Anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory in acute lung injury by suppressing COX-2 and NF-kB pathway

Apigenin attenuates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: emphasis on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and TGF-β1 enhancing activities

Gastric ulcer disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The most two common causes of the ulcer are Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the past few decades, a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality rate has been observed probably due to the discovery of proton pump inhibitors. However, the medications used to treat gastric ulcers impose several nauseous side effects. Therefore, recent studies focus on the use of natural products to treat gastric ulcers. In the current study, gastric ulcer was effectively induced using indomethacin, and the protective effect of apigenin, a potent antioxidant flavonoid, was assessed in comparison to omeprazole. The administration of a single oral indomethacin (50 mg/kg) induced gastric ulcer as manifested by hemorrhagic lesions in the gastric mucosa, increased ulcer index, and histopathological alterations. Indomethacin also increased lipid peroxidation, decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, increased the immunoreactivity of the inflammatory markers cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), increased the transcription of the apoptotic marker, Bax, and decreased that of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Indomethacin also decreased the immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). On the other hand, pretreatment with apigenin (10 and 20 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-dependent improvement in the macroscopic and microscopic features of the gastric mucosa in a manner comparable to that of omeprazole. The gastroprotective effects of apigenin may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory, anti-antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities as well as enhancing the expression of TGF-β1. Further experimental and clinical research is required to confirm activity of apigenin as anti-ulcer agent.

Effects of cannabidiol on AMPKα2 /HIF-1α/BNIP3/NIX signaling pathway in skeletal muscle injury

Cannabidiol: (CBD) is a non-psychoactive natural active ingredient from cannabis plant, which has many pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-skeletal muscle injury. However, the mechanism of its effect on skeletal muscle injury still needs further research. In order to seek a scientifically effective way to combat skeletal muscle injury during exercise, we used healthy SD rats to establish an exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury model by treadmill training, and systematically investigated the effects and mechanisms of CBD, a natural compound in the traditional Chinese medicine Cannabis sativa L., on combating skeletal muscle injury during exercise. CBD effectively improved the fracture of skeletal muscle tissue and reduced the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. Biochemical indexes such as CK, T, Cor, LDH, SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px in serum of rats returned to normal. Combining transcriptome and network analysis results, CBD may play a protective role in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury through HIF-1 signaling pathway. The experimental results implied that CBD could down-regulate the expression of IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, Keap1, AMPKα2, HIF-1α, BNIP3 and NIX, and raised the protein expression of IL-10, Nrf2 and HO-1. These results indicate that the protective effect of CBD on exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, thus inhibiting skeletal muscle injury through AMPKα2/HIF-1α/BNIP3/NIX signal pathways.

A comprehensive review of apigenin a dietary flavonoid: biological sources, nutraceutical prospects, chemistry and pharmacological insights and health benefits

A multitude of plant-derived bioactive compounds have shown significant promise in preventing chronic illnesses, with flavonoids constituting a substantial class of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds. Apigenin, a flavone identified as 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, holds immense promise as a preventative agent against chronic illnesses. Despite its extensive research and recognized nutraceutical value, its therapeutic application remains underexplored, necessitating further clinical investigations. This review delves into the biological sources, nutraceutical prospects, chemistry, pharmacological insights, and health benefits of apigenin. Through multifaceted analytical studies, we explore its diverse pharmacological profile and potential therapeutic applications across various health domains. The manuscript comprehensively examines apigenin's role as a neuroprotective , anti-inflammatory compound, and a potent antioxidant agent. Additionally, its efficacy in combating cardiovascular diseases, anti-diabetic properties, and anticancer potential has been discussed. Furthermore, the antimicrobial attributes and the challenges surrounding its bioavailability, particularly from herbal supplements have been addressed. Available in diverse forms including tablets, capsules, solid dispersions, co-crystals, inclusion complexes and nano formulations. Additionally, it is prevalent as a nutraceutical supplement in herbal formulations. While strides have been made in overcoming pharmacokinetic hurdles, further research into apigenin's clinical effectiveness and bioavailability from herbal supplements remains imperative for its widespread utilization in preventive medicine.

Anti-inflammatory Lindenane Sesquiterpene Dimers from the Roots of Chloranthus fortunei

In this study, eight lindenane-type sesquiterpene dimers, including five previously undescribed sesquiterpene dimers (1-5), were isolated from the roots of Chloranthus fortunei, and their structures were elucidated using 1D/2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. Compound 1 presents the second example of a type of novel 8,9-seco lindenane-type sesquiterpene dimer, considered a product of 8/9-diketone oxidation. Compounds 2 and 3 represent the third and fourth examples, respectively, of this kind of C-11 methine dimer. Furthermore, compound 4 was considered as an artifact generated from the radical reaction of a known compound chlojaponilide F (6), which was explained by the density functional theory quantum calculation. All isolates were evaluated for their protective activity against the LPS-induced pulmonary epithelial cell line with compound 7 exhibiting the most potent bioactivity. Further in vitro biological evaluation demonstrated that 7 reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and interleukin-1β, further regulated by the expression of the NLRP3. These results show that compound 7 exhibits therapeutic potential for lung inflammatory diseases.

A review of immune modulators and immunotherapy in infectious diseases

The human immune system responds to harmful foreign invaders frequently encountered by the body and employs defense mechanisms to counteract such assaults. Various exogenous and endogenous factors play a prominent role in maintaining the balanced functioning of the immune system, which can result in immune suppression or immune stimulation. With the advent of different immune-modulatory agents, immune responses can be modulated or regulated to control infections and other health effects. Literature provides evidence on various immunomodulators from different sources and their role in modulating immune responses. Due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the rise in drug resistance, there is a growing need for new therapies for infectious diseases. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of different immune-modulating agents and immune therapies specifically focused on viral infectious diseases.

The impact of diabetes mellitus on blood-tissue barrier regulation and vascular complications: Is the lung different from other organs?

Diabetes Mellitus presents a formidable challenge as one of the most prevalent and complex chronic diseases, exerting significant strain on both patients and the world economy. It is recognized as a common comorbidity among severely ill individuals, often leading to a myriad of micro- and macro-vascular complications. Despite extensive research dissecting the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying vascular complications of diabetes, relatively little attention has been paid to potential lung-related complications. This review aims to illuminate the impact of diabetes on prevalent respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia infections, and asthma, and compare the vascular complications with other vascular beds. Additionally, we explore the primary mechanistic pathways contributing to these complications, such as the expression modulation of blood-tissue-barrier proteins, resulting in increased paracellular and transcellular permeability, and compromised immune responses rendering diabetes patients more susceptible to infections. The activation of inflammatory pathways leading to cellular injury and hastening the onset of these respiratory complications is also discussed.

Dietary anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial medicinal plants and its compounds in bovine mastitis associated impact on human life

Bovine mastitis (BM) is the most common bacterial mediated inflammatory disease in the dairy cattle that causes huge economic loss to the dairy industry due to decreased milk quality and quantity. Milk is the essential food in the human diet, and rich in crucial nutrients that helps in lowering the risk of diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The main causative agents of the disease include various gram negative, and positive bacteria, along with other risk factors such as udder shape, age, genetic, and environmental factors also contributes much for the disease. Currently, antibiotics, immunotherapy, probiotics, dry cow, and lactation therapy are commonly recommended for BM. However, these treatments can only decrease the rise of new cases but can't eliminate the causative agents, and they also exhibit several limitations. Hence, there is an urgent need of a potential source that can generate a typical and ideal treatment to overcome the limitations and eliminate the pathogens. Among the various sources, medicinal plants and its derived products always play a significant role in drug discovery against several diseases. In addition, they are also known for its low toxicity and minimum resistance features. Therefore, plants and its compounds that possess anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties can serve better in bovine mastitis. In addition, the plants that are serving as a food source and possessing pharmacological properties can act even better in bovine mastitis. Hence, in this evidence-based study, we particularly review the dietary medicinal plants and derived products that are proven for anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. Moreover, the role of each dietary plant and its compounds along with possible role in the management of bovine mastitis are delineated. In this way, this article serves as a standalone source for the researchers working in this area to help in the management of BM.

Exploring Scopoletin's Therapeutic Efficacy in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis: Insights into Inflammatory Pathways, Immune Modulation, and Microbial Dynamics

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of scopoletin in ulcerative colitis, with a primary focus on its impact on crucial inflammatory pathways and immune responses. A male mouse model of DSS-induced colitis was employed with six distinct groups: a control group, a group subjected to DSS only, three groups treated with varying scopoletin doses, and the final group treated with dexamethasone. The investigation included an assessment of the effects of scopoletin on colitis symptoms, including alterations in body weight, Disease Activity Index (DAI), and histopathological changes in colonic tissue. Furthermore, this study scrutinized the influence of scopoletin on cytokine production, PPARγ and NF-κB expression, NLRP3 inflammasome, and the composition of intestinal bacteria. Scopoletin treatment yielded noteworthy improvements in DSS-induced colitis in mice, as evidenced by reduced weight loss and colonic shortening (p < 0.05, < 0.01, respectively). It effectively diminished TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12 cytokine levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the associated cytokine release (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), and modulated the immune response by elevating PPARγ expression while suppressing NF-κB pathway activation (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Additionally, scopoletin induced alterations in the gut microbiota composition, augmenting beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria while reducing E. coli (p < 0.05). It also enhanced tight junction proteins, signifying an improvement in the intestinal barrier integrity (p < 0.05, < 0.01). Scopoletin is a promising therapeutic agent for managing ulcerative colitis, showing benefits that extend beyond mere anti-inflammatory actions to encompass regulatory effects on gut microbiota and restoration of intestinal integrity.

Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care-clinically relevant 3PM innovation

Despite their subordination in humans, to a great extent, mitochondria maintain their independent status but tightly cooperate with the "host" on protecting the joint life quality and minimizing health risks. Under oxidative stress conditions, healthy mitochondria promptly increase mitophagy level to remove damaged "fellows" rejuvenating the mitochondrial population and sending fragments of mtDNA as SOS signals to all systems in the human body. As long as metabolic pathways are under systemic control and well-concerted together, adaptive mechanisms become triggered increasing systemic protection, activating antioxidant defense and repair machinery. Contextually, all attributes of mitochondrial patho-/physiology are instrumental for predictive medical approach and cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles in primary (to protect vulnerable individuals again the health-to-disease transition) and secondary (to protect affected individuals again disease progression) care. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds demonstrating health-promoting, illness-preventing, and other health-related benefits. Keeping in mind health-promoting properties of nutraceuticals along with their great therapeutic potential and safety profile, there is a permanently growing demand on the application of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals. Application of nutraceuticals is beneficial only if meeting needs at individual level. Therefore, health risk assessment and creation of individualized patient profiles are of pivotal importance followed by adapted nutraceutical sets meeting individual needs. Based on the scientific evidence available for mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals, this article presents examples of frequent medical conditions, which require protective measures targeted on mitochondria as a holistic approach following advanced concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary and secondary care.

Supplementation of Saussurea costus root alleviates sodium nitrite-induced hepatorenal toxicity by modulating metabolic profile, inflammation, and apoptosis

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a widely used food ingredient, although excessive concentrations can pose potential health risks. In the present study, we evaluated the deterioration effects of NaNO2 additives on hematology, metabolic profile, liver function, and kidney function of male Wistar rats. We further explored the therapeutic potential of supplementation with S. costus root ethanolic extract (SCREE) to improve NaNO2-induced hepatorenal toxicity. In this regard, 65 adult male rats were divided into eight groups; Group 1: control, Groups 2, 3, and 4 received SCREE in 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively, Group 5: NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight), Groups 6, 7 and 8 received NaNO2 (6.5 mg/kg body weight) in combination with SCREE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Our results revealed that the NaNO2-treated group shows a significant change in deterioration in body and organ weights, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and hepatorenal dysfunction, as well as immunohistochemical and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, the NaNO2-treated group demonstrated a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α cytokine and tumor suppressor gene P53 in the kidney and liver, while a significant reduction was detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and the apoptosis suppressor gene BCL-2, compared to the control group. Interestingly, SCREE administration demonstrated the ability to significantly alleviate the toxic effects of NaNO2 and improve liver function in a dose-dependent manner, including hematological parameters, lipid profile, and modulation of histopathological architecture. Additionally, SCREE exhibited the ability to modulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes in the liver and kidney. The phytochemical analysis revealed a wide set of primary metabolites in SCREE, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, saponins and tannins, while the untargeted UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 183 metabolites in both positive and negative ionization modes. Together, our findings establish the potential of SCREE in mitigating the toxic effects of NaNO2 by modulating metabolic, inflammatory, and apoptosis. Together, this study underscores the promise of SCREE as a potential natural food detoxifying additive to counteract the harmful impacts of sodium nitrite.

A pH/ROS dual-responsive system for effective chemoimmunotherapy against melanoma via remodeling tumor immune microenvironment

Chemotherapeutics can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells, offering new possibilities for cancer therapy. However, the efficiency of the immune response generated is insufficient due to the inhibitory nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we developed a pH/reactive oxygen species (ROS) dual-response system to enhance chemoimmunotherapy for melanoma. The system productively accumulated in tumors by specific binding of phenylboronic acid (PBA) to sialic acids (SA). The nanoparticles (NPs) rapidly swelled and released quercetin (QUE) and doxorubicin (DOX) upon the stimulation of tumor microenvironment (TME). The in vitro and in vivo results consistently demonstrated that the NPs improved anti-tumor efficacy and prolonged survival of mice, significantly enhancing the effects of the combination. Our study revealed DOX was an ICD inducer, stimulating immune responses and promoting maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, QUE served as a TME regulator by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2)-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis, which influenced various immune cells, including increasing cytotoxic T cells (CLTs) infiltration, promoting M1 macrophage polarization, and reducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltration. The combination synergistically facilitated chemoimmunotherapy efficacy by remodeling the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This work presents a promising strategy to increase anti-tumor efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents.

Systemic meta-analysis: apigenin's effects on lung inflammation and oxidative stress

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of apigenin in rats with acute lung injury (ALI). We also examined changes in levels of inflammatory and antioxidant factors after apigenin treatment in a rat model of ALI.Methods: We searched several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, ProQuest, and GoogleScholar, to retrieve relevant articles for our systematic review and meta-analysis.Five studies with 226 rat models of ALI were included in this study. We investigated inflammatory factors and oxidative stress with the corresponding 95% confidence interval in three groups: 1. Group1 (control vs. ALI), 2. Group2 (ALI vs. apigenin10), and 3. Group3 (ALI vs. apigenin20).

RESULTS

Estimating the correlation and 95% confidence intervals for the inflammatory agents and oxidative stress in the intervention group (ALI), compared with that in the control group, respectively (correlation: 0.194; 95% confidence intervals, 0.101-0.282, p value = .001, z-value= 4.08) and (correlation: 0.099; 95% confidence intervals, 0.016-0.182, p value = .020, z value= 2.325). Estimating the correlation and 95% confidence intervals for the inflammatory agents and oxidative stress in the intervention group (apigenin 10 mg/kg), compared with that in the control group (ALI), respectively (correlation: 0.476; 95% confidence intervals, 0.391-0.553, p value = .001, z-value= 9.678) and (correlation: 0.415; 95% confidence intervals, 0.313-0.508, p value= .001, z-value= 7.349).

CONCLUSION

Apigenin may have potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in rat models of ALI. However, the efficacy of apigenin as a therapeutic strategy requires further investigation through prospective controlled randomized trials.

Utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the underlying mechanism of Denglao Qingguan decoction against HCoV-229E

Background

Denglao Qingguan decoction (DLQGD) has been extensively utilized for the treatment of colds, demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy. Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is considered a crucial etiological agent of influenza. However, the specific impact and underlying mechanisms of DLQGD on HCoV-229E remain poorly understood.

Methods

Active ingredients and targets information of DLQGD were collected from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), literature search, and Swiss ADEM database. The Genecard database was used to collect HCoV-229E related targets. We built an "ingredient-target network" through Cytoscape. Protein - Protein interaction (PPI) networks were mapped using the String database. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) were enriched using the DAVID database. Then, we used molecular docking techniques to verify the binding activity between the core compounds and the core gene targets. Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted to validate DLQGD's antiviral activity against HCoV-229E and assess its anti-inflammatory effects.

Results

In total, we identified 227 active components in DLQGD. 18 key targets involved in its activity against HCoV-229E. Notably, the core active ingredients including quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, and apigenin, and the core therapeutic targets were CXCL8, RELA, MAPK14, NFKB1, and CXCL10, all associated with HCoV-229E. KEGG enrichment results included IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and so on. The core active ingredients and the core therapeutic targets and Human Aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) all showed good binding activity by molecular docking verification. In vitro, DLQGD exhibited anti-HCoV-229E activity and anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that DLQGD has both effects of anti-HCoV-229E and anti-inflammatory. The core active ingredients (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, apigenin) and the core therapeutic targets (CXCL8, RELA, MAPK14, NFKB1, CXCL10) may play key roles in the pharmacological action of DLQGD against HCoV-229E.

EIDD-1931 Treatment Tweaks CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in Arthritic Rats to Expedite Drug Interaction: Implication in Oral Therapy of Molnupiravir

EIDD-1931 is the active form of molnupiravir, an orally effective drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) against COVID-19. Pharmacokinetic alteration can cause untoward drug interaction (drug-drug/disease-drug), but hardly any information is known about this recently approved drug. Therefore, we first investigated the impact of the arthritis state on the oral pharmacokinetics of EIDD-1931 using a widely accepted complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after ascertaining the disease occurrence by paw swelling measurement and X-ray examination. Comparative oral pharmacokinetic assessment of EIDD-1931 (normal state vs arthritis state) showed that overall plasma exposure was augmented (1.7-fold) with reduced clearance (0.54-fold), suggesting its likelihood of dose adjustment in arthritis conditions. In order to elucidate the effect of EIDD-1931 treatment at a therapeutic regime (normal state vs arthritis state) on USFDA-recommended panel of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) for drug interaction using the same disease model, we monitored protein and mRNA expressions (rat homologs) in liver tissue by western blotting (WB) and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results reveal that EIDD-1931 treatment could strongly influence CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 among experimental proteins/mRNAs. Although CYP2C8 regulation upon EIDD-1931 treatment resembles similar behavior under the arthritis state, results dictate a potentially reverse phenomenon for CYP3A4. Moreover, the lack of any CYP inhibitory effect by EIDD-1931 in human/rat liver microsomes (HLM/RLM) helps to ascertain EIDD-1931 treatment-mediated disease-drug interaction and the possibility of drug-drug interaction with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) upon coadministration. As elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels are prevalent in RA and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and nuclear receptors control CYP expressions, further studies should focus on understanding the regulation of affected CYPs to subside unexpected drug interaction.

Apigenin Suppresses Innate Immune Responses and Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of STING/IRF3 Pathway

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is crucial for the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including acute lung injury (ALI). Apigenin (4[Formula: see text],5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid widely found in fruits, vegetables, and Chinese medicinal herbs that exhibits a range of pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the efficacy of apigenin in STING pathway-mediated diseases remains unclear. Accordingly, this study screened Chinese medicines to identify potent agents that reduced the synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs). The results revealed apigenin as a potent compound with low cytotoxicity that markedly reduced the synthesis of type I IFNs in response to STING pathway agonists. Besides, apigenin markedly suppressed innate immune responses triggered by the STING agonist SR-717. Mechanistically, apigenin downregulated IFN beta 1 (IFNB1) expression mediated by the STING pathway via dose-dependent inhibition of STING expression, reduction of dimerization, nuclear translocation of phosphorylated IRF3, and disruption of the association between STING and IRF3. Moreover, apigenin effectively mitigated pathological pulmonary inflammation and lung edema in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Apigenin further strongly attenuated the hallmarks of immoderate inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1[Formula: see text], and tumor necrosis factor [Formula: see text]) and innate immune responses (IFNB1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, and IFN-stimulated gene 15) by preventing the activation of the STING/IRF3 pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, SR-717 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of apigenin in LPS-induced THP1-BlueTM ISG macrophages. Collectively, apigenin effectively alleviated innate immune responses and mitigated inflammation in LPS-induced ALI via inhibition of the STING/IRF3 pathway. These findings suggest the potential of apigenin as a prophylactic and therapeutic candidate for managing STING-mediated diseases.

Effects of apigenin on gastric cancer cells

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. As the currently available therapeutic options are invasive, new and more benign options are being explored. One of which is Apigenin (Api), a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, such as celery, parsley, garlic, bell pepper and chamomile tea. Api has known anti-inflammatory, -oxidant, and -proliferative proprieties in several diseases and its potential as an anticancer compound has been explored. Here we systematize the available data regarding the effects of Api on GC cells, in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and molecular targets. From the literature it is possible to conclude that Api inhibits cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which is accompanied by the reduction of clone formation and induction of apoptosis. This occurs through the Akt/Bad/Bcl2/Bax axis that activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, resulting in restriction of cell proliferation. Additionally, it seems that the anti-proliferative potential of Api on GC cells is particularly relevant in a more aggressive GC phenotype but can also affect normal gastric cells. This indicate that this flavonoid must be used in low-to-moderate doses to avoid side-effects induced by disturbance of the normal epithelium. In H. Pylori-infected cells, the literature demonstrates that Api reduces inflammation by diminishing the levels of H. pylori colonization, by preventing NF-kB activation and by diminishing the production of reactive oxygen specimens (ROS). Accordingly, in GC Api seems to regulate different hallmarks of cancer, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, inflammation and oxidative stress, demonstrating its potential has an anti-GC compound.

Phytochemical Elucidation and Effect of Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet on Alleviation of Potassium Dichromate-Induced Pulmonary Damage in Rats

Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet is one of the well-known traditionally-used Indian plants. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites like phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and carbohydrates. It contains numerous therapeutically active compounds like palmitic acid, chrysophanol, glyceryl palmitate, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, dodecane, maesaquinone, quercetin 3-rhaminoside, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, nitrendipine, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, kiritiquinon, and β-thujone. The Maesa indica plant has been reported to have many biological properties including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-leishmanial, antioxidant, radical scavenging, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-coronavirus effects. One purpose of the current study was to investigate the leaves' metabolome via Triple-Time-of-Flight-Liquid-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (T-TOF LC/MS/MS) to identify the chemical constituents of the Maesa indica ethanolic extract (ME). Another purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of ME against potassium dichromate (PD)-induced pulmonary damage in rats. Rats were assigned randomly into four experimental groups. Two different doses of the plant extract, (25 and 50 mg/kg), were administered orally for seven consecutive days before PD instillation injection. Results of our study revealed that ME enhanced cellular redox status as it decreased lipid peroxidation marker, MDA and elevated reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, ME upregulated the cytoprotective signaling pathway PI3K/AKT. Moreover, ME administration ameliorated histopathological anomalies induced by PD. Several identified metabolites, such as chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and rutin, had previously indicated lung-protective effects, possibly through an antioxidant effect and inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, our results indicated that ME possesses lung-protective effects, which may be the result of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Opportunities and challenges in enhancing the bioavailability and bioactivity of dietary flavonoids: A novel delivery system perspective

Flavonoids have multiple favorable bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor. Currently, flavonoid-containing dietary supplements are widely tested in clinical trials for the prevention and/or treatment of multiple diseases. However, the clinical application of flavonoids is largely compromised by their low bioavailability and bioactivity, probably due to their poor aqueous solubility, intensive metabolism, and low systemic absorption. Therefore, formulating flavonoids into novel delivery systems is a promising approach for overcoming these drawbacks. In this review, we highlight the opportunities and challenges in the clinical use of dietary flavonoids from the perspective of novel delivery systems. First, the classification, sources, and bioactivity of dietary flavonoids are described. Second, the progress of clinical research on flavonoid-based dietary supplements is systematically summarized. Finally, novel delivery systems developed to improve the bioavailability and bioactivity of flavonoids are discussed in detail to broaden the clinical application of dietary flavonoids.

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae-Assessing the influence of herbal processing methods and improved effects on functional dyspepsia

Background: The unique pharmaceutical methods for the processing of botanical drugs according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) affect clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment. The objective of this study was to comprehensively elucidate the principles and mechanisms of an herbal processing method by investigating the alterations in the metabolites of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (AMR) processed by Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) decoction and to determine how these changes enhance the efficacy of aqueous extracts in treating functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods: A qualitative analysis of AMR before and after processing was conducted using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and HPLC was employed for quantitative analysis. A predictive analysis was then conducted using a network analysis strategy to establish a botanical drug-metabolite-target-disease (BMTD) network and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and the predictions were validated using an FD rat model. Results: A total of 127 metabolites were identified in the processed AMR (PAMR), and substantial changes were observed in 8 metabolites of PAMR after processing, as revealed by the quantitative analysis. The enhanced aqueous extracts of processed AMR (PAMR) demonstrate improved efficacy in treating FD, which indicates that this processing method enhances the anti-inflammatory properties and promotes gastric motility by modulating DRD2, SCF, and c-kit. However, this enhancement comes at the cost of attenuating the regulation of motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), acetylcholine (Ach), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Conclusion: Through this series of investigations, we aimed to unravel the factors influencing the efficacy of this herbal formulation in improving FD in clinical settings.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-psoriatic potential of apigenin in RAW264.7 cells, HaCaT cells and psoriasis like dermatitis in BALB/c mice

AIMS

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease characterized by keratinocytes hyperproliferation, abnormal differentiation and inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity to evaluate anti-psoriatic potential of apigenin.

MAIN METHODS

For in-vivo study, 5 % imiquimod cream was used to induce psoriasis-like skin inflammation in BALB/c mice to mimic human psoriatic conditions. PASI scores, CosCam score, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA were done to evaluate the anti-psoriatic potential of topically applied apigenin. For in-vitro studies, LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 was done, and qRT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin. Migration and cell doubling assay in HaCaT cells were performed to assess the anti-proliferative effect of apigenin. Acute dermal toxicity profile of apigenin has also been done as per OECD guidelines.

KEY FINDINGS

Results showed that apigenin significantly reduce the PASI and CosCam scores, ameliorate the deteriorating histopathology, and effectively downregulated the expression of CCR 6, IL-17A, and NF-κB. Apigenin effectively downregulated the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines through IL-23/IL-17/IL-22 axis. Apigenin suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Cell migration and cell doubling assay in HaCaT cells showing the anti-proliferative potential of apigenin. Apigenin was found safe in acute dermal toxicity study.

SIGNIFICANCE

Apigenin was found effective against psoriasis in both in-vitro and in-vivo models suggesting apigenin as a potential candidate for the development of anti-psoriatic agent.

Sepsis associated with acute lung injury over the period 2012-2021: a bibliometric analysis

Background: Sepsis associated with acute lung injury (ALI) is a common acute and severe disease with severe socioeconomic burden. The aim of this study is to explore the literatures of sepsis associated with ALI from a bibliometric perspective. Methods: Articles and reviews related to sepsis associated with ALI published from 2012 to 2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection were retrieved. Countries, affiliations, journals, authors, references, co-citation and keyword analysis in this field were visually analyzed using WOS citation reports, bibliometric.com, CtieSpace and VOSviewer software. Results: Over the last decade (2012-2021), marked progress has been made in the area of sepsis associated with ALI research. 836 papers were enrolled in this study. China accounts for the most contributors. Articles from the United States has the highest average cited. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of California System and Huazhong University of Science Technology were the main contributing institutions. Articles in International Immunopharmacology, Inflammation, Shock and Critical Care were cited the most. Matthay MA and Ware LB were the main contributors to this field. Inflammation and NF-κB have always been the focus of sepsis associated with ALI related research, and programmed cell death (including apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis) may be the important direction of future research. Conclusion: Research on the sepsis associated with ALI is flourishing. The research on programmed cell death is a hot spot and may be a promising research field in the coming years.

Complexation of Apigenin and Oxymatrine Leading to Enhanced Anti-inflammatory Activity

Apigenin (APG) is a well-known dietary flavonoid with multiple bioactivities, but its poor aqueous solubility may result in low oral bioavailability and thus compromised therapeutic effects. In the present study, APG was complexed with oxymatrine (OMT), a natural quinolizidine alkaloid, for enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, and the related mechanisms in the interaction of APG with OMT were investigated. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterizations demonstrated the occurrence of an APG-OMT complex formed at a molar ratio of 1:2. Then, molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculations were utilized to elucidate that hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects were the main forces acting in the formation of the APG-OMT complex. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated that the oral bioavailability of APG in the APG-OMT complex was significantly higher than that of APG alone. Finally, bioactivity evaluation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammatory injury mouse models showed that the APG-OMT complex exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory effects than APG alone. This study confirmed that APG and OMT exerted enhanced anti-inflammatory effects through self-complexation, which may provide a novel strategy for improving the bioavailability and bioactivity of natural product mixtures.

Protective Effects of Naringenin and Apigenin in Ameliorating Skin Damage via Mediating the Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways in Mice

Naringenin and apigenin are common flavonoids derived from edible plants with the potential to alleviate inflammation and improve skin antioxidation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of naringenin and apigenin on oleic acid-induced skin damage in mice and compare their underlying mechanisms of action. Triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids were significantly decreased by naringenin and apigenin, while apigenin intervention resulted in a better recovery of skin lesions. Naringenin and apigenin improved the antioxidative abilities of the skin by increasing catalase and total antioxidant capacity levels and decreasing malondialdehyde and lipid peroxide levels. The release of skin proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α, was inhibited after naringenin and apigenin pretreatments, but naringenin only promoted the excretion of IL-10. Additionally, naringenin and apigenin regulated antioxidant defense and inflammatory response by activating nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2-dependent mechanisms and suppressing the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B. In summary, naringenin and apigenin are prospective ingredients that contribute to the amelioration of skin damage by activating anti-inflammatory and antioxidative responses.

Identification of Scoparone from Chinese Olive Fruit as a Modulator of Macrophage Polarization

Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) has been highlighted for its remarkable health benefits. We previously showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive (COE) is an effective anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we used a luciferase-based RAW 264.7 cell platform to detect the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, a key mediator of inflammation, and the promoter activity of its downstream target, COX-2. Through functional-oriented screening using these platforms, we further divided COE into several subfractions. Subsequently, we used silica gel column chromatography for purification, and the active compounds were separated and isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of the resulting compound with high anti-inflammatory activity was then identified as scoparone. Our results showed that scoparone not only inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of nitric oxide and suppressed M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, Il-6, Ccl2, and Tnf-α) but also markedly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CCL2, and TNF-α). Treatment with scoparone significantly reduced the protein level of TNF-α in LPS-treated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In addition, scoparone promoted macrophages toward an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, as determined by the significantly increased gene expression of M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, Ym1, Mrc1, Il-10, and Cd206) and the protein level of Arg1. This study indicates that COE fruit has high therapeutic potential for various inflammatory diseases as a result of switching the macrophage phenotype from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2.

Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in the Molecular Pathways Related to Inflammation

Inflammation is the primary response to infection and injury. Its beneficial effect is an immediate resolution of the pathophysiological event. However, sustained production of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines may cause alterations in DNA integrity and lead to malignant cell transformation and cancer. More attention has recently been paid to pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory necrosis that activates inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines. Taking into consideration that phenolic compounds are widely available in diet and medicinal plants, their role in the prevention and support of the treatment of chronic diseases is apparent. Recently, much attention has been paid to explaining the significance of isolated compounds in the molecular pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, this review aimed to screen reports concerning the molecular mode of action assigned to phenolic compounds. The most representative compounds from the classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides were selected for this review. Our attention was focused mainly on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Literature searching was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. In conclusion, based on the available literature, phenolic compounds regulate NF-κB, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling, which supports their potential role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Phytochemicals Found in the Yucca Genus

The Yucca genus encompasses about 50 species native to North America. Species within the Yucca genus have been used in traditional medicine to treat pathologies related to inflammation. Despite its historical use and the popular notion of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, there is a limited amount of research on this genus. To better understand these properties, this work aimed to analyze phytochemical composition through documentary research. This will provide a better understanding of the molecules and the mechanisms of action that confer such antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. About 92 phytochemicals present within the genus have reported antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. It has been suggested that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are mainly generated through its free radical scavenging activity, the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism, the decrease in TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), iNOS (Inducible nitric oxide synthase), and IL-1β (Interleukin 1β) concentration, the increase of GPx (Glutathione peroxidase), CAT (Catalase), and SOD (Superoxide dismutase) concentration, and the inhibition of the MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase), and NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa B), and the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) signaling pathway. These studies provide evidence of its use in traditional medicine against pathologies related to inflammation. However, more models and studies are needed to properly understand the activity of most plants within the genus, its potency, and the feasibility of its use to help manage or treat chronic inflammation.

Corylin inhibits the progression of Non-small cell lung cancer cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway via targeting p65

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is characterized by high-risk and high mortality, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) conquers a dominant position. Previous studies have reported that corylin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor effects; however, its role in NSCLC cells remains unclear.

HYPOTHESIS

Corylin inhibits the progression of NSCLC cells.

METHODS

A lentivector NF-κB luciferase reporter was constructed by molecular cloning. Corylin was screened and identified as an NF-κB pathway inhibitor by luciferase reporter assay. Corylin inhibited the expression of NF-κB downstream genes, which was detected by qRT-PCR. The effect of corylin on NSCLC cells was detected by colony formation assay, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, in vitro invasion, and cell scratch assay. Corylin inhibited p65 nuclear translocation and was detected by molecular docking, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

We constructed a lentiviral expression vector, containing an NF-κB luciferase reporter and established a stable A549 cell line for its expression. Using this cell line, corylin was screened and identified as an NF-κB pathway inhibitor. It was found that corylin inhibited the expression of NF-κB downstream genes and inhibited the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, it was also found that corylin significantly reversed the increased proliferation of NSCLC cell lines induced by p65 overexpression. Molecular docking analysis showed that corylin could bind to p65 by hydrogen bonding. Further study showed that corylin inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway by blocking p65 nuclear translocation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study screened and identified corylin as an NF-κB inhibitor and elucidated the molecular mechanism by which corylin inhibits the growth of NSCLC cells. The present study provides a novel strategy for improving the prognosis and treatment of NSCLC patients.

Pharmacological and Molecular Insight on the Cardioprotective Role of Apigenin

Apigenin is a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid found abundantly in fruits and vegetables. It possesses a wide range of biological properties that exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial effects. These effects have been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury, and diabetic cardiomyopathy, and provide protection against drug-induced cardiotoxicity. These potential therapeutic effects advocate the exploration of the cardioprotective actions of apigenin. This review focuses on apigenin, and the possible pharmacological mechanisms involved in the protection against cardiovascular diseases. We further discuss its therapeutic uses and highlight its potential applications in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. Apigenin displays encouraging results, which may have implications in the development of novel strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. With the commercial availability of apigenin as a dietary supplement, the outcomes of preclinical studies may provide the investigational basis for future translational strategies evaluating the potential of apigenin in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are required to characterize the safety and efficacy of apigenin and establish it as a nutraceutical as well as a therapeutic agent to be used alone or as an adjuvant with current drugs.

Apigenin: A Therapeutic Agent for Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer

The skin is the main barrier between the body and the environment, protecting it from external oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet rays. It also prevents the entrance of infectious agents such as viruses, external antigens, allergens, and bacteria into our bodies. An overreaction to these agents causes severe skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, pruritus, psoriasis, skin cancer, and vitiligo. Members of the flavonoid family include apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol. Of these, apigenin has been used as a dietary supplement due to its various biological activities and has been shown to reduce skin inflammation by downregulating various inflammatory markers and molecular targets. In this review, we deal with current knowledge about inflammatory reactions in the skin and the molecular mechanisms by which apigenin reduces skin inflammation.

Apigenin in cancer therapy: Prevention of genomic instability and anticancer mechanisms

The incidence of cancer has been growing worldwide. Better survival rates following the administration of novel drugs and new combination therapies may concomitantly cause concern regarding the long-term adverse effects of cancer therapy, for example, second primary malignancies. Moreover, overcoming tumour resistance to anticancer agents has been long considered as a critical challenge in cancer research. Some low toxic adjuvants such as herb-derived molecules may be of interest for chemoprevention and overcoming the resistance of malignancies to cancer therapy. Apigenin is a plant-derived molecule with attractive properties for chemoprevention, for instance, promising anti-tumour effects, which may make it a desirable adjuvant to reduce genomic instability and the risks of second malignancies among normal tissues. Moreover, it may improve the efficiency of anticancer modalities. This paper aims to review various effects of apigenin in both normal tissues and malignancies. In addition, we explain how apigenin may have the ability to protect usual cells against the genotoxic repercussions following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of apigenin on tumours will be discussed.

Echinops spinosissimus Turra Root Methanolic Extract: Characterization of the Bioactive Components and Relative Wound Healing, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

Echinops spinosissimus Turra subsp. bovei (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant in western Algeria. Traditionally, roots and inflorescences are employed as hypertensive agents and in the treatment of hemorrhoids. The current study evaluates the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties of the root methanolic extract from E. spinosissimus subsp. bovei. The content of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins was determined. In addition, the phenolic profile was typified. The studied plant extract resulted in being primarily composed of Apigenin, Kaempferol, and their derivatives. The total phenolic content was equal to 95.31 ± 2.90 mg GAE/g DW, while the number of flavonoids and condensed tannins was 16.01 ± 0.16 mg CE/g DW and 8.30 ± 0.65 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The methanolic extract was found to exhibit antioxidant activity towards the DPPH radical, with an IC₅₀ of 7.99 ± 0.28 mg/mL and a TAC of 30.30 ± 0.54 mg AAE/g DW, as well as an antibacterial effect, especially against P. aeruginosa. No significant wound-healing property was observed, even though the histopathological observations showed enhanced wound-healing quality. According to our evidence, E. spinosissimus could represent a source of phytochemicals with potential beneficial effects for human health in terms of antioxidant and antibiotic properties, although further investigations on this species are needed.

Selected Phytochemicals to Combat Lungs Injury: Natural Care

The human has two lungs responsible for respiration and drug metabolism. Severe lung infection caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to lungs injury. Smoking and tobacco consumption may also produce lungs injury. Inflammatory and pain mediators are secreted by alveolar macrophages. The inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, neutrophils, and fibroblasts are accumulated in the alveoli sac, which becomes infected. It may lead to hypoxia followed by severe pulmonary congestion and the death of the patient. There is an urgent need for the treatment of artificial respiration and ventilation. However, the situation may be the worst for patients suffering from lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and acute pneumonia caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Re-urgency has been happening in the case of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Therefore, it is needed to protect the lungs with the intake of natural phytomedicines. In the present review, several selected phyto components having the potential role in lung injury therapy have been discussed. Regular intake of natural vegetables and fruits bearing these constituents may save the lungs even in the dangerous attack of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cancer, pulmonary TB, and pneumatic patients.

The LC-MS/MS Identification and Analgesic and Wound Healing Activities of Lavandula officinalis Chaix: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

We earlier emphasized in vivo the lavender plant's (Lavandula officinalis Chaix.) anti-inflammatory and estrogenic activities and described the chemical compositions of its hydro-ethanolic (HE) extract. We used LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses to profile the phytochemical composition of the HE extract and to assess the analgesic and wound-healing effects of both the hydro-ethanolic (HE) and polyphenolic (LOP) extracts in vivo and in silico. The analgesic activity was studied using two methods: acetic acid and formalin injections in mice. The wound-healing activity was carried out over 25 days using a burn model in rats. In the in silico study, the polyphenols identified in the plant were docked in the active sites of three enzymes: casein kinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. The LC-MS/MS identified some phenolic compounds, mainly apigenin, catechin, and myricetin, and the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 volatile compounds with triazole, D-glucose, hydroxyphenyl, and D-Ribofuranose as the major compounds. The HE and LOP extracts showed significant decreases in abdominal writhes, and the higher licking time of the paw (57.67%) was observed using the LOP extract at 200 mg/kg. Moreover, both extracts showed high healing percentages, i.e., 99.31 and 92.88%, compared to the control groups, respectively. The molecular docking showed that myricetin, amentoflavone, apigenin, and catechin are the most active molecules against the three enzyme receptors. This study sheds light on the potential of L. officinalis Chaix as a source of natural products for pharmaceutical applications for analgesic purposes as well as their utility in promoting burn-healing activity.

Vitex trifolia L. modulates inflammatory mediators via down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in experimental rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia L.), commonly known as the three-leaved chaste tree, is extensively employed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat various conditions associated with inflammation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of V. trifolia L. in carrageenan (CA)-induced acute inflammation in experimental rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CA-induced rat paw edema model was adopted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract from leaves of V. trifolia L. (VTME) in vivo. Leukocyte infiltration into the site of inflammation was determined by histopathological analysis. Further, the effect of VTME on CA-induced local and systemic levels of specific cytokines was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, its impact on the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) was analyzed by employing the western blotting technique.

RESULTS

VTME at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited the paw edema induced by CA (p < 0.05) and effectively reduced the inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. Further, VTME markedly inhibited the CA-induced levels of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in tissue, and that of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2/C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)3 and CINC-3/CXCL2 in tissue as well as in serum. On the other hand, VTME significantly upregulated the tissue concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, VTME significantly attenuated the CA-induced IκBα degradation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate the potent anti-inflammatory effect of V. trifolia L. in vivo, providing insight into its molecular mechanism, which is mediated through down-regulation of NF-κB signal transduction.

Current advances on the phytochemical composition, pharmacologic effects, toxicology, and product development of Phyllanthi Fructus

Phyllanthi Fructus (PF), the edible fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L., serves as an important resource for some health products, foods and drugs due to its high safety and sufficient nutritional value. In recent years, in vivo and in vitro experiments have been conducted to reveal the active components of PF. More than 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the PF so far, primarily including tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), PF is used to cure several diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcer, hepatopathy, leprosy, and jaundice. Consistent with ethnopharmacology, numerous modern studies have demonstrated that the extracts or monomeric compounds derived from PF exhibit various pharmacological effects including anti-oxidation, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumour, anti-virus, immunity improvement, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, and multiple organ protective protection. Toxicological studies on PF indicated the absence of any adverse effects even at a high dose after oral administration. Due to strict quality control, these pharmacological activities and the safety of PF greatly improve the development and utilization of products. Our comprehensive review aims to summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and product development of PF to provide theoretical guidance and new insights for further research on PF in the future.

Hydrogen gas alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and inflammatory response in mice

Background

Chronic inflammation and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance are two main pathological features associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The following study investigated the protective role of hydrogen (H₂), a gaseous molecule without known toxicity, in LPS-induced lung injury in mice and explored its potential molecular mechanisms.

Methods

Mice were randomly divided into three groups: H₂ control group, LPS group, and LPS + H₂ group. The mice were euthanized at the indicated time points, and the specimens were collected. The 72 h survival rates, cytokines contents, pathological changes, expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and oxidative stress indicators were analyzed. Moreover, under different culture conditions, RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were used to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of H₂ in vitro. Cells were divided into the following groups: PBS group, LPS group, and LPS + H₂ group. The cell viability, intracellular ROS, cytokines, and expression of TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were observed.

Results

Hydrogen inhalation increased the survival rate to 80%, reduced LPS-induced lung damage, and decreased inflammatory cytokine release in LPS mice. Besides, H₂ showed remarked anti-oxidative activity to reduce the MDA and NO contents in the lung. In vitro data further indicated that H₂ down-regulates the levels of ROS, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated macrophages and inhibits the expression of TLR4 and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB).

Conclusion

Hydrogen gas alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and inflammatory response most probably through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-022-00314-x.

Apigenin attenuates molecular, biochemical, and histopathological changes associated with renal impairments induced by gentamicin exposure in rats

Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. However, its application is accompanied by renal impairments. Apigenin is a flavonoid found in many edible plants with potent therapeutic values. This study was designed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of apigenin on GM-induced nephrotoxicity. Animals were injected orally with three different doses of apigenin (5 mg kg-1 day-1, 10 mg kg-1 day-1, and 20 mg kg-1 day-1). Apigenin administration abolished the alterations in the kidney index and serum levels of kidney-specific functions markers, namely blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and KIM-1, NGAL, and cystatin C following GM exposure. Additionally, apigenin increased levels of enzymatic (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant proteins (reduced glutathione) and decreased levels of lipid peroxide, nitric oxide, and downregulated nitric oxide synthase-2 in the kidney tissue following GM administration. At the molecular scope, apigenin administration was found to upregulate the mRNA expression of Nfe2l2 and Hmox1 in the kidney tissue. Moreover, apigenin administration suppressed renal inflammation and apoptosis by decreasing levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa-B, Bax, and caspase-3, while increasing B-cell lymphoma-2 compared with those in GM-administered group. The recorded data suggests that apigenin treatment could be used to alleviate renal impairments associated with GM administration.

Apigenin and apigenin-7, 4'-O-dioctanoate protect against acrolein-aggravated inflammation via inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)

Exposure to acrolein, one environmental and dietary pollutant, has been shown to cause inflammation. Here, we reported for the first time that acrolein aggravated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as evidenced by the further increased mRNA expression of three pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Acrolein also further increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in LPS-pretreated HUVEC. Moreover, acrolein treatment further increased the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) expression, caspase-1 cleavage, and downstream matures interleukin 18 (IL-18) and IL-1β level in LPS-pretreated HUVEC. Acrolein treatment also further increased the expressions of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and phospho-NF-κB P65 (P-P65) in the LPS pre-treated HUVEC. Thus, acrolein aggravated LPS-induced HUVEC inflammation through induction of oxidative stress, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, apigenin and apigenin-7, 4'-O-dioctanoate attenuated acrolein-aggravated inflammation by targeting the above signaling pathways. Our findings could help to develop potential therapeutic strategies against acrolein-enhanced inflammation.

In Vitro Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Effect of Apigenin on Renal Cell Inflammation

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro effect of apigenin on anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels in an in vitro model of renal cell inflammation induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Renal cell inflammation was formed in the African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero). Four groups as NC (negative control group, any application was not done), LPS (treatment with 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide during 4 hours), API (treatment with 5 μg/ml of apigenin during 12 hours) and LPS+API (treatment with 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide during 4 hours+5 μg/ml of apigenin during 12 hours) were formed. Cytotoxic effect of apigenin in Vero cells was evaluated by cell count test. Inflammation dose of lipopolysaccharide was determined by measuring Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in cell culture supernatants. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations in cell culture medium were measured by ELISA using ELISA test kits. Results: IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations of LPS group increased compared to NC, API and LPS+API groups (p

Bifidobacterium longum BL-10 with Antioxidant Capacity Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway

Bifidobacterium longum is frequently utilized and has broad prospects for preventing liver injury. The current research assessed the antioxidant capacity of B. longum BL-10 and probed its mechanism for ameliorating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). B. longum BL-10-encoded 15 antioxidant genes showed strong reducing power activity and scavenging activity of DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions. The intragastric administration of B. longum BL-10 resulting in a marked reduction in liver function indicators (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and total bile acid) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6) was indicative of ALI recovery. Following 16s RNA analysis, B. longum BL-10 significantly altered the richness of genera, as for the Escherichia-Shigella, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Clostridia_UCG-014, dramatically contributing to the formation of acetic acid and butyric acid. Meanwhile, their metabolites regulated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways to alleviate hepatic injury symptoms. Overall, all the results demonstrated that B. longum BL-10 had excellent efficiency in preventing LPS-induced ALI.

Apigenin alleviates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of apigenin on inflammatory response in brain tissue in Parkinson's mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Parkinson's disease model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Sixty 8-10-weeks-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups control, Parkinson, prophylaxis, and treatment. Control (0.9% NaCl 0.5 ml, 10 days, i.p.), Parkinson (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), prophylaxis (50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days + 25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days, i.p.), and treatment (25 mg/kg MPTP, 5 days + 50 mg/kg apigenin, 5 days). The expressions and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were determined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis.

RESULTS

Apigenin administration attenuated MPTP-induced histopathological changes in brain tissue. Furthermore, apigenin reversed the changes in expressions and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that apigenin could be used as a neuroprotective option to attenuate neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.

The effects of apigenin administration on the inhibition of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the lung injury models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical evidence

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Apigenin is a member of the flavonoid family that can regulate various biological processes, which is characterized as a treatment of different inflammatory disorders and pathological problems associated with oxidative stress (OS). Recent research has focused on apigenin immunomodulatory properties as a potential treatment for different types of lung injuries. This meta-analysis was designed to determine the impact of apigenin treatment on inflammatory markers and OS parameters in animal models of lung injuries.

METHODS

The comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase up to August 2021. To assess apigenin's effect on inflammatory mediators and OS biomarkers in lung injury animal models, we used the I² statistic to determine the heterogeneity. We then pooled data as standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Our meta-analysis of the pooled data for inflammatory biomarkers demonstrated that the apigenin administration significantly decreased the NF-κB expression (SMD - 1.60, 95% CI [- 2.93 to - 0.26]; I² = 89.0%, p < 0.001), IL-1β (SMD - 4.30, 95% CI [- 6.24 to - 2.37]; I² = 67.3%, p = 0.047), IL-6 (SMD - 4.10, 95% CI [- 5.04 to - 3.16]; I² = 72.6%, p < 0.001), TNF-α (SMD - 3.74, 95% CI [- 4.67 to - 2.82]; I² = 84.1%, p < 0.001), and TNF-α gene expression (SMD - 3.44, 95% CI [- 4.44 to - 2.43]; I² = 0.0%, p = 0.622). This study also indicated the efficacy of apigenin in increasing the level of CAT (SMD 4.56, 95% CI [3.57 to 5.55]; I² = 15.3%, p = 3.15), GSH (SMD 5.12, 95% CI [3.53 to 6.70]; I² = 77.6%, p < 0.001), and SOD (SMD 3.45, 95% CI [2.50 to 4.40]; I² = 79.2%, p < 0.001), and decreasing the level of MDA (SMD - 3.87, 95% CI [- 5.25 to - 2.49]; I² = 80.3%, p < 0.001) and MPO (SMD - 4.02, 95% CI [- 5.64 to - 2.40]; I² = 88.9%, p < 0.001), TGF- β (SMD - 3.81, 95% CI [- 4.91 to - 2.70]; I² = 73.4%, p = 0.001) and W/D level (SMD - 3.22, 95% CI [- 4.47 to - 1.97]; I² = 82.1%, p < 0.001) than control groups.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our findings showed the immunomodulatory potential of apigenin as an alternative treatment for the suppression of inflammatory responses and OS in different types of lung injury diseases. Nevertheless, due to the paucity of clinical studies, reliable preclinical models, and clinical settings, evaluating the influence of apigenin on lung injury is required in the future. Before conducting large-scale clinical trials, detailed human pharmacokinetic studies are also needed to establish dosage ranges and determine the initial safety and tolerability of apigenin.

LncRNA LINC00707 serves as a sponge of miR-382-5p to alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced WI-38 cell injury through upregulating NKAP in infantile pneumonia

Infantile pneumonia (IP) is an acute lower respiratory infection that imposes a heavy burden on children's health. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00707 participates in the regulation of the pneumonia process. Cell proliferative ability and apoptosis were measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and flow cytometry assays. Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax), NF-kB activating protein (NKAP), p-P65, P65, p-IκBα, and IκBα protein levels were detected using western blot assay. The binding between miR-382-5p and LINC00707 or NKAP was predicted by starBase v2.0 and then verified by a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. LINC00707 and NKAP levels were increased, and miR-382-5p was decreased in LPS-stimulated WI-38 cells. Furthermore, the silencing of LINC00707 could abrogate LPS-engendered WI-38 cell proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. LINC00707 deficiency could relieve LPS-triggered WI-38 cell damage by regulating the miR-382-5p/NKAP axis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for IP treatment.

Duchesnea indica Extract Ameliorates LPS-Induced Septic Shock in Mice

Objective

Duchesnea indica has been reported for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, its efficacy in sepsis has yet to be reported. In this study, we studied the ability of Duchesnea indica extract (DIE) to rescue mice from septic shock and sepsis.

Methods

In vitro studies included the measurement of secreted nitric oxide, cell viability, gene and protein expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, and confocal microscopy in RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo studies include a model of septic shock and sepsis in BALB/c mice induced by a lethal and sub-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Results

DIE suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS and prevented the translocation of NFκB into the nucleus of RAW 264.7 cells. It also prevented reactive oxygen species damage induced by LPS in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Models of sepsis and septic shock were established in BALB/c mice and DIE-rescued mice from septic shock. DIE also reversed the increase in tumor necrosis factor-α and nitrite levels in the serum of mice induced with sepsis. DIE also prevented the translocation of NFκB from the cytosol into the nucleus in murine lungs. Histopathological damage induced by sepsis was reversed in the testis, liver, and lungs of mice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, DIE is a suitable candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for sepsis.

Arbutin Alleviates LPS Induced Sepsis Pneumonia in Mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of arbutin (AR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis pneumonia. LPS-induced mice and A549 cells were used to establish septic pneumonia model. AR significantly decreased lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ameliorated lung histopathological changes. In addition, AR increased super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and levels of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in mice. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that AR inhibited the JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced A549 cells which was further confirmed by siRNA JAK2 experiment. The experimental results indicated that the protective mechanism of AR on sepsis pneumonia might be attributed partly to the inhibition of cytokine production and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway.

The Healing Capability of Clove Flower Extract (CFE) in Streptozotocin-Induced (STZ-Induced) Diabetic Rat Wounds Infected with Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is of great challenge as it is shown to be infected by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR bacteria). Sixty four bacterial isolates were isolated from DFU cases; antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out for all of them. One bacterial isolate (number 11) was shown to resist the action of 8 out of 12 antibiotics used and was identified by both a Vitek-2 system and 16S rRNA fingerprints as belonging to Proteus mirabilis, and was designated Proteus mirabilis LC587231 (P. mirabilis). Clove flower extract (CFE) inhibited distinctively the P. mirabilis bacterium obtained. GC-MS spectroscopy showed that this CFE contained nine bioactive compounds. The effect of CFE on wound healing of Type 1 diabetic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) was studied. The results indicated that topical application of CFE hydrogel improved wound size, wound index, mRNA expression of the wound healing markers (Coli1, MMP9, Fibronectin, PCNA, and TGFβ), growth factor signaling pathways (PPAR-α, PGC1-α, GLP-1, GLPr-1, EGF-β, EGF-βr, VEGF-β, and FGF-β), inflammatory cytokine expression (IL8, TNFα, NFKβ, IL1β, and MCP1), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4 & IL10), pro-apoptotic markers (FAS, FAS-L, BAX, BAX/BCL-2, Caspase-3, P53, P38), as well as an antiapoptotic one (BCL2). Furthermore, it improved the wound oxidative state and reduced the wound microbial load, as the cefepime therapy improved the wound healing parameters. Based on the previous notions, it could be concluded that CFE represents a valid antibiotics alternative for DFU therapy since it improves diabetic wound healing and exerts antibacterial activity either in vitro or in vivo.

Baicalein and Αlpha-Tocopherol Inhibit Toll-like Receptor Pathways in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Cisplatin (CP) is a conventional chemotherapeutic agent with serious adverse effects. Its toxicity was linked to the stimulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. As a result, this study explored the protective effect of baicalein and alpha-tocopherol in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Until receiving an intraperitoneal injection of CP (3 mg/kg BW), rats were given baicalein orally 100 mg/kg for seven days or/and a single intraperitoneal injection of α-tocopherol 250 mg/kg. Renal function was tested to explore whether baicalein and α-tocopherol have any beneficial effects; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant activity biomarkers and histopathology of renal tissue, oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory response markers, and histopathological features of kidney architecture were measured. Cisplatin treatment resulted in extreme renal failure, as measured by high serum creatinine and BUN levels and severe renal changes. Cisplatin therapy resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels, reflecting oxidative stress. Upon treatment with α-tocopherol, baicalein, and combined therapy, there was augmentation in the antioxidant status as well as a reduction in IL-6, NF-κB, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 and a significant increase in Keap-1 and NRF-2. The combined treatment was the most effective and the nearest to the normal status. These findings suggest that baicalein and α-tocopherol may be useful in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.