increase in reactive oxygen species, and production of mitochondrial alterations that occur in T2DM. These findings have contributed to the implementation of overlapping pharmacological interventions based on the use of insulin and antidiabetic drugs, or, more recently, azeliragon, amylin, among others, which have shown possible beneficial effects in diabetic patients diagnosed with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Ángel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Oscar Medina
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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36
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A Negative Energy Balance Is Associated with Metabolic Dysfunctions in the Hypothalamus of a Humanized Preclinical Model of Alzheimer's Disease, the 5XFAD Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105365. [PMID: 34065168 PMCID: PMC8161294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence links metabolic disorders with neurodegenerative processes including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Late AD is associated with amyloid (Aβ) plaque accumulation, neuroinflammation, and central insulin resistance. Here, a humanized AD model, the 5xFAD mouse model, was used to further explore food intake, energy expenditure, neuroinflammation, and neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamus. Experiments were performed on 6-month-old male and female full transgenic (Tg5xFAD/5xFAD), heterozygous (Tg5xFAD/-), and non-transgenic (Non-Tg) littermates. Although histological analysis showed absence of Aβ plaques in the hypothalamus of 5xFAD mice, this brain region displayed increased protein levels of GFAP and IBA1 in both Tg5xFAD/- and Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice and increased expression of IL-1β in Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice, suggesting neuroinflammation. This condition was accompanied by decreased body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure in both Tg5xFAD/- and Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice. Negative energy balance was associated with altered circulating levels of insulin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, and resistin; decreased insulin and leptin hypothalamic signaling; dysregulation in main metabolic sensors (phosphorylated IRS1, STAT5, AMPK, mTOR, ERK2); and neuropeptides controlling energy balance (NPY, AgRP, orexin, MCH). These results suggest that glial activation and metabolic dysfunctions in the hypothalamus of a mouse model of AD likely result in negative energy balance, which may contribute to AD pathogenesis development.
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37
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Lane CA, Barnes J, Nicholas JM, Baker JW, Sudre CH, Cash DM, Parker TD, Malone IB, Lu K, James SN, Keshavan A, Buchanan S, Keuss S, Murray-Smith H, Wong A, Gordon E, Coath W, Modat M, Thomas D, Hardy R, Richards M, Fox NC, Schott JM. Investigating the relationship between BMI across adulthood and late life brain pathologies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:91. [PMID: 33941254 PMCID: PMC8091727 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In view of reported associations between high adiposity, particularly in midlife and late-life dementia risk, we aimed to determine associations between body mass index (BMI), and BMI changes across adulthood and brain structure and pathology at age 69–71 years. Methods Four hundred sixty-five dementia-free participants from Insight 46, a sub-study of the British 1946 birth cohort, who had cross-sectional T1/FLAIR volumetric MRI, and florbetapir amyloid-PET imaging at age 69–71 years, were included in analyses. We quantified white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) using T1 and FLAIR 3D-MRI; β-amyloid (Aβ) positivity/negativity using a SUVR approach; and whole brain (WBV) and hippocampal volumes (HV) using 3D T1-MRI. We investigated the influence of BMI, and BMI changes at and between 36, 43, 53, 60–64, 69 and 71 years, on late-life WMHV, Aβ-status, WBV and mean HV. Analyses were repeated using overweight and obese status. Results At no time-point was BMI, change in BMI or overweight/obese status associated with WMHV or WBV at age 69–71 years. Decreasing BMI in the 1–2 years before imaging was associated with an increased odds of being β-amyloid positive (OR 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.09, 1.92). There were associations between being overweight and larger mean HV at ages 60–64 (β = 0.073 ml, 95% CI 0.009, 0.137), 69 (β = 0.076 ml, 95% CI 0.012, 0.140) and 71 years (β = 0.101 ml, 95% CI 0.037, 0.165). A similar, albeit weaker, trend was seen with obese status. Conclusions Using WMHV, β-amyloid status and brain volumes as indicators of brain health, we do not find evidence to explain reported associations between midlife obesity and late-life dementia risk. Declining BMI in later life may reflect preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00830-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Hoffmann-La Roche UK Ltd, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - John W Baker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas D Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marc Modat
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Thomas
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
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Gendron WH, Fertan E, Pelletier S, Roddick KM, O'Leary TP, Anini Y, Brown RE. Age related weight loss in female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 12 months of age. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113214. [PMID: 33677013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to cognitive decline, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit sensory, motor, and neuropsychiatric deficits. Many AD patients also show weight loss, suggesting that AD may involve a metabolic syndrome. The 5xFAD mouse model shows age-related weight loss compared to wildtype controls, and thus may exhibit metabolic dysfunction. This longitudinal study measured age-related weight loss in female 5xFAD and B6SJL/JF2 wild-type mice from 3 to 12 months of age, and examines some of the behavioural and physiological phenotypes in these mice that have been proposed to contribute to this weight loss. Because some mice had to be singly housed during the study, we also examined genotype by housing interactions. The 5xFAD mice weighed less and ate less than WT littermates starting at 6 months of age, exhibited less home cage activity, had higher frailty scores, less white adipose tissue, and lower leptin expression. At 9 and 12 months of age, heavier 5xFAD mice performed better on the rotarod, suggesting that metabolic deficits which begin between 6 and 9 months of age may exacerbate the behavioural deficits in 5xFAD mice. These results indicate that the 5xFAD mouse is a useful model to study the behavioural and metabolic changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gendron
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Emre Fertan
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Pelletier
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyle M Roddick
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy P O'Leary
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Goyal D, Ali SA, Singh RK. Emerging role of gut microbiota in modulation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110112. [PMID: 32949638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease involving chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It has been recently recognized that gut microbiota interacts with the brain, and it is termed as microbiota-gut-brain axis. Modulation of this axis has been recently reported to affect the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Gut microbiota has a pivotal role in regulating multiple neuro-chemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Recent emerging evidences have highlighted that the intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Due to this, the researchers have suggested that human gut microflora may even act as the "second brain" and may be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can induce increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation. This may lead to the development of AD pathologies and cognitive impairment via the neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Thus, the modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet, oral bacteriotherapy may lead to alteration of gut microbiota their products including amyloid protein. It has been demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota induces beneficial effects on neuronal pathways consequently leading to delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this approach may provide a novel therapeutic option for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit campus, Bijnour-sisendi road, Sarojini nagar, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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40
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Zonneveld MH, Noordam R, van der Grond J, van Heemst D, Mooijaart SP, Sabayan B, Jukema JW, Trompet S. Interplay of circulating leptin and obesity in cognition and cerebral volumes in older adults. Peptides 2021; 135:170424. [PMID: 33058961 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether circulating leptin and body mass index (BMI) associate independently with cognitive function (decline) and brain volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in older individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease. We studied the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in participants enrolled in the PROSPER study (Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk). Cognitive function was tested at baseline and repeated during a mean follow-up time of 3.2 years. Analyses were performed with multivariable (repeated) linear regression models and adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular risk-factors, and stratified by sex. We included 5623 dementia-free participants (52 % female, mean age 75 years) with a mean BMI of 26.9 (SD = 4.1). In a sub-study, 527 participants underwent brain MRI. At baseline, individuals with a BMI > 30 had a worse performance on the Stroop test (β 5.0 s, 95 %CI 2.6;7.5) and larger volumes of the amygdala (β 234 mm3, 95 %CI 3;464) and hippocampus (β 590 mm3, 95 %CI 181;999), independent of intracranial volume and serum leptin levels, compared with individuals with the reference BMI (BMI 18-25 kg/m2). Per log ng/mL higher serum leptin, independent of BMI, a 135 mm3 (95 %CI 2;268) higher volume of the amygdala was found, but no association was observed with cognitive tests nor with other brain volumes. Stratification for sex did not materially change the results. Whereas higher BMI associated with worse cognitive function independent of leptin levels, our study provided evidence that leptin and BMI independently associate with amygdala volume suggesting potential distinct biological associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - R Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - J van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - D van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - S P Mooijaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - B Sabayan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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41
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Jin Z, Kim KE, Shin HJ, Jeong EA, Park KA, Lee JY, An HS, Choi EB, Jeong JH, Kwak W, Roh GS. Hippocampal Lipocalin 2 Is Associated With Neuroinflammation and Iron-Related Oxidative Stress in ob/ob Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:530-541. [PMID: 32296847 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes brain injuries with inflammatory and structural changes, leading to neurodegeneration. Although increased circulating lipocalin 2 (LCN2) level has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, the precise mechanism of neurodegeneration in obesity is not clear. Here, we investigated whether LCN2-mediated signaling promotes neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, which are characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation. In particular, there was significant upregulation of both LCN2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels from serum and hippocampus in ob/ob mice. Using RNA-seq analysis, we found that neurodegeneration- sortilin-related receptor 1 (Sorl1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) genes were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of ob/ob mice. We additionally found that the endosome-related WD repeat and FYVE-domain-containing 1 (Wdfy1) gene were upregulated in ob/ob mice. In particular, iron overload-related mitochondrial ferritin and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins were increased in the hippocampus of ob/ob. Thus, these findings indicate that iron-binding protein LCN2-mediated oxidative stress promotes neurodegeneration in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Hyun Joo Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Eun Ae Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Kyung-Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Jong Youl Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Hyeong Seok An
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Eun Bee Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Jae Hun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
| | - Woori Kwak
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR).,C&K Genomics, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea (ZJ, KEK, HJS, EAJ, K-AP, JYL, HSA, EBC, JHJ, WK, GSR)
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42
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Feinkohl I, Janke J, Slooter AJC, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T. Plasma leptin, but not adiponectin, is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 120:104783. [PMID: 32623019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and adiponectin are adipose-tissue derived hormones primarily involved in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Both adipokines may cross the blood-brain barrier but evidence on their roles in cognitive impairment is limited and conflicting. Here, we determined associations of plasma adipokine concentration with cognitive impairment in older adults. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 669 participants aged ≥65 years of the Biomarker Development for Postoperative Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly (BioCog) study were recruited 2014-2017 at study sites in Berlin, Germany and Utrecht, the Netherlands. Cognitive impairment was defined as the lowest tertile of a cognitive summary score derived from six neuropsychological tests. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, fasting, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and coronary heart disease, higher leptin concentrations and a higher leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) were associated with a higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR per 1 SD higher leptin concentration, 1.33; 95 % CI 1.05, 1.69; p = 0.02; OR per 1 SD higher LAR, 1.26; 95 % CI 1.01, 1.57; p = 0.04). Sensitivity analyses determined that these findings were driven by the non-obese group (BMI < 30 kg/m2), whereas leptin and LAR were not associated with cognitive impairment in the obese group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Soluble leptin receptor, leptin/soluble leptin receptor ratio, total adiponectin and high-molecular weight adiponectin concentrations were each not associated with impairment. CONCLUSIONS With leptin as a known promoter of atherosclerosis and inflammation, our findings point to a pathogenic role of leptin in age-related cognitive impairment that may be limited to non-obese individuals and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 98, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Winterer
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; MDC/BIH Biobank, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Cente M, Zorad S, Smolek T, Fialova L, Paulenka Ivanovova N, Krskova K, Balazova L, Skrabana R, Filipcik P. Plasma Leptin Reflects Progression of Neurofibrillary Pathology in Animal Model of Tauopathy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:125-136. [PMID: 32997211 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The close relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and obesity was recognized many years ago. However, complete understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying the interactions between degeneration of CNS and fat metabolism is still missing. The leptin a key adipokine of white adipose tissue has been suggested as one of the major mediators linking the obesity and AD. Here we investigated the association between peripheral levels of leptin, general metabolic status and stage of the pathogenesis in rat transgenic model of AD. We demonstrate significantly decreased levels of plasma leptin in animals with experimentally induced progressive neurofibrillary pathology, which represents only 62.3% (P = 0.0015) of those observed in normal wild type control animals. More detailed analysis showed a strong and statistically significant inverse correlation between the load of neurofibrillary pathology and peripheral levels of leptin (r = - 0.7248, P = 0.0177). We also observed a loss of body weight during development of neurodegeneration (about 14% less than control animals, P = 0.0004) and decrease in several metabolic parameters such as glucose, insulin, triglycerides and VLDL in plasma of the transgenic animals. Our data suggest that plasma leptin could serve as a convenient peripheral biomarker for tauopathies and Alzheimer's disease. Decrease in gene expression of leptin in fat tissue and its plasma level was found as one of the consequences of experimentally induced neurodegeneration. Our data may help to design rational diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease or other forms of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cente
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Zorad
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Smolek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Fialova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Katarina Krskova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Balazova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Filipcik
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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44
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Robison LS, Gannon OJ, Thomas MA, Salinero AE, Abi-Ghanem C, Poitelon Y, Belin S, Zuloaga KL. Role of sex and high-fat diet in metabolic and hypothalamic disturbances in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:285. [PMID: 32993686 PMCID: PMC7526387 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic dysfunction occurs early in the clinical course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), likely contributing to disturbances in feeding behavior and metabolic function that are often observed years prior to the onset of cognitive symptoms. Late-life weight loss and low BMI are associated with increased risk of dementia and faster progression of disease. However, high-fat diet and metabolic disease (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes), particularly in mid-life, are associated with increased risk of AD, as well as exacerbated AD pathology and behavioral deficits in animal models. In the current study, we explored possible relationships between hypothalamic function, diet/metabolic status, and AD. Considering the sex bias in AD, with women representing two-thirds of AD patients, we sought to determine whether these relationships vary by sex. Methods WT and 3xTg-AD male and female mice were fed a control (10% fat) or high-fat (HF 60% fat) diet from ~ 3–7 months of age, then tested for metabolic and hypothalamic disturbances. Results On control diet, male 3xTg-AD mice displayed decreased body weight, reduced fat mass, hypoleptinemia, and mild systemic inflammation, as well as increased expression of gliosis- and inflammation-related genes in the hypothalamus (Iba1, GFAP, TNF-α, IL-1β). In contrast, female 3xTg-AD mice on control diet displayed metabolic disturbances opposite that of 3xTg-AD males (increased body and fat mass, impaired glucose tolerance). HF diet resulted in expected metabolic alterations across groups (increased body and fat mass; glucose intolerance; increased plasma insulin and leptin, decreased ghrelin; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related pathology). HF diet resulted in the greatest weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance in 3xTg-AD females, which were associated with markedly increased hypothalamic expression of GFAP and IL-1β, as well as GFAP labeling in several hypothalamic nuclei that regulate energy balance. In contrast, HF diet increased diabetes markers and systemic inflammation preferentially in AD males but did not exacerbate hypothalamic inflammation in this group. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence for the roles of hypothalamic and metabolic dysfunction in AD, which in the 3xTg-AD mouse model appears to be dependent on both sex and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Melissa A Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Charly Abi-Ghanem
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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Tobore TO. On the Etiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Theoretical Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:417-437. [PMID: 30775973 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimers' disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, with an estimated 5 million new cases occurring annually. Among the elderly, AD shortens life expectancy, results in disability, decreases quality of life, and ultimately, leads to institutionalization. Despite extensive research in the last few decades, its heterogeneous pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis have made it difficult to develop an effective treatment and prevention strategy. Aging is the biggest risk factor for AD and evidence suggest that the total number of older people in the population is going to increase astronomically in the next decades. Also, there is evidence that air pollution and increasing income inequality may result in higher incidence and prevalence of AD. This makes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease extremely critical. In this paper, a quintuple framework of thyroid dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, sex hormones, and mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress are used to provide a comprehensive description of AD etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The individual role of each factor, their synergistic and genetic interactions, as well as the limitations of the framework are discussed.
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46
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Mejido DC, Peny JA, Vieira MN, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Insulin and leptin as potential cognitive enhancers in metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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47
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Meshginfar N, Tavakoli H, Dornan K, Hosseinian F. Phenolic lipids as unique bioactive compounds: a comprehensive review on their multifunctional activity toward the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1394-1403. [PMID: 32363900 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1759024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic lipids are multifunctional compounds which play an important biological role in the body. Their unique biologic functionality stems from their strong amphiphilic character which allows them to be incorporated in erythrocytes. Through membrane incorporation, these compounds exert their biological effects on neurons which are not modulated by hydrophilic compounds. These bioactive compounds are present in nature as secondary plant metabolites, and consequently their availability is limited, for dietary and medical purposes. In this review, the pathways and mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease will be described. In addition, the modulatory effects of phenolic lipids on these pathways and a list of several synthetic, semi synthetic and natural sources of phenolic lipids will be examined as having the potential to prevent or combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Meshginfar
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamed Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Dornan
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Tam BT, Morais JA, Santosa S. Obesity and ageing: Two sides of the same coin. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12991. [PMID: 32020741 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conditions and comorbidities of obesity mirror those of ageing and age-related diseases. Obesity and ageing share a similar spectrum of phenotypes such as compromised genomic integrity, impaired mitochondrial function, accumulation of intracellular macromolecules, weakened immunity, shifts in tissue and body composition, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Moreover, it has been shown that obesity reduces life expectancy by 5.8 years in men and 7.1 years in women after the age of 40. Shorter life expectancy could be because obesity holistically accelerates ageing at multiple levels. Besides jeopardizing nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA integrity, obesity modifies the DNA methylation pattern, which is associated with epigenetic ageing in different tissues. Additionally, other signs of ageing are seen in individuals with obesity including telomere shortening, systemic inflammation, and functional declines. This review aims to show how obesity and ageing are "two sides of the same coin" through discussing how obesity predisposes an individual to age-related conditions, illness, and disease. We will further demonstrate how the mechanisms that perpetuate the early-onset of chronic diseases in obesity parallel those of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn T Tam
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.,Metabolism, Obesity, and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jose A Morais
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine and Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.,Metabolism, Obesity, and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre, Centre intégré universitarie de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-I'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Monréal (CIUSS-NIM, HSCM), Quebec, Montreal, Canada
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49
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Letra L, Matafome P, Rodrigues T, Duro D, Lemos R, Baldeiras I, Patrício M, Castelo-Branco M, Caetano G, Seiça R, Santana I. Association between Adipokines and Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:725-735. [PMID: 30689587 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the involvement of adipokines, particularly adiponectin, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of adiponectin, leptin and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio in patients within the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease and evaluate their relationship with classical biomarkers and their value as markers of progression. METHODS Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 71) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD, n = 53) subjects were consecutively recruited for serum and CSF adiponectin and leptin determination using an analytically validated commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations were explored using adjusted Spearman's correlation coefficients. A logistic regression model and ROC analysis were performed to evaluate the staging predictive value of adipokines. RESULTS Serum adiponectin was 33% higher in AD when compared to MCI patients. Adiponectin CSF levels, similar in both groups, were positively correlated with Aβ42 and cognitive function, though only in women. The area under the ROC curve was 0.673 (95% CI:0.57-0.78) for serum adiponectin as predictor of dementia stage and the cut-off 10.85μg/ml maximized the sum of specificity (87%) and sensitivity (44%). CONCLUSION Although longitudinal studies are required, we hypothesize that higher serum adiponectin in AD patients constitutes a strategy to compensate possible central signaling defects. In addition, adiponectin might be specifically assigned to neuroprotective functions in women and eventually involved in the female-biased incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Letra
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Duro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lemos
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gina Caetano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Researh (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu L, Huang X, Feng L, Wu Y. Internal Lipid Profile and Body Lipid Profile in Relation to Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern China. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520962660. [PMID: 33089704 PMCID: PMC10624072 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520962660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are currently no established, clinically relevant, non-invasive markers of cognitive impairment, except for age and APOE genotype. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 1,296 participants from Nanchang, China, has been conducted. We collected data from Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, internal lipid profiles and body lipid profiles, age and other factors that may have an effect on cognitive impairment. RESULTS Internal lipid profiles (OR = 1.03 [95%CI, 1.00-1.06], P = 0.024), body lipid profiles (OR = 1.05 [95%CI, 1.01-1.09], P = 0.014), and age (OR = 1.03 [95%CI, 1.01-1.05], P < 0.001) were all positively correlated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairment was more frequent in female patients with high internal lipid profiles or body lipid profiles, and these characteristics were related to age and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department Health Care Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department Health Care Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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