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Campbell T, Mann S, Rodgers YVDM, Tran NM. Mental Health of Transgender Youth Following Gender Identity Milestones by Level of Family Support. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:870-878. [PMID: 39008285 PMCID: PMC11250281 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Importance Transgender youth are at an elevated risk for adverse mental health outcomes compared with their cisgender peers. Identifying opportunities for intervention is a priority. Objective To estimate differences in the association between gender identity milestones and mental health outcomes among transgender youth, stratified by level of family support. Design, Settings, and Participants This retrospective cohort study compares changes in mental health outcomes among transgender youth who initiate gender identity milestones compared with those who initiate the same milestones 1 year later, stratified by level of family support, using the 2015 US Transgender Survey. The analytic samples included 18 303 transgender adults aged 18 and older who had initiated at least 1 gender identity milestone between ages 4 and 18 years. Exposure Four gender identity milestones: feeling one's gender was different, thinking of oneself as transgender, telling another that one is transgender, and living full-time in one's gender identity, stratified by 3 levels of family support: supportive, neutral, and adverse. Main Outcomes Age at first suicide attempt and at running away. Results Study participants included 18 303 transgender adults (10 288 [56.2%] assigned female at birth; 14 777 [80.7%] White). Initiating a gender identity milestone was associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt and running away from home among transgender youth. This finding was driven by children who live in unsupportive families. For example, thinking of oneself as transgender was associated with a meaningful increase in the overall probability of attempting suicide among those in either adverse families (estimate = 1.75 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.47-3.03) or neutral families (estimate = 1.39 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.72-2.05). Among youth living with supportive families, there were no statistically significant associations between gender identity milestones and adverse mental health outcomes and 95% CIs generally ruled out any meaningful associations. Conclusion These results demonstrate that without a supportive family environment, gender identity development increases the risk of transgender youth attempting suicide or running away from home. Social services and community resources to establish supportive relationships between transgender children and their parents are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Campbell
- Department of Economics, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon
| | | | | | - Nathaniel M. Tran
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Campbell T, Rodgers YVDM. Conversion therapy, suicidality, and running away: An analysis of transgender youth in the U.S. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 89:102750. [PMID: 36963209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between conversion therapy and mental health and wellbeing of transgender youth in the U.S. We create a retrospective panel of transgender youth using the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey to test how exposure to conversion therapy affects the likelihood of attempting suicide and running away from home. The empirical approach employs a difference-in-differences design. Results indicate that exposure to conversion therapy substantially increases the likelihood a transgender adolescent will attempt suicide and run away. The average treatment effect on treated (ATT) of conversion therapy on having attempted suicide is an increase of 17 percentage points, which amounts to a 55% increase in the risk of attempting suicide, and the ATT on the risk of running away is an increase of 7.8 percentage points, more than doubling the risk of running away. These effects are largest when exposure to conversion therapy occurs at a young age (11-14).
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Adverse Experiences in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood Disadvantages. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:585-597. [PMID: 36449209 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research documenting associations between adverse early-life experiences and negative outcomes in later life, little is known about how adverse experiences in late adolescence relate to young adulthood disadvantages. This study examines the role of adverse experiences during late adolescence on young adults' education and work trajectories in Taiwan. Drawing theories and research from human development and sociology, the study links indicators of disadvantages in young adulthood to measures of adverse experiences in late adolescence using data from the Taiwan Youth Project data (n = 1221; median ages 18, 20, and 22; 49.4% female). The analysis found that running away from home was associated with instability in education or employment and that having cumulative adverse experiences was associated with graduating with debt and instability in education or employment. Some associations were explained by financial pressure, however, taken together, the findings suggest that certain adverse experiences in late adolescence have a significant impact on disadvantaged education and work trajectories in young adulthood.
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Raniti M, Rakesh D, Patton GC, Sawyer SM. The role of school connectedness in the prevention of youth depression and anxiety: a systematic review with youth consultation. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2152. [PMID: 36424575 PMCID: PMC9694921 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School connectedness reflects the quality of students’ engagement with peers, teachers, and learning in the school environment. It has attracted attention from both the health and education sectors as a potentially modifiable protective factor for common mental health problems. However, the extent to which school connectedness may prevent the onset of youth depression or anxiety or promote their remission is unclear. This systematic review examined evidence for prospective relationships between school connectedness and depression and anxiety, and the effect of interventions to improve school connectedness on depression and anxiety. Methods We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ERIC electronic databases for peer-reviewed quantitative longitudinal, or intervention studies published from 2011–21 in English examining relationships between school connectedness and anxiety and/or depression. Participants were 14–24 years old when depression and anxiety outcomes were assessed in any education setting in any country. We partnered with five youth advisers (aged 16–21 years) with lived experience of mental health problems and/or the schooling system in Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to ensure that youth perspectives informed the review. Results Our search identified 3552 unique records from which 34 longitudinal and 2 intervention studies were ultimately included. Studies were primarily from the United States of America (69.4%). Depression and anxiety outcomes were first measured at 14 years old, on average. Most studies found a significant protective relationship between higher levels of school connectedness and depressive and/or anxiety symptoms; more measured depression than anxiety. A few studies found a non-significant relationship. Both intervention studies designed to increase school connectedness improved depression, one through improvements in self-esteem and one through improvements in relationships at school. Conclusions These findings suggest that school connectedness may be a novel target for the prevention of depression and anxiety. We were not able to determine whether improving school connectedness promotes remission in young people already experiencing depression and anxiety. More studies examining anxiety, diagnostic outcomes, and beyond North America are warranted, as well as intervention trials. Trial registration PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021270967. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14364-6.
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Ferguson M, Peled M, Saewyc EM. Health and Healthcare Service Use: The Experiences of Runaway Trans Adolescents Compared to their Peers. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:821-835. [PMID: 33891528 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1892404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first trans-inclusive exploration of the relation between running away from home, health, and access to healthcare and supportive figures as a function of gender among adolescents. Secondary data analysis of the 2013 BC Adolescent Health Survey found that trans adolescents were 4.25 times as likely as males, and 3.0 times as likely as females, to have run away. Logistic regressions indicated that runaway adolescents of all genders had greater odds of reporting poor or fair overall health (OR: 2.9) and mental health (OR: 4.5), and of foregoing needed physical (OR: 4.8) and mental health care (OR: 4.5) compared to adolescents who had not run away. The relation between running away and health was exacerbated among trans adolescents. Trans and female youth were also less likely than males to report receiving helpful support. Findings highlight the importance of offering trans-affirming services and care to mitigate harms associated with running away from home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ferguson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maya Peled
- McCreary Centre Society, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Saewyc
- McCreary Centre Society, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Long Y, Tong X, Awad M, Xi S, Yu Y. Violence, runaway, and suicide attempts among people living with schizophrenia in China: Prevalence and correlates. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13033. [PMID: 35251789 PMCID: PMC8896021 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with schizophrenia are at higher risk of disruptive behaviors, including violence, running away from home, and suicide attempts, which often co-occur and are highly correlated, yet seldom studied together. The current study investigated the frequency and correlates of disruptive behaviors among a Chinese community sample of individuals living with schizophrenia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 individuals living with schizophrenia from 12 communities. Data about disruptive behaviors in the past 2 months was collected using self-designed questionnaires. Clinical characteristics including psychiatric symptoms, depression, anxiety, disability, and functioning were collected by internationally standardized assessment instruments. RESULTS About one-fifth (21%) of the subjects had experienced at least one form of disruptive behavior in the past 2 months. Violence was the most commonly reported (17.25%), which included damaging property (15%) and physical violence toward others (7.5%); followed by running away (6.5%), and suicide attempts (4%). Logistic regression analysis suggested that medication non-adherence (OR = 4.96, 95% CI [1.79-13.72]), involuntary hospital admission (OR = 5.35, 95% CI [2.06-13.87]), depression (OR = 2.34, 95% CI [1.07-5.10]), and lower social functioning (OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.93-0.99]) were independently associated with a higher risk of disruptive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The overlap among three forms of disruptive behaviors warrants them to be assessed and studied together in clinical, research, and policy fields. The significant association between disruptive behaviors with medication non-adherence, involuntary admission, depression, and lower social functioning indicates the need for integrated, targeted, and needs-based intervention programs to be developed for the prevention and treatment of these disruptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Long
- Department of Nursing, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Nursing, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael Awad
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shijun Xi
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Couture S, T Hébert S, Laurier C, Monette S, Hélie S, Lafortune D. Profile of Runaway Youths from Residential Care Centers: Variation in Risk-Taking Propensity. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:355-371. [PMID: 33645875 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During runaway episodes, adolescents engage in various high-risk behaviors and are exposed to various dangers. This situation is even more pronounced among runaway youths from residential care centers, given their personal and familial backgrounds that place them at risk. The current study attempted to disentangle the heterogeneous characteristics of runaway youths while considering the adolescent risk-taking literature. A latent profile analysis was performed among 112 runaway youths from residential care centers based on runaway characteristics (number, duration, context of return). The Parent involvement, Independent and Police involvement runaway youth profiles were compared on various characteristics involved in risk-taking, their high-risk behaviors and mental health problems. The clinical implications for these three runaway profiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Couture
- Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
| | - Sophie T Hébert
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Catherine Laurier
- Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
| | - Sébastien Monette
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | - Sonia Hélie
- Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
| | - Denis Lafortune
- University Institute Youth in Difficulty, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Canada
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Chun SY, Yoo JW, Park H, Hwang J, Kim PC, Park S, Shen JJ. Trends and age-related characteristics of substance use in the hospitalized homeless population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28917. [PMID: 35212298 PMCID: PMC8878700 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT We aimed to examine trends and characteristics of substance use (opioid, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin) among hospitalized homeless patients in comparison with other hospitalized patients in 3 states.This was a cross-sectional study, based on the 2007 to 2015 State Inpatient Data of Arizona, Florida, and Washington (n = 32,162,939). Use of opioid, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, respectively, was identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Multi-level multivariable regressions were performed to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Dependent variables were the use of substances (opioid, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin), respectively. The main independent variable was homeless status. The subgroup analysis by age group was also conducted.Homeless patients were associated with more use of opioid (RR [CI]), 1.23 [1.20-1.26], cocaine 2.55 [2.50-2.60], marijuana 1.43 [1.40-1.46], and heroin 1.57 [1.29-1.91] compared to other hospitalized patients. All hospitalized patients including those who were homeless increased substance use except the use of cocaine (RR [CI]), 0.57 [0.55-0.58] for other patients and 0.60 [0.50-0.74] for homeless patients. In all age subgroups, homeless patients 60 years old or older were more likely to be hospitalized with all 4 types of substance use, especially, cocaine (RR [CI]), 6.33 [5.81-6.90] and heroin 5.86 [2.08-16.52] in comparison with other hospitalized patients.Homeless status is associated with high risks of substance use among hospitalized patients. Homeless elderly are particularly vulnerable to use of hard drugs including cocaine and heroin during the opioid epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-youn Chun
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji W. Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Hyeki Park
- Department of International Cooperation, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Hwang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pearl C. Kim
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Policy, University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Public Health, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Seong Park
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada Greenspun College of Urban Affairs, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Jay J. Shen
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada Greenspun College of Urban Affairs, Las Vegas, NV
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Sex Differences in the Pathways from Exposure to Parental Fighting to Risky Sexual Activities Among Adolescents in Urban Neighborhoods. Matern Child Health J 2021; 26:424-433. [PMID: 34655424 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents' exposure to violence between parents acts as a precursor to risky behaviors; however, empirical studies that examined the potential pathways from exposure to violence between parents to risky behaviors are rare. Consequently, the prevention and intervention strategies for risky sexual activities are limited without the identification of malleable mediators. METHODS Mediators on the association between adolescent exposure to parental fighting and risky sexual activities are examined, which include internalizing behaviors, running away from home, and affiliation with risky peers. Relationships between these variables are examined for males and females separately. The sample consists of 673 adolescents in a neighborhood located in Chicago's Southside who completed a survey. RESULTS Exposure to parental fighting was not directly associated with risky sexual activities for either males or females. However, among females, exposure to parental fighting was significantly and positively related to internalizing behaviors and running away from home, and internalizing behaviors were also positively associated with running away from home. For males, however, only the association between internalizing behaviors and running away from home was found to be significant. Further, the relationship between exposure to parental fighting and risky sexual activities was mediated by running away from home. CONCLUSIONS Targeted strategies for prevention are critical for improving sexual health outcomes among adolescents in low-resourced urban neighborhoods.
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Johnson ME, Lloyd SL, Bristol SC, Rosel G, Otufowora AA, Epps NN. Runaway History and Past 30-Day Opioid Misuse in Justice-Involved Adolescents. JUVENILE & FAMILY COURT JOURNAL 2021; 72:21-35. [PMID: 34955571 PMCID: PMC8699162 DOI: 10.1111/jfcj.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study used a sample from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (n= 79,960) to analyze the association between runaway history and past 30-day opioid misuse (OM) among justice involved adolescents. Past 30-day OM was confirmed using a urine analysis. Adolescents who were runaways in their lifetime were twice as likely to misuse opioids, and those who were runaways at the time of arrest were three times as likely to be opioid misusers compared to adolescents who never ran away or been kicked out of a home. These findings emphasize a need for resources that focus on developing strong attachment bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy in the College of Behavioral and Community Sciences at the University of South Florida
| | | | - Skye C Bristol
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences at the University of South Florida
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Variation in Health Among Unstably Housed Youth From Cities, Suburbs, Towns, and Rural Areas. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:134-139. [PMID: 33342720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Youth face similar rates of homelessness across rural and urban areas, yet little is known about how the health of unstably housed youth varies by location. We assessed differences in health by location (city, suburb, town, and rural) and housing status among youth facing a range of unstable housing experiences. METHODS This secondary data analysis from 8th, 9th, and 11th graders completing the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey examined youth who had experienced housing instability in the prior year (n = 10,757), including running away (48%) or experiencing homelessness (staying in shelter, couch-surfing, or rough sleeping) with (42%) or without (10%) an adult family member. We conducted multifactor analysis of variance to assess differences by location (urban, suburban, town, and rural) and housing experience for each of five health indicators: suboptimal health, depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, ≥2 sexual partners, and e-cigarette use. RESULTS In main effects models, all health indicators varied based on housing status; suboptimal health, ≥2 sexual partners, and e-cigarette use also varied by location. Interaction models showed that unaccompanied homeless youth in suburbs reported poorer health compared with those in cities. Compared with suburbs, youth in towns were more likely to report ≥2 sexual partners (19.9%, 24.1%) and e-cigarette use (39.5%, 43.3%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that unstably housed youth face a similar burden of poor health across locations, with only subtle differences in health indicators, yet most research focuses on urban youth. Future research is needed to identify how to best meet the health needs of unstably housed youth across locations.
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Gewirtz O'Brien JR, Edinburgh LD, Barnes AJ, McRee AL. Mental Health Outcomes Among Homeless, Runaway, and Stably Housed Youth. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2674. [PMID: 32152134 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Runaway youth and homeless youth are at risk for adverse mental health outcomes. These 2 populations are frequently pooled together in both research and interventions yet may have unique health needs. We sought to assess differences in mental health outcomes among these populations. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of ninth- and 11th-graders in the 2016 minnesota Student Survey (n = 68 785). We categorized youth into 4 subgroups based on housing status in the previous year: (1) unaccompanied homeless youth (0.5%), (2) runaway youth (4%), (3) youth who had both run away and been homeless (0.6%), and (4) stably housed youth (95%). We performed multivariable logistic regression to compare 4 mental health outcomes (self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and depressive symptoms) across groups, controlling for demographics and abuse history. RESULTS Unstably housed youth had poorer mental health outcomes when compared with their stably housed peers (P < .05). For example, 11% of homeless youth, 20% of runaways, and 33% of youth who had experienced both had attempted suicide in the previous year compared with 2% of stably housed youth (adjusted odds ratios 2.4, 4.9, and 7.1, respectively). Other outcomes showed a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that runaway and homeless youth represent unique populations with high levels of mental health needs who would benefit from targeted clinical and community interventions. Pediatric clinicians represent one potential point of screening and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel D Edinburgh
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Annie-Laurie McRee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
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Gambon TB, Gewirtz O'Brien JR. Runaway Youth: Caring for the Nation's Largest Segment of Missing Children. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-3752. [PMID: 31964756 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest segment of missing children in the United States includes runaways, children who run away from home, and thrownaways, children who are told to leave or stay away from home by a household adult. Although estimates vary, as many as 1 in 20 youth run away from home annually. These unaccompanied youth have unique health needs, including high rates of trauma, mental illness, substance use, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. While away, youth who run away are at high risk for additional trauma, victimization, and violence. Runaway and thrownaway youth have high unmet health care needs and limited access to care. Several populations are at particular high risk for runaway episodes, including victims of abuse and neglect; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth; and youth in protective custody. Pediatricians and other health care professionals have a critical role to play in supporting runaway youth, addressing their unique health needs, fostering positive relationships within their families and with other supportive adults, and connecting them with available community resources. This report provides clinical guidance for pediatricians and other health care professionals regarding (1) the identification of adolescents who are at risk for running away or being thrown away and (2) the management of the unique medical, mental health, and social needs of these youth. In partnership with national, state, and local resources, pediatricians can significantly reduce risk and improve long-term outcomes for runaway youth.
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Ingram L, Qaio S, Li X, Deal M. The Inner Working of Trauma: A Qualitative Assessment of Experiences of Trauma, Intergenerational Family Dynamics, and Psychological Well-Being in Women With HIV in South Carolina. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2018; 57:23-31. [PMID: 30376586 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20181023-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Women with HIV are more likely to have a history of traumatic and stressful life experiences. The current study examines experiences of traumatic and stressful life events, issues co-occurring with experiences of trauma, and intergenerational family dynamics regarding trauma and psychological well-being in women with HIV. The study was guided by the theoretical approach of an integrative translational model that incorporates trauma-related factors into a psychosocial framework. Data were collected from interviews with 20 women with HIV and analyzed for thematic categories. Thematic analysis indicated that traumatic life events of women with HIV included experiences of loss, sexual assault, and homelessness. Women with HIV also experienced issues co-occurring with trauma, including substance use and mental illness. The current study adds to the existing body of research by including an analysis of intergenerational family dynamics and psychological well-being. Implications for health care professionals and recommendations for translating research into practice are also discussed. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(4), 23-31.].
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Gwadz M, Freeman RM, Kutnick AH, Silverman E, Ritchie AS, Cleland CM, Leonard NR, Srinagesh A, Powlovich J, Bolas J. Do Programs for Runaway and Homeless Youth Work? A Qualitative Exploration From the Perspectives of Youth Clients in Diverse Settings. Front Public Health 2018; 6:112. [PMID: 29725587 PMCID: PMC5916963 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Runaway and homeless youth (RHY) comprise a large population of young people who reside outside the control and protection of parents and guardians and who experience numerous traumas and risk factors, but few buffering resources. Specialized settings have developed to serve RHY, but little is known about their effects. The present cross-sectional qualitative descriptive study, grounded in the positive youth development approach and the Youth Program Quality Assessment model, addressed this gap in the literature. From a larger sample of 29 RHY-specific settings across New York State, RHY ages 16–21 from 11 settings were purposively sampled for semi-structured in-depth interviews on their transitions into homelessness, experiences with settings, and unmet needs (N = 37 RHY). Data were analyzed with a theory-driven and inductive systematic content analysis approach. Half of participants (54%) were female; almost half (49%) identified as non-heterosexual; and 42% were African American/Black, 31% were Latino/Hispanic, and 28% were White/other. Results indicated that because RHY are a uniquely challenged population, distrustful of service settings and professional adults and skilled at surviving independently, the population-tailored approaches found in RHY-specific settings are vital to settings’ abilities to effectively engage and serve RHY. We found the following four major themes regarding the positive effects of settings: (1) engaging with an RHY setting was emotionally challenging and frightening, and thus the experiences of safety and services tailored to RHY needs were critical; (2) instrumental support from staff was vital and most effective when received in a context of emotional support; (3) RHY were skilled at survival on the streets, but benefited from socialization into more traditional systems to foster future independent living; and (4) follow-through and aftercare were needed as RHY transitioned out of services. With respect to gaps in settings, RHY highlighted the following: (1) a desire for better management of tension between youths’ needs for structure and wishes for autonomy and (2) lack of RHY input into program governance. This study advances our understanding of RHY, their service needs, and the ways settings meet these needs, as well as remaining gaps. It underscores the vital, life-changing, and even life-saving role these settings play for RHY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Gwadz
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert M Freeman
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alexandra H Kutnick
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Silverman
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda S Ritchie
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles M Cleland
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Noelle R Leonard
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aradhana Srinagesh
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - James Bolas
- Coalition for Homeless Youth, New York, NY, United States
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Hershberger AR, Sanders J, Chick C, Jessup M, Hanlin H, Cyders MA. Predicting running away in girls who are victims of commercial sexual exploitation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:269-278. [PMID: 29486349 PMCID: PMC5879020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Youth that are victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) have a host of clinical problems and often run away from home, residential care, and treatment, which complicates and limits treatment effectiveness. No research to date has attempted to predict running away in CSEC victims. The present study aimed to 1) characterize a clinically referred sample of girls who were victims of CSEC and compare them to other high-risk girls (i.e., girls who also have a history of trauma and running away, but deny CSEC); and 2) examine the utility of using the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) to predict future running away. Data were collected from de-identified charts of 80 girls (mean age = 15.38, SD = 1.3, 37.9% White, 52.5% CSEC victims) who were referred for psychological assessment by the Department of Child Services. Girls in the CSEC group were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse (χ2 = 6.85, p = .009), an STI (χ2 = 6.45, p = .01), a post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis (χ2 = 11.84, p = .001), and a substance use disorder diagnosis (χ2 = 11.32, p = .001) than high-risk girls. Moderated regression results indicated that YLS/CMI scores significantly predicted future running away among the CSEC group (β = 0.23, SE = .06, p = .02), but not the high-risk group (β = -.008, SE = .11, p =.90). The YLS/CMI shows initial promise for predicting future running away in girls who are CSEC victims. Predicting running away can help identify those at risk for and prevent running away and improve treatment outcomes. We hope current findings stimulate future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Hershberger
- Indiana University - Purdue University, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford St., LD126, Indianapolis, IN, 46143, USA.
| | - Jasmyn Sanders
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce De Leon Blvd, Room 422, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Crisanna Chick
- Indiana University - Purdue University, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford St., LD126, Indianapolis, IN, 46143, USA
| | - Megan Jessup
- Ascent 121, P.O. Box 1143, Carmel, IN, 46082, USA
| | - Hugh Hanlin
- Ascent 121, P.O. Box 1143, Carmel, IN, 46082, USA
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Indiana University - Purdue University, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford St., LD126, Indianapolis, IN, 46143, USA
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17
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Cordell KD, Snowden LR. Embracing Comprehensive Mental Health and Social Services Programs to Serve Children Under California's Mental Health Services Act. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018; 44:233-242. [PMID: 26825957 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-016-0717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Authorized under California's Mental Health Services Act (MHSA) of 2004, full service partnership (FSP) programs address social welfare and other human service needs of seriously mentally ill adults and children who are especially socially and economically vulnerable or who are untreated or insufficiently treated. Because FSP enrollment should reflect greater individual and community distress, we investigated whether counties' enrollment of children into FSPs came from mental health system caseloads with higher crisis use, assessed trauma and substance abuse problems; and from counties which had more foster care placement, more child poverty, lower median household incomes and more unemployment. We addressed these questions in 36 counties over 34 quarters after MHSA's onset. Results indicated greater FSP enrollment for children was associated with higher county unemployment and foster care placement rates and with mental health systems which had increasing children's crisis rates over the study period. These findings suggest that underservice and community adversity prompt officials to adopt and make greater use of children's FSP programming, in keeping with MHSA's intensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharan D Cordell
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall, #7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA.
| | - Lonnie R Snowden
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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18
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Leonard NR, Freeman R, Ritchie A, Gwadz MV, Tabac L, Dickson V, Cleland C, Bolas J, Hirsh M. "Coming from the place of walking with the youth -- that feeds everything": A mixed methods case study of a runaway and homeless youth organization. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2017; 34:443-459. [PMID: 31579286 PMCID: PMC6774622 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-016-0483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organizations for runaway and homeless youth (RHY) provide essential services to highly vulnerable youth who have a wide variety of basic needs and complex psychosocial challenges. We present a mixed-methods case study of an RHY organization to identify the specific mechanisms and processes by the organization successfully promotes engagement and positive development of the youth they serve. We analyzed the qualitative and quantitative data separately and then integrated these two strands of data. Our findings indicate a consistent convergence of responses across the data sources, in both the qualitative and quantitative strands, that consistently reflect the organization's youth-centered approach. Primary among these policies and practices is the emphasis on building and maintaining empathic relationships with youth, the promotion of youths' autonomy, and an institutional culture of continuous evaluation of how the organization is meeting their mission to provide services that reflect best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Leonard
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | - Amanda Ritchie
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Marya V Gwadz
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | - Victoria Dickson
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Charles Cleland
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY
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19
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D'Amico EJ, Houck JM, Tucker JS, Ewing BA, Pedersen ER. Group motivational interviewing for homeless young adults: Associations of change talk with substance use and sexual risk behavior. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017. [PMID: 28627914 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homeless young adults exhibit high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and sexual risk behaviors. This study is a secondary analysis of data collected in a randomized clinical trial of AWARE, a new 4 session group motivational interviewing intervention. AWARE mainly focused on alcohol use and sexual risk behavior given focus group feedback. We used sequential coding to analyze how the group process affected both AOD use and sexual risk behavior at 3-month follow up among homeless young adults by examining facilitator behavior and participant change talk (CT) and sustain talk (ST). We analyzed 57 group session digital recordings of 100 youth (69% male, 74% heterosexual, 28% non-Hispanic white, 23% African American, 26% Hispanic, 23% multiracial/other; mean age 21.75). Outcomes included importance and readiness to change AOD use and risky sexual behavior, AOD use and consequences, number of partners and unprotected sex, and condom self-efficacy. Sequential analysis indicated that facilitator open-ended questions and reflections of CT increased Group CT. Group CT was associated with a lower likelihood of being a heavy drinker 3 months later; Group ST was associated with decreased readiness and confidence to change alcohol use. There were no associations with CT or ST for drug use or risky sexual behavior. Facilitator speech and peer responses were related to CT and ST during the group sessions with this high risk population, which were then associated with individual changes for alcohol use. Further research is needed to explore associations with drug use and sexual risk behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon M Houck
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
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20
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Holliday SB, Edelen MO, Tucker JS. Family Functioning and Predictors of Runaway Behavior Among At-Risk Youth. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2017; 34:247-258. [PMID: 28496291 PMCID: PMC5421563 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-016-0459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent runaway behavior is associated with a host of negative outcomes in young adulthood. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that predict running away in youth. METHODS Longitudinal data from 111 at-risk families were used to identify proximal predictors of runaway behavior over a 12-week period. On average, youth were 14.96 years old, and 45% were female. Ten percent of youth ran away during the 12-week follow-up period. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, running away was predicted by poorer youth- and parent-rated family functioning, past runaway behavior, and other problem behaviors (e.g., substance use, delinquency), but not poorer perceived academic functioning. Results of a hierarchical logistic regression revealed a relationship between youth-rated family functioning and runaway behavior. However, this effect became non-significant after accounting for past runaway behavior and other problem behaviors, both of which remained significant predictors in the multivariable model. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that youth who run away may be engaged in a more pervasive pattern of problematic behavior, and that screening and prevention programs need to address the cycle of adolescent defiant behavior associated with running away. Recommendations for clinical practice with this at-risk population are discussed.
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21
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Davies BR, Allen NB. Trauma and homelessness in youth: Psychopathology and intervention. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:17-28. [PMID: 28371649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Youth runaway behavior and homelessness (RHY) in the U.S. is increasingly common, with prevalence estimated at 1-1.7 million youth. RHY have multiple, overlapping problems often including poor physical and mental health, frequent street victimization, and histories of physical and sexual abuse. Further, current street victimization interacts with childhood abuse to produce complex, unique presentations of traumatic symptoms and related disorders in runaway and homeless youth. This review paper explores (1) the role of childhood trauma in the genesis of runaway and homeless behavior, and (2) how childhood trauma interacts with street victimization to create vulnerability to psychopathology. In response to the trauma needs of RHY, we conducted a systematic review of the state of the current literature on trauma-informed interventions for RHY. We conclude that the field currently lacks empirically validated trauma interventions in RHY. However, theoretically plausible frameworks do exist and could be the basis for future research and intervention development.
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Lee M, Oi-Yeung Lam B, Ju E, Dean J. Part-Time Employment and Problem Behaviors: Evidence From Adolescents in South Korea. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2017; 27:88-104. [PMID: 28498539 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of adolescent part-time work experience on problem behaviors in the South Korean context. To achieve this, propensity score matching (PSM) analyses were employed based on data from the Korean Education Employment Panel (KEEP). Results indicate that adolescents' part-time employment during their secondary school years had significantly undesirable effects on drinking and smoking, even after preexisting differences between the two groups (i.e., those adolescents who participated in part-time work and those who did not) were controlled by PSM. However, an insignificant difference was detected in the likelihood of running away from home. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of changes in the meanings of adolescence and of participating in part-time work in South Korea.
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23
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Tucker JS, Edelen MO, Huang W. Effectiveness of Parent-Child Mediation in Improving Family Functioning and Reducing Adolescent Problem Behavior: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:505-515. [PMID: 26762375 PMCID: PMC4942407 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parent-child mediation programs are intended to resolve or manage disputes and improve family functioning, but rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness are lacking. Families referred to a community-based mediation program (N = 111) were randomized to an intervention or wait-list control group, and completed three surveys over a 12-week period. With the exception of parent-reported child delinquency (which decreased more in the intervention group), this evaluation provides little support for the short-term effectiveness of parent-child mediation for improving family functioning and reducing child problem behaviors in general. Given that this is the first randomized controlled trial of a parent-child mediation program, additional evaluations involving larger samples and longer follow-ups are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA.
| | | | - Wenjing Huang
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA
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24
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Mello ZR, Walker EB, Finan LJ, Stiasny A, Wiggers ICS, McBroom KA, Worrell FC. Time perspective, psychological outcomes, and risky behavior among runaway adolescents. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1276455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Tucker JS, D'Amico EJ, Ewing BA, Miles JNV, Pedersen ER. A group-based motivational interviewing brief intervention to reduce substance use and sexual risk behavior among homeless young adults. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 76:20-27. [PMID: 28340904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homeless young adults ages 18-25 exhibit high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, and sexual risk behaviors such as unprotected sex. Yet few programs exist for this population that are both effective and can be easily incorporated into settings serving this population. This pilot cluster cross-over randomized controlled trial evaluates AWARE, a voluntary four session group-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention to reduce AOD use and sexual risk behavior. We evaluated AWARE with 200 homeless young adults using drop-in center services in Los Angeles County (mean age=21.8years; 73% male; 79% heterosexual; 31% non-Hispanic White, 25% African American, 24% Hispanic, 21% multiracial/other). Surveys were completed at baseline and three months after program completion. Retention in the AWARE program was excellent (79% attended multiple sessions) and participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. AWARE participants self-reported positive change in their past 3month and past 30day alcohol use (ps≤0.05), motivation to change drug use (ps<0.05), and condom use self-efficacy (p=0.05) compared to the control group. Among those with multiple sex partners, AWARE participants showed a decrease in unprotected sexual events (p<0.05), whereas the control group did not. Results from this pilot evaluation are promising, suggesting that a brief group-MI risk reduction intervention can be effective in helping homeless young adults make positive changes in their alcohol and condom use. Further work is needed to more fully evaluate the efficacy of AWARE on AOD behavior and sexual risk behavior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, United States.
| | - Elizabeth J D'Amico
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, United States
| | - Brett A Ewing
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, United States
| | - Jeremy N V Miles
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, United States
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, United States
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26
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Reza MH. Poverty, violence, and family disorganization: Three "Hydras" and their role in children's street movement in Bangladesh. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 55:62-72. [PMID: 27101351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of children running away from home in Bangladesh is a major concern, and in need of critical attention. This yearlong study explores why children leave home with a sample of street children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Purposive sampling from three locations in Dhaka yielded a sample of 75 homeless children aged 10-17. For each participant, a 60-90min in-depth qualitative interview was conducted multiple times. While the dominant explanations rely on poverty or abuse, the findings of this study reveal that the cause is actually three heads of a Hydra monster: poverty, abuse, and family disorganization and their interactions. It shows that the primary reasons for children breaking from their family are all interrelated. The findings from this study are likely to add knowledge regarding the issues and may lead to preventative interventions for street children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hasan Reza
- Indiana University School of Social Work, South Bend, Wiekamp Hall, 2219, 1800 Mishawaka Ave, PO Box 7111, South Bend, IN 46634, USA.
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Braciszewski JM, Toro PA, Stout RL. Understanding the Attainment of Stable Housing: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Homeless Adolescents. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:358-366. [PMID: 26997683 PMCID: PMC4795908 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable housing provides a solid foundation for youth development, making it an essential topic of study among young homeless people. Although gains have been made in research with adolescents and young adults experiencing homelessness, few longitudinal studies of this population exist, clouding the long-term housing outcome picture. The current study examined the course and risk factors for homelessness in a sample of 243 homeless adolescents followed over a seven-year period. The vast majority of youth returned to stable housing quickly; however, early experiences of homelessness, even at this young age, were observed to have a substantial negative impact on future housing. Participants from poorer neighborhoods and those identifying as ethnic minorities also took longer to achieve stable housing. The data suggest that family reunification interventions may serve this population well. Preparing youth for returning home may prevent subsequent homeless episodes, while also improving their overall functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Braciszewski
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Pawtucket, RI
| | - Paul A Toro
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Robert L Stout
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Pawtucket, RI
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28
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Guo X, Slesnick N, Feng X. Changes in Family Relationships among Substance Abusing Runaway Adolescents: A Comparison between Family and Individual Therapies. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2016; 42:299-312. [PMID: 25981755 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Eligible adolescents (12-17 years old) were recruited from a short-term crisis shelter for runaway adolescents in a large Midwestern city. Adolescents (N = 179) were randomly assigned to Ecologically-Based Family Therapy (EBFT, n = 61), the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA, n = 57), or brief Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET, n = 61) with the primary focus on substance abuse. A significant increase in perceived family cohesion and a significant reduction in perceived family conflict were found among all treatment conditions from baseline to the 24-month follow-up. Adolescents who received EBFT demonstrated more improvement in family cohesion after treatment than those who received CRA or MET, and more reduction in family conflict during treatment than those who received MET.
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Groß C, Kraus L, Piontek D, Reis O, Zimmermann US. Prediction of Long-Term Outcomes in Young Adults with a History of Adolescent Alcohol-Related Hospitalization. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:47-53. [PMID: 26113489 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Empirical data concerning the long-term psychosocial development of adolescents admitted to inpatient treatment with alcohol intoxication (AIA) are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that, at the time of admission, predict future substance use, alcohol use disorders (AUD), mental health treatment, delinquency and life satisfaction. METHODS We identified 1603 cases of AIA treated between 2000 and 2007 in one of five pediatric departments in Germany. These former patients were invited to participate in a telephone interview. Medical records were retrospectively analyzed extracting potential variables predicting long-term outcomes. RESULTS Interviews were conducted with 277 individuals, 5-13 [mean 8.3 (SD 2.3)] years after treatment, with a response rate of 22.7%; of these, 44.8% were female. Mean age at the interview was 24.4 (SD 2.2) years. Logistic and linear regression models revealed that being male, using illicit substances and truancy or runaway behavior in adolescence predicted binge drinking, alcohol dependence, use of illicit substances and poor general life satisfaction in young adulthood, explaining between 13 and 24% of the variance for the different outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS This naturalistic study confirms that known risk factors for the development of AUD also apply to AIA. This finding facilitates targeted prevention efforts for those cases of AIA who need more than the standard brief intervention for aftercare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Groß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich 80804, Germany Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, SoRAD, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | | | - Olaf Reis
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
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Sznajder-Murray B, Jang JB, Slesnick N, Snyder A. Longitudinal Predictors of Homelessness: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-97. JOURNAL OF YOUTH STUDIES 2015; 18:1015-1034. [PMID: 27774034 PMCID: PMC5074054 DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2015.1020930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeless youth represent a vulnerable and understudied population. Little research has prospectively identified factors that may place youth at risk for experiencing homelessness. The current study utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-97 (NLSY-97) to examine predictors of experiencing homelessness as a young adult (before age 25). The NLSY-97 includes a nationally representative sample of 8,984 youth. Data were first collected from these youth when they were between the ages of 12 to 18 years. The current study examined whether individual and family risk factors reported during adolescence predict homelessness by the age of 25. The findings showed that multiple runaway episodes, non-traditional family structure, lower educational attainment, and parental work limitations due to health increased the risk of homelessness. A permissive parenting style and being Hispanic protected against homelessness. This study offers unique insight into risk and protective factors for youth homelessness, and has important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy Bohyun Jang
- University of Michigan, 2345 ISR 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, MI 48104,
| | - Natasha Slesnick
- The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave., 135 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, ude.uso.ehe@kcinselsn
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31
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Guo L, Deng J, He Y, Deng X, Huang J, Huang G, Gao X, Lu C. Prevalence and correlates of sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005517. [PMID: 25079937 PMCID: PMC4120320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and the correlates of sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents and to examine the association between the two problems. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3186 school students in grades 7-12 were sampled from the schools in Guangdong. A stratified-cluster random-sampling strategy was used to select the schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A self-administered questionnaire was used. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) was used to assess the occurrence of sleep disturbance, and the Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression (CES-D) was used to identify whether individuals had depressive symptoms. RESULTS The mean PSQI global score was 8.7 (±2.4) points, and 39.6% of the total sample had sleep disturbance. The mean CES-D score of students was 15.2 (±9.4) points, and 6.4% of the students had depressive symptoms. Additionally, girls and older adolescents were more likely to suffer from sleep disturbance, and the students who had depressive symptoms were 2.47 (95% CI 1.61 to 3.79) times more likely to suffer from sleep disturbance. Factors that were correlated with sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms were having a poor relationship with teachers, feeling lonely, suicide ideation and having run away from home. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbance was determined to be more prevalent among Chinese adolescents with depressive symptoms. Sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms were associated with each other, while school factors, family factors and psychosocial adjustment were comprehensively correlated with both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Deng
- Center for ADR monitoring of Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Deng
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Center for ADR monitoring of Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Center for ADR monitoring of Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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32
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Slesnick N, Guo X, Brakenhoff B, Feng X. Two-year predictors of runaway and homeless episodes following shelter services among substance abusing adolescents. J Adolesc 2013; 36:787-95. [PMID: 24011094 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Given high levels of health and psychological costs associated with the family disruption of homelessness, identifying predictors of runaway and homeless episodes is an important goal. The current study followed 179 substance abusing, shelter-recruited adolescents who participated in a randomized clinical trial. Predictors of runaway and homeless episodes were examined over a two year period. Results from the hierarchical linear modeling analysis showed that family cohesion and substance use, but not family conflict or depressive symptoms, delinquency, or school enrollment predicted future runaway and homeless episodes. Findings suggest that increasing family support, care and connection and reducing substance use are important targets of intervention efforts in preventing future runaway and homeless episodes amongst a high risk sample of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Slesnick
- Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, 135 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Rice E, Barman-Adhikari A, Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Fulginiti A, Astor R, Montoya J, Plant A, Kordic T. Homelessness experiences, sexual orientation, and sexual risk taking among high school students in Los Angeles. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:773-8. [PMID: 23360897 PMCID: PMC3664104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies reported homeless adolescents engage in more sexual risk than their housed peers. However, these comparisons are typically made post hoc by comparing homeless adolescent community-based samples with high school probability samples. This study uses a random sample of high school students to examine homelessness experiences and sexual risk behaviors. METHODS A supplemental survey to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey containing questions regarding homelessness and sexual health was administered to Los Angeles high school students (N = 1,839). Multivariate logistic regressions assessed the associations between demographics, past year homelessness experiences (i.e., place of nighttime residence), and being sexually active and condom use at last intercourse. RESULTS Homelessness experiences consisted of staying in a shelter (10.4%), a public place (10.1%), and with a stranger (5.6%). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning (LGBTQ), younger, and male adolescents were more likely to experience homelessness. LGBTQ adolescents were also more likely to report staying with a stranger and less likely to report staying in a shelter. Compared to adolescents who stayed in shelters, adolescents who stayed with strangers and in public places were more likely to engage in unprotected sex at last intercourse. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who report sexual activity and sexual risk taking are more likely to report homelessness experiences. With regard to sexual health, staying with strangers could be a particularly risky form of homelessness; LGBTQ and black adolescents are more likely to experience this form of homelessness. Efforts to reduce homelessness and sexual risk-taking need to recognize the specific vulnerabilities faced by these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rice
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA.
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34
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Invited commentary: seeking a coherent strategy in our response to homeless and street-involved youth: a historical review and suggested future directions. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 41:533-43. [PMID: 22302217 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This invited commentary seeks to encourage a critical dialogue about youth homelessness that might assist in re-energizing a field that seems increasingly stagnant with a research body focused primarily on analyses of risk, hopelessly inadequate policy frameworks in most cities, diminishing funds for services, and decreasing media attention. Reviewing major trends in research and public responses to youth homelessness in the past century, I propose that there exist three major culturally-bound dimensions from which we construct our understanding of and responses to youth homelessness. These dimensions, which are considered in a transactional framework, are the scope of responsibility, the location of moral responsibility, and the amount of agency attributed to the youth. In this review I highlight the manner in which our historically binary and uncritical understanding of these dimensional characterizations of youth homelessness has led to major lapses in the effectiveness of our collective efforts to address this problem. I highlight gaps in the existing body of research literature and provide this framework, arguing that a strategic and cohesive response is vital if we are to move from reiterations of risk and hackneyed calls for prevention strategies to the generation of meaningful solutions.
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35
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Edinburgh LD, Harpin SB, Garcia CM, Saewyc EM. Differences in Abuse and Related Risk and Protective Factors by Runaway Status for Adolescents Seen at a U.S. Child Advocacy Centre. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT RESILIENCE 2013; 1:4-16. [PMID: 26793695 PMCID: PMC4716834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the abuse prevalence and characteristics, and risk and protective factors, among both runaway and non-runaway adolescents evaluated at a Child Advocacy Center (CAC) in Minnesota, which had implemented a referral program to assess runaways for potential sexual assault or sexual exploitation. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of self-report and chart data for the 489 adolescent girls who were evaluated between 2008 and 2010. Chi-square and t-tests by runaway status compared abuse experiences, trauma responses, health issues, and potential protective assets associated with resilience between runaways and non-runaways. Bivariate logistic regressions explored the relationship of these risk and protective factors to self-harm, suicide attempts, and problem substance use, separately for runaways and non-runaways who had experienced sexual abuse. RESULTS Runaways were significantly more likely than non-runaways to have experienced severe sexual abuse, to have used alcohol and drugs, and reported problem substance use behavior, higher levels of emotional distress, more sexual partners, and they were more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Runaways had lower levels on average of social supports associated with resilience, such as connectedness to school, family or other adults. Yet higher levels of these assets were linked to lower odds of self-harm, suicide attempt and problem substance use for both groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CACs should encourage referrals of runaway adolescents for routine assessment of sexual assault, and incorporate screening for protective factors in addition to trauma responses in their assessments of all adolescents evaluated for possible sexual abuse, to guide interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel D Edinburgh
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | - Scott B Harpin
- University of Colorado College of Nursing, Denver, CO, USA
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36
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Meltzer H, Ford T, Bebbington P, Vostanis P. Children who run away from home: risks for suicidal behavior and substance misuse. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:415-21. [PMID: 23084161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary aim of this study is to examine the extent to which running away from home as a child is associated with behavioral problems and victimization during childhood and with suicidal behavior and substance abuse during early adulthood. METHODS A random probability sample comprising 7,461 respondents was interviewed for the 2007 survey of psychiatric morbidity of adults in England. A subsample of 16- to 34-year-old individuals was selected for secondary analysis (N = 2,247). All survey respondents were asked whether they had run away from home and asked specific questions on being physically, emotionally and sexually abused as children. They were also asked about suicidal behavior and alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. RESULTS Approximately 7% of 16- to 34-year-old individuals reported running away from home before the age of 16 years, with higher rates in women than in men (9.8% compared with 5.3%). Overall, 45.3% reported being bullied, 25.3% experienced violence at home, and 8.8% reported unwanted sexual intercourse. Runaways were far more likely than other children to have suffered victimization and family difficulties and to exhibit behavioral problems. Adults who reported running away from home were three times more likely than other adults to have thought about or attempted suicide, but the relationship with substance abuse was far less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, along with family difficulties, can all impact children who run away from home. Running away from home was strongly associated with suicidal behavior in adulthood, regardless of other childhood adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Meltzer
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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37
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Tucker JS, Hu J, Golinelli D, Kennedy DP, Green HD, Wenzel SL. Social network and individual correlates of sexual risk behavior among homeless young men who have sex with men. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:386-92. [PMID: 22999840 PMCID: PMC3531968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing interest in network-based interventions to reduce HIV sexual risk behavior among both homeless youth and men who have sex with men. The goal of this study was to better understand the social network and individual correlates of sexual risk behavior among homeless young men who have sex with men (YMSM) to inform these HIV prevention efforts. METHODS A multistage sampling design was used to recruit a probability sample of 121 homeless YMSM (ages: 16-24 years) from shelters, drop-in centers, and street venues in Los Angeles County. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Because of the different distributions of the three outcome variables, three distinct regression models were needed: ordinal logistic regression for unprotected sex, zero-truncated Poisson regression for number of sex partners, and logistic regression for any sex trade. RESULTS Homeless YMSM were less likely to engage in unprotected sex and had fewer sex partners if their networks included platonic ties to peers who regularly attended school, and had fewer sex partners if most of their network members were not heavy drinkers. Most other aspects of network composition were unrelated to sexual risk behavior. Individual predictors of sexual risk behavior included older age, Hispanic ethnicity, lower education, depressive symptoms, less positive condom attitudes, and sleeping outdoors because of nowhere else to stay. CONCLUSIONS HIV prevention programs for homeless YMSM may warrant a multipronged approach that helps these youth strengthen their ties to prosocial peers, develop more positive condom attitudes, and access needed mental health and housing services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Tucker
- RAND Health, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138, USA.
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38
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Moskowitz A, Stein JA, Lightfoot M. The mediating roles of stress and maladaptive behaviors on self-harm and suicide attempts among runaway and homeless youth. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 42:1015-27. [PMID: 22814639 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Runaway and homeless youth often have a constellation of background behavioral, emotional, and familial problems that contribute to stress and maladaptive behaviors, which, in turn, can lead to self-harming and suicidal behaviors. The current study examined the roles of stress and maladaptive behaviors as mediators between demographic and psychosocial background characteristics and self-injurious outcomes through the lens of the stress process paradigm. The model was tested in a sample of runaway and homeless youth from Los Angeles County (N = 474, age 12-24, 41 % female, 17 % White, 32.5 % African American, 21.5 % Hispanic/Latino). Background variables (gender, age, sexual minority status, parental drug use history, and emotional distress) predicted hypothesized mediators of maladaptive behaviors and recent stress. In turn, it was hypothesized that the mediators would predict self-harming behaviors and suicide attempts in the last 3 months. Females and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) youth were more likely to have self-harmed and attempted suicide; younger participants reported more self-harming. The mediating constructs were associated more highly with self-harming than suicide attempts bivariately, although differences were modest. Maladaptive behaviors and recent stress were significant predictors of self-harm, whereas only recent stress was a significant predictor of suicide attempts. All background factors were significant predictors of recent stress. Older age, a history of parental drug use, and greater emotional distress predicted problem drug use. Males, younger participants, and participants with emotional distress reported more delinquent behaviors. Significant indirect effects on self-harming behaviors were mediated through stress and maladaptive behaviors. The hypothesized paradigm was useful in explaining the associations among background factors and self-injurious outcomes and the influence of mediating factors on these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Moskowitz
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
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A prospective study of childhood and adolescent antecedents of homelessness among a community population of African Americans. J Urban Health 2012; 89:432-46. [PMID: 22234393 PMCID: PMC3368051 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-011-9641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about contemporaneous correlates of homelessness from studies of homeless individuals. However, few studies have prospectively examined early antecedents and prevalence of homelessness in community populations. We use data from a 35-year study of a community population of African Americans to examine relationships between homelessness and prior structural, family, school, and behavioral influences. Nearly 22% of males and 16% of females reported homelessness between ages 15 and 42, providing a rare estimate within an African American urban community population. In bivariate analyses, lower school bonds, depressed mood, violent behavior, and running away in adolescence are predictive for both males and females. Teen parenting and angry mood are unique influences for females, while for males, poor first grade classroom conduct and adolescent substance use are unique risks. In multivariate analyses, poor classroom conduct and weaker school bonds predict homelessness among males, while teen parenting does so for females. Running away before age 15 is strongly predictive of later homelessness for both males and females. These results reveal the relative influence of multiple, interrelated early risks on homelessness and confirm our hypothesis that factors linked to other poor outcomes also relate to homelessness, underscoring another benefit to early prevention efforts.
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40
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Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J. Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Developmental Milestone Approach. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2012; 34:186-193. [PMID: 22347763 PMCID: PMC3279927 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths are over-represented in the homeless population. To examine why some LGB youths become homeless, this report compares homeless and non-homeless LGB youths. Of the 156 LGB youths, 48% reported ever being homeless (i.e., running away or being evicted from home). Results indicate that sexual orientation awareness and the initiation of sexual behavior occurred earlier in homeless than in non-homeless LGB youths and predated the first homeless episode. Substance use was more frequent and first occurred at an earlier age in homeless as compared to non-homeless LGB youths; however, substance use occurred subsequent to first homelessness. Childhood sexual abuse was associated with homelessness; and, early sexual orientation development was related to homelessness among youths without a history of sexual abuse. Findings suggest that interventions should help youths cope with their unfolding sexual orientation and work to prevent or address the consequences of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosario
- Department of Psychology, The City University of New York – City College and Graduate Center, NAC Building 7-120, Convent Avenue and 138 Street, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Eric W. Schrimshaw
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, 9 Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joyce Hunter
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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