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Torghabeh FD, Javadi B, Sahebkar A. Dietary anethole: a systematic review of its protective effects against metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:619-631. [PMID: 38932801 PMCID: PMC11196516 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic conditions that aggravate the risk of severe diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and fatty liver. Several dietary molecules have been considered preventive compounds for MetS. Anethole, a natural phenylpropanoid, has been found to protect against MetS and its associated components. Aim This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the preclinical evidence supporting the protective effects of dietary anethole against MetS and the associated diseases. Methods A literature search was performed using Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting the protective effects of dietary anethole against MetS, without any time restrictions. Review articles, letters to editors, editorials, unpublished results, and non-English papers were excluded from the study. Results The results showed that anethole has the potential to effectively protect against the key features of MetS via various mechanisms, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating insulin secretion from β-cells, mediating oxidative stress, modulation of the mTOR/PPARγ axis, arterial remodeling, and improvement of vascular relaxation. Conclusion Anethole modulates several molecular pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of MetS. Future in vitro and animal investigations should be conducted to explore other anti-MetS signaling pathways of anethole. Additionally, well-designed clinical studies are warranted to determine the optimal human dose, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this dietary compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behjat Javadi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Nainu F, Frediansyah A, Mamada SS, Permana AD, Salampe M, Chandran D, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Natural products targeting inflammation-related metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16919. [PMID: 37346355 PMCID: PMC10279840 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the incidence of metabolic disorders is increasing, setting a challenge to global health. With major advancement in the diagnostic tools and clinical procedures, much has been known in the etiology of metabolic disorders and their corresponding pathophysiologies. In addition, the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental models prior to clinical studies has promoted numerous biomedical breakthroughs, including in the discovery and development of drug candidates to treat metabolic disorders. Indeed, chemicals isolated from natural products have been extensively studied as prospective drug candidates to manage diabetes, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancer, partly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Continuous efforts have been made in parallel to improve their bioactivity and bioavailability using selected drug delivery approaches. Here, we provide insights on recent progress in the role of inflammatory-mediated responses on the initiation of metabolic disorders, with particular reference to diabetes mellitus, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancer. In addition, we discussed the prospective role of natural products in the management of diabetes, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancers and provide lists of potential biological targets for high throughput screening in drug discovery and development. Lastly, we discussed findings observed in the preclinical and clinical studies prior to identifying suitable approaches on the phytochemical drug delivery systems that are potential to be used in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S. Mamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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3
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Drevet JR, Hallak J, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Aitken RJ. Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Consequences on the Structure and Function of Mammalian Spermatozoa. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:481-500. [PMID: 34913729 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Among the 200 or so cell types that comprise mammals, spermatozoa have an ambiguous relationship with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inherent in the consumption of oxygen that supports aerobic metabolism. Recent Advances: In this review, we shall see that spermatozoa need the action of ROS to reach their structural and functional maturity, but that due to intrinsic unique characteristics, they are, perhaps more than any other cell type, susceptible to oxidative damage. Recent studies have improved our knowledge of how oxidative damage affects sperm structures and functions. The focus of this review will be on how genetic and epigenetic oxidative alterations to spermatozoa can have dramatic unintended consequences in terms of both the support and the suppression of sperm function. Critical Issues: Oxidative stress can have dramatic consequences not only for the spermatozoon itself, but also, and above all, on its primary objective, which is to carry out fertilization and to ensure, in part, that the embryonic development program should lead to a healthy progeny. Future Directions: Sperm oxidative DNA damage largely affects the integrity of the paternal genetic material to such an extent that the oocyte may have difficulties in correcting it. Diagnostic and therapeutic actions should be considered more systematically, especially in men with difficulties to conceive. Research is underway to determine whether the epigenetic information carried by spermatozoa is also subject to changes mediated by pro-oxidative situations. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 481-500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël R Drevet
- Faculty of Medicine, GReD Institute, INSERM U1103-CNRS UMR6293-Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.,Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Robert J Aitken
- Faculty of Science and Priority Research Center for Reproductive Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Center for Reproductive Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
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4
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Raftopoulou C, Paltoglou G, Charmandari E. Association between Telomere Length and Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061244. [PMID: 35334902 PMCID: PMC8949519 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Telomere length (TL) is a robust marker of biological aging, and increased telomere attrition is noted in adults with obesity. The primary objective of this systematic review was to summarize current knowledge on the effects of childhood obesity in TL. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of weight management interventions in TL. Methods: The following databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Heal-link.gr from inception to September 2021. The search was performed using the following combinations of terms: “telomer*” [All Fields] AND (“length” [All Fields] OR “lengths” [All Fields]) AND “obes*” [All Fields] AND (“child*” [All Fields] OR “adolescen*” [All Fields]). Results: A total of 16 original articles were included in this systematic review. Eleven of them were cross-sectional and five were lifestyle interventions. Conclusions: There was a tendency towards a negative association between childhood obesity and TL. Life-style interventions in children have been associated with increased TL peripherally, indicating a possible association of the redistribution of younger cells in the periphery with the favorable effect of these interventions. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes that employ other markers of cell aging would potentially elucidate this important mechanistic relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Raftopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Paltoglou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-213-2013-384
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5
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Martín-Cordero L, Gálvez I, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. Influence of Obesity and Exercise on β2-Adrenergic-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Peritoneal Murine Macrophages. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120556. [PMID: 33266248 PMCID: PMC7761150 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition, and β2-adrenergic agonists as well as exercise have been proposed as anti-inflammatory strategies in obesity, so it is critical to accurately determine the effects of β2-adrenergic stimulation, especially when combined with other non-pharmacological therapies. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of β2-adrenergic activation on the inflammatory profile and phenotype of macrophages, and whether these effects could be affected by obesity and exercise in this condition. High-fat diet-induced obese and lean C57BL/6J mice were allocated to sedentary or exercised groups. The inflammatory profiles and phenotypes of their peritoneal macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of the selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline. β2-adrenergic activation caused global phenotypic anti-inflammatory effects in lean and obese sedentary mice, which were more drastic (also including anti-inflammatory effects on the cytokine profile) in obese animals. In exercised lean and obese animals, this anti-inflammatory effect is weaker and only evident by decreased iNOS and IL-8 expression, without changes in the anti-inflammatory markers. Therefore, β2-adrenergic activation leads to anti-inflammatory effects, but these effects are modulated by obesity in sedentary conditions, as well as by regular exercise; but not by obesity in trained conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Gálvez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300 (ext. 86957); Fax: +34-924-289-388
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Gálvez I, Martín-Cordero L, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Circulating Monocytes: Influence of Obesity and Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051438. [PMID: 32429330 PMCID: PMC7284544 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals present anomalous immune/inflammatory responses with dysregulations in neuroendocrine responses and immune/stress feedback mechanisms. In this context, exercise and β2 adrenergic activation present monocyte-mediated anti-inflammatory effects that are modulated by obesity. However, these anti-inflammatory effects could immunocompromise the monocyte-mediated innate response against a pathogen challenge. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of obesity, and exercise in this condition, on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the phagocytic and microbicide capacity of circulating monocytes. C57BL/6J mice were allocated to different sedentary or exercised, lean or obese groups. Obese mice showed a lower monocyte-mediated innate response than that of lean mice. Globally, selective β2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline decreased the innate response of monocytes from lean and obese sedentary animals, whereas exercise stimulated it. Exercise modulates β2 adrenergic regulation of the innate response in lean and obese animals, with a global stimulatory or neutral effect, thus abolishing the inhibitory effect of terbutaline occurring in sedentary animals. These effects cannot be explained only by changes in the surface expression of toll-like receptors. Therefore, in general, terbutaline does not hinder the effects of regular exercise, but regular exercise does abolish the effects of terbutaline in sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300
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Gálvez I, Martín-Cordero L, Hinchado MD, Álvarez-Barrientos A, Ortega E. Obesity Affects β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Inflammatory Profile and Phenotype of Circulating Monocytes from Exercised Animals. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112630. [PMID: 31684076 PMCID: PMC6893831 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous immune/inflammatory responses in obesity take place along with alterations in the neuroendocrine responses and dysregulation in the immune/stress feedback mechanisms. Exercise is a potential anti-inflammatory strategy in this context, but the influence of exercise on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the monocyte-mediated inflammatory response in obesity remains completely unknown. The first objective of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise on the inflammatory profile and phenotype of monocytes from obese and lean animals, and the second aim was to determine whether obesity could affect monocytes' inflammatory response to β2 adrenergic activation in exercised animals. C57BL/6J mice were allocated to different lean or obese groups: sedentary, with acute exercise, or with regular exercise. The inflammatory profile and phenotype of their circulating monocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of the selective β2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline. Exercise caused an anti-inflammatory effect in obese individuals and a pro-inflammatory effect in lean individuals. β2 adrenergic receptor stimulation exerted a global pro-inflammatory effect in monocytes from exercised obese animals and an anti-inflammatory effect in monocytes from exercised lean animals. Thus, β2 adrenergic regulation of inflammation in monocytes from exercised animals seems to depend on the inflammatory basal set-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Alberto Álvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a la Biociencia (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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8
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Anti-inflammatory effect of β2 adrenergic stimulation on circulating monocytes with a pro-inflammatory state in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:564-572. [PMID: 31055173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic condition associated with low-grade inflammation, and it also involves alterations of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenergic agonists such as catecholamines are important immunoregulatory molecules that are involved in modulating both metabolism and most of the mechanisms of the immune response. The first objective of this study was to determine whether the systemic inflammatory state associated with obesity is also manifested in the inflammatory profile and phenotype of circulating monocytes; and the second objective was to evaluate the effects of β2 adrenergic stimulation on the inflammatory profile and phenotype of monocytes in obesity, and whether this response could be different from that in lean individuals. C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to one of two diets for 18 weeks: high-fat diet in order to obtain an experimental model of obesity, and standard diet in the control lean group. Circulating monocyte expression of inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β), surface membrane marker Ly6C, inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase-1, and Toll-like receptor 4 were evaluated through flow cytometry in the presence or absence of selective β2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline. Monocytes from high-fat diet-induced obese animals presented higher expression levels of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and a higher percentage of monocytes with a pro-inflammatory phenotype than those from lean animals. β2 adrenergic stimulation induced a shift towards an anti-inflammatory activity profile and phenotype in obese mice, whereas it induced a shift towards a pro-inflammatory activity profile and phenotype in lean mice. In conclusion, β2 adrenergic stimulation in monocytes was anti-inflammatory only in obese animals, which presented a pro-inflammatory state at baseline.
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9
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Turner KJ, Vasu V, Griffin DK. Telomere Biology and Human Phenotype. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010073. [PMID: 30669451 PMCID: PMC6356320 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the end of each chromosome arm and function to maintain genome stability. The length of telomeres is known to shorten with each cell division and it is well-established that telomere attrition is related to replicative capacity in vitro. Moreover, telomere loss is also correlated with the process of aging in vivo. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to telomere shortening and summarise telomere homeostasis in humans throughout a lifetime. In addition, we discuss the available evidence that shows that telomere shortening is related to human aging and the onset of age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Turner
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
| | - Vimal Vasu
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
- Department of Child Health, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation NHS Trust, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, TN24-0LZ, UK.
| | - Darren K Griffin
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
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Bao X, Borné Y, Johnson L, Muhammad IF, Persson M, Niu K, Engström G. Comparing the inflammatory profiles for incidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study exploring the 'common soil' hypothesis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:87. [PMID: 29895294 PMCID: PMC5996509 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low-grade inflammation and associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities have been proposed as ‘common soil’ for diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper aimed to investigate the inflammatory profiles of DM and CVD and to distinguish their shared and specific markers. Methods Based on the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, total and differential leukocyte counts were measured in 25,969 participants without previous DM or CVD and were studied in relation to incident DM (mean follow-up 17.4 ± 5.58 years) and incident CVD (i.e., coronary events, including fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke); mean follow-up 17.7 ± 5.46 years, using multivariable Cox regression models. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of another seven inflammatory markers were examined in relation to incident DM and incident CVD in a sub-cohort of 4658 participants. The associations of each inflammatory marker with incident DM versus incident CVD were compared using the Lunn–McNeil competing risks approach. In sensitivity analyses, those who developed both DM and CVD during follow-up were excluded. Results After adjustment for conventional risk factors, total and differential leukocyte counts, orosomucoid, and C-reactive protein were associated with an increased risk of both DM and CVD. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor predicted increased risk of CVD but not DM, while haptoglobin and complement C3 showed the opposite pattern. In competing risks analyses, lymphocyte count and complement C3 had stronger associations with risk of DM than with risk of CVD (p for equal associations = 0.020 and 0.006). The reverse was true for neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p for equal associations = 0.025). Results were consistent in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The results indicated substantial similarities in the inflammatory profiles associated with DM and CVD. However, there are also significant differences. These findings may help discriminate between individuals at elevated risk of DM and those at elevated risk of CVD, which is a prerequisite for targeted therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0733-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Linda Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Iram Faqir Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC 60:13, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Makrantonaki E. Chronisch spontane Urtikaria. Hautarzt 2018; 69:184-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-017-4111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Ortega E, Gálvez I, Martín-Cordero L. Extracellular Hsp70 and Low-Grade Inflammation- and Stress-Related Pathologies. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND STRESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90725-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Shalom G, Magen E, Babaev M, Tiosano S, Vardy D, Linder D, Horev A, Saadia A, Comaneshter D, Agmon-Levin N, Cohen A. Chronic urticaria and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional community-based study of 11 261 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:276-281. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Shalom
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Soroka Medical Center; Beer-Sheva Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - E. Magen
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
- Leumit Health Services; Barzilai Medical Center; Medical Director of South Region; Ashkelon Israel
| | - M. Babaev
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - S. Tiosano
- Department of Medicine ‘B’; Sheba medical center and Sackler School of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - D.A. Vardy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Soroka Medical Center; Beer-Sheva Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - D. Linder
- Section of Biostatistics; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - A. Horev
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Soroka Medical Center; Beer-Sheva Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - A. Saadia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Soroka Medical Center; Beer-Sheva Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - D. Comaneshter
- Chief Physician's Office; Clalit Health Services; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - N. Agmon-Levin
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases; Sheba Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - A.D. Cohen
- Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
- Division of Community Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
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14
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic inflammatory condition, triggered by the local accumulation of macrophages, oxidative stress and damage to the aortic wall. Pro-inflammatory eicosanoids seem to play a significant role in AAA. The pro-inflammatory events seen in AAA could be due to a deficiency of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4), resolvins, protectins and maresins as a result of reduced tissue concentrations of their precursors: arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thus, an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids may underlie AAA. Angiotensin-II (Ang-II), a pro-inflammatory molecule, seems to have a role in AAA. I propose that AAA is due to the local (abdominal aortic wall) deficiency of AA and other PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites especially LXA4. The beneficial action of EPA and DHA reported in the animal experimental models of AAA induced by Ang-II infusion can be attributed to their (EPA and DHA) ability to enhance the formation of not only resolvins, protectins and maresins but also LXA4. It is likely that abdominal aortic tissue (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and other cells) may be deficient in AA, EPA and DHA, and have defective activity of 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase, especially COX-2 resulting in decreased formation of LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins. Thus, methods designed to enhance the formation of LXA4 and other anti-inflammatory eicosanoids may form a new approach to prevent and manage AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221, NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA
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15
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Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S. The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2021-35. [PMID: 26068122 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.809690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The two basic questions in food intake study are what we eat, and how much do we eat. Most research is directed toward the control of how much is eaten. This is likely the result of the increased number of individuals with eating disorders in the Western world. Feeding behavior is highly complex, and is controlled by many psychological, physiological, biochemical, and immunological factors. The aim of this review is to clarify the involvement of fatty acids in eating disorders such as anorexia and binge eating disorder. The review will describe the modified fatty acid profile observed in individuals with anorexia or binge eating disorder, and discuss on what factors fatty acids can exert beneficial effects. In addition, the differences and similarities between anorexia and binge eating disorder will be discussed. We suggest that beneficial effects of essential fatty acids on both anorexia and binge eating disorder can be explained by the stabilizing effect of those fatty acids on the neuronal membrane fluidity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Yehuda
- a Psychopharmacology Lab , Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Sharon Rabinovitz
- a Psychopharmacology Lab , Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel.,b School of Criminology, University of Haifa , Mount Carmel , Israel
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16
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Dain A, Repossi G, Diaz-Gerevini GT, Vanamala J, Das UN, Eynard AR. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) modulate metabolic and inflammatory markers in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus model (Stillman Salgado rats). Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:205. [PMID: 27884155 PMCID: PMC5123226 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory markers. Stillman Salgado rats (eSS) spontaneously develop type 2 DM by middle age showing progressive impairment of glucose tolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. We analyzed the effects of supplementation of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) added, an antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitor, on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in eSS rats to evaluate whether they can delay development and/or prevent progression of DM. METHODS After weaning, eSS rats received, intraperitoneally, once a month ω-3 (EPA 35% and DHA 40%-6.25 mg/Kg) or ω-6 (90% arachidonic acid- 6. 25 mg/Kg) for twelve months. Two additional groups of rats received 1.9 mg/kg NDGA added to ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. Blood samples were collected at day 40, and at the end of the 6th month and 12th month of age to determine plasma triglycerides (TGs), total plasma fatty acids (FA), A1C hemoglobin (HbA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lipo and hydro peroxides, nitrites and IL-6 (in plasma and liver, kidney, and pancreas) and underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well. Wistar and eSS rats that received saline solution were used as controls. RESULTS Plasma lipids profile, TG, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels, and glycosylated HbA1C showed significant improvements in ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA treated animals compared to eSS control group. ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA groups showed an inverse correlation with fasting blood glucose and showed lower plasma levels of GGT, TG, and CRP. eSS rats treated with ω-3 LCPUFAs showed reduced level of inflammatory and oxidative indices in plasma and liver, kidney and pancreas tissues in comparison with eSS control (non-treated) and ω-6 treated groups. CONCLUSIONS eSS rats are a useful model to study type 2 DM pathophysiology and related inflammatory indices. ω-3 + NDGA supplementation, at the doses tested, ameliorated inflammatory, metabolic and oxidative stress markers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dain
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gaston Repossi
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Histología, Embriología y Genética, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
- CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo T Diaz-Gerevini
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jairam Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, 326 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2020 S 360th St, # K-202, Federal Way, WA, 98003, USA.
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Hospital, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, 530 048, India.
| | - Aldo R Eynard
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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17
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Histing T, Andonyan A, Klein M, Scheuer C, Stenger D, Holstein JH, Veith NT, Pohlemann T, Menger MD. Obesity does not affect the healing of femur fractures in mice. Injury 2016; 47:1435-44. [PMID: 27156834 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is reported to be both protective and deleterious to bone. Lipotoxicity and inflammation might be responsible for bone loss through inhibition of osteoblasts and activation of osteoclasts. However, little is known whether obesity affects the process of fracture healing. Therefore, we studied the effect of high fat diet-induced (HFD) obesity on callus formation and bone remodelling in a closed femur fracture model in mice. Thirty-one mice were fed a diet containing 60kJ% fat (HFD) for a total of 20 weeks before fracture and during the entire postoperative observation period. Control mice (n=31) received a standard diet containing 10kJ% fat. Healing was analyzed using micro-CT, biomechanical, histomorphometrical, immunohistochemical, serum and protein biochemical analysis at 2 and 4 weeks after fracture. HFD-fed mice showed a higher body weight and increased serum concentrations of leptin and interleukin-6 compared to controls. Within the callus tissue Western blot analyses revealed a higher expression of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARy) and a reduced expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. However, obesity did not affect the expression of BMP-2 and did not influence the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway during fracture healing. Although the bones of HFD-fed animals showed an increased number of adipocytes within the bone marrow, HFD did not increase callus adiposity. In addition, radiological and histomorphometric analysis could also not detect significant differences in bone formation between HFD-fed animals and controls. Accordingly, HFD did not affect bending stiffness after 2 and 4 weeks of healing. These findings indicate that obesity does not affect femur fracture healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Histing
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - A Andonyan
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M Klein
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - D Stenger
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - J H Holstein
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - N T Veith
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - T Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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18
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Sarbijani HM, Khoshnia M, Marjani A. The association between Metabolic Syndrome and serum levels of lipid peroxidation and interleukin-6 in Gorgan. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S86-S89. [PMID: 26482051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited studies on the relationship between inflammatory marker such as IL-6 and lipid peroxidation and metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE The aim of present study was to assess IL-6 and lipid peroxidation in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome and their association with metabolic syndrome components. METHODS Age and gender matched 40 subjects with metabolic syndrome and 40 control groups took part in this study. RESULTS The mean malondialdehyde level was significantly higher in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome than control groups (P<0.05). The mean level of IL-6 in men and the mean level of malondialdehyde in women with metabolic syndrome was significantly higher than control groups (p<0.05). There were significant positive correlation between malondialdehyde and fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and systolic blood pressure (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher levels of IL-6 and malondialdehyde may cause insulin resistance and metabolic disorders in all subjects with metabolic syndrome. Malondialdehyde level shows strong association with some metabolic syndrome components. This means the greater risk of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Mojaz Sarbijani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
| | - Masoud Khoshnia
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
| | - Abdoljalal Marjani
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran.
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19
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Magnusson K, Hagen KB, Østerås N, Nordsletten L, Natvig B, Haugen IK. Diabetes is associated with increased hand pain in erosive hand osteoarthritis: data from a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 67:187-95. [PMID: 25186663 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore factors related to hand pain in persons with radiographic hand osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Persons in the Musculoskeletal Pain in Ullensaker Study with radiographic hand OA (≥1 joint with Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2) were included (n = 530). We examined the cross-sectional association between possible explanatory variables and hand pain in the entire sample and in 2 hand OA phenotypes (erosive versus nonerosive) using structural equation analyses. Outcome variables were the Australian/Canadian Hand Osteoarthritis Index (AUSCAN; range 0-20) and number of tender finger joints upon palpation (NTJ; range 0-30). RESULTS The mean age was 65 years (40-79 years) and 375 participants were women (71%). Diabetes mellitus, female sex, lower education status, familial OA, infrequent alcohol drinking, widespread pain, poor mental health, and higher number of finger joints with ultrasound-detected synovitis and radiographic OA were related to more hand pain in the entire sample. Stratified analyses showed that diabetes mellitus was strongly associated with AUSCAN pain (B-unstandardized coefficient = 3.81 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.27, 5.35]) and NTJ (B-unstandardized coefficient = 4.16 [95% CI 2.01, 6.31]) in erosive hand OA only. In nonerosive OA, lower education status, having familial OA, and poor mental health were associated with hand OA pain. Widespread pain was associated with both outcomes in both phenotypes. CONCLUSION Structural and inflammatory OA changes as well as demographic factors, psychosocial factors, and diabetes mellitus were associated with pain in hand OA. The strong association between diabetes mellitus and pain in erosive hand OA should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Magnusson
- National Advisory Unit on Rehabilitation in Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Shen J, Bi YL, Das UN. Potential role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:1167-74. [PMID: 25624855 PMCID: PMC4296072 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.47826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of long-standing diabetes mellitus. It affects about 25% of all patients with diabetes mellitus and causes a significant decrease in the quality of life. Despite many years of research, the exact pathway that leads to the development and progression of DR is not clear. Recent studies suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites could play a significant role in DR. There is evidence to suggest that an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and enhanced production of pro-angiogenic factors may initiate the onset and progression of DR. This implies that PUFAs and their metabolites that possess anti-inflammatory actions and suppress the production of angiogenic factors could be employed in the prevention and management of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Long Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Yoo HJ, Hwang HJ, Jung TW, Ryu JY, Hong HC, Choi HY, Baik SH, Choi KM. Adipose gene expression profiles related to metabolic syndrome using microarray analyses in two different models. Diabetes Metab J 2014; 38:356-65. [PMID: 25349823 PMCID: PMC4209350 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist has a wide-ranging influence on multiple components of metabolic syndrome. The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat is a useful animal model of metabolic syndrome. To determine genes related to metabolic syndrome, we examined overlapping genes that are simultaneously decreased by PPAR-γ agonists and increased in OLETF rats using microarrays in two different models. METHODS In the first microarray analysis, PPAR-γ agonist-treated db/db mice were compared to standard diet-fed db/db mice. In the second microarray analysis, OLETF rats were compared to Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats (control of OLETF rats). RESULTS Among the overlapping genes, in the present study, we validated that lipocalin-2 expression was significantly decreased in the visceral adipose tissue of PPAR-γ agonist-treated db/db mice compared to standard diet-fed db/db mice and increased in OLETF rats compared to LETO rats using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that lipocalin-2 expression was significantly increased in the visceral adipose tissues of obese humans compared with nonobese humans. In addition, the expression level of lipocalin-2 in human visceral adipose tissue had a significant positive correlation with body mass index, serum interleukin-6, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein levels, and white blood cell count. CONCLUSION Lipocalin-2 was confirmed to be a significant adipokine affected by PPAR-γ agonist and obesity in the present study. Also, for the first time in human visceral adipose tissue, it was determined that the expression of lipocalin-2 from obese humans was significantly increased and correlated with circulating inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan-Jin Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Young Ryu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Yoon Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Machado MV, Vieira AB, Nascimento AR, Martins RL, Daleprane JB, Lessa MA, Tibiriçá E. Physical exercise restores microvascular function in obese rats with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:484-92. [PMID: 25137183 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and metabolic syndrome are related to systemic functional microvascular alterations, including a significant reduction in microvessel density. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on functional capillary density in the skeletal muscle and skin of obese rats with metabolic syndrome. METHODS We used male Wistar-Kyoto rats that had been fed a standard commercial diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 32 weeks. Animals receiving the HFD were randomly divided into sedentary (HFD+SED) and training groups (HFD+TR) at the 20(th) week. After 12 weeks of aerobic treadmill training, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); hemodynamic, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters; and functional capillary density were assessed. In addition, a maximal exercise test was performed. RESULTS Exercise training increased the VO2max (69 ± 3 mL/kg per min) and exercise tolerance (30 ± 1 min) compared with the HFD+SED (41 ± 6 mL/kg per min, P < 0.05 and 16 ± 1 min, P < 0.001) and with the CON (52 ± 7 mL/kg per min and 18 ± 1 min, P < 0.05) groups. The HFD+TR group also showed reduced retroperitoneal fat (0.03 ± 0.00 vs. 0.05 ± 0.00 gram/gram, P < 0.001), epididymal fat (0.01 ± 0.00 vs. 0.02 ± 0.00 gram/gram, P < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (127 ± 2 vs. 150 ± 2 mmHg, P<0.001). The HFD+TR group also demonstrated improved glucose tolerance, as evaluated by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma glucose levels (5.0 ± 0.1 vs. 6.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P<0.001) and fasting plasma insulin levels (26.5 ± 2.3 vs. 38.9 ± 3.7 μIU/mL, P < 0.05). Glucose tolerance did not differ between HFD+TR and CON groups. Exercise training also increased the number of spontaneously perfused capillaries in the skeletal muscle (252 ± 9 vs. 207 ± 9 capillaries/mm(2)) of the training group compared with that in the sedentary animals (260 ± 15 capillaries/mm(2)). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that exercise training reverses capillary rarefaction in our experimental model of metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Machado
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Park CG, Choi KM. Lipocalin-2, A-FABP and inflammatory markers in relation to flow-mediated vasodilatation in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 36:478-83. [PMID: 24491219 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2013.863320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin families including lipocalin-2 and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) were recently identified as novel adipokines to be associated with the cardiovascular risk variables of the metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the lipocalin-2 and A-FABP levels in 62 patients with essential hypertension (EHT) and 16 age-, gender- and body mass index-matched normotensive healthy subjects (NT). Furthermore, we evaluated the correlation between lipocalin-2, A-FABP levels, inflammatory markers including hsCRP and IL-10, and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD). In EHT, circulating lipocalin-2 levels were significantly higher than in NT (85.0 ± 37.6 ng/ml versus 43.8 ± 13.1 ng/ml, p < 0.001). However, A-FABP levels were not different between patients with EHT and NT. Serum lipocalin-2 levels were positively associated with SBP (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), DBP (r = 0.34, p = 0.003) and fasting glucose levels (r = 0.25, p = 0.032), On the other hand, circulating A-FABP levels were significantly associated with variables such as BMI, fasting insulin, insulin resistance index and hsCRP. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that mean arterial pressure was associated with fasting glucose, lipocalin-2 levels, age, BMI and hsCRP levels (R²= 0.456). However, circulating lipocalin-2 levels were not associated with FMD. In conclusion, lipocalin-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with EHT, and were independently associated with mean arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang G Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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24
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Shen JH, Ma Q, Shen SR, Shen SG, Xu GT, Das UN. Effect of α-linolenic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy indices in vivo. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:514-20. [PMID: 24120388 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Both oxidative stress and inflammation play a significant role in the pathobiology of diabetic retinopathy. Increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent or postpone the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, the effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid, on oxidative stress, inflammatory indices and production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy indices in vivo was studied. METHODS Serum and retina concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma and retina concentrations of lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes were estimated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. RESULTS STZ-induced diabetic rats had significantly higher levels of VEGF in the serum and retina and IL-6 in the serum, whereas BDNF was lower in the serum, all of which reverted to near normal in ALA-treated diabetic animals. STZ treatment decreased serum glutathione peroxidase levels, which was restored to normal by both pre- and post-ALA treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS STZ-induced changes in serum glutathione peroxidase, BDNF, VEGF and IL-6 that reverted to near control by ALA treatment, especially in ALA + STZ group, lending support to the concept that both oxidative stress and inflammation participate in DR and ALA treatment is of benefit in its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hui Shen
- Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ostan R, Bucci L, Cevenini E, Palmas MG, Pini E, Scurti M, Vescovini R, Caruso C, Mari D, Vitale G, Franceschi C, Monti D. Metabolic syndrome in the offspring of centenarians: focus on prevalence, components, and adipokines. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1995-2007. [PMID: 23138631 PMCID: PMC3776117 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With aging, an increased prevalence of a clustering of metabolic abnormalities has been observed. These abnormalities include obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance and are collectively known as metabolic syndrome (MetS), a low-grade, systemic, inflammatory condition associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other adverse health outcomes. A number of studies have demonstrated that centenarians' offspring have a significant survival advantage and a lower risk of developing the most important age-related diseases. They therefore represent one of the best models with which to study the familiar component of human longevity. The aim of this study was to determine if the offspring of centenarians (n = 265 subjects) showed a different prevalence of MetS in comparison to the offspring of non-long-lived parents (controls, n = 101 subjects). In addition, we assessed whether centenarians' offspring showed particular features of MetS and a distinct regulation of circulating adipokines, cytokines, and metabolic mediators. Although the prevalence of MetS was quite similar both in the offspring of centenarians and the controls, MetS-affected centenarians' offspring seemed healthier, more functionally fit, and had lower resistin levels. MetS prevalence did not change in centenarians' offspring across resistin, IGF-1, and resistin/IGF-1 ratio tertiles. On the other hand, in controls, MetS prevalence strongly increased across resistin tertiles and in the third resistin/IGF-1 ratio tertile, indicating a dramatic increase in MetS prevalence when the ratio between these two factors is unbalanced, with high levels of resistin and low levels of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ostan
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Bucci
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Cevenini
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. G. Palmas
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Pini
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Scurti
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Vescovini
- />Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - C. Caruso
- />Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 211, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - D. Mari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
- />Geriatric Unit IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - G. Vitale
- />Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
- />IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Franceschi
- />Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Monti
- />Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Chen SJ, Yen CH, Huang YC, Lee BJ, Hsia S, Lin PT. Relationships between inflammation, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45693. [PMID: 23029185 PMCID: PMC3446937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a cluster of physiological and anthropometric abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the levels of inflammation, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in subjects with MS. The inclusion criteria for MS, according to the Taiwan Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, were applied to the case group (n = 72). The control group (n = 105) comprised healthy individuals with normal blood biochemical values. The levels of inflammatory markers [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, an oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde), and antioxidant enzymes activities [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were measured. Subjects with MS had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory markers and lower adiponectin level, and lower antioxidant enzymes activities than the control subjects. The levels of inflammatory markers and adiponectin were significantly correlated with the components of MS. The level of hs-CRP was significantly correlated with the oxidative stress marker. The IL-6 level was significantly correlated with the SOD and GPx activities, and the adiponectin level was significantly correlated with the GPx activity. A higher level of hs-CRP (≥1.00 mg/L), or IL-6 (≥1.50 pg/mL) or a lower level of adiponectin (<7.90 µg/mL) were associated with a significantly greater risk of MS. In conclusion, subjects suffering from MS may have a higher inflammation status and a higher level of oxidative stress. A higher inflammation status was significantly correlated with decreases in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and adiponectin and an increase in the risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ju Chen
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Education and Research on Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Huang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Jen Lee
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Intensive Care Unit, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Simon Hsia
- Department of Nutrition and Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ting Lin
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Das UN. A defect in the activities of Δ and Δ desaturases and pro-resolution bioactive lipids in the pathobiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:176-88. [PMID: 22087354 PMCID: PMC3215767 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition, since liver and adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF receptor 1 transcripts and serum TNF-α levels are increased and IL-6(-/-) mice are less prone to NAFLD. Fatty liver damage caused by high-fat diets is associated with the generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). A decrease in the levels of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the usefulness of EPA and DHA both in the prevention and management of NAFLD has been reported. AA, EPA and DHA and their anti-inflammatory products lipoxins (LXs), resolvins and protectins suppress IL-6 and TNF-α and PGE(2) production. These results suggest that the activities of Δ(6) and Δ(5) desaturases are reduced in NAFLD and hence, the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are not metabolized to their long-chain products AA, EPA and DHA, the precursors of anti-inflammatory molecules, LXs, resolvins and protectins that could pre vent NAFLD. This suggests that an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids contribute to NAFLD. Hence, it is proposed that plasma and tissue levels of AA, EPA, DHA and LXs, resolvins and protectins could be used as predictors and prognostic biomarkers of NAFLD. It is suggested that the synthesis and use of more stable analogues of LXs, resolvins and protectins need to be explored in the prevention and management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- Undurti N Das, UND Life Sciences, 13800 Fairhill Road, 321, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, United States
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Sethi TP, Prasher B, Mukerji M. Ayurgenomics: a new way of threading molecular variability for stratified medicine. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:875-80. [PMID: 21923095 DOI: 10.1021/cb2003016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tav Pritesh Sethi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, India 110007
| | - Bhavana Prasher
- Planning & Performance Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India 110001
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, India 110007
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Martín-Cordero L, García JJ, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. The interleukin-6 and noradrenaline mediated inflammation-stress feedback mechanism is dysregulated in metabolic syndrome: effect of exercise. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:42. [PMID: 21599899 PMCID: PMC3118326 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a metabolic disorder associated with obesity, type-II diabetes, and "low grade inflammation", with the concomitant increased risk of cardiovascular events. Removal of the inflammatory mediator signals is a promising strategy to protect against insulin resistance, obesity, and other problems associated with MS such as cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the "inflammatory and stress status" in an experimental model of MS, and to evaluate the effect of a program of habitual exercise and the resulting training-induced adaptation to the effects of a single bout of acute exercise. Methods Obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) were used as the experimental model of MS, and lean Zucker rats (Fa/fa) were used for reference values. The habitual exercise (performed by the obese rats) consisted of treadmill running: 5 days/week for 14 weeks, at 35 cm/s for 35 min in the last month. The acute exercise consisted of a single session of 25-35 min at 35 cm/s. Circulating concentrations of IL-6 (a cytokine that regulates the inflammatory and metabolic responses), CRP (a systemic inflammatory marker), and corticosterone (CTC) (the main glucocorticoid in rats) were determined by ELISA, and that of noradrenaline (NA) was determined by HPLC. Glucose was determined by standard methods. Results The genetically obese animals showed higher circulating levels of glucose, IL-6, PCR, and NA compared with the control lean animals. The habitual exercise program increased the concentration of IL-6, PCR, NA, and glucose, but decreased that of CTC. Acute exercise increased IL-6, CRP, and NA in the sedentary obese animals, but not in the trained obese animals. CTC was increased after the acute exercise in the trained animals only. Conclusion Animals with MS present a dysregulation in the feedback mechanism between IL-6 and NA which can contribute to the systemic low-grade inflammation and/or hyperglycaemia of MS. An inappropriate exercise intensity can worsen this dysregulation, contributing to the metabolic, inflammatory, and stress disorders associated with MS. Habitual exercise (i.e., training) induces a positive adaptation in the response to acute exercise.
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Guo W, Kawano H, Piao L, Itoh N, Node K, Sato T. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipid profiles and high molecular weight adiponectin in Japanese workers. Intern Med 2011; 50:389-95. [PMID: 21372447 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the accumulation of several metabolic risk factors. It is important to improve physical activity and dietary habits to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. METHODS The study participants participated in a weekly aerobic exercise program that included a session composed of a brief meeting, warm-up exercises, and primary exercises (low and high impact, stretch, muscle training, and cooling down). To evaluate the effect of this intervention we measured body fat composition, holding power, and quality of life assessment. Blood tests were also carried out before and every 3 months during the study. RESULTS Of the 37 participants enrolled in the exercise group, 31 (83.8%) completed the 12-week program. The control group consisted of 42 subjects, 36 (85.7%) of whom were available for follow-up at the end of the 12-week study period. In the exercise group, weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, the World Health Organization quality of life 26 (WHO-QOL 26) score, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol had improved significantly at the end of three months. The high molecular weight adiponectin concentration of the participants in the exercise group increased during the 9-month period of the study, although this change did not reach statistical significance compared with pre-exercise. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise led to an improvement in body composition and lipid profiles. High molecular weight adiponectin concentrations tended to improve compared with pre-aerobic exercise levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Doctoral Program, Saga University, Japan
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31
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Inactivity-mediated insulin resistance is associated with upregulated pro-inflammatory fatty acids in human cell membranes. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:386-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kilic T, Jneid H, Ural E, Oner G, Sahin T, Kozdag G, Kahraman G, Ural D. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:591-6. [PMID: 19577754 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underlying predisposition for a heightened inflammatory response is postulated as one of the mechanisms for elevated high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is unclear whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) may cause a predisposition for heightened hs-CRP response in patients with ACS. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between hs-CRP levels and presence of MetS in patients with and without ACS. METHODS Two hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients presenting with a first ACS event and 261 MetS patients without any ACS event were included to the study. The study participants were divided into three groups as MetS (+) ACS (-) [n=261], MetS (-) ACS (+) [n=110], and MetS (+) ACS (+) [n=163]. Median levels of hs-CRP were compared between and within the three groups. RESULTS Hs-CRP levels were lowest in MetS (+) ACS (-) subjects and highest in MetS (+) ACS (+) patients. Factors associated with hs-CRP levels were troponin elevation, presence of ACS, body mass index (BMI), and presence of MetS (R(2)=0.26, p<0.01). Predictors of elevated hs-CRP levels (>0.3mg/dl) were the presence of ACS (OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.9-6.5, p<0.01), presence of MetS (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.0-4.0, p=0.02), troponin elevation (OR=5.7, 95% CI=2.8-11.5, p<0.01) and BMI (OR=1.1, 95% CI=1.0-1.1, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The presence of MetS had an impact on the increase in hs-CRP levels observed with an ACS event in the study population. These findings suggested that a heightened baseline inflammatory status of MetS may predispose ACS patients to an augmented hs-CRP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teoman Kilic
- Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiology, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Blay M, Espinel AE, Delgado MA, Baiges I, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó J. Isoflavone effect on gene expression profile and biomarkers of inflammation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:382-90. [PMID: 19410411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of high throughput techniques to find differences in gene expression profiles between related samples (transcriptomics) that underlie changes in physiological states can be applied in medicine, drug development and nutrition. Transcriptomics can be used to provide novel biomarkers of a future pathologic state and to study how bioactive food compounds or drugs can modulate them in the early stages. In this study, we examine the expression pattern in order to determine the effect of the pathological-inflammatory state on the RAW 264.7 cell model and to ascertain how isoflavones and their active functional metabolites alleviate the inflammatory burst and the extent of gene modulation due to the presence of polyphenols. Results demonstrated that genistein (20 microM) and equol (10 microM) significantly inhibited the overproduction of NO and PGE(2) induced by LPS plus INF-gamma when a pre-treatment was performed or when administered during activation. Daidzein, however, did not exert similar effects. Moreover, both isoflavone treatments regulated gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory markers, among others. The transcriptomic changes provide clues firstly into defining a differential expression profile in inflammation in order to select putative biomarkers of the inflammatory process, and secondly into understanding the isoflavone action mechanism at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, isoflavone modulates the inflammatory response in activated macrophages by inhibiting NO and PGE(2) and by modulating the expression of key genes defined by transcriptomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blay
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Neilson HK, Friedenreich CM, Brockton NT, Millikan RC. Physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer: proposed biologic mechanisms and areas for future research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:11-27. [PMID: 19124476 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence now supports a probable preventive role for physical activity in postmenopausal breast cancer. The mechanisms by which long-term physical activity affect risk, however, remain unclear. The aims of this review were to propose a biological model whereby long-term physical activity lowers postmenopausal breast cancer risk and to highlight gaps in the epidemiologic literature. To address the second aim, we summarized epidemiologic literature on 10 proposed biomarkers, namely, body mass index (BMI), estrogens, androgens, sex hormone binding globulin, leptin, adiponectin, markers of insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein, in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity, respectively. Associations were deemed "convincing," "probable," "possible," or "hypothesized" using set criteria. Our proposed biological model illustrated the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation influencing cancer risk through interrelated mechanisms. The most convincing epidemiologic evidence supported associations between postmenopausal breast cancer risk and BMI, estrogens, and androgens, respectively. In relation to physical activity, associations were most convincing for BMI, estrone, insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein. Only BMI and estrone were convincingly (or probably) associated with both postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity. There is a need for prospective cohort studies relating the proposed biomarkers to cancer risk and for long-term exercise randomized controlled trials comparing biomarker changes over time, specifically in postmenopausal women. Future etiologic studies should consider interactions among biomarkers, whereas exercise trials should explore exercise effects independently of weight loss, different exercise prescriptions, and effects on central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Neilson
- Division of Population Health, Alberta Cancer Board, 1331-29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N2
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Sathiyapriya V, Selvaraj N, Nandeesha H, Bobby Z, Aparna A, Pavithran P. Association between protein bound sialic acid and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in prehypertension: a possible indication of underlying cardiovascular risk. Clin Exp Hypertens 2008; 30:367-74. [PMID: 18633759 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802275106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The global burden posed by cardiovascular disease due to a rising incidence of known risk factors like essential hypertension underlines an urgent need to identify other potential risk factors like dyslipidemia, elevated levels of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), Apo-B, and sialic acid in prehypertensive subjects. This study sought to examine the possible alteration in the levels of hsCRP, plasma protein bound sialic acid, and other lipid risk factors and the possible interactions among these parameters in prehypertensive subjects. Forty prehypertensive and 34 normotensive male subjects were enrolled in the study. Lipid profile, hsCRP, Apo-B, sialic acid, and lipid risk ratios were estimated in both the groups. There was no significant difference between fasting glucose and BMI in either group. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, direct LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and Apo-B were significantly increased in prehypertensive subjects compared with controls. The risk ratios calculated as direct LDL-cholesterol/Apo-B, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol were significantly elevated in prehypertensive subjects. There was also a significant increase in hsCRP and protein bound sialic acid in prehypertensive subjects in comparison with normotensive subjects. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the protein bound sialic acid with hsCRP, LDL cholesterol, and LDL-C/Apo-B. The findings of the present study suggest that in prehypertension, there is an association between protein bound sialic acid and hsCRP that reflects the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sathiyapriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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Martínez MA, Puig JG, Mora M, Aragón R, O'Dogherty P, Antón JL, Sánchez-Villares T, Rubio JM, Rosado J, Torres R, Marcos J, Pallardo LF, Banegas JR. Metabolic syndrome: prevalence, associated factors, and C-reactive protein: the MADRIC (MADrid RIesgo Cardiovascular) Study. Metabolism 2008; 57:1232-40. [PMID: 18702949 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the clustering of a number of cardiovascular risk factors. The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of MS in Madrid (Spain) by 2 definitions and to investigate its relationship with several sociodemographic factors and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This was a cross-sectional population study, and participants were 1344 subjects aged 31 to 70 years. Clinical evaluation included data on sociodemographic and cardiovascular background, physical examination, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The CRP levels were determined in a subgroup of 843 subjects. The diagnosis of MS was made according to the 2005 Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of MS was 24.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3%-26.9%) using the ATP III definition and 30.9% (95% CI, 28.4%-33.3%) using the International Diabetes Federation definition. The overall agreement rate was 91.5% (kappa = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76-0.83). Prevalence figures by both definitions were higher in men than in women and increased with age. Male sex, older age, low educational level, and physical inactivity were all determinants of ATP III-defined MS. The presence of MS or any of its components was associated with high CRP levels. In a logistic regression analysis, low educational level and waist circumference were the best predictors for high CRP level. The prevalence of MS in the Madrid region is one of the highest in Europe and confirms the strong Spanish regional variability in this syndrome frequency. Some sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, particularly educational level, are predictors for MS and high CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain.
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Zappulla D. Environmental stress, erythrocyte dysfunctions, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome: adaptations to CO2 increases? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:30-4. [PMID: 18326983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Western world, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increasing exponentially. Chronic subacute inflammation characterizes the syndrome, suggesting that inflammation might be a common denominator that links obesity to its pathologic sequelae. Potential mechanisms for the activation of inflammation include current air pollution inhalation and/or excess food intake. Both of these environmental factors have, in fact, been shown to promote oxidation followed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Potential sources of systemic inflammation include oxidized erythrocytes. Increased exogenous or endogenous CO2 deoxygenates hemoglobin, thereby increasing the fraction of hemoglobin reacting with nitrite to form methemoglobin together with release of superoxide and nitric oxide. These may form peroxynitrite, which may oxidize erythrocytes. Macrophages may then recognize and engulf these cells, thereby releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, studies should focus on the red blood cell and its proteins to finely target and appropriately treat a world pandemic ominously related to CO2 increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Zappulla
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Skoumas J, Papadimitriou L, Stefanadis C. Risk Stratification of Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A1, and Apolipoprotein B/AI Ratio on the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome: the ATTICA Study. Angiology 2008; 59:335-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319707307273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association of apolipoproteins AI and B in relation to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a random sample of cardiovascular disease— free adults from the ATTICA study (1,514 men, aged 18-87 y; 1,528 women, aged 18-89 y). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 25% in men and 15% in women ( P < .001). Using the area under the Receiver Operation Characteristic curve, apolipoprotein B/AI was the best diagnostic marker of metabolic syndrome, the optimal discriminating cut-off value of this ratio was 0.72 (sensitivity 74%, specificity 67%), and individuals with apolipoprotein B/AI ratio greater than 0.74 had 3.29 times higher odds of having metabolic syndrome (95% confidence interval: 2.56-4.21) after adjusting for potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
- Office of Biostatistics - Epidemiology, Department of Dietetics Science-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece,
| | - John Skoumas
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
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Bengmark S. Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products--amplifiers of inflammation: the role of food. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:430-40. [PMID: 17712153 DOI: 10.1177/0148607107031005430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of glycated and lipoxidated proteins and peptides in the body are repeatedly associated with chronic diseases. These molecules are strongly associated with activation of a specific receptor called RAGE and a long-lasting exaggerated level of inflammation in the body. METHODS PubMed reports over 5000 papers plus >13,500 articles about the related HbA(1c), most of them published in the past 5 years. Most of the available abstracts have been read and approximately 800 full papers have been studied. RESULTS RAGE, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules and receptor for advanced glycation end products, known since 1992, functions as a master switch, induces sustained activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), suppresses a series of endogenous autoregulatory functions, and converts long-lasting proinflammatory signals into sustained cellular dysfunction and disease. Its activation is associated with high levels of dysfunctioning proteins in body fluids and tissues, and is strongly associated with a series of diseases from allergy and Alzheimers to rheumatoid arthritis and urogenital disorders. Heat treatment, irradiation, and ionization of foods increase the content of dysfunctioning molecules. CONCLUSIONS More than half of the studies are performed in diabetes and chronic renal diseases; there are few studies in other diseases. Most of our knowledge is based on animal studies and in vitro studies. These effects are worth further exploration both experimentally and clinically. An avoidance of foods rich in deranged proteins and peptides, and the consumption of antioxidants, especially polyphenols, seem to counteract such a development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- UCL Institute of Hepatology, University College, London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Das UN, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C. The implications of anthropometric, inflammatory and glycaemic control indices in the epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome given by different definitions: a classification analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9:660-8. [PMID: 17697058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MS) are at high risk for coronary heart disease. In this study, we evaluated the levels of inflammatory, lipidaemic and glycaemic control markers in subjects with and without MS, as given by different definitions. METHODS During 2001-2002, we randomly enrolled 1,514 men (18-87 years old) and 1,528 women (18-89 years old), without any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease, from the Attica area, Greece. Among several variables, we also measured inflammatory markers, total antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin levels and various lipids. MS was defined according to either the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III criteria or the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Epidemiology Task Force group. In all the analyses, subjects with diabetes were excluded. RESULTS The prevalence of the MS was 17.9% according to the NCEP definition and 48.9% according to the IDF definition (p < 0.001). The prevalence of MS was higher in men compared with women according to both definitions (p for gender differences <0.001). Moreover, 3.9% of the total study sample fulfilled only the NCEP criteria, but not the IDF, while 38.6% fulfilled only the IDF criteria. Subjects who were defined as having MS using the IDF criteria were younger, had higher body mass index, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, total antioxidant capacity and lower glucose and insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of the MS is very high among Greek adults when the IDF definition is used, while it is still considerable when we adopt the NCEP criteria. It is evident that subjects who fulfilled the IDF criteria showed increased levels of inflammatory markers compared with those who fulfilled the NCEP ATP III criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Office of Biostatistics-Epidemiology, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C. The Association between Food Patterns and the Metabolic Syndrome Using Principal Components Analysis: The ATTICA Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:979-87; quiz 997. [PMID: 17524719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary habits have been associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE The associations between foods or food patterns and the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome were evaluated. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SUBJECTS During 2001 to 2002, 1,514 men (aged 18 to 87 years) and 1,528 women (aged 18 to 89 years) without any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease were randomly enrolled, from the Attica region in Greece. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary habits were evaluated using a semiquantitative, food frequency questionnaire. Characteristics of the metabolic syndrome (ie, blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were also measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Principal components analysis was applied to extract dietary patterns from 22 foods or food groups. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the associations between the extracted dietary patterns and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Six components were derived explaining 56% of the total variation in intake. Component 1 was characterized by the consumption of cereals, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits (explained variation 19.7%); component 2 was characterized by the intake of potatoes and meat (explained variation 11.7%), component 6 was characterized by alcohol intake (explained variation 4.8%), whereas the other components were mainly characterized by consumption of dairy and sweets. After adjusting for various confounders, component 1 was inversely associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and inversely with the likelihood of the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79 to 0.97), whereas components 2 and 6 were positively correlated with the previous indexes, and the likelihood of having the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21 and OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.33). CONCLUSIONS A dietary pattern that includes cereals, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits was independently associated with reduced levels of clinical and biological markers linked to the metabolic syndrome, whereas meat and alcohol intake showed the opposite results.
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Rush EC, Plank LD, Yajnik CS. Interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and insulin relationships to body composition, metabolism and resting energy expenditure in a migrant Asian Indian population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:684-90. [PMID: 17381487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammation and insulin resistance may play important roles in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases for which migrant Asian Indians are at particularly high risk. We examined relationships between markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, resting energy expenditure (REE), and body composition. DESIGN AND METHODS Measurements were made of total and regional body composition, including regional fat mass (FM) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), REE by indirect calorimetry and fasting interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, glucose and insulin, in 79 healthy Asian Indians (38F, 41M; age 30-49 years) from urban Auckland, New Zealand. Beta-cell function (HOMA B%) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA S%) were derived using homeostatic model assessment. RESULTS Men had a more central distribution of body fat than women. REE was strongly correlated with IL-6 concentrations in men but not in women. In both sexes, IL-6 was associated positively with percentage body fat and HOMA B% and inversely with ASMM and HOMA S%. Insulin increased and HOMA S% decreased with increasing waist-to-hip ratio and abdominal-to-thigh fat ratio in men but not in women. TNF-alpha was not significantly associated with any of the variables examined. CONCLUSION Relationships between body fat distribution and HOMA S% were strongly sex dependent and may indicate a greater propensity for development of the metabolic syndrome among male Asian Indians than females in the age group examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Rush
- Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New Zealand, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ferencík M, Stvrtinová V, Hulín I, Novák M. Inflammation — a lifelong companion. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:159-73. [PMID: 17575915 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key component of the immune system. It has important functions in both defense and pathophysiological events maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of a host organism including its tissues, organs and individual cells. On the cellular level it is controlled by more than 400 currently known genes. Their polymorphisms and environmental conditions give rise to different genotypes in human population. Pro-inflammatory genotype, which dominates in the present population, may be advantageous in childhood but not in elderly people because it is characterized by an increased vulnerability to, and intensity of, inflammatory reactions. These reactions may be the possible reasons of chronic inflammatory diseases, especially in old age. Better understanding of complex molecular and cellular inflammatory mechanisms is indispensable for detailed knowledge of pathogenesis of many diseases, their prevention and directed drug therapy. Here we summarize the basic current knowledge on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferencík
- Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Choi KM, Ryu OH, Lee KW, Kim HY, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Choi DS, Baik SH. Serum adiponectin, interleukin-10 levels and inflammatory markers in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 75:235-40. [PMID: 16872712 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between interleukin-10 (IL-10), adiponectin levels and inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Furthermore, the association of these anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokine levels with the metabolic syndrome was investigated. The study subjects were composed of 312 Korean individuals without diabetes. Serum adiponectin level was associated with hsCRP (r=-0.21, P<0.001), IL-6 (r=-0.13, P<0.05) and IL-10 (r=-0.22, P<0.001) levels. Subjects without the metabolic syndrome showed higher adiponectin (17.03 microg/ml versus 13.85 microg/ml, P<0.001) and IL-10 (4.74 pg/ml versus 4.34 pg/ml, P=0.014) levels, and lower serum hsCRP (0.38 microg/ml versus 0.66 microg/ml, P=0.001) and IL-6 (0.94 pg/ml versus 1.32 pg/ml, P=0.009) levels compared to those with the metabolic syndrome. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the metabolic syndrome was associated with sex, age, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose and interleukin-10. Furthermore, serum adiponectin levels are associated with serum hsCRP, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. These results suggest that adiponectin might be associated with the metabolic syndrome through regulation of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Di Leo V, Buda A, Pinzani M, Palù G, Martines D. Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G518-25. [PMID: 17023554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A small percentage of pathologically obese subjects with fatty livers develop histological signs of necroinflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a variety of cofactors in the pathogenesis of obesity-related liver diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Since several observations have linked bacterial endotoxins to liver damage, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of obesity on intestinal mucosal integrity and portal blood endotoxemia in two strains of obese mice: leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and hyperleptinemic (db/db) mice. Murine intestinal mucosal barrier function was assessed using a Ussing chamber, whereas ileum tight junction proteins were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Circulating proinflammatory cytokines and portal blood endotoxin levels were measured by ELISA and the limulus test, respectively. The inflammatory and fibrogenic phenotype of murine hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was determined by ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. Ob/ob and db/db mice showed lower intestinal resistance, profoundly modified distribution of occludin and zonula occludens-1 in the intestinal mucosa, and higher circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and portal endotoxemia compared with lean control mice. Moreover, HSCs isolated from ob/ob and db/db mice showed higher membrane CD14 mRNA levels and more pronounced lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory and fibrogenic responses than HSCs from lean animals. In conclusion, genetically obese mice display enhanced intestinal permeability leading to increased portal endotoxemia that makes HSCs more sensitive to bacterial endotoxins. We suggest that in metabolic syndrome, patients may likewise have a greater intestinal mucosa permeability and increased lipopolysaccharide levels in portal blood that can contribute to the liver inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Department of Histology, Univ of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, Padova, Italy
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Berenson GS. Obesity—A Critical Issue in Preventive Cardiology: The Bogalusa Heart Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 8:234-41; quiz 242-3. [PMID: 16230878 DOI: 10.1111/j.0197-3118.2005.04485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health problem in the United States, with a marked upward trend occurring over the past three decades. It plays a critical role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors that mediate the evolution of asymptomatic cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal observations of children, adolescents, and young adults enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study show that obesity persists over time and is linked to the clustering of components of metabolic syndrome including hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, thereby creating a long-term burden of cardiovascular risk beginning in childhood. This burden is associated with subclinical and adverse structural and functional changes of the cardiovascular system in youth. Ultimately, these changes can result in morbidity from disease, as exemplified in the Framingham Heart Study. Obesity is governed by the interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Unlike genetic factors, lifestyle behaviors are amenable to modification. Since obesity is so widespread and underlying cardiovascular disease is so prevalent, health education beginning in childhood is suggested as an approach to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Berenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane Health Sciences Center, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 1829, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia and the tendency to develop fat around the abdomen. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are at high risk for atherosclerosis and, consequently, cardiovascular disease. However, as a result of several epidemiologic studies and some clinical trials, it has been suggested that people with the metabolic syndrome may benefit from intensive lifestyle modifications including dietary changes and adopting a physically more active lifestyle. In this review we summarize the effects of diet and physical activity on the development of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress: relationship to insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:879-91. [PMID: 16781084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is frequently present in the visceral fat and vasculature in certain patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or adult onset Diabetes Mellitus Type II (NIDDM). An hypothesis is presented which argues that repeated acute or chronic psychologically stressful states may cause this inflammatory process. The mediators are the major stress hormones norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) and cortisol together with components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the proinflammatory cytokines (PIC), as well as free fatty acids (ffa), the latter as a result of lipolysis of neutral fat. NE/E commence this process by activation of NF(kappa)B in macrophages, visceral fat, and endothelial cells which induces the production of toll-like receptors which, when engaged, produce a cascade of inflammatory reactions comprising the acute phase response (APR) of the innate immune system (IIS). The inflammatory process is most marked in the visceral fat depot as well as the vasculature, and is involved in the metabolic events which culminate in the insulin resistance/metabolic syndromes (IRS/MS), the components of which precede and comprise the major risk factors for CVD and NIDDM. The visceral fat has both the proclivity and capacity to undergo inflammation. It contains a rich blood and nerve supply as well as proinflammatory molecules such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), leptin, and resistin, the adipocytokines, and acute phase proteins (APP) which are activated from adipocytes and/or macrophages by sympathetic signaling. The inflammation is linked to fat accumulation. Cortisol, IL-6, angiotensin II (angio II), the enzyme 11(beta) hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and positive energy balance, the latter due to increased appetite induced by the major stress hormones, are factors which promote fat accumulation and are linked to obesity. There is also the capacity of the host to limit fat expansion. Sympathetic signaling induces TNF which stimulates the production of IL-6 and leptin from adipocytes; these molecules promote lipolysis and ffa fluxes from adipocytes. Moreover, catecholamines and certain PIC inhibit lipoprotein lipase, a fat synthesizing enzyme. The brain also participates in the regulation of fat cell mass; it is informed of fat depot mass by molecules such as leptin and ffa. Leptin stimulates corticotrophin releasing hormone in the brain which stimulates the SNS and HPA axes, i.e. the stress response. Also, ffa through portal signaling from the liver evoke a similar stress response which, like the response to psychologic stress, evokes an innate immune response (IIR), tending to limit fat expansion, which culminates in inflammatory cascades, the IRS-MS, obesity and disease if prolonged. Thus, the brain also has the capacity to limit fat expansion. A competition apparently exists between fat expansion and fat loss. In "western" cultures, with excessive food ingestion, obesity frequently results. The linkage of inflammation to fat metabolism is apparent since weight loss diminishes the concentration of inflammatory mediators. The linkage of stress to inflammation is all the more apparent since the efferent pathways from the brain in response to fat signals, which results in inflammation to decrease and limit fat cell mass, is the same as the response to psychologic stress, which strengthens the hypothesis presented herein.
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Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Mediation of cognitive function by high fat diet following stress and inflammation. Nutr Neurosci 2006; 8:309-15. [PMID: 16669601 DOI: 10.1080/00268970500509972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to commonly advertised hazards of obesity contributed by excess dietary fat, evidence of alterations in brain chemistry and structure are well documented. This brief review examines the role of nutrients, minerals and certain lipids, primarily the essential fatty acids (FA), that are beneficial to the maintenance of good health and that may offer therapeutic options by dietary supplementation. The review also considers the damaging effects of stress, especially in pre-existing conditions of obesity and diabetes, as studied in both animals and humans. The main focus of this brief review is to examine the effects of a high fat diet on stress and the immune system with particular emphasis on brain and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yehuda
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
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Abstract
It is believed that intracellular and extracellular advanced glycation (AGEs) or lipoxidation end products (ALEs), together with dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, are important contributors to oxidant or carbonyl stress, enhanced cellular redox-sensitive transcription factor activity, and impaired innate immune defense, causing over time inappropriate inflammatory responses. However, neither the magnitude nor the persistent nature of this increased prooxidant state are completely understood. A significant correlation has been found between ingested and circulating AGEs in humans in recent years. Based on animal studies, the injurious impact of diet-derived AGEs to vascular and kidney tissues is estimated to rival or even exceed that caused by hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia. Consistent with this view, dietary AGE restriction has been associated with suppression of several immune defects, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, whether genetically or diet induced, despite persistent diabetes. These findings are in support of clinical evidence from subjects with diabetes or vascular or kidney disease. Most recently, evidence from animal studies points to AGE restriction as an effective means for extending median life span, similar to that previously shown by marked caloric restriction. We conclude that excessive AGE consumption, in the current dietary/social structure, represents an independent factor for inappropriate oxidant stress responses, which may promote the premature expression of complex diseases associated with adult life, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vlassara
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1640, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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