1
|
Ding J, Gansel LC, Finstad B, Stene A, Bakke S, Aas GKFH, Cao Y. Investigating the biological relevance of measuring gastrointestinal cortisol metabolite levels to assess stress responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after an acute stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109729. [PMID: 38942252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring stress levels of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is important to ensure fish welfare and optimize farm operations. Feces could be a promising matrix for assessing stress responses in fish, based on their properties of low-invasive sampling and allowing repeated sampling over time. Meanwhile, elevated levels of cortisol metabolites (CMs) in feces indicate the increases in plasma cortisol levels (PLA) after exposure to acute stress. However, the dynamics of fecal CMs following acute stress in Atlantic salmon remain unclear. In this study, a confinement stress involving chasing and crowding was conducted to investigate the responses of gastrointestinal CMs to an acute stressor in Atlantic salmon. The post-smolts, with an average weight of 155.21 g, were sampled before and at 30 min, 1.5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h after the onset of stress. Blood and gastrointestinal contents from the stomach, proximal intestine, and distal intestine of each fish were collected and subsequently analyzed, using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the pre-stress level of PLA was low (4.28 ± 6.13 ng/ml) and reached a peak within 30 min following stress. The levels of CMs in gastrointestinal contents from stomach (SCMs), proximal intestine (PCMs), and distal intestine (DCMs) in pre-stress group were 0.82 ± 0.50, 18.31 ± 6.14 and 16.04 ± 6.69 ng/g, respectively. Gastrointestinal CMs increased significantly within 30 min and the peak levels of SCMs (3.51 ± 3.75 ng/g), PCMs (68.19 ± 23.71 ng/g) and DCMs (65.67 ± 23.37 ng/g) were found at 1.5 h post-stress. The significant increases in PCMs and DCMs post-stress validate the biological relevance of measuring intestinal CMs for assessing acute stress responses in Atlantic salmon. No significant difference was noted between PCMs and DCMs across all samples, suggesting that intestinal contents can serve as a suitable matrix compared with feces when measuring the responses of CMs to acute stress. The time lag between the peak of PLA levels and their reflection in the intestinal contents exceeded 1 h, indicating that using intestinal contents as a matrix to assess stress levels in fish can extend and delay the sampling window. This study highlights valuable guidance for determining the optimal times to utilize intestinal contents for measuring stress responses, providing further insights into the dynamics of fecal CM following acute stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway.
| | - Lars Christian Gansel
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Bengt Finstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Stene
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Snorre Bakke
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Grete Kristine Følsvik Hansen Aas
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Yanran Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences Aalesund, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgardsvegen 2, 6009, Aalesund, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ivanova L, Rangel-Huerta OD, Tartor H, Dahle MK, Uhlig S, Fæste CK. Metabolomics and Multi-Omics Determination of Potential Plasma Biomarkers in PRV-1-Infected Atlantic Salmon. Metabolites 2024; 14:375. [PMID: 39057698 PMCID: PMC11279234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis has been explored to search for disease biomarkers in humans for some time. The application to animal species, including fish, however, is still at the beginning. In the present study, we have used targeted and untargeted metabolomics to identify metabolites in the plasma of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged with Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1), aiming to find metabolites associated with the progression of PRV-1 infection into heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). The metabolomes of control and PRV-1-infected salmon were compared at three time points during disease development by employing different biostatistical approaches. Targeted metabolomics resulted in the determination of affected metabolites and metabolic pathways, revealing a substantial impact of PRV-1 infection on lipid homeostasis, especially on several (lyso)phosphatidylcholines, ceramides, and triglycerides. Untargeted metabolomics showed a clear separation of the treatment groups at later study time points, mainly due to effects on lipid metabolism pathways. In a subsequent multi-omics approach, we combined both metabolomics datasets with previously reported proteomics data generated from the same salmon plasma samples. Data processing with DIABLO software resulted in the identification of significant metabolites and proteins that were representative of the HSMI development in the salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lada Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (O.D.R.-H.); (H.T.); (M.K.D.); (S.U.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christiane Kruse Fæste
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (O.D.R.-H.); (H.T.); (M.K.D.); (S.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maia CM, Saraiva JL, Volstorf J, Gonçalves-de-Freitas E. Surveying the welfare of farmed fish species on a global scale through the fair-fish database. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38924085 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Fish welfare is a critical issue that needs to be addressed by the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. Scientific knowledge regarding the natural behaviors of species and the conditions in which they are kept in farms is essential for improving their welfare in aquaculture. To provide a consistent overview of the welfare of farmed fish, the organization fair-fish has created the online platform fair-fish database, which gathers ethological knowledge categorized into profiles of farmed aquatic species. The WelfareChecks on this platform are profiles based on criteria that are rated based on the likelihood and potential of the species to experience a high level of welfare in aquaculture systems, together with the certainty about the findings. A score (WelfareScore) is calculated from these ratings, serving as a reference to identify knowledge gaps, assess welfare, and suggest ways to improve it. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of the species with WelfareChecks already published in the fair-fish database based on their respective WelfareScores. In general, although just a small percentage of farmed aquatic species (~5%) have at least a 20% chance of experiencing a good level of welfare under minimal aquaculture conditions, 60% of them have at least some potential to achieve good welfare under high-standard conditions, with more than a third of the species (~37%) having at least a 20% potential. Despite that, several species exhibit a very high frequency of low chances and potential for experiencing good welfare levels under aquaculture conditions, besides a low degree of certainty based on literature reviews. Furthermore, many others show a very frequent occurrence of unclear or nonexistent knowledge in their profiles. The current welfare state is therefore poor for the majority of farmed aquatic species; yet, there is considerable potential for improvement. However, many species are very unlikely to achieve good welfare, even under high-standard conditions. Importantly, large knowledge gaps remain for an accurate assessment of the welfare of several farmed species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marques Maia
- FishEthoGroup Association, Faro, Portugal
- Alianima organization, São Paulo, Brazil
- CAUNESP-Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João Luis Saraiva
- FishEthoGroup Association, Faro, Portugal
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR-LA), Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas
- CAUNESP-Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Beltrán JM, Johnstone C, Arizcun M, Cuesta A, Pérez M, Chaves-Pozo E. The susceptibility of shi drum juveniles to betanodavirus increases with rearing densities in a process mediated by neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1304603. [PMID: 38933269 PMCID: PMC11200141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1304603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is one of the greatest threats to Mediterranean aquaculture, infecting more than 170 fish species and causing mortalities up to 100% in larvae and juveniles of susceptible species. Intensive aquaculture implies stressed conditions that affect the welfare of fish and their ability to fight against infections. In fact, a higher susceptibility to NNV has been related to poor welfare conditions. In order to analyze the physiological link between stressed conditions and increased susceptibility to NNV, as well as its possible role in the pathogenesis of this disease, we reared shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) juveniles (30.7 ± 3.10 g body weight), which are expected to be asymptomatic upon NNV infection, at three stocking densities (2, 15, and 30 kg/m3) for 27 days and subsequently challenged them with NNV. We firstly characterized the stressed conditions of the specimens before and after infection and recorded the mortalities, demonstrating that stressed specimens reared at 30 kg/m3 suffered mortalities. However, the viral loads in different tissues were similar in all experimental groups, allowing horizontal and vertical transmission of the virus from asymptomatic specimens. All of these data suggest that shi drum tolerates wide ranges of culture densities, although high densities might be a setback for controlling NNV outbreaks in this species. In an attempt to understand the molecular pathways orchestrating this susceptibility change in stressed conditions, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of four tissues under mock- and NNV-infected conditions. In addition to the modification of the exceptive pathways such as cell adhesion, leukocyte migration, cytokine interaction, cell proliferation and survival, and autophagy, we also observed a heavy alteration of the neuroactive ligand-receptor pathway in three of the four tissues analyzed. Our data also point to some of the receptors of this pathway as potential candidates for future pharmacological treatment to avoid the exacerbated immune response that could trigger fish mortalities upon NNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José María García-Beltrán
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carolina Johnstone
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMA-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Montse Pérez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COV-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mallett MC, Thiem JD, Butler GL, Kennard MJ. A systematic review of approaches to assess fish health responses to anthropogenic threats in freshwater ecosystems. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae022. [PMID: 38706739 PMCID: PMC11069195 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic threats such as water infrastructure, land-use changes, overexploitation of fishes and other biological resources, invasive species and climate change present formidable challenges to freshwater biodiversity. Historically, management of fish and fishery species has largely been based on studies of population- and community-level dynamics; however, the emerging field of conservation physiology promotes the assessment of individual fish health as a key management tool. Fish health is highly sensitive to environmental disturbances and is also a fundamental driver of fitness, with implications for population dynamics such as recruitment and resilience. However, the mechanistic links between particular anthropogenic disturbances and changes in fish health, or impact pathways, are diverse and complex. The diversity of ways in which fish health can be measured also presents a challenge for researchers deciding on methods to employ in studies seeking to understand the impact of these threats. In this review, we aim to provide an understanding of the pathway through which anthropogenic threats in freshwater ecosystems impact fish health and the ways in which fish health components impacted by anthropogenic threats can be assessed. We employ a quantitative systematic approach to a corpus of papers related to fish health in freshwater and utilize a framework that summarizes the impact pathway of anthropogenic threats through environmental alterations and impact mechanisms that cause a response in fish health. We found that land-use changes were the most prolific anthropogenic threat, with a range of different health metrics being suitable for assessing the impact of this threat. Almost all anthropogenic threats impacted fish health through two or more impact pathways. A robust understanding of the impact pathways of anthropogenic threats and the fish health metrics that are sensitive to these threats is crucial for fisheries managers seeking to undertake targeted management of freshwater ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C Mallett
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jason D Thiem
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, 70 Buckingbong Road, Narrandera, NSW 2700, Australia
| | - Gavin L Butler
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Grafton Fisheries Centre,16 Experiment Farm Road, Trenayr, NSW 2460, Australia
| | - Mark J Kennard
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosa IA, Bianchini AE, Bressan CA, Ferrari FT, Ariotti K, Mori NC, Bandeira Junior G, Pinheiro CG, Pavanato MA, Cargnelutti JF, Baldisserotto B, Heinzmann BM. Redox profile of silver catfish challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and treated with hexane extract of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling through immersion bath. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230188. [PMID: 38597489 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing increase in the fish farming sector has favored the establishment of bacterial outbreaks caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in several species. The hexane extract of Hesperozygis ringens (HEHR) (Lamiaceae) leaves increased the survival rate of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) experimentally infected by A. hydrophila. However, it is noteworthy that no reports have been found on the possible mechanisms of action of this extract in infected fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the HEHR, administered through single immersion bath, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses in muscle and liver tissue of silver catfish challenged with A. hydrophila. The results showed that the oxidative status of silver catfish was altered, although oxidative stress was not triggered during the experiment. HEHR at 30 mg/L (HEHR30) was not characterized as a pro-oxidant agent in the presence of infection, unlike florfenicol and HEHR at 15 mg/L treatments in some cases. In short, HEHR30 provided an important increase in hepatic catalase activity, characterizing one of the possible mechanisms involved in the greater survival of fish experimentally infected by A. hydrophila. Additionally, HEHR30 did not induce lipid peroxidation, nor reduced antioxidant defenses of silver catfish infected or not by A. hydrophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora A Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane E Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Bressan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabíola T Ferrari
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Curso de Farmácia, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Ariotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Natacha C Mori
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Curso de Farmácia, Rodovia Municipal Jacob Della Mea, s/n, km 5,6, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil
| | - Guerino Bandeira Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Amália Pavanato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Berta Maria Heinzmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Curso de Farmácia, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paull GC, Lee CJ, Tyler CR. Beyond compliance: harmonising research and husbandry practices to improve experimental reproducibility using fish models. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:253-264. [PMID: 37817305 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproducibility in animal research is impacted by the environment, by husbandry practices in the laboratory and by the animals' provenance. These factors, however, are often not adequately considered by researchers. A disconnect between researchers and animal care staff can result in inappropriate housing and husbandry decisions for scientific studies with those animals. This is especially the case for the research in neuro-behaviour, epigenetics, and the impact of climate change, as heritable phenotypic, behavioural or physiological changes are known to result from the animals' environmental housing, husbandry, provenance and prior experience. This can lead to greater variation (even major differences) in data outcomes among studies, driving scientific uncertainties. Herein, we illustrate some of the endpoints measured in fish studies known to be intrinsically linked to the environment and husbandry conditions and assess the significance of housing and husbandry practice decisions for research adopting these endpoints for different fish species. We highlight the different priorities and challenges faced by researchers and animal care staff and how harmonising their activities and building greater understanding of how husbandry practices affect the fish will improve reproducibility in research outcomes. We furthermore illustrate how improving engagement between stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, can better underpin fish husbandry decisions and where researchers could help to drive best husbandry practices through their own research with fish models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Carole J Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lambert H, Cornish A, Waley D. The value of regulating stocking densities in aquaculture must not be dismissed: a reply to Saraiva et al. 2022. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1335667. [PMID: 38236529 PMCID: PMC10792038 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1335667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lambert
- Animal Welfare Consultancy, Kingsteignton, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Cornish
- Animal Welfare Consultancy, Kingsteignton, United Kingdom
| | - Doug Waley
- Eurogroup for Animals, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
da Santa Lopes T, Costas B, Ramos-Pinto L, Reynolds P, Imsland AKD, Fernandes JMO. Exploring the Effects of Acute Stress Exposure on Lumpfish Plasma and Liver Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3623. [PMID: 38066974 PMCID: PMC10705318 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to expand knowledge on lumpfish stress physiology by investigating the effects of acute stress on primary (i.e., cortisol) and secondary (e.g., metabolites) stress responses, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, from stress exposure to a recovery phase. The results showed that the lumpfish physiological response to 1 min air exposure is mild, in line with recent studies, and comparable to that described for white sturgeons. Cortisol seems to be the most reliable acute stress biomarker in lumpfish, with a significant increase in plasma 30 min after stress exposure, returning to resting levels 2 h after exposure. In contrast, glucose and lactate were not significantly altered by short-term air exposure. Effects on hepatic energy mobilisation were also detected following the acute stress. This study showed that acute 1 min air exposure seems tolerable, allowing a swift recovery. However, more studies on the impacts of air exposure and repeated acute stressors on lumpfish stress and immune responses are required to develop industry standards for lumpfish health and welfare monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago da Santa Lopes
- Gildeskål Forskningsstasjon AS, 8140 Inndyr, Norway; (T.d.S.L.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lourenço Ramos-Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
| | - Patrick Reynolds
- Gildeskål Forskningsstasjon AS, 8140 Inndyr, Norway; (T.d.S.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Albert K. D. Imsland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Akvaplan-niva Iceland Office, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kong W, Yang P, Ding G, Cheng G, Xu Z. Elucidating the dynamic immune responses within the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) after infection with Flavobacterium columnare. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1288223. [PMID: 38077363 PMCID: PMC10702956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye of vertebrates is constantly faced with numerous challenges from aquatic or airborne pathogens. As a crucial first line of defense, the ocular mucosa (OM) protects the visual organ from external threats in vertebrates such as birds and mammals. However, the understanding of ocular mucosal immunity in early vertebrates, such as teleost fish, remains limited, particularly concerning their resistance to bacterial infections. To gain insights into the pivotal role of the OM in antibacterial immunity among teleost fish, we developed a bacterial infection model using Flavobacterium columnare in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Here the qPCR and immunofluorescence results showed that F. columnare could invade trout OM, suggesting that the OM could be a primary target and barrier for the bacteria. Moreover, immune-related genes (il-6, il-8, il-11, cxcl10, nod1, il1-b, igm, igt, etc.) were upregulated in the OM of trout following F. columnare infection, as confirmed by qPCR, which was further proved through RNA-seq. The results of transcriptome analyses showed that bacterial infection critically triggers a robust immune response, including innate, and adaptive immune-related signaling pathways such as Toll-like, NOD-like, and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and immune network for IgA production, which underscores the immune role of the OM in bacterial infection. Interestingly, a substantial reduction in the expression of genes associated with visual function was observed after infection, indicating that bacterial infection could impact ocular function. Overall, our findings have unveiled a robust mucosal immune response to bacterial infection in the teleost OM for the first time, providing valuable insights for future research into the mechanisms and functions of ocular mucosal immunity in early vertebrate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou D, Li M, Li P, Chen B, Huang W, Guo H, Cao J, Zhao H. Effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, antioxidant status, inflammatory response and resistance to hypoxic stress in juvenile largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265963. [PMID: 38022555 PMCID: PMC10656595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, inflammatory factors, and hypoxic stress in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Diets were supplemented with different doses of SB at 0 (SB0), 0.5 (SB1), 1.0 (SB2) and 2.0 (SB3) g/kg. The hypoxic stress experiment was performed after 56 days of culture. The results showed that compared with the SB0 group, the final body weight, weight gain rate and protein deposition rate of the SB3 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while FCR was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The contents of dry matter, crude lipids, and ash in the SB2 group were significantly higher than those in the SB0 group (P<0.05). The urea level was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the glucose content was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the SB supplement group. Compared with the SB0 group, the SB2 group had significant reductions in the levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, elevated-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (P<0.05), and significant reductions in the levels of liver alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity of the SB1 group was higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). Compared with the SB0 group, the mRNA expression of TLR22, MyD88, TGF-β1, IL-1β and IL-8 in the SB2 group significantly decreased (P<0.05). The cumulative mortality rate was significantly decreased in the SB2 and SB3 groups in comparison with that in the SB0 group after three hours of hypoxic stress (P<0.05). In a 56-day feeding trial, SB enhanced largemouth bass growth by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibiting TLR22-MyD88 signaling, therefore increasing cumulative mortality from hypoxic stress in largemouth bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Peijia Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gandia KM, Herrelko ES, Kessler SE, Buchanan-Smith HM. Understanding Circadian and Circannual Behavioral Cycles of Captive Giant Pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Can Help to Promote Good Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2401. [PMID: 37570210 PMCID: PMC10417524 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian and circannual cycles of behavior regulate many aspects of welfare including metabolism, breeding, and behavioral interactions. In this study, we aim to demonstrate how systematically determining circadian and circannual cycles can provide insight into animals' needs and be part of an evidence-based approach to welfare assessment. We measured and analyzed the observational behavioral data of 13 zoo-housed giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), across life stages and between sexes, each month for one year using live camera footage from six zoos across the world. Our results indicate that life stage was associated with changes in overall activity, feeding, locomotion, and pacing, and that sex influenced scent anointing and anogenital rubbing. Overall, the circadian rhythms showed three peaks of activity, including a nocturnal peak, as seen in wild giant pandas. We also found associations between sexual-related, stereotypical/abnormal, and feeding behavior, which are possibly linked to the timing of migration of wild pandas, and elucidated the relationship between a mother and cub, finding that they concentrate maternal behaviors to mainly after closing hours. Understanding these cycle patterns can aid animal care staff in predicting changing needs throughout the day, year, and life cycle and preemptively provide for those needs to best avoid welfare concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Gandia
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Elizabeth S. Herrelko
- Smithsonian’s National Zoo, Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Sharon E. Kessler
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Browning H. Improving welfare assessment in aquaculture. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1060720. [PMID: 36925609 PMCID: PMC10011621 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1060720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While global aquaculture is rapidly expanding, there remains little attention given to the assessment of animal welfare within aquacultural systems. It is crucial that animal welfare concerns are central in the development and implementation of aquaculture as if they are not prioritized early on, it becomes much more difficult to adapt in future. To this end, it is important to ensure the availability of high-quality welfare assessment schemes to evaluate the welfare of animals in aquaculture and promote and maintain high welfare standards. This paper will first discuss some of the current certification and assessment frameworks, highlighting the primary limitations that need to be addressed, before going on to describe the recommendations for a best-practice welfare assessment process for aquaculture; with the hope that these considerations can be taken on board and used to help improve welfare assessment for aquaculture and, ultimately, to ensure animals used in aquaculture have a higher level of welfare. Any aquacultural system should be assessed according to a suitable framework in order to be considered adequate for the welfare of the animals it contains, and thus to maintain social license to operate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- Center for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Non-Invasive Methods for Assessing the Welfare of Farmed White-Leg Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050807. [PMID: 36899664 PMCID: PMC10000178 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gradually, concern for the welfare of aquatic invertebrates produced on a commercial/industrial scale is crossing the boundaries of science and becoming a demand of other societal actors. The objective of this paper is to propose protocols for assessing the Penaeus vannamei welfare during the stages of reproduction, larval rearing, transport, and growing-out in earthen ponds and to discuss, based on a literature review, the processes and perspectives associated with the development and application of on-farm shrimp welfare protocols. Protocols were developed based on four of the five domains of animal welfare: nutrition, environment, health, and behaviour. The indicators related to the psychology domain were not considered a separate category, and the other proposed indicators indirectly assessed this domain. For each indicator, the corresponding reference values were defined based on literature and field experience, apart from the three possible scores related to animal experience on a continuum from positive (score 1) to very negative (score 3). It is very likely that non-invasive methods for measuring the farmed shrimp welfare, such as those proposed here, will become a standard tool for farms and laboratories and that it will become increasingly challenging to produce shrimp without considering their welfare throughout the production cycle.
Collapse
|
15
|
SpPdp11 Administration in Diet Modified the Transcriptomic Response and Its Microbiota Associated in Mechanically Induced Wound Sparus aurata Skin. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020193. [PMID: 36670734 PMCID: PMC9854838 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions are a frequent fact associated with intensive conditions affecting farmed fish. Knowing that the use of probiotics can improve fish skin health, SpPdp11 dietary administration has demonstrated beneficial effects for farmed fish, so its potential on the skin needs to be studied more deeply. The wounded specimens that received the diet with SpPdp11 showed a decrease in the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Photobacterium and Achromobacter related to bacterial biofilm formation, as well as the overexpression of genes involved in signaling mechanisms (itpr3), cell migration and differentiation (panxa, ttbk1a, smpd3, vamp5); and repression of genes related to cell proliferation (vstm4a, areg), consistent with a more efficient skin healing processes than that observed in the wounded control group. In addition, among the groups of damaged skin with different diets, Achromobacter, f_Ruminococcaceae, p_Bacteroidetes, Fluviicola and Flavobacterium genera with significant differences showed positive correlations with genes related to cell migration and negative correlations with inflammation and cell proliferation and may be the target of future studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Prentice PM, Houslay TM, Wilson AJ. Exploiting animal personality to reduce chronic stress in captive fish populations. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1046205. [PMID: 36590805 PMCID: PMC9794626 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major source of welfare problems in many captive populations, including fishes. While we have long known that chronic stress effects arise from maladaptive expression of acute stress response pathways, predicting where and when problems will arise is difficult. Here we highlight how insights from animal personality research could be useful in this regard. Since behavior is the first line of organismal defense when challenged by a stressor, assays of shy-bold type personality variation can provide information about individual stress response that is expected to predict susceptibility to chronic stress. Moreover, recent demonstrations that among-individual differences in stress-related physiology and behaviors are underpinned by genetic factors means that selection on behavioral biomarkers could offer a route to genetic improvement of welfare outcomes in captive fish stocks. Here we review the evidence in support of this proposition, identify remaining empirical gaps in our understanding, and set out appropriate criteria to guide development of biomarkers. The article is largely prospective: fundamental research into fish personality shows how behavioral biomarkers could be used to achieve welfare gains in captive fish populations. However, translating potential to actual gains will require an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the expertise and viewpoints of researchers working across animal behavior, genetics, and welfare science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M. Prentice
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Houslay
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Alastair J. Wilson
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mori M, Shibasaki Y, Namba A, Yabu T, Wada N, Shiba H, Anzai H, Mano N. Alteration of hemoglobin ß gene expression in mucosal tissues of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in response to heat stress, Edwardsiella piscicida infection, and immunostimulants administration. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100049. [PMID: 36419596 PMCID: PMC9680101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hbβ gene expression in the gills is decreased upon heat stress. Epidermal Hbß gene expression was increased upon AsA and LF feeding or infection. Mucosal Hbβ expression may be a useful indicator for monitoring fish health status.
Hemoglobin beta (Hbß) is a heme-binding protein capable of oxygen delivery. The oligopeptides derived from Hbβ in fish mucus are active against a variety of gram-negative bacteria and protozoa. To gain information on the physiological and immunological roles of Hbβ in the mucosal tissues of fish, we analyzed changes in Hbß gene expression levels in the epidermis, gills, and intestine of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in response to heat stress, Edwardsiella piscicida infection, and trial feeding of immunostimulants, high-concentration ascorbic acid (AsA) or lactoferrin (LF). The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression of the Hbß gene in the gills decreased markedly when exposed to heat stress, whereas that in the epidermis exhibited an increase 3h after infection with E. piscicida. Seven days after starting to feed either immunostimulant, epidermal Hbß gene expression in all AsA or LF dose groups was significantly higher than in the control group. The results of in situ hybridization showed that the abundance and intensity of the stained cells in the epidermis and in the gills were consistent with the expression levels of Hbß gene obtained from the infection and immunosuppressant experiments and the heat stress experiment, respectively. Our results suggest that mucosal Hbβ gene expression is closely related to physiological and immunological status and could be a useful indicator for monitoring condition of fish health.
Collapse
|
18
|
Alterations of the Mucosal Immune Response and Microbial Community of the Skin upon Viral Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214037. [PMID: 36430516 PMCID: PMC9698461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ on the surface of vertebrates, which not only acts as the first line of defense against pathogens but also harbors diverse symbiotic microorganisms. The complex interaction between skin immunity, pathogens, and commensal bacteria has been extensively studied in mammals. However, little is known regarding the effects of viral infection on the skin immune response and microbial composition in teleost fish. In this study, we exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by immersion infection. Through pathogen load detection and pathological evaluation, we confirmed that IHNV successfully invaded the rainbow trout, causing severe damage to the epidermis of the skin. qPCR analyses revealed that IHNV invasion significantly upregulated antiviral genes and elicited strong innate immune responses. Transcriptome analyses indicated that IHNV challenge induced strong antiviral responses mediated by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways in the early stage of the infection (4 days post-infection (dpi)), and an extremely strong antibacterial immune response occurred at 14 dpi. Our 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that the skin microbial community of IHNV-infected fish was significantly richer and more diverse. Particularly, the infected fish exhibited a decrease in Proteobacteria accompanied by an increase in Actinobacteria. Furthermore, IHNV invasion favored the colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Rhodococcus and Vibrio on the skin, especially in the later stage of infection, leading to dysbiosis. Our findings suggest that IHNV invasion is associated with skin microbiota dysbiosis and could thus lead to secondary bacterial infection.
Collapse
|
19
|
Shahjahan M, Islam MJ, Hossain MT, Mishu MA, Hasan J, Brown C. Blood biomarkers as diagnostic tools: An overview of climate-driven stress responses in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156910. [PMID: 35753474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change due to anthropogenic activities affects the dynamics of aquatic communities by altering the adaptive capacities of their inhabitants. Analysis of blood provides valuable insights in the form of a comprehensive representation of the physiological and functional status of fish under various environmental and treatment conditions. This review synthesizes currently available information about blood biomarkers used in climate change induced stress responses in fish. Alterations in informative blood-based indicators are used to monitor the physiological fitness of individual fishes or entire populations. Specific characteristics of fish blood, such as serum and plasma metabolites, cell composition, cellular abnormalities, cellular and antioxidant enzymes necessitate adapted protocols, as well as careful attention to experimental designs and meticulous interpretation of patterns of data. Moreover, the sampling technique, transportation, type of culture system, acclimation procedure, and water quality must all be considered for valid interpretation of hemato-biochemical parameters. Besides, blood collection, handling, and storage time of blood samples can all have significant impacts on the results of a hematological analysis, so it is optimal to perform hemato-biochemical evaluations immediately after blood collection because long-term storage can alter the results of the analyses, at least in part as a result of storage-related degenerative changes that may occur. However, the scarcity of high-throughput sophisticated approaches makes fish blood examination studies promising for climate-driven stress responses in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality Control, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmeed Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Moshiul Alam Mishu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jabed Hasan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Torgerson-White L, Sánchez-Suárez W. Looking beyond the Shoal: Fish Welfare as an Individual Attribute. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192592. [PMID: 36230333 PMCID: PMC9559274 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The fish farming industry is characterized by settings where large numbers of fishes are raised together at high stocking densities, effectively obliterating the individual. Given that animal welfare is an individual attribute that refers to how an animal experiences her world, it follows that ensuring good welfare for the different individuals is difficult in fish farms. In this paper we review evidence supporting the notion that fishes are individuals and fish welfare should thus also be considered at the individual level, examine the ways that animal welfare is assessed in fish farms, evaluate these practices in light of individualized terrestrial animal welfare assessment methods, and make recommendations regarding research that could lead to a better understanding of how to provide each individual fish with good welfare in captivity. Abstract Welfare is an individual attribute. In general, providing captive nonhuman animals with conditions conducive to good welfare is an idea more easily applied when dealing with few individuals. However, this becomes much harder—if not impossible—under farming conditions that may imply high numbers of animals living in large group sizes. Although this is a problem inherent to intensive animal farming, it is possibly best exemplified in fish farming, for these practices often rely on extremely high numbers. In this paper we review evidence supporting the notion that fishes are individuals and fish welfare should thus also be considered at the individual level, examine the current state of welfare assessment in the aquaculture industry, evaluate these practices in light of individualized terrestrial animal welfare assessment methods, and make recommendations regarding research that could lead to a better understanding of how to provide each individual fish with good welfare in captivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Torgerson-White
- Department of Research, Farm Sanctuary, Watkins Glen, NY 14891, USA
- Correspondence: (L.T.-W.); (W.S.-S.); Tel.: +1-248-835-4770 (L.T.-W.)
| | - Walter Sánchez-Suárez
- Department of Research, Mercy For Animals, Los Angeles, CA 90046, USA
- Correspondence: (L.T.-W.); (W.S.-S.); Tel.: +1-248-835-4770 (L.T.-W.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rabelo-Ruiz M, Newman-Portela AM, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Martín-Platero AM, Agraso MDM, Bermúdez L, Aguinaga MA, Baños A, Maqueda M, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M. Beneficial Shifts in the Gut Bacterial Community of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles Supplemented with Allium-Derived Compound Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141821. [PMID: 35883368 PMCID: PMC9312144 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aquaculture plays an important role in supplying global food demand and protein sources. The increasing restriction of drugs in fish production has forced this sector to carry out changes in the management of farms. Functional feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenics have been proposed in order to maintain or improve productive levels and general health status of fish. In this study, we explore the effects of Allium-derived food additives in the bacterial community and growth of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. We found that this additive produced significant changes in bacterial community of the hindgut. In this sense, this shift occurred towards a more diverse microbiota. Especially relevant is the decrease in the populations of potential pathogenic bacteria as Vibrio and Pseudomonas, while this additive enhanced Lactobacillus, a well-known beneficial genus. Our work shows that the addition of PTSO has beneficial effects on bacterial communities while keeping productive parameters on fish growth. Abstract This study analyzes the potential use of an Allium-derived compound, propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), as a functional feed additive in aquaculture. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles had their diet supplemented with this Allium-derived compound (150 mg/kg of PTSO) and were compared with control fish. The effects of this organosulfur compound were tested by measuring the body weight and analyzing the gut microbiota after 12 weeks. The relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio and Pseudomonas in the foregut and hindgut of supplemented fish significantly decreased, while potentially beneficial Lactobacillus increased compared to in the control fish. Shannon’s alpha diversity index significantly increased in both gut regions of fish fed with a PTSO-supplemented diet. Regarding beta diversity, significant differences between treatments only appeared in the hindgut when minority ASVs were taken into account. No differences occurred in body weight during the experiment. These results indicate that supplementing the diet with Allium-derived PTSO produced beneficial changes in the intestinal microbiota while maintaining the productive parameters of gilthead seabream juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rabelo-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Antonio M. Newman-Portela
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.-S.); (M.M.-B.)
| | - Antonio Manuel Martín-Platero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - María del Mar Agraso
- Aquaculture Technology Centre of Andalusia, CTAQUA. Muelle Comercial s/n, El Puerto de Santa María, 11500 Cádiz, Spain; (M.d.M.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Bermúdez
- Aquaculture Technology Centre of Andalusia, CTAQUA. Muelle Comercial s/n, El Puerto de Santa María, 11500 Cádiz, Spain; (M.d.M.A.); (L.B.)
| | - María Arántzazu Aguinaga
- Departamento de Microbiología y Biotecnología, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain; (M.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Baños
- Departamento de Microbiología y Biotecnología, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain; (M.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.M.N.-P.); (A.M.M.-P.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.-S.); (M.M.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mortensen HS, Jacobsen E, Kolarevic J, Vang A. Exposing Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts to Fluctuating Sublethal Nitrite Concentrations in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) May Have Negative Consequences. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.886071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon farmers are interested in extending the time post-smolts are reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding optimal water quality for post-smolts in RAS, and regarding potential consequences of long term exposure to different toxic compounds, such as nitrite, in the RAS water. To address this issue, we conducted a case study at a Faroese Atlantic salmon farm, that rears large post-smolts in fresh water RAS for 22 months before sea transfer, with no additional chloride salt, a known treatment for nitrite toxicity. The aim was to document the potential effects of long-term exposure of fluctuating sub-lethal nitrite concentrations in fresh water RAS on blood physiology of large post-smolts. The study was conducted over six weeks, at the end of the RAS production cycle. Our case study shows that after ~22 months in RAS with no additional chloride, the fish had accumulated a plasma nitrite concentration 8 to 16 times higher than the ambient water. Our results indicate that the accumulation may have resulted in extracellular hyperkaliemia, since there was a positive correlation between plasma nitrite and potassium levels (p=0.00095), with potassium levels almost twice as high than previously reported for Atlantic salmon. This could indicate that Atlantic salmon health is challenged due to prolonged sub-lethal nitrite exposure in fresh water RAS. Further research related to long-term nitrite exposure in RAS is needed to asses the potential negative impact, in order to optimize welfare and growth performance during production of Atlantic salmon post-smolts.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee CJ, Paull GC, Tyler CR. Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1038-1056. [PMID: 34983085 PMCID: PMC9303617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well-being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole J. Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Gregory C. Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Doyle D, Carney Almroth B, Sundell K, Simopoulou N, Sundh H. Transport and Barrier Functions in Rainbow Trout Trunk Skin Are Regulated by Environmental Salinity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:882973. [PMID: 35634157 PMCID: PMC9136037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning ionic transport and barrier function have been relatively well characterised in amphibians and fish. In teleost fish, these processes have mostly been characterised in the gill and intestine. In contrast, these processes remain much less clear for the trunk skin of fish. In this study, we measured barrier function and active transport in the trunk skin of the rainbow trout, using the Ussing chamber technique. The effects of epithelial damage, skin region, salinity, and pharmacological inhibition were tested. Skin barrier function decreased significantly after the infliction of a superficial wound through the removal of scales. Wound healing was already underway after 3 h and, after 24 h, there was no significant difference in barrier function towards ions between the wounded and control skin. In relation to salinity, skin permeability decreased drastically following exposure to freshwater, and increased following exposure to seawater. Changes in epithelial permeability were accompanied by salinity-dependent changes in transepithelial potential and short-circuit current. The results of this study support the idea that barrier function in rainbow trout trunk skin is regulated by tight junctions that rapidly respond to changes in salinity. The changes in transepithelial permeability and short circuit current also suggest the presence of an active transport component. Immunostaining and selective inhibition suggest that one active transport component is an apical V-ATPase. However, further research is required to determine the exact role of this transporter in the context of the trunk skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Doyle
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N Simopoulou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sundell K, Berge GM, Ruyter B, Sundh H. Low Omega-3 Levels in the Diet Disturbs Intestinal Barrier and Transporting Functions of Atlantic Salmon Freshwater and Seawater Smolts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:883621. [PMID: 35574453 PMCID: PMC9095827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.883621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a limited access to marine raw materials from capture fisheries, Atlantic salmon feeds are currently based on mainly plant ingredients (75%) while only 25% come from traditional marine ingredients including marine fish meal and fish oil. Thus, current feeds contain less of the essential omega-3 fatty acids. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of different omega-3 levels in fish feed on intestinal barrier and transporting functions of Atlantic salmon freshwater and seawater smolts. Atlantic salmon were fed three levels of omega-3 (2, 1 and 0.5%) and fish performance was followed through smoltification and the subsequent seawater acclimation. Intestinal barrier and transporting functions were assessed using Ussing chamber methodology and combined with transcript analysis of tight junction related proteins and ion transporters. A linear decrease in growth was observed with decreasing omega-3 levels. Low (0.5%) inclusion of omega-3 impaired the barrier function of the proximal intestine compared to 2% inclusion. Further, low levels of omega-3 decrease the transepithelial electrical potential across the epithelium indicating disturbed ion transport. It can be concluded that low dietary levels of omega-3 impair somatic growth and intestinal function of Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sundell
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima), Nofima, Sjølsengen, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima), Nofima, Sjølsengen, Sunndalsøra, Norway
- Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Henrik Sundh,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Félix L, Correia R, Sequeira R, Ribeiro C, Monteiro S, Antunes L, Silva J, Venâncio C, Valentim A. MS-222 and Propofol Sedation during and after the Simulated Transport of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1309. [PMID: 34943224 PMCID: PMC8698739 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of anesthetics has been suggested as a strategy to hamper live fish transport-induced stress. Still, there is insufficient data available on the use of alternative anesthetics to MS-222. This study investigated the use of propofol to mitigate stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, 143.8 ± 20.9 g and 20.4 ± 0.9 cm) during a 6 h simulated transport. Individuals (n = 7) were divided into three groups: control, 40 mg L-1 MS-222, and 0.8 mg L-1 propofol. A naïve group non-transported was also considered. During the 6 h transport and 24 h after, the response to external stimuli, opercular movements, water quality parameters, behavior, blood hematology and other physiological values, the histopathology of the gills, the quality of the fillet, and oxidative-stress changes in gills, muscle, brain, and liver were evaluated. Propofol increased swimming activity of fish but decreased opercular movements and responses to external stimuli, indicating oscillations of the sedation depth. Water pH and glucose levels increased, while hematocrit (HCT) and lactate decreased in propofol groups at 6 h. At this time-point, MS-222 also induced a decrease in the HCT and lactate levels while increasing cortisol levels. Despite these effects, the stress-related behaviors lessened with anesthetics compared to the control group. After the recovery period, physiological responses normalized in animals from both anesthetic groups, but the control still had high cortisol levels. Overall, propofol is a good alternative for the transportation of this species, showing efficient sedation without compromising health or fillet quality. However, further pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics knowledge is required to support its use in aquaculture settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Félix
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Universidade of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Correia
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Rita Sequeira
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Cristiana Ribeiro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Sandra Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Luís Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
| | - José Silva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Valentim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Universidade of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Probiotics Have the Potential to Significantly Mitigate the Environmental Impact of Freshwater Fish Farms. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics for freshwater fish farming can be administered as single or multiple mixtures. The expected benefits of probiotics include disease prophylaxis, improved growth, and feed conversion parameters, such as the feed conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). In the current work, we review the impact of probiotics on freshwater finfish aquaculture. Data were gathered from articles published during the last decade that examined the effects of probiotics on fish growth, FCR, and water quality in freshwater fishponds/tanks. While the expected benefits of probiotics are significant, the reviewed data indicate a range in the level of effects, with an average reduction in ammonia of 50.7%, SGR increase of 17.1%, and FCR decrease of 10.7%. Despite the variability in the reported benefits, probiotics appear to offer a practical solution for sustainable freshwater aquaculture. Disease prophylaxis with probiotics can reduce the need for antibiotics and maintain gut health and feed conversion. Considering that fish feed and waste are two significant parameters of the aquaculture ecological footprint, it can be argued that probiotics can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture. In this direction, it would be beneficial if more researchers incorporated water quality parameters in future aquaculture research and protocols to minimize aquaculture’s environmental impact.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kataoka C, Kashiwada S. Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8305. [PMID: 34361068 PMCID: PMC8347160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of some anthropogenic pollutants on aquatic organisms are among the causes of concern over the presence of these pollutants in the marine environment. The immune system is part of an organism's biological defense necessarily for homeostasis. Thus, the immunotoxicological impacts on aquatic organisms are important to understand the effects of pollutant chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem. When aquatic organisms are exposed to pollutant chemicals with immunotoxicity, it results in poor health. In addition, aquatic organisms are exposed to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Exposure to pollutant chemicals has reportedly caused aquatic organisms to show various immunotoxic symptoms such as histological changes of lymphoid tissue, changes of immune functionality and the distribution of immune cells, and changes in the resistance of organisms to infection by pathogens. Alterations of immune systems by contaminants can therefore lead to the deaths of individual organisms, increase the general risk of infections by pathogens, and probably decrease the populations of some species. This review introduced the immunotoxicological impact of pollutant chemicals in aquatic organisms, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and marine mammals; described typical biomarkers used in aquatic immunotoxicological studies; and then, discussed the current issues on ecological risk assessment and how to address ecological risk assessment through immunotoxicology. Moreover, the usefulness of the population growth rate to estimate the immunotoxicological impact of pollution chemicals was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Kataoka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan;
- Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schäfer N, Matoušek J, Rebl A, Stejskal V, Brunner RM, Goldammer T, Verleih M, Korytář T. Effects of Chronic Hypoxia on the Immune Status of Pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070649. [PMID: 34356504 PMCID: PMC8301350 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Inadequate oxygen saturation, or hypoxia, belongs to one of the critical stress factors in intensive aquaculture. Exposure of fish to low oxygen levels over prolonged periods substantially affects their well-being and immune competence, resulting in increased disease susceptibility and consequent economic losses. In this interdisciplinary research, we aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of chronic low oxygen saturation on pikeperch farmed in recirculating aquaculture systems. The obtained data offer unprecedented insights into the changes in the immunocompetence of studied fish and suggest high robustness of this new aquaculture species to the stress factors of intensive aquaculture. Abstract Inadequate oxygen saturation can induce stress responses in fish and further affect their immunity. Pikeperch, recently introduced in intensive aquaculture, is suggested to be reared at nearly 100% DO (dissolved oxygen), yet this recommendation can be compromised by several factors including the water temperature, stocking densities or low circulation. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of low oxygen saturation of 40% DO (±3.2 mg/L) over 28 days on pikeperch farmed in recirculating aquaculture systems. The obtained data suggest that—although the standard blood and health parameters did not reveal any significant differences at any timepoint—the flow cytometric analysis identified a slightly decreased proportion of lymphocytes in the HK (head kidney) of fish exposed to hypoxia. This has been complemented by marginally downregulated expression of investigated immune and stress genes in HK and liver (including FTH1, HIF1A and NR3C1). Additionally, in the model of acute peritoneal inflammation induced with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila, we observed a striking dichotomy in the sensitivity to the low DO between innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, while the mobilization of myeloid cells from HK to blood, spleen and peritoneal cavity, underlined by changes in the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines (including MPO, IL1B and TNF) was not influenced by the low DO, hypoxia impaired the influx of lymphocytes to the peritoneal niche in the later phases of the immune reaction. Taken together, our data suggest high robustness of pikeperch towards the low oxygen saturation and further encourage its introduction to the intensive aquaculture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schäfer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.S.); (A.R.); (R.M.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Jan Matoušek
- Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters (IAPW), Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.S.); (A.R.); (R.M.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Vlastimil Stejskal
- Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters (IAPW), Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Ronald M. Brunner
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.S.); (A.R.); (R.M.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.S.); (A.R.); (R.M.B.); (T.G.)
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marieke Verleih
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.S.); (A.R.); (R.M.B.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (T.K.); Tel.: +49-38208-68-721 (M.V.); +420-387-775-471 (T.K.)
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters (IAPW), Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (V.S.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (T.K.); Tel.: +49-38208-68-721 (M.V.); +420-387-775-471 (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brijs J, Føre M, Gräns A, Clark TD, Axelsson M, Johansen JL. Bio-sensing technologies in aquaculture: how remote monitoring can bring us closer to our farm animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200218. [PMID: 34121461 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed aquatic animals represent an increasingly important source of food for a growing human population. However, the aquaculture industry faces several challenges with regard to producing a profitable, ethical and environmentally sustainable product, which are exacerbated by the ongoing intensification of operations and increasingly extreme and unpredictable climate conditions. Fortunately, bio-sensors capable of measuring a range of environmental, behavioural and physiological variables (e.g. temperature, dissolved gases, depth, acceleration, ventilation, heart rate, blood flow, glucose and l-lactic acid) represent exciting and innovative tools for assessing the health and welfare of farmed animals in aquaculture. Here, we illustrate how these state-of-the-art technologies can provide unique insights into variables pertaining to the inner workings of the animal to elucidate animal-environment interactions throughout the production cycle, as well as to provide insights on how farmed animals perceive and respond to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. Using examples based on current challenges (i.e. sub-optimal feeding strategies, sub-optimal animal welfare and environmental changes), we discuss how bio-sensors can contribute towards optimizing the growth, health and welfare of farmed animals under dynamically changing on-farm conditions. While bio-sensors currently represent tools that are primarily used for research, the continuing development and refinement of these technologies may eventually allow farmers to use real-time environmental and physiological data from their stock as 'early warning systems' and/or for refining day-to-day operations to ethically and sustainably optimize production. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Brijs
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Honolulu, HI 96744, USA
| | - M Føre
- Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-53223 Skara, Sweden
| | - T D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - M Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J L Johansen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Honolulu, HI 96744, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Amundsen MM, Tartor H, Andersen K, Sveinsson K, Thoen E, Gjessing MC, Dahle MK. Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses to Salmon Gill Poxvirus Infection in Atlantic Salmon Are Modulated Upon Hydrocortisone Injection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689302. [PMID: 34177946 PMCID: PMC8221106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) has emerged as a cause of acute mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) presmolts in Norwegian aquaculture. The clinical phase of the disease is associated with apoptotic cell death in the gill epithelium causing acute respiratory distress, followed by proliferative changes in the regenerating gill in the period after the disease outbreak. In an experimental SGPV challenge trial published in 2020, acute disease was only seen in fish injected with hydrocortisone 24 h prior to infection. SGPV-mediated mortality in the hydrocortisone-injected group was associated with more extensive gill pathology and higher SGPV levels compared to the group infected with SGPV only. In this study based on the same trial, SGPV gene expression and the innate and adaptive antiviral immune response was monitored in gills and spleen in the presence and absence of hydrocortisone. Whereas most SGPV genes were induced from day 3 along with the interferon-regulated innate immune response in gills, the putative SGPV virulence genes of the B22R family were expressed already one day after SGPV exposure, indicating a potential role as early markers of SGPV infection. In gills of the hydrocortisone-injected fish infected with SGPV, MX expression was delayed until day 10, and then expression skyrocketed along with the viral peak, gill pathology and mortality occurring from day 14. A similar expression pattern was observed for Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and granzyme A (GzmA) in the gills, indicating a role of acute cytotoxic cell activity in SGPVD. Duplex in situ hybridization demonstrated effects of hydrocortisone on the number and localization of GzmA-containing cells, and colocalization with SGPV infected cells in the gill. SGPV was generally not detected in spleen, and gill infection did not induce any corresponding systemic immune activity in the absence of stress hormone injection. However, in fish injected with hydrocortisone, IFNγ and GzmA gene expression was induced in spleen in the days prior to acute mortality. These data indicate that suppressed mucosal immune response in the gills and the late triggered systemic immune response in the spleen following hormonal stress induction may be the key to the onset of clinical SGPVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Amundsen
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Haitham Tartor
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Kathrine Andersen
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Even Thoen
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway.,Patogen, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Mona C Gjessing
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Maria K Dahle
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway.,The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mugimba KK, Byarugaba DK, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Challenges and Solutions to Viral Diseases of Finfish in Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060673. [PMID: 34070735 PMCID: PMC8227678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest food-producing sector in the world, accounting for one-third of global food production. As is the case with all intensive farming systems, increase in infectious diseases has adversely impacted the growth of marine fish farming worldwide. Viral diseases cause high economic losses in marine aquaculture. We provide an overview of the major challenges limiting the control and prevention of viral diseases in marine fish farming, as well as highlight potential solutions. The major challenges include increase in the number of emerging viral diseases, wild reservoirs, migratory species, anthropogenic activities, limitations in diagnostic tools and expertise, transportation of virus contaminated ballast water, and international trade. The proposed solutions to these problems include developing biosecurity policies at global and national levels, implementation of biosecurity measures, vaccine development, use of antiviral drugs and probiotics to combat viral infections, selective breeding of disease-resistant fish, use of improved diagnostic tools, disease surveillance, as well as promoting the use of good husbandry and management practices. A multifaceted approach combining several control strategies would provide more effective long-lasting solutions to reduction in viral infections in marine aquaculture than using a single disease control approach like vaccination alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kizito K. Mugimba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schillings J, Bennett R, Rose DC. Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.639678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the demand for animal products due to demographic and dietary changes has exacerbated difficulties in addressing societal concerns related to the environment, human health, and animal welfare. As a response to this challenge, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies are being developed to monitor animal health and welfare parameters in a continuous and automated way, offering the opportunity to improve productivity and detect health issues at an early stage. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding their potential to facilitate the management of production systems that are potentially harmful to animal welfare, or to impact the human-animal relationship and farmers' duty of care. Using the Five Domains Model (FDM) as a framework, the aim is to explore the potential of PLF to help address animal welfare and to discuss potential welfare benefits and risks of using such technology. A variety of technologies are identified and classified according to their type [sensors, bolus, image or sound based, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)], their development stage, the species they apply to, and their potential impact on welfare. While PLF technologies have promising potential to reduce the occurrence of diseases and injuries in livestock farming systems, their current ability to help promote positive welfare states remains limited, as technologies with such potential generally remain at earlier development stages. This is likely due to the lack of evidence related to the validity of positive welfare indicators as well as challenges in technology adoption and development. Finally, the extent to which welfare can be improved will also strongly depend on whether management practices will be adapted to minimize negative consequences and maximize benefits to welfare.
Collapse
|
34
|
Franks B, Ewell C, Jacquet J. Animal welfare risks of global aquaculture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0677. [PMID: 33811081 PMCID: PMC11057778 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented growth of aquaculture involves well-documented environmental and public-health costs, but less is understood about global animal welfare risks. Integrating data from multiple sources, we estimated the taxonomic diversity of farmed aquatic animals, the number of individuals killed annually, and the species-specific welfare knowledge (absence of which indicates extreme risk). In 2018, FAO reported 82.12 million metric tons of farmed aquatic animals from six phyla and at least 408 species-20 times the number of species of farmed terrestrial animals. The farmed aquatic animal tonnage represents 250 to 408 billion individuals, of which 59 to 129 billion are vertebrates (e.g., carps, salmonids). Specialized welfare information was available for 84 species, only 30% of individuals; the remaining 70% either had no welfare publications or were of an unknown species. With aquaculture growth outpacing welfare knowledge, immediate efforts are needed to safeguard the welfare of high-production, understudied species and to create policies that minimize welfare risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becca Franks
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Christopher Ewell
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Yale Law School, Yale University, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer Jacquet
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Seibel H, Baßmann B, Rebl A. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616955. [PMID: 33860003 PMCID: PMC8042153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analyses provide substantial information about the physiological aspects of animal welfare assessment, including the activation status of the neuroendocrine and immune system, acute and long-term impacts due to adverse husbandry conditions, potential diseases, and genetic predispositions. However, fish blood is still not routinely analyzed in research or aquaculture for the assessment of health and/or welfare. Over the years, the investigative techniques have evolved from antibody-based or PCR-based single-parameter analyses to now include transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches and from hematological observations to fluorescence-activated blood cell sorting in high-throughput modes. The range of testing techniques established for blood is now broader than for any other biogenic test material. Evaluation of the particular characteristics of fish blood, such as its cell composition, the nucleation of distinct blood cells, or the multiple isoforms of certain immune factors, requires adapted protocols and careful attention to the experimental designs and interpretation of the data. Analyses of fish blood can provide an integrated picture of the endocrine, immunological, reproductive, and genetic functions under defined environmental conditions and treatments. Therefore, the scarcity of high-throughput approaches using fish blood as a test material for fish physiology studies is surprising. This review summarizes the wide range of techniques that allow monitoring of informative fish blood parameters that are modulated by different stressors, conditions, and/or treatments. We provide a compact overview of several simple plasma tests and of multiparametric analyses of fish blood, and we discuss their potential use in the assessment of fish welfare and pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Seibel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA), Büsum, Germany
| | - Björn Baßmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030230. [PMID: 33800725 PMCID: PMC8001985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by infection with Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1), is a common disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Both an inactivated whole virus vaccine and a DNA vaccine have previously been tested experimentally against HSMI and demonstrated to give partial but not full protection. To understand the mechanisms involved in protection against HSMI and evaluate the potential of live attenuated vaccine strategies, we set up a cross-protection experiment using PRV genotypes not associated with disease development in Atlantic salmon. The three known genotypes of PRV differ in their preference of salmonid host species. The main target species for PRV-1 is Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is the target species for PRV-2, where the infection may induce erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). PRV-3 is associated with heart pathology and anemia in rainbow trout, but brown trout (S. trutta) is the likely natural main host species. Here, we tested if primary infection with PRV-2 or PRV-3 in Atlantic salmon could induce protection against secondary PRV-1 infection, in comparison with an adjuvanted, inactivated PRV-1 vaccine. Viral kinetics, production of cross-reactive antibodies, and protection against HSMI were studied. PRV-3, and to a low extent PRV-2, induced antibodies cross-reacting with the PRV-1 σ1 protein, whereas no specific antibodies were detected after vaccination with inactivated PRV-1. Ten weeks after immunization, the fish were challenged through cohabitation with PRV-1-infected shedder fish. A primary PRV-3 infection completely blocked PRV-1 infection, while PRV-2 only reduced PRV-1 infection levels and the severity of HSMI pathology in a few individuals. This study indicates that infection with non-pathogenic, replicating PRV could be a future strategy to protect farmed salmon from HSMI.
Collapse
|
37
|
Delfosse C, Pageat P, Lafont‐Lecuelle C, Asproni P, Chabaud C, Cozzi A, Bienboire‐Frosini C. Effect of handling and crowding on the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) copepodids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:327-336. [PMID: 33112458 PMCID: PMC7894147 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasite causing economic concerns in Atlantic salmon farming. Salmon lice infestation management methods can be stressful and impact fish welfare. This work investigated the stress effect on the attachment of L. salmonis copepodids to Atlantic salmon through two approaches: (a) handling by netting and air exposure (acute stress), and (b) crowding with restricted surface access in a tank (chronic stress). In the first experiment, we compared the number of attached L. salmonis and cortisol levels between a group of handled salmon and a control group. In the second experiment, a group of densely packed salmon was compared to a control group based on the number of attached copepodids, cortisol levels and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios. Handled salmon showed significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (p < .001) and more attached copepodids (p = .01) than control salmon. Conversely, the cortisol level and number of attached copepodids were not significantly different between the densely packed and control salmon (p > .05). The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (p = .0014) in the densely packed salmon than in the control salmon. Handling salmon increased their risk of infestation by L. salmonis. This has implications for reinfestation rates following delousing treatments in commercial salmon aquaculture, which often involve crowding and handling salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Delfosse
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Patrick Pageat
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | | | - Pietro Asproni
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
| | - Camille Chabaud
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Alessandro Cozzi
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tschirren L, Bachmann D, Güler AC, Blaser O, Rhyner N, Seitz A, Zbinden E, Wahli T, Segner H, Refardt D. MyFishCheck: A Model to Assess Fish Welfare in Aquaculture. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010145. [PMID: 33440704 PMCID: PMC7826897 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Welfare is a key aspect in animal husbandry. However, in aquaculture, scientifically validated and practically proven methods to evaluate fish welfare are largely missing. With raising societal requirements for animal-friendly husbandry, this lack represents a problem for farmers and scientists alike. We therefore developed MyFishCheck, a comprehensive model and a user-friendly app to assess and document welfare as part of the working routines in fish husbandry. The app enables an easy and standardised measurement of relevant, practicable and reliable parameters, from which the model calculates intuitive welfare grades. Both the model and the app are explicitly designed to be adaptable to new knowledge and any fish species and husbandry system. MyFishCheck allows a standardised evaluation and digital documentation of fish welfare. As a result, improvements can be tracked and problems identified early. We hope that MyFishCheck proves to be a useful tool for fish farmers and supports them in their effort to improve welfare in aquaculture. Abstract Welfare in animal husbandry includes considerations of biology, ethics, ecology, law and economics. These diverse aspects must be translated into common quantifiable parameters and applicable methods to objectively assess welfare in animals. To assist this process in the field of aquaculture, where such methods are largely missing, we developed a model to assess fish welfare. A network of information was created to link needs, i.e., fundamental requirements for welfare, with parameters, i.e., quantifiable aspects of welfare. From this ontology, 80 parameters that are relevant for welfare, have practicable assessment methods and deliver reliable results were selected and incorporated into a model. The model, named MyFishCheck, allows the evaluation of welfare in five distinct modules: farm management, water quality, fish group behaviour, fish external and fish internal appearance, thereby yielding five individual grades categorising welfare ranging from critical, to poor, to acceptable, and good. To facilitate the use of the model, a software application was written. With its adaptability to different fish species, farming systems, regulations and purposes as well as its user-friendly digital version, MyFishCheck is a next step towards improved fish welfare assessment and provides a basis for ongoing positive developments for the industry, the farmers and the fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tschirren
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Berne, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-58-934-52-31
| | - David Bachmann
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Ali Cem Güler
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Oliver Blaser
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Nicola Rhyner
- Research Group for Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Andreas Seitz
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Erich Zbinden
- Research Group for Knowledge Engineering, Institute of Applied Simulation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Berne, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Berne, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (T.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Dominik Refardt
- Research Group for Aquaculture Systems, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (D.B.); (A.C.G.); (O.B.); (A.S.); (D.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moreira M, Schrama D, Farinha AP, Cerqueira M, Raposo de Magalhães C, Carrilho R, Rodrigues P. Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E125. [PMID: 33430015 PMCID: PMC7827161 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main constraints in aquaculture production is farmed fish vulnerability to diseases due to husbandry practices or external factors like pollution, climate changes, or even the alterations in the dynamic of product transactions in this industry. It is though important to better understand and characterize the intervenients in the process of a disease outbreak as these lead to huge economical losses in aquaculture industries. High-throughput technologies like proteomics can be an important characterization tool especially in pathogen identification and the virulence mechanisms related to host-pathogen interactions on disease research and diagnostics that will help to control, prevent, and treat diseases in farmed fish. Proteomics important role is also maximized by its holistic approach to understanding pathogenesis processes and fish responses to external factors like stress or temperature making it one of the most promising tools for fish pathology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Moreira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO—Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Denise Schrama
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yavuzcan Yildiz H, Chatzifotis S, Anastasiadis P, Parisi G, Papandroulakis N. Testing of the Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0) as a computational welfare assessment for sea-caged European sea bass. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1961106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali,University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rousseau K, Prunet P, Dufour S. Special features of neuroendocrine interactions between stress and reproduction in teleosts. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113634. [PMID: 33045232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress and reproduction are both essential functions for vertebrate survival, ensuring on one side adaptative responses to environmental changes and potential life threats, and on the other side production of progeny. With more than 25,000 species, teleosts constitute the largest group of extant vertebrates, and exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, environmental conditions and regulatory processes. Interactions between stress and reproduction are a growing concern both for conservation of fish biodiversity in the frame of global changes and for the development of sustainability of aquaculture including fish welfare. In teleosts, as in other vertebrates, adverse effects of stress on reproduction have been largely documented and will be shortly overviewed. Unexpectedly, stress notably via cortisol, may also facilitate reproductive function in some teleost species in relation to their peculiar life cyles and this review will provide some examples. Our review will then mainly address the neuroendocrine axes involved in the control of stress and reproduction, namely the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes, as well as their interactions. After reporting some anatomo-functional specificities of the neuroendocrine systems in teleosts, we will describe the major actors of the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes at the brain-pituitary-peripheral glands (interrenals and gonads) levels, with a special focus on the impact of teleost-specific whole genome duplication (3R) on the number of paralogs and their potential differential functions. We will finally review the current knowledge on the neuroendocrine mechanisms of the various interactions between stress and reproduction at different levels of the two axes in teleosts in a comparative and evolutionary perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Prunet
- INRAE, UR1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Assan D, Huang Y, Mustapha UF, Addah MN, Li G, Chen H. Fish Feed Intake, Feeding Behavior, and the Physiological Response of Apelin to Fasting and Refeeding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:798903. [PMID: 34975769 PMCID: PMC8715717 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.798903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed is one of the most important external signals in fish that stimulates its feeding behavior and growth. The intake of feed is the main factor determining efficiency and cost, maximizing production efficiency in a fish farming firm. The physiological mechanism regulating food intake lies between an intricate connection linking central and peripheral signals that are unified in the hypothalamus consequently responding to the release of appetite-regulating genes that eventually induce or hinder appetite, such as apelin; a recently discovered peptide produced by several tissues with diverse physiological actions mediated by its receptor, such as feed regulation. Extrinsic factors have a great influence on food intake and feeding behavior in fish. Under these factors, feeding in fish is decontrolled and the appetite indicators in the brain do not function appropriately thus, in controlling conditions which result in the fluctuations in the expression of these appetite-relating genes, which in turn decrease food consumption. Here, we examine the research advancements in fish feeding behavior regarding dietary selection and preference and identify some key external influences on feed intake and feeding behavior. Also, we present summaries of the results of research findings on apelin as an appetite-regulating hormone in fish. We also identified gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fully ascertain the functional importance of apelin in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Assan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Umar Farouk Mustapha
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mercy Nabila Addah
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Bioscience, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huapu Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huapu Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
do Carmo Neves L, Favero GC, Beier SL, Ferreira NS, Palheta GDA, de Melo NFAC, Luz RK. Physiological and metabolic responses in juvenile Colossoma macropomum exposed to hypoxia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2157-2167. [PMID: 32862281 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and gasometric parameters of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) exposed to hypoxia and subsequent recovery. Six animals were subjected to normoxia (basal) treatment with dissolved oxygen (DO) 6.27 ± 0.42 mg L-1. Water flow and aeration were reduced for 3 days (hypoxia), during which DO was 0.92 ± 0.37 mg L-1. Water flow and aeration were then reestablished with DO remaining similar to basal. The treatments were as follows: normoxia (basal); 24 h after initiating hypoxia (24H); 72 h after initiating hypoxia (72H); 24 h after reestablishing normoxia (24R); 48 h after reestablishing normoxia (48R); and 96 after reestablishing normoxia (96R). The highest glucose level was recorded at 24H (P < 0.05); the highest lactate level was at 72R; and the highest blood pH was at 24H and 72H (P < 0.05). The highest concentration of PvCO2 was at 24H (P < 0.05), while at 96R it was equivalent to basal (P > 0.05). The variable PvO2 was only higher than basal at 24R (P < 0.05). Juvenile C. macropomum managed to reestablish the main stress indicators (glucose and lactate) at 96R, while the other indicators varied during the study, with homeostatic physiology being reestablished during the recovery period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luanna do Carmo Neves
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Gisele Cristina Favero
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Suzane Lilian Beier
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Nathália Soares Ferreira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Glauber David Almeida Palheta
- Instituto Socioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura e Recursos Aquáticos Tropicais, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, N° 2501 Bairro: Terra Firme, Belém, PA, Cep: 66.077-830, Brazil
| | - Nuno Filipe Alves Correia de Melo
- Instituto Socioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura e Recursos Aquáticos Tropicais, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, N° 2501 Bairro: Terra Firme, Belém, PA, Cep: 66.077-830, Brazil
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30161-970, Brazil.
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura - LAQUA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Freire CA, Cuenca AL, Leite RD, Prado AC, Rios LP, Stakowian N, Sampaio FD. Biomarkers of homeostasis, allostasis, and allostatic overload in decapod crustaceans of distinct habitats and osmoregulatory strategies: an empirical approach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 248:110750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
45
|
Neissi A, Rafiee G, Farahmand H, Rahimi S, Mijakovic I. Cold-Resistant Heterotrophic Ammonium and Nitrite-Removing Bacteria Improve Aquaculture Conditions of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:266-277. [PMID: 32162039 PMCID: PMC7371659 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was isolation and characterization of heterotrophic bacteria capable of ammonium and nitrite removal at 15 °C (optimal temperature for growing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental isolates were grown in liquid media containing ammonium or nitrite, and best strains in terms of growth and ammonium or nitrite removal were identified via 16S rRNA sequencing. Dyadobacter sp. (no. 68) and Janthinobacterium sp. (no. 100) were selected for optimal adaptation to growth at 15 °C and best ammonium and nitrite removal (P < 0.05), respectively. A heterotrophic ammonium and nitrite removal (HAN) microbial complex, containing selected strains, was prepared and applied in a trout culture system. After 10 days, the effect of microbial HAN complex was investigated in terms of ammonium and nitrite removal, as well as stress and immune indices present in the plasma of cultivated trout. Compared to a standard cultivation setup, addition of the HAN complex had a clear beneficial effect on keeping the un-ionized ammonia and nitrite level below prescribed standards (P < 0.05). This resulted in reduction of stress and immune reactions of cultivated fish (P < 0.05), leading to an augmentation of final weight and survival. Application of the selected microbial complex resulted in a significant improvement of the aquaculture ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Neissi
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 331585-4314, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rafiee
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 331585-4314, Iran.
| | - Hamid Farahmand
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 331585-4314, Iran
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fleming PA, Wickham SL, Dunston-Clarke EJ, Willis RS, Barnes AL, Miller DW, Collins T. Review of Livestock Welfare Indicators Relevant for the Australian Live Export Industry. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1236. [PMID: 32708293 PMCID: PMC7401645 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is an important issue for the live export industry (LEI), in terms of economic returns, community attitudes and international socio-political relations. Mortality has traditionally been the main welfare measure recorded within the LEI; however, high mortality incidents are usually acted upon after adverse events occur, reducing the scope for proactive welfare enhancement. We reviewed 71 potential animal welfare measures, identifying those measures that would be appropriate for use throughout the LEI for feeder and slaughter livestock species, and categorised these as animal-, environment- and resource-based. We divided the live export supply chain into three sectors: (1) Australian facilities, (2) vessel and (3) destination country facilities. After reviewing the relevant regulations for each sector of the industry, we identified 38 (sector 1), 35 (sector 2) and 26 (sector 3) measures already being collected under current practice. These could be used to form a 'welfare information dashboard': a LEI-specific online interface for collecting data that could contribute towards standardised industry reporting. We identified another 20, 25 and 28 measures that are relevant to each LEI sector (sectors 1, 2, 3, respectively), and that could be developed and integrated into a benchmarking system in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fleming
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sarah L Wickham
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Emma J Dunston-Clarke
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Renee S Willis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Anne L Barnes
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - David W Miller
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Teresa Collins
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Han F, Xu C, Qi C, Lin Z, Li E, Wang C, Wang X, Qin JG, Chen L. Sodium butyrate can improve intestinal integrity and immunity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed glycinin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:400-411. [PMID: 32371256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is a fermentation byproduct of gut microbiota and is susceptible to chronic oxidative stress. This study investigates the mitigative effects of sodium butyrate (SBT) on growth inhibition and intestinal damage induced by glycinin in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). All four experimental diets containing 80 g/kg glycinin were formulated with 0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg SBT respectively. There was no glycinin or SBT in the control diet. Juvenile crabs (0.33 ± 0.01g) were respectively fed with these five diets for eight weeks. The diets with 10 and 20 g/kg SBT significantly improved the survival and weight gain of the crabs compared with those in the 0 g/kg SBT group, and showed no difference with the control group. The crabs fed diets containing glycinin without SBT had lower glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities but higher malondialdehyde in the intestine than those in the control group. Moreover, dietary glycinin decreased the lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities and improved the level of histamine in the intestine compared with the control group, while the supplementation of SBT counteracted these negative effects. The addition of SBT could also restore the impaired immunity and morphological structure of the intestine. Dietary SBT could increase the mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides genes (anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 1 and 2) and decrease the content of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α. The SBT could restore the intestinal microbial community disorganized by glycinin. The abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Vibrio and Pseudomonas) decreased significantly and the potential probiotic bacteria (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Chitinibacter and Dysgonomonas) increased significantly in the 10 g/kg SBT group. This study suggests that sodium butyrate supplementation can mitigate the negative effects induced by glycinin such as growth inhibition, intestinal inflammation and reduction of beneficial flora in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenglu Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Aquaculture College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Changle Qi
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhideng Lin
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Department of Aquaculture College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jian G Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liver colour scoring index, carotenoids and lipid content assessment as a proxy for lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) health and welfare condition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8927. [PMID: 32488000 PMCID: PMC7265535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring lumpfish health and welfare in salmon farms is vital to reduce the high mortality rates reported and to guarantee a high delousing efficiency. Recent observations of farmed lumpfish livers have shown colours ranging from pale (colours 1 and 2), through bright orange (colours 3 and 4), to dark reddish-brown (colours 5 and 6), some of which may be related to welfare condition. To characterize the status of lumpfish deployed in four Faroese salmon farms, several welfare indicators were assessed: a weight-length relationship, scoring of external physical damage, and after dissection, stomach content and liver colour scoring. Liver samples were weighed, stored and analysed for lipid content, lipid classes, total pigments, fatty acid profile and histopathology to explain the differences between the mentioned liver colours. Bright orange livers, liver colours 3 and 4, were related to increased levels of carotenoid pigments rather than levels of lipids and appear to reflect good fish welfare. However, dark reddish-brown colours, liver colours 5 and 6, were associated with very low levels of triacyl glycerides in the liver, indicating use of lipid reserves and poor welfare condition. Histopathology confirmed that the dark reddish-brown livers, liver colours 5 and 6, formed a distinct group. Thus, liver colour was shown to be a good welfare indicator and should be monitored in farms.
Collapse
|
49
|
Islam SM, Zahangir MM, Jannat R, Hasan MN, Suchana SA, Rohani MF, Shahjahan M. Hypoxia reduced upper thermal limits causing cellular and nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102604. [PMID: 32479398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is a threat across the world that leads to estimates of the upper thermal limits of ectothermic species. Increased water temperature up-regulates oxygen consumption and metabolic rates, and alters the physiological processes. In this study, we identified the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and physiological responses under normoxia and hypoxia in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. CTmax was 41.25 °C under hypoxia and 44.50 °C under normoxia. Compared to normoxia, lower values of hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBCs) were observed at the CTmax under hypoxia. In contrast, higher values of white blood cells (WBCs) and blood glucose (Glu) levels were observed at the CTmax under hypoxia. Consequently, higher frequencies of micronucleus, cellular and nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes were observed at the CTmax under hypoxia. These results suggest that high temperature tolerance and subsequent physiology are significantly affected by the oxygen supply in Nile tilapia. As climate vulnerability is intensifying day by day, this data will be helpful in successful management practice for the aquatic environment having low oxygen content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sm Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Department of Fish Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Rayeda Jannat
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Naim Hasan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sajida Akter Suchana
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fazle Rohani
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
González-Costa A, Fernández-Gago R, Carid S, Molist P. Mucus characterisation in the Octopus vulgaris skin throughout its life cycle. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:502-510. [PMID: 32198901 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the epidermis of octopus, Octopus vulgaris, throughout its life cycle was studied by conventional staining and histochemical techniques using lectins. The mantle, the arm and the two parts of the suckers: the infundibulum and the acetabulum were analysed independently. With the exception of the suckers, the general morphology of the epidermis does not vary from the first days post-hatching to adulthood. In general terms, histochemical techniques do not indicate changes in the composition of glycoconjugates of the epidermis main cells, epithelial and secretory cells. The epithelial cells of the mantle and arm show positivity for mannose (ConA+) in their apical portions, indicating the presence of n-glycoproteins that, among other things, provide lubrication to the surface of the body. In the suckers, the apical surface of the infundibulum contains sulphated glycosaminoglycans of the N-acetylglucosamine type that provide adhesive properties. In addition to observing three types of mucocytes, m1 and m2 are characteristic of the mantle and arm, and m3 is found in the suckers. The paralarva epidermis is characterised by the presence of Kölliker's organs whose exact function is unknown. In this study, the absence of staining with alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff(AB/PAS) prevents the possibility of attributing a secretory function. Nevertheless, the linkage of three lectins (WGA, LEL and GSL-I) in the fascicle of the organ suggests the presence of proteoglycans rich in N-acetylglucosamine that would mainly have a structural role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Costa
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Science, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-Gago
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Science, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sofía Carid
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Science, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Molist
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Science, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|