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Bah HAF, Martinez VO, dos Santos NR, Gomes Junior EA, Costa DO, Pires EM, Santana JVA, Cerqueira FDS, Menezes-Filho JA. Determinants of Exposure to Potentially Toxic Metals in Pregnant Women of the DSAN-12M Cohort in the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2949. [PMID: 36833642 PMCID: PMC9959373 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to potentially toxic metals (PTM) threatens maternal and child health. We investigated the determinants of exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn) in 163 pregnant women from the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil, enrolled in the DSAN-12M cohort. We measured these metals in biological samples (blood, toenails, and hair) and the Pb dust loading rates (RtPb) at their homes by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Questionnaires were applied to collect sociodemographic and general habits data. Only 2.91% (n = 4) of the pregnant women had As levels above the detection limit. Few participants had levels above the recommended reference values for blood Pb (5.1; 95% CI: 2.1-10.1%), and Mn in hair or toenails (4.3; 95% CI: 2.3-10.1%). On the other hand, 61.1 (95% CI: 52.4-69.3%) had elevated blood Cd levels. After binary logistic regression, low socioeconomic status, domestic waste burning, being a passive smoker, multiparity, and renovating the house significantly increased the chances of having high levels of Mn, Pb, and Cd. We detected a worrying situation related to exposure to Cd, showing the urgency of implementing human biomonitoring in the general population, especially in situations of social vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homègnon A. Ferréol Bah
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Victor O. Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Nathália R. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Erival A. Gomes Junior
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Daisy O. Costa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Elis Macêdo Pires
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - João V. Araújo Santana
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Filipe da Silva Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - José A. Menezes-Filho
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
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dos Santos NR, Rodrigues JLG, Bandeira MDJ, Anjos ALDS, Araújo CFDS, Adan LFF, Menezes-Filho JA. Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7158. [PMID: 35742410 PMCID: PMC9222911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) have been associated with the deregulation of the neuroendocrine system, which could potentially favor the appearance of precocious puberty (PP) in environmentally exposed children. This study aims to evaluate the exposure to Mn and Pb and their potential effects in anticipating puberty in school-aged children living near a ferromanganese alloy plant in Bahia, Brazil. Toenail, occipital hair and blood samples were collected from 225 school-aged children. Tanner’s scale was used for pubertal staging. Mn in blood (MnB), toenail (MnTn) and hair (MnH) and blood lead (PbB) levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Puberty-related hormone concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. The age at which girls’ breasts began to develop was inversely correlated with weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores (p < 0.05); pubarche also had similar results. Mn biomarker levels did not present differences among pubertal classification nor among children with potential PP or not. Furthermore, Mn exposure was not associated with the age of onset of sexual characteristics for either girls or boys. However, PbB levels were positively correlated with boys’ pubic hair stages (rho = 0.258; p = 0.009) and associated with the age of onset of girls’ pubarche (β = 0.299, 95%CI = 0.055−0.542; p = 0.017). Testosterone and LH concentrations were statistically higher in boys with an increased PbB (p = 0.09 and p = 0.02, respectively). Prospective studies are needed to better assess the association between exposure to Mn and Pb and the early onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Ribeiro dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (N.R.d.S.); (A.L.d.S.A.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (J.L.G.R.); (M.d.J.B.)
| | - Juliana Lima Gomes Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (J.L.G.R.); (M.d.J.B.)
| | - Matheus de Jesus Bandeira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (J.L.G.R.); (M.d.J.B.)
| | - Ana Laura dos Santos Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (N.R.d.S.); (A.L.d.S.A.)
| | - Cecília Freitas da Silva Araújo
- Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil;
| | - Luis Fernando Fernandes Adan
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, College of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil;
| | - José Antonio Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (N.R.d.S.); (A.L.d.S.A.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (J.L.G.R.); (M.d.J.B.)
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Bah HAF, Dos Anjos ALS, Gomes-Júnior EA, Bandeira MJ, de Carvalho CF, Dos Santos NR, Martinez VO, Adorno EV, Menezes-Filho JA. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase, Low Blood Lead Levels, Social Factors, and Intellectual Function in an Afro-Brazilian Children Community. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:447-457. [PMID: 33723800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme catalyzes the second phase of the heme biosynthesis and is involved in lead toxicokinetics. This research aimed to evaluate its influence on the relationship between blood lead (PbB) levels and intellectual performance in Afro-Brazilian children. PbB, hemoglobin concentration, ALAD activity, and polymorphism were determined in whole blood. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, and family environment stimuli data were collected with appropriate instruments. The non-verbal intelligence of children and their mothers or guardians was assessed using the correspondent Raven's Progressive Matrix versions. The medians (range) of PbB levels and ALAD activity were 1.0 μg/dL (0.1-21.3) and, 71 U/L (31-113), respectively. ALAD G177C was distributed as follows: 97.9% for ALAD1/1 and 2.1% for ALAD1/2 genotypes. The mean of Raven raw score was 19.3 (± 5.6) points and there were no differences according to sex or environmental Pb exposure. No statistically significant association was observed between PbB level and children's IQ. However, ALAD activity presented an inverse significant association with PbB levels, children's percentile IQ, and children's IQ/Age ratio, suggesting a neuroprotective role of ALAD1 genotype in those with low PbB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Dos Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Erival A Gomes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chrissie F de Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor O Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elisângela V Adorno
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Yang J, Xie Q, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang D. Exposure of the residents around the Three Gorges Reservoir, China to chromium, lead and arsenic and their health risk via food consumption. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112997. [PMID: 34808509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrological management of the Three Gorges Dam has resulted in the interception of heavy metals in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). However, the exposure to heavy metals and health risks among local residents remained poorly understood. Here we collected 208 biomarker samples (hair) and 20 food species from typical regions in the TGR to assess the exposure levels of three toxic metals (Cr, Pb and As) in residents of the TGR, and subsequently investigated their health risk via dietary intake. Results indicated that hair Cr and As levels were below the reference value for normal people and threshold of skin lesions, respectively, whereas about 22% hair Pb exceeded the reference for clinical medicine, indicating a potential Pb exposure of local residents. Smoking habit and fish consumption were found to be predictors for hair Pb. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals in all investigated food samples were below the limits of contaminants in food in China, except for Pb in the sweet potato and fish. The estimated daily intake of metals (DIMs) revealed that the intakes of Cr and As from studied food were under the recommended thresholds of Cr and As. However, the intake of Pb via diet exceeded the limit of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and closed to the threshold for cardiovascular, which was probably associated with the high Pb concentrations of fish and sweet potato. Overall, residents around the TGR were at low exposure to Cr and As, but Pb exposure may need more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongmin Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Environment and Quality Test, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401220, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Biomarkers of cadmium exposure and renal function in estuarine adult villagers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:981-992. [PMID: 34773507 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess cadmium (Cd) exposure of adults living in two estuarine communities in Aratu bay, Bahia, Brazil and its association with effects on renal function. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 88 volunteers aged 17-55 years, living in the following two communities: Santa Luzia (SL) located more intimately in the bay and Cotegipe (CT), a bit further and closer to a ferro-manganese alloy plant. Cd in blood (CdB) and urine (CdU), along with blood lead (PbB) levels were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Renal function was evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and tubular cell biomarkers: retinol binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2M), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). RESULTS The median CdU levels in villagers of the two communities were 0.20 and 0.44 µg/g creat. and SL vs CT, respectively. Age range (> 35 years), cigarette smoking and lower family income were significantly associated with more elevated CdU levels. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between LnCdU and LnRBP levels (β = 0.200, 95%CI 0.074-0.365) after adjusted for sex, urinary creatinine and blood lead levels. CONCLUSION These data show consistent evidences of association between Cd exposure and elevated tubular cell biomarker excretion in estuarine villagers living close to an industrial site.
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Aeluro S, Kavanagh TJ. Domestic cats as environmental lead sentinels in low-income populations: a One Health pilot study sampling the fur of animals presented to a high-volume spay/neuter clinic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57925-57938. [PMID: 34100205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-human animals serve as sentinels for numerous issues affecting humans, including exposure to toxic heavy metals like lead. Lead plays a role in perpetuating cycles of poverty in low-income communities due to the inequitable distributions of indoor health risks from lower-quality housing and outdoor health risks from industry and polluters, compounded by inequitable distributions of heath care and education. In this pilot study, we explore the potential for studying lead in low-income populations by partnering with nonprofit veterinary outreach programs. We investigate the lead concentration in fur samples of 85 domestic cats (Felis catus) presented to a high-volume spay/neuter clinic and report a mean of 0.723 μg of lead per gram of fur. This study reveals new information about lead exposure in cats in the USA, including that females had greater lead exposure than males, lead exposure increased with increasing amount of access to the outdoors, and lead exposure increased in cats with decreased body condition. We propose that pet, feral, and free-roaming cats presented to high-volume spay/neuter clinics could serve as a source of data about lead exposure in disadvantaged communities where these clinics already operate. Such a non-invasive surveillance system using inert, unobtrusively obtained samples could be deployed to detect highly exposed cats, prompting to follow up contact to a cat's caretakers to recommend seeking lead testing for themselves, their families, and their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Aeluro
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, UW Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA, 98195-7234, USA.
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box, Seattle, WA, 354695, USA
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Timonen H, Mylläri F, Simonen P, Aurela M, Maasikmets M, Bloss M, Kupri HL, Vainumäe K, Lepistö T, Salo L, Niemelä V, Seppälä S, Jalava PI, Teinemaa E, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Household solid waste combustion with wood increases particulate trace metal and lung deposited surface area emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112793. [PMID: 34058452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In households, municipal solid waste (MSW) is often burned along with wood to get rid of waste, to help in ignition or simply to reduce fuel costs. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of household waste combustion, along with wood, on the physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions in a flue gas of a masonry heater. The MSW burning alongside wood increased average particulate matter (PM) mass (65%), lung deposited surface areas (LDSA, 15%), black carbon (BC, 65%) concentrations and the average particle size in the flue gas. The influence of MSW was smaller during ignition and burning phases, but especially during fuel additions, the mass, number, and LDSA concentrations increased significantly and their size distributions moved towards larger particles. For wood burning the trace metal emissions were relatively low, but significant increase (3.3-179 -fold increase over cycle) was seen when MSW was burned along the wood. High ratios were observed especially during fuel addition phases but, depending on compounds, also during ignition and burning end phases. The highest ratios were observed for chloride compounds (HCl, KCl, NaCl). The observed increase in light-absorbing particle, trace metal and BC concentrations in flue gas when adding wood with MSW are likely to have negative impacts on air quality, visibility, human health and climate. Furthermore, metals may also affect the condition and lifetime of the burning device due to corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland.
| | - F Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Maasikmets
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - M Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - H-L Kupri
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - K Vainumäe
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - T Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Niemelä
- Dekati Ltd, Tykkitie 1, Kangasala, Tampere, 36240, Finland
| | - S Seppälä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - P I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Teinemaa
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - S Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - T Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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Oliveira AS, Costa EAC, Pereira EC, Freitas MAS, Freire BM, Batista BL, Luz MS, Olympio KPK. The applicability of fingernail lead and cadmium levels as subchronic exposure biomarkers for preschool children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143583. [PMID: 33243496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preschool children are exposed daily to metals in their homes and at daycare centers (DCC). Metal exposure and health effects are associated even at low levels, and children comprise a group of public health concern. Nail metals have been studied for exposure biomonitoring and compared to other biological media. The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of preschool fingernail lead and cadmium as subchronic exposure biomarkers. Nail lead and cadmium levels (NLL and NCL) of 602 preschool children (age: 1-4 years) who attended 21 DCC in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2013 were analyzed. Results were compared against blood lead and cadmium levels (BLL and BCL) found in a previous study. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses were performed for both samples. DCC and metal contaminated sites (MCS) were georeferencing. Logistic regression tests were applied to verify associations between nail metal levels and risk factors (sex, age, maternal education, secondary smoking, DCC geographic district, vehicle flow density, relative altitude and distance between DCC and nearest MCS) (p < 0.05). BLL was stratified by exposure level (low: <5 μg.dL-1; high: >13.9 μg.dL-1; medium: ≥5 μg.dL-1 and ≤13.9 μg.dL-1) and also tested the associations in order to verify if nail lead levels are affected by exposure intensity defined by blood metals concentrations. Radius distance and relative altitude of DCC to nearest MCS were associated with high NLL and NCL. Abnormal appearance of nails was associated with high NLL and low NCL. Lead and cadmium exposure magnitude had no significant impact on NLL. NLL should only be used for initial screening, and when financial resources are scarce, especially in areas located near contaminated sites. Preschool children were co-exposed to both lead and cadmium, reinforcing the need for broader studies evaluating exposure to environmental pollutants for more than one chemical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Oliveira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - E A C Costa
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - E C Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - M A S Freitas
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - B M Freire
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - B L Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - M S Luz
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - K P K Olympio
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
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9
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de J Bandeira M, Dos Santos NR, Cardoso MS, Hlavinicka N, Anjos ALS, Wândega EL, Bah HAF, de Oliva ST, Rocha AR, Souza-Júnior JA, Menezes-Filho JA. Assessment of potters' occupational exposure to lead and associated risk factors in Maragogipinho, Brazil: preliminary results. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:1061-1071. [PMID: 33606099 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lead (Pb) is used as a flux in the glazing process of pottery utensils in several regions of the world. It can affect the nervous and hematopoietic systems; in addition, it is classified as a probable human carcinogen. This work aims to evaluate Pb exposure of potters and describe the main determinants of elevated blood Pb (PbB) levels in this group of workers. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with potters of Maragogipinho Village, Bahia, Brazil, of both sexes, aged 16-72 years (n = 85). Non-exposed workers of the same age range residing in the urban area of Aratuípe town were also recruited (n = 50). We evaluated Pb dust deposition rates (PbDrt) in pottery workshops and PbB levels. All Pb measurements were performed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. RESULTS The median of PbB (min-max) and geometric mean (SD) PbDrt for the exposed group were 7.9 (0.9-49.8) µg/dL and 1463 (± 290,000) μg/m2/30 days, respectively. For the control group, levels were 1.5 (0.1-19.8) μg/dL and 82 (46) μg/m2 30 days, respectively. CONCLUSION The data found showed an excessive exposure among artisans, exceeding occupationally safe levels and those reported in the literature. It is important to implement occupational hygiene measures and improvements of the working conditions of these labors, especially the replacement of lead oxide in the pottery-glazing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de J Bandeira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natalia Hlavinicka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n. Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n. Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Wândega
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n. Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Homegnon A F Bah
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio T de Oliva
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andrea R Rocha
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José A Souza-Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n. Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n. Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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10
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Ho WC, Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Faramawi MF. Evaluation of lead body burden in US adolescents. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 77:219-226. [PMID: 33357119 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1864257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to examine key determinants in the body burden of lead in adolescents as lead poisoning remains a major public health challenge. Data from 2,925 teenagers aged 12-18 older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2012 were analyzed. Lead in both blood and urine was significantly correlated among individuals. Despite higher blood lead in males, urinary lead measures corrected for dilution were similar between male and female adolescents. Thus, the urine-to-blood ratio was approximately 30% lower in male than female adolescents, suggesting that differences in renal disposal contributed to the greater body burden for young males. Differences in urinary lead disposal appear to be a key determinant in lead accumulation and thus, the degree of lead poisoning. Direct renal studies should be conducted to determine mechanisms and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - James L Caffrey
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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11
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Santos NR, Bandeira MDJ, Bah HAF, Rodrigues JLG, Cardoso MS, Rocha AR, Menezes-Filho JA. Zinc-protoporphyrin determination by HPLC with fluorescence detection as a biomarker of lead effect in artisanal pottery workers. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4983. [PMID: 32909293 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure compromises heme synthesis by inhibiting ferrochelatase, forming zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP). This study aims to validate a method for the determination of ZnPP by HPLC with fluorescence detection and apply this method to evaluate the extent of Pb exposure of artisanal pottery workers. Extraction procedures were tested using both nonacid and acid liquid-liquid extraction. The former presented a better chromatogram and recovery results. The validated method yielded a good resolution of ZnPP and its free form peaks with acceptable precision and accuracy. Total run time was 15 min and ZnPP peak retention time was 5.6 min. We applied this method to evaluate 39 potters (90% male), mean age 40 years (9-80). The medians (ranges) of blood lead, ZnPP and hemoglobin were 16.0 μg/dl (2.2-71.5), 12.6 μg/dl (4.6-279.8) and 15.1 g/dl (11.0-17.8), respectively. Significant differences were observed for blood lead according to gender, age range (>40 years), direct handling of lead oxide and years of occupation. Significantly higher levels of ZnPP were observed in male potters involved with lead glazing activity. The validated method was shown to be simple with one-step nonacid extraction, good sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy. Our data shows that these laborers are dangerously exposed to Pb, reflecting the effect on the heme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália R Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus de J Bandeira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Homègnon A Ferreol Bah
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana L G Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andrea R Rocha
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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12
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Bah HAF, Bandeira MJ, Gomes-Junior EA, Anjos ALS, Rodrigues YJM, Dos Santos NR, Martinez VO, Rocha RBMA, Costa RG, Adorno EV, Menezes-Filho JA. Environmental exposure to lead and hematological parameters in Afro-Brazilian children living near artisanal glazed pottery workshops. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:964-974. [PMID: 32400283 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1761738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the exposure to environmental lead (Pb) of children from a traditional community of African descent in Brazil and the effects on hematological parameters. Children (n = 75) aged 5.5-13 years from the exposed areas classified as low (LEx) and moderately (MEx) exposed were compared with children (n = 75) of a control group (CG). Dust Pb loading rates (RtPbs) at children's homes were measured. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected to assess Pb biomarkers of exposure and effects. All Pb determinations were performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The median (IQR) of RtPb, PbB level, and ALA-D activity were 65 (25-137) μgPb/m2/30 days, 1.0 (0.1-2.8) μg/dL, and 71 (55-86) U/L, respectively. Spearman correlation evidenced the relationship of PbB with RtPb (rho = 0.368, P < 0.001) and ALA-D activity (rho = -0.587; P ˂ 0.001). After adjusting for exposure degree and child's age, a decline of 7.4 U/L in ALA-D activity was associated with a 10-fold increase in PbB. The prevalence ratio of elevated PbB (>5 μg/dL) in LEx and MEx areas were 1.5 and 3.7, respectively. Indoor dust exposure, living near pottery workshops and the secondary exposure were the main determinants of elevated PbB levels, which were associated with hematological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erival A Gomes-Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ynayara J M Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Victor O Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rômula B M A Rocha
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata G Costa
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elisângela V Adorno
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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13
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Martinez VO, Lima FWDM, Rocha RBA, Bah HAF, Carvalho CF, Menezes-Filho JA. Interaction of Toxoplasma gondii infection and elevated blood lead levels on children's neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:177-185. [PMID: 32201333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A chronic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii was considered asymptomatic in immunologically healthy humans, but results from animal and epidemiological studies led to a reconsideration of this assumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and its possible effects on the behavior of school-aged children in Bahia, Brazil. Serum anti-body determinations were performed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood lead levels (BLL) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The evaluation of a child's behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). Multivariate models applying logistic regression were used to test the association of chronic T. gondii infection and BLL with behavioral outcomes in children. Seroprevalence for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody was 43.7 % (95 %-CI: 35.8-51.9). Significant associations between chronic T. gondii infection and total behavioral problems (OR = 2.50; 95 %-CI: 1.06-5.88), internalizing spectrum problems (OR = 4.35; 95 %-CI: 1.11-17.14) and rule breaking (OR = 2.61; 95 %-CI: 1.12-6.05) were observed. A possible interaction between toxoplasmosis prevalence and lead exposure was detected. Children with above the median BLL and positive for IgG anti-T. gondii showed a 5.51-fold increase (95 %-CI: 1.75-17.38) in the chance of displaying disobedient behavior. The results suggest that T. gondii infection may be contributing to the high indices of behavioral changes. Moreover, these findings are the first evidence for a possible interaction between chronic T. gondii infection and elevated blood lead levels on children's neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Martinez
- Immunology Service of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda W de Mendonça Lima
- Immunology Service of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rômula B Alecrim Rocha
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Homegnon A Ferréol Bah
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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14
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Das DK, Deka S, Guha AK. Schiff Base Derived from 4,4′-methylenedianiline and p-anisaldehyde: Colorimetric Sensor for Cu2+, Paper Strip Sensor for Al3+ and Fluorescent Sensor for Pb2+. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:1467-1474. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Dos Santos NR, Rodrigues JLG, Bandeira MJ, Anjos ALDS, Araújo CDFS, Adan LFF, Menezes-Filho JA. Manganese exposure and association with hormone imbalance in children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:166-174. [PMID: 30782536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that manganese (Mn) plays a fundamental role in the reproductive system through interference with the regulation of the secretion of hormones related to puberty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental exposure to Mn and its effects on the endocrine regulation of hormones related to puberty in school-aged children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. Toenails, occipital hair, and blood samples were collected from 225 children, between 7 and 12 years of age, in four elementary schools in Simões Filho, Bahia, Brazil, who were exposed to different Mn levels owing to different Mn dust deposition rates. The Mn content was determined in the toenails (MnTn), hair (MnH), and blood (MnB), in addition to blood lead levels (PbB), by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were determined by using a chemiluminescence method. Of the total participants, 50.2% were boys, with an average age of 9 years. PRL values were higher in children attending the school with a higher Mn deposition rate (p < 0.004). We observed that MnTn was positively correlated with PRL levels and exhibited a non-linear association with LH levels. None of the tested Mn biomarkers were associated with E2, T, or TSH levels. To date, despite several animal studies that have focused on the correlation between Mn exposure and the endocrine regulation of hormones and pubertal development, very few studies have reported a similar relationship between environmental Mn effects and the human endocrine system. Our findings support the hypothesis that elevated exposure to Mn in children may be associated with hormonal imbalances that might trigger the early onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Juliana L G Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura Dos S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Cecília de Freitas S Araújo
- Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Luis Fernando F Adan
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
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16
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Rodrigues JLG, Araújo CFS, Dos Santos NR, Bandeira MJ, Anjos ALS, Carvalho CF, Lima CS, Abreu JNS, Mergler D, Menezes-Filho JA. Airborne manganese exposure and neurobehavior in school-aged children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:66-77. [PMID: 30007874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to Mn can lead to its accumulation in the brain with neurotoxic consequences. In children, elevated Mn has been associated with deficits in certain neuropsychological domains such as cognition, motor function, memory and attention, and in some instances, hyperactivity and behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate behavioral effects in school-aged children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant and examine their association with Mn exposure. Occipital hair, toenails and blood samples were collected from 225 children (7-12 years old) enrolled in four elementary schools with different levels of exposure to Mn, based on dust Mn deposition rates. Full data set collection was completed and run from 165 children. Mn in hair (MnH), toenails (MnTn), blood (MnB) and blood lead levels (PbB) were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Children's behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) reported by parents. Median levels and range of MnH, MnT and MnB were, respectively, 0.73 µg/g (0.16-8.79), 0.84 µg/g (0.15-9.29) and 8.98 μg/L (1.51-40.43). Median and range of PbB were 1.2 µg/dL (0.2-15.6). MnH and MnB were not associated with any scale of the CBCL behavior scores. We found a positive association between logMnTn and raw total CBCL score (β = 10.17, p = 0.034), adjusting for sex, age, maternal IQ and logPbB. Analyses using Generalized Additive Model showed non-linear associations between MnTn and externalizing behavior (p = 0.035), as well as with the related subscales: aggressive behavior (p = 0.045) and rule-breaking behavior (p = 0.024). Further positive associations were observed between MnTn and thought problems (p = 0.031) and social problems (p = 0.027). These findings corroborate previous studies showing an association between Mn exposures and externalizing behavior. Our results suggest that toenail Mn, as a biomarker of environmental exposure, is associated with disruptive behavior in children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L G Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Cecília F S Araújo
- Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Cassio S Lima
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Donna Mergler
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le Bien-Être, la Santé, la Société et l'Environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montreal, Canada.
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
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17
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Menezes-Filho JA, Carvalho CF, Rodrigues JLG, Araújo CFS, Dos Santos NR, Lima CS, Bandeira MJ, Marques BLDS, Anjos ALS, Bah HAF, Abreu N, Philibert A, Mergler D. Environmental Co-Exposure to Lead and Manganese and Intellectual Deficit in School-Aged Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2418. [PMID: 30384464 PMCID: PMC6266231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that, for urban children, dust represents the main exposure to sources of metals like lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn). We aimed to investigate the exposure to these metals and their association with intellectual deficit in children living in an industrial region. This cross-sectional study recruited volunteers from four elementary schools in the town of Simões Filho, Brazil. We evaluated 225 school-aged children (7⁻12 years) for blood lead (PbB) and manganese hair (MnH) and toenails (MnTn) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Child and maternal IQs were estimated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale for Intelligence (WASI). Median and range PbB were 1.2 (0.3⁻15.6) μg/dL. MnH and MnTn medians (ranges) were 0.74 (0.16⁻8.79) μg/g and 0.85 (0.15⁻13.30) μg/g, respectively. After adjusting for maternal IQ, age and Mn exposure, child IQ drops by 8.6 points for a 10-fold increase in PbB levels. Moreover, an effect modification of Mn co-exposure was observed. In children with low MnTn, association between Pb and child IQ was not significant (β = -6.780, p = 0.172). However, in those with high MnTn, the association was increased by 27.9% (β = -8.70, p = 0.036). Low Pb exposure is associated with intellectual deficit in children, especially in those with high MnTn.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Juliana L G Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Cecília F S Araújo
- Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil.
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Cássio S Lima
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Breno L de S Marques
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Neander Abreu
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
| | - Alline Philibert
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur la Biologie, la Santé, la Société et l'Environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec a Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Donna Mergler
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur la Biologie, la Santé, la Société et l'Environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec a Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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18
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da Rocha Silva JP, Salles FJ, Leroux IN, da Silva Ferreira APS, da Silva AS, Assunção NA, Nardocci AC, Sayuri Sato AP, Barbosa F, Cardoso MRA, Olympio KPK. High blood lead levels are associated with lead concentrations in households and day care centers attended by Brazilian preschool children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:681-688. [PMID: 29715687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study observed high blood lead levels (BLL) in preschool children attending 50 day care centers (DCC) in São Paulo, Brazil. OBJECTIVE To identify whether lead levels found in both homes and DCC environments are associated with high blood lead levels. METHODS Children attending 4 DCCs, quoted here as NR, VA, PS and PF, were divided into two groups according to BLL: high exposure (HE: ≥13.9 μg/dL; 97.5 percentile of the 2013 year sample) and low exposure (LE: <5 μg/dL). For in situ lead measurements (lead paint mode: mg/cm2 and ROHS mode: μg/g) in the children's households and in the DCC environments, a field portable X-ray-fluorescence analyzer was used. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to control for confounding factors. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, day care center's measured lead, and tobacco. RESULTS In an NR DCC building, 33.8% of the measurements had lead levels >600 μg/g, whereas such levels were observed in 77.1% of NR playground measurements. In VA DCC, 22% and 23% of the measurements in the building and in the playgrounds had levels higher than 600 μg/g, respectively. The percentage of high lead levels in the children's houses of the LE group was 5.9% (95% CI: 4.3-7.6%) and 13.2 (95% CI: 8.3-18.0%) in the HE group. Moreover, a significant association was found between high BLLs and lead levels found both in households and DCCs (p < 0.001). Most of the high lead measurements were found in tiles and playground equipment. CONCLUSIONS Lead exposure estimated from the DCCs, where children spend about 10 h/day, can be as relevant as their household exposure. Therefore, public authorities should render efforts to provide a rigorous surveillance for lead-free painting supplies and for all objects offered to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Prestes da Rocha Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Agnes Soares da Silva
- Sustainable Development and Health Equity, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nilson Antonio Assunção
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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A protease-free and signal-on electrochemical biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of lead ion based on GR-5 DNAzyme and catalytic hairpin assembly. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Rodrigues JLG, Bandeira MJ, Araújo CFS, Dos Santos NR, Anjos ALS, Koin NL, Pereira LC, Oliveira SSP, Mergler D, Menezes-Filho JA. Manganese and lead levels in settled dust in elementary schools are correlated with biomarkers of exposure in school-aged children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:1004-1013. [PMID: 29287923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that manganese (Mn) levels in settled dust in elementary schools increased at a rate of 34.1% per km closer to a ferro-manganese alloy plant in the rainy season. In this study, we investigated how this environmental pollution indicator varied in the dry season and if there was an association with Mn biomarker levels in school-aged children. Dust samples were collected with passive samplers (disposable Petri dishes) placed in interior and exterior environments of 14 elementary schools. Occipital hair, toenails and blood samples were collected from 173 students aged 7-12 years from three of these schools, with varying distance from the industrial plant. Mn and lead (Pb) levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mn concentration geometric means (GM) in dust fall accumulation in interior environments of schools located at 2, 4, 6 and > 6 km-radii from the plant were 2212, 584, 625 and 224 μg Mn/m2/30 days, respectively. The modelled rate of change of dust Mn levels decreases by 59.8% for each km further from the plant. Pb levels in settled dust varied between 18 and 81 μg/m2/30 days with no association with distance from the plant. Blood lead levels median (range) were 1.2 μg/dL (0.2-15.6), of which 97.8% were <5 μg/dL. Mn in hair and toenails were 0.66 μg/g (0.16-8.79) and 0.86 μg/g (0.15-13.30), respectively. Mn loading rates were positively associated with log MnH (β = 1.42 × 10-5, p < 0.001) after adjusting for children's age; and also with log MnTn (β = 2.31 × 10-5, p < 0.001) independent of age. Mn loading rates explained 18.5% and 28.5% of the variance in MnH and MnTn levels, respectively. School-aged children exposure to Mn, independently of age, increases significantly with school proximity to the ferro-manganese alloy plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L G Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Cecília F S Araújo
- Environmental and Public Health Program, National School of Public Health, Oswald Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ng Lai Koin
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Laiz C Pereira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio S P Oliveira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Donna Mergler
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le Bien-Être, la Santé, la Société et l'Environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montreal, Canada.
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
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21
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Jursa T, Stein CR, Smith DR. Determinants of Hair Manganese, Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic Levels in Environmentally Exposed Children. TOXICS 2018; 6:E19. [PMID: 29565296 PMCID: PMC6027252 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of environmental metal exposure in children are important for elucidating exposure and health risk. While exposure biomarkers for As, Cd, and Pb are relatively well defined, there are not yet well-validated biomarkers of Mn exposure. Here, we measured hair Mn, Pb, Cd, and As levels in children from the Mid-Ohio Valley to determine within and between-subject predictors of hair metal levels. Occipital scalp hair was collected in 2009-2010 from 222 children aged 6-12 years (169 female, 53 male) participating in a study of chemical exposure and neurodevelopment in an industrial region of the Mid-Ohio Valley. Hair samples from females were divided into three two centimeter segments, while males provided a single segment. Hair was cleaned and processed in a trace metal clean laboratory, and analyzed for As, Cd, Mn, and Pb by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hair Mn and Pb levels were comparable (median 0.11 and 0.15 µg/g, respectively) and were ~10-fold higher than hair Cd and As levels (0.007 and 0.018 µg/g, respectively). Hair metal levels were higher in males compared to females, and varied by ~100-1000-fold between all subjects, and substantially less (<40-70%) between segments within female subjects. Hair Mn, Pb, and Cd, but not As levels systematically increased by ~40-70% from the proximal to distal hair segments of females. There was a significant effect of season of hair sample collection on hair Mn, Pb, and Cd, but not As levels. Finally, hair metal levels reported here are ~2 to >10-fold lower than levels reported in other studies in children, most likely because of more rigorous hair cleaning methodology used in the present study, leading to lower levels of unresolved exogenous metal contamination of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jursa
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Cheryl R Stein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, Child Study Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Froes Asmus CIR, Camara VM, Landrigan PJ, Claudio L. A Systematic Review of Children's Environmental Health in Brazil. Ann Glob Health 2018; 82:132-48. [PMID: 27325071 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the region of the Americas, approximately 100,000 children under the age of 5 years die each year due to environmental hazards. Brazil, due to its large size and wide range of environmental challenges, presents numerous hazards to children's health. The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature that describes children's exposures to environmental pollutants in Brazil and their effects on Brazilian children's health. A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed without language restrictions and time of publication (years). The literature search was conducted in the following key resources: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science with the MeSH Terms: Environmental exposure AND Brazil (filters: Human, Child [birth to 18 years] and Affiliation Author). The Virtual Health Library was also employed to access the databases Scielo and Lilacs. The search strategy was [DeCS Terms]: Child OR adolescent AND Environmental exposure AND Brazil. Health effects in children associated with exposure to environmental pollutants in Brazil were reported in 74 studies, during the period between 1995 and 2015. The most frequently cited effect was hospital admission for respiratory causes including wheezing, asthma, and pneumonia among children living in areas with high concentrations of air pollutants. A broad spectrum of other health effects possibly linked to pollutants also was found such as prematurity, low birth weight, congenital abnormality (cryptorchidism, hypospadia, micropenis), poor performance in tests of psychomotor and mental development, and behavioral problems. Exposure to pesticides in utero and postnatally was associated with a high risk for leukemia in children <2 years old. These results show that there is a need in Brazil for stricter monitoring of pollutant emissions and for health surveillance programs especially among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I R Froes Asmus
- Public Health Institute, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Volney M Camara
- Public Health Institute, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Arnhold Global Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Luz Claudio
- Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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23
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Gao M, Klerks PL, Wu X, Chen H, Xie L. Metal Concentrations in Sediment And Biota of the Huludao Coast in Liaodong Bay and Associated Human and Ecological Health Risks. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:87-96. [PMID: 26979742 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the contamination extent and potential ecological and human health impacts for chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in sediments and indigenous benthic organisms along the coastal area of Huludao, China. We analyzed a total of eight species: two benthic fish species, two bivalves, two snails, and two decapod crustaceans. Cu, Zn, and Cd levels in sediment exceeded the Chinese marine sediment quality criteria. The geoaccumulation index was highest for Cd followed in a decreasing order by Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cr. Metal levels were highest in the four mollusk species. The oyster and veined rapa whelk had the highest bioaccumulation factors, indicating that these two species would be well suited for monitoring the metal pollution in this area. Our comparison of estimated daily intake values for human consumption of the seafood species to the Food and Agricultural Organization-recommended daily dietary allowances indicate potential health risks from the intake of Cd from all shellfish other than our crab species and Zn intake from oyster consumption. An analysis of target hazard quotients identified noncarcinogenic health risks from Cd (in all shellfish analyzed except for our crab species), Cu, and Zn (in oysters and veined rapa whelks). Moreover, an analysis of cancer risk from Pb ingestion detected an increased risk for consumption of all shellfish except for the crab species. Health risks seem especially pronounced for the consumption of oysters and the veined rapa whelks; a seafood advisory may be warranted for these mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul L Klerks
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 42451, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Menezes-Filho JA, Souza KOFD, Rodrigues JLG, Santos NRD, Bandeira MDJ, Koin NL, Oliveira SSDP, Godoy ALPC, Mergler D. Manganese and lead in dust fall accumulation in elementary schools near a ferromanganese alloy plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:322-329. [PMID: 27107708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown elevated airborne manganese (Mn) in villages adjacent to a Mn alloy production plant in Brazil and negative associations between biomarkers of Mn and children's cognition and behavior. Since small Mn particles may be carried for long distances, we measured manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) dust fall accumulation in 15 elementary schools, located between 1.25 and 6.48km from the plant in the municipality of Simões Filho, Bahia, Brazil. Passive samplers (polyethylene Petri dishes) were set in interior and exterior environments. After 30 days, the samplers' content was solubilized with diluted nitric acid and Mn and Pb levels were analyzed by electrothermal absorption spectrometry. The overall geometric mean and range of Mn and Pb accumulation in dust fall (loading rates) were 1582μg Mn/m(2)/30 days (37-37,967) and 43.2μg Pb/m(2)/30 days (2.9-210.4). A logarithmic decrease in interior and exterior Mn loading rates was observed with distance from the ferro-manganese alloy plant. Multiple regression analyses of log-transformed Mn loading rate within the schools showed a positive association with Mn levels in outdoor dust, a negative association with distance from the plant; as well, wind direction (downwind>upwind) and school location (urban>rural) entered significantly into the model. For the interior school environments, located within a 2-km radius from the plant, loading rate was, on average, 190 times higher than the Mn levels reported by Gulson et al., (2014) in daycare centers in Sydney, Australia, using a similar method. Pb loading rates were not associated with distance from the plant and were lower than the rates observed in the same daycare centers in Sydney. Our findings suggest that a significant portion of the children in this town in Brazil may be exposed to airborne Mn at concentrations that may affect their neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Menezes-Filho
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Karine O Fraga de Souza
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Juliana L Gomes Rodrigues
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Jesus Bandeira
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ng Lai Koin
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio S do Prado Oliveira
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Ana Leonor P Campos Godoy
- Federal University of Bahia, College of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Avenue Barão Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Donna Mergler
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur le bien-être, la santé, la société et l'environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montreal, Canada.
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25
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Kira CS, Sakuma AM, De Capitani EM, de Freitas CU, Cardoso MRA, Gouveia N. Associated factors for higher lead and cadmium blood levels, and reference values derived from general population of São Paulo, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:628-635. [PMID: 26613516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are associated with emissions of various metals into the environment, among which the heavy metals lead and cadmium stand out, as they pose a risk to human life even at low concentrations. Thus, accurate knowledge of the levels of these metals exhibited by the overall population, including children, is important. The aim of this study was to estimate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the blood of adults, adolescents and children residing in the city of São Paulo, assess factors associated with higher lead and cadmium blood levels, and to establish reference values for this population. The study sample consisted of 669 adults over 20 years old, 264 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years old and 391 children under 11 years old from both genders. The samples were collected at the end of 2007 and during 2008 in different city zones. Higher blood lead concentration was significantly associated with gender, smoking, offal intake, area of residence and age. The blood cadmium concentration was significantly associated with gender, smoking, consumption of distilled beverages and age. The reference values of lead and cadmium established for adults above 20 years old were 33 μg/L and 0.6 μg/L, respectively, for adolescents (12 to 19 years old) were 31 μg/L and 0.6 μg/L, respectively and for children under 11 years old were 29 μg/L and 0.2 μg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the exposure levels of the investigated population to lead and cadmium are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Silvia Kira
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Materiais de Referência, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Alice Momoyo Sakuma
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Materiais de Referência, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mello De Capitani
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Controle de Intoxicações, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nelson Gouveia
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Brazil
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26
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Zhu J, Yu YQ, Li JJ, Zhao JW. Colorimetric detection of lead(ii) ions based on accelerating surface etching of gold nanorods to nanospheres: the effect of sodium thiosulfate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lead ion-participated etching of gold nanorods leads to qualitative spectral change from double bands to single band LSPR, which results in a distinct irreversible color change of the gold colloid from blue to red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Yun-Qi Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Jun-Wu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
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27
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Blaurock-Busch E, Busch YM, Friedle A, Buerner H, Parkash C, Kaur A. Comparing the metal concentration in the hair of cancer patients and healthy people living in the malwa region of punjab, India. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2014; 8:1-13. [PMID: 24453505 PMCID: PMC3891755 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer prevalence in the Malwa region of Punjab (1089/million/year) is much higher than the national average cancer prevalence in India (800/million/year). The participants in the present study were 50 healthy individuals and 49 cancer patients all living in the Malwa region of Punjab, with the healthy people being selected from the same household as the cancer patients. High concentrations of several potentially toxic elements were found in hair samples from people living in Punjab. Compared to standard reference ranges, the metals in excess in both the control and patient groups were aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr) and uranium (U). The most significant findings were high lead (Pb), U and Ba concentrations. The maximum values for Ba, Mn, Pb and U were found in hair from breast cancer patients. The mean concentration of U in hair from the breast cancer patients was 0.63 μg U/g, which is more than double the value found in the control group and over six times higher than the reference range of 0.1 μg U/g. Water, soil, and phosphate fertilizers all seem to play a potential role, causing an increased metal burden in Punjabi people living in the Malwa region. The present study indicates that metals, and especially U, may be a factor in the development of breast cancer among Punjabi women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holger Buerner
- Trace Minerals International, Colorado, USA
- Micro Trace Minerals, Hersbruck, Germany
| | | | - Anudeep Kaur
- Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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Joseph A, Spector L, Wickham K, Janis G, Winickoff J, Lindgren B, Murphy S. Biomarker evidence of tobacco smoke exposure in children participating in lead screening. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e54-9. [PMID: 24134342 PMCID: PMC3828962 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), defined according to detection of cotinine, in dried blood spots collected from children for lead screening. METHODS Dried blood spots collected from a national sample of 1541 Black and White children and submitted to a commercial laboratory for lead analysis were analyzed for cotinine. We used an anonymous administrative data set including information on children's characteristics to conduct univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Cotinine was detected in 61% of dried blood spots; 17% of samples had cotinine levels above 3 nanograms per gram. Median cotinine levels were significantly higher among Black than White children (0.66 ng/g vs 0.30 ng/g) and among Medicaid recipients (0.94 ng/g vs < 0.3 ng/g). In multivariate analyses, significant increases in cotinine levels were associated with Black (vs White) race, older age, Medicaid coverage, higher state smoking rate, and higher average winter temperature. Detectable cotinine levels were significantly associated with higher lead levels. CONCLUSIONS TSE is highly prevalent among children undergoing lead screening, and exposure levels are greater among Black children and children on Medicaid. TSE may contribute to lead exposure. Concurrent lead screening and biological screening for TSE may be a feasible approach to increasing childhood TSE detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Joseph
- Anne Joseph is with the Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Logan Spector is with the Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota. Katherine Wickham is with the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota. Gregory Janis is with MEDTOX Laboratories, St. Paul, MN. Jonathan Winickoff is with the Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy and the Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. Bruce Lindgren is with the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Minnesota. Sharon Murphy is with the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota
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Elevated manganese exposure and school-aged children's behavior: a gender-stratified analysis. Neurotoxicology 2013; 45:293-300. [PMID: 24121006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High levels of waterborne manganese have been associated with problematic behavior in school-aged children, however to date this has not been reported for children exposed to airborne manganese. The objective of the present study was to examine behavioral traits among children with exposure to airborne manganese from a ferro-manganese alloy plant, located in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Brazil. The study included 34 boys and 36 girls, aged 7-12 years, living in two communities within a 3-km radius from the plant. For each child, hair manganese levels (MnH) and blood lead (PbB) levels were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The Children's Behavior Check List (CBCL) (Portuguese version validated in Brazil) was administered to parents or caregivers, providing scale scores of internalizing (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed scales), externalizing (disruptive and aggressive) behaviors and a separate scale for attention problems. Median and range for MnH and PbB were 11.48 μg/g (range: 0.52-55.74); 1.1 μg/dL (range: 0.5-6.1), respectively. Spearman correlation analyses showed that several behavioral indices were significantly correlated with MnH levels for girls, but not for boys: total externalizing behavior (rho=0.484 vs rho=0.041) and attention problem scores (rho=0.542 vs rho=0.003) coefficients were significantly at p<0.001 level, respectively for girls and boys. No significant correlation was observed with any of the internalizing sub-scales. A linear regression model was fitted with the total externalizing behavior, inattention and total CBCL scores as dependent variables, with log transformed MnH stratified by sex, adjusting for age and maternal IQ. Total externalizing behaviors and attention problem scores were significantly associated with girls' MnH levels but not with boys'. Adjusting for maternal IQ, the β-coefficients for LogMnH associations with total externalizing and attention problems are 8.85 (95%CI 2.44-15.24) and 4.03 (95%CI 1.50-6.56) for girls. For boys, after adjusting for age, the β-coefficients are 0.08 (95%CI 11.51-11.66) and -0.05 (95%CI 4.34-4.25), respectively. The findings of this study suggest a positive association between elevated Mn exposure and externalizing behavioral problems and inattention, with girls presenting more pronounced effects. Future studies on Mn exposure in children should attempt to further elucidate sex and/or gender differences in Mn exposed populations.
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Boisa N, Bird G, Brewer PA, Dean JR, Entwistle JA, Kemp SJ, Macklin MG. Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in scalp hair, soil and metallurgical wastes in Mitrovica, Kosovo: the role of oral bioaccessibility and mineralogy in human PHE exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:56-70. [PMID: 24013020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Internationally publicized impacts upon human health associated with potentially harmful element (PHE) exposure have been reported amongst internally displaced populations (IDPs) in Mitrovica, Kosovo, following the Kosovan War. Particular concern has surrounded the exposure to Pb indicated by the presence of highly elevated concentrations of Pb in blood and hair samples. This study utilizes a physiologically-based in-vitro extraction method to assess the bioaccessibility of PHEs in surface soils and metallurgical waste in Mitrovica and assesses the potential daily intake of soil-bound PHEs. Maximum As (210mgkg(-1)), Cd (38mgkg(-1)), Cu (410mgkg(-1)), Pb (18790mgkg(-1)) and Zn (8500mgkg(-1)) concentrations in surface soils (0-10cm) are elevated above guideline values. Samples with high PHE concentrations (e.g. As >1000mgkg(-1); Pb >1500mgkg(-1)) exhibit a wide range of bioaccessibilities (5.40 - 92.20% in the gastric (G) phase and 10.00 - 55.80% in the gastric-intestinal (G-I) phase). Samples associated with lower bioaccessibilities typically contain a number of XRD-identifiable primary and secondary mineral phases, particularly As- and Pb-bearing arsenian pyrite, beudantite, galena and cerrusite. Quantification of the potential human exposure risk associated with the ingestion of soil-associated PHEs indicates that on average, 0.01μg Cd kg(-1) BW d(-1), 0.16μg Cu kg(-1) BW d(--1), 0.12μg As kg(-1) BW d(-1), 7.81μg Pb kg(-1) BW d(-1), and 2.68μg Zn kg(-1) BW d(-1) could be bioaccessible following ingestion of PHE-rich soils in the Mitrovica region, with Pb, and to a lesser extent As, indicating the likely possibility of local populations exceeding the recommended tolerable daily intake. Lead present within surface soils of the area could indeed have contributed to the human Pb burden due to the high bioaccessibility of Pb present within these soils (13.40 - 92.20% in the gastric phase). Data for Pb levels in scalp hair (≤120μgg(-1)) and blood (≥650μgdL(-1); WHO, 2004) for children that have lived within IDP camps in Mitrovica indicate significant Pb uptake has indeed taken place. The highly bioaccessible nature of soil-associated PHEs in this study highlights the need for appropriate environmental management approaches that limit the exposure of local populations to these contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Boisa
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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Wu YS, Huang FF, Lin YW. Fluorescent detection of lead in environmental water and urine samples using enzyme mimics of catechin-synthesized Au nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1503-9. [PMID: 23369297 DOI: 10.1021/am3030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A facile, cost-effective, and sensitive fluorescent method for Pb²⁺ ion detection had been developed using catechin synthesized gold nanoparticles (C-Au NPs). The Pb-catechin complexes and Pb-Au alloys that formed on the C-Au NPs surfaces allowed NPs to exhibit peroxidase-mimicking catalytic activity in the H₂O₂-mediated oxidation of Amplex UltraRed (AUR). In 5 mM Tris-acetate buffers at pH 7.0, the H₂O₂-AUR-C-Au NP probe was highly selective (>100-fold) for Pb²⁺ ions in the presence of other tested metal ions (K⁺, Ag⁺, Na⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Hg²⁺, Sr²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ba²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺ ions). The fluorescence intensity (excitation/emission maxima ∼540/588 nm) of the AUR product was proportional to the concentration of Pb²⁺ ions in the range of 10 nM-1.0 μM with a linear correlation (R² = 0.99). The H₂O₂-AUR-C-Au NP probe detected Pb²⁺ ions with a limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio: 3) of 1.5 nM. The practicality of the H₂O₂-AUR-C-Au NP probe was validated for the determination of Pb²⁺ ion concentration in environmental water and urine samples, demonstrating its advantages of simplicity, selectivity, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shiuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Moreno-Santini V, Mansilla-Rivera I, García-Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-Sierra CJ. A pilot study determining hair arsenic and lead levels in residents of a community established on a former landfill in Puerto Rico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:572-576. [PMID: 22744224 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were determined in hair of 12 adult women and 27 children living in a soil-metal contaminated community in Puerto Rico. Average concentrations in residential soils ranged from 24 to 109 μg/g for As and from 42 to 1,585 μg/g for Pb. For hair-As, about 75% of the samples were below 0.08 μg/g. Hair-Pb presented levels of health concern, with 10% of the samples above a reference value of 5 μg/g, indicating significant exposure to Pb. Multivariate analyses revealed that children's Pb hair levels were predicted by age and sex, while consumption of home-grown animals influenced the association with soil-Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreno-Santini
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR
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Lam Y, Sze CW, Tong Y, Ng TB, Shaw PC, Zhang Y. A Review of the Potential Issues of Pollution Caused by the Mineral Elements, Mercury, Lead and Arsenic, Its Possible Impacts on the Human Beings and the Suggested Solutions. Chin Med 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2012.34026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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