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Mouchati C, Durieux JC, Zisis SN, Tribout H, Scott S, Smith B, Labbato D, McComsey GA. Zinc Deficiency And sTNF-RII Are Associated With Worse COVID-19 Outcomes. J Nutr 2024; 154:1588-1595. [PMID: 38043624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) is known for its substantial involvement in the immune response as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Zn plasma levels' clinical significance in coronavirus disease (COVID) diagnosis is not yet fully established. OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between Zn deficiency, gut integrity, inflammation, and COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS A prospective observational cohort in which plasma Zn, soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor II (sTNF-RII) intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (IFABP; marker of intestinal integrity), and zonulin levels (intestinal permeability) were collected from participants during the acute phase of a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Zn was modeled as continuous and binary, categorized as Zn deficiency (Zn < 75 μg/dL) and Zn sufficiency (Zn ≥ 75 μg/dL). COVID-19 outcomes were classified according to the World Health Organization clinical progression scale. We used cumulative probit regression to assess if suboptimal Zn levels, gut, and inflammatory markers increase the likelihood of worse COVID-19 outcomes. RESULTS Zn deficiency was independently associated with 63% higher predicted odds of worse COVID outcomes. Increases in sTNF-RII {unadjusted odds ratio (uOR): 3.43 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.02, 5.82]} and zonulin [uOR: 1.83 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.76)] levels were associated with greater odds of worse COVID outcomes. IFABP was not associated with worse COVID outcomes [uOR: 1.12 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.53)] or acute Zn deficiency [uOR: 1.35 (95% CI: 0.79, 2.35)]. The adjusted predicted odds of worse COVID outcomes are 3-fold higher (P = 0.04) for every one-unit decrease in Zn and is more than 2 times greater odds of COVID severity (P = 0.01) for every 1-unit increase in sTNF-RII. CONCLUSION Zn deficiency and inflammation were independently associated with greater odds of worse COVID outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mouchati
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jared C Durieux
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sokratis N Zisis
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Heather Tribout
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Scott
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Beth Smith
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Danielle Labbato
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Grace A McComsey
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Jin D, Wei X, He Y, Zhong L, Lu H, Lan J, Wei Y, Liu Z, Liu H. The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1385591. [PMID: 38706559 PMCID: PMC11066294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xinran Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yunyi He
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Luying Zhong
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Lan
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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3
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Albalawi SA, Albalawi RA, Albalawi AA, Alanazi RF, Almahlawi RM, Alhwity BS, Alatawi BD, Elsherbiny N, Alqifari SF, Abdel-Maksoud MS. The Possible Mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the Treatment and Prevention of HIV and COVID-19 Viral Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1524-1538. [PMID: 37608131 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications, heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. Indeed, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been widely used during viral infections. Zn has been reported to prevent excessive inflammatory response and cytokine storm, improve the response of the virus to Type I interferon (IFN-1), and enhance the production of IFN-a to counteract the antagonistic effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus protein on IFN. Additionally, Zn has been found to promote the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, thereby improving immune function, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in SARS- CoV-2 reducing the viral replication and stabilizing the cell membrane by preventing the proteolytic processing of viral polyprotein and proteases enzymes. Interestingly, Zn deficiency has been correlated with enhanced SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through interaction between the ACE2 receptor and viral spike protein. Along with zinc, Cu possesses strong virucidal capabilities and is known to be effective at neutralizing a variety of infectious viruses, including the poliovirus, influenza virus, HIV type 1, and other enveloped or nonenveloped, single- or double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses. Cu-related antiviral action has been linked to different pathways. First, it may result in permanent damage to the viral membrane, envelopes, and genetic material of viruses. Second, Cu produces reactive oxygen species to take advantage of the redox signaling mechanism to eradicate the virus. The present review focused on Zn and Cu in the treatment and prevention of viral infection. Moreover, the application of metals such as Cu and gold in nanotechnology for the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaal A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad F Alanazi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M Almahlawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Alhwity
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer D Alatawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh F Alqifari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Rizwan M, Cheng K, Gang Y, Hou Y, Wang C. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D and Zinc on Viral Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04139-y. [PMID: 38451442 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Several nutrients are crucial in enhancing the immune system and preserving the structural integrity of bodily tissue barriers. Vitamin D (VD) and zinc (Zn) have received considerable interest due to their immunomodulatory properties and ability to enhance the body's immune defenses. Due to their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties, the two nutritional powerhouses VD and Zn are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity. As observed with COVID-19, deficiencies in these micronutrients impair immune responses, increasing susceptibility to viral infections and severe disease. Ensuring an adequate intake of VD and Zn emerges as a promising strategy for fortifying the immune system. Ongoing clinical trials are actively investigating their potential therapeutic advantages. Beyond the immediate context of the pandemic, these micronutrients offer valuable tools for enhancing immunity and overall well-being, especially in the face of future viral threats. This analysis emphasizes the enduring significance of VD and Zn as both treatment and preventive measures against potential viral challenges beyond the current health crisis. The overview delves into the immunomodulatory potential of VD and Zn in combating viral infections, with particular attention to their effects on animals. It provides a comprehensive summary of current research findings regarding their individual and synergistic impacts on immune function, underlining their potential in treating and preventing viral infections. Overall, this overview underscores the need for further research to understand how VD and Zn can modulate the immune response in combatting viral diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Gang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuntao Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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5
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Zaman R, Ravichandran V, Tan CK. Role of dietary supplements in the continuous battle against COVID-19. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1071-1088. [PMID: 38168043 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was a big blow to the world community on every level. Created by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which was previously unknown to the human immune system. The expert opinion almost immediately united on the fact that the most effective way of fighting the pandemic would be by building immunity artificially via a mass immunization program. However, it took about a year for the approval of the first vaccine against COVID-19. In the meantime, a big part of the general population started adapting nutritious diet plans and dietary supplements to boost natural immunity as a potential prophylactic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whether they originate from mainstream medicine, such as synthetic supplements, or traditional herbal remedies in the form of single or poly-herbs, these supplements may comprise various components that exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characteristics. There is a substantial body of predictions and expert opinions suggesting that enhancing one's diet with dietary supplements containing additional nutrients and bioactive compounds like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, phytochemicals, and probiotics can enhance the immune system's ability to develop resistance against COVID-19, although none of them have any conclusive evidence nor officially recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The current review critically acclaims the gap between public perception-based preference and real evidence-based study to weigh the actual benefit of dietary supplements in relation to COVID-19 prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahela Zaman
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vignesh Ravichandran
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Keat Tan
- School of Healthy Aging, Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Briassoulis G, Briassoulis P, Ilia S, Miliaraki M, Briassouli E. The Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Necroptotic Role of Zinc in COVID-19 and Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1942. [PMID: 38001795 PMCID: PMC10669546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein-DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins. For many years, zinc has been acknowledged for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of caspases-3, -7, and -8, modulating the caspase-controlled apoptosis and necroptosis. In recent years, the immunomodulatory role of zinc in sepsis and COVID-19 has been investigated. Both sepsis and COVID-19 are related to various regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. Lack of zinc may have a negative effect on many immune functions, such as oxidative burst, cytokine production, chemotaxis, degranulation, phagocytosis, and RCD. While plasma zinc concentrations decline swiftly during both sepsis and COVID-19, this reduction is primarily attributed to a redistribution process associated with the inflammatory response. In this response, hepatic metallothionein production increases in reaction to cytokine release, which is linked to inflammation, and this protein effectively captures and stores zinc in the liver. Multiple regulatory mechanisms come into play, influencing the uptake of zinc, the binding of zinc to blood albumin and red blood cells, as well as the buffering and modulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Decreased zinc levels are associated with increasing severity of organ dysfunction, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in septic and COVID-19 patients. Results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this narrative review. Existing evidence currently does not support pharmacological zinc supplementation in patients with sepsis or COVID-19. Complementation and repletion should follow current guidelines for micronutrients in critically ill patients. Further research investigating the pharmacological mechanism of zinc in programmed cell death caused by invasive infections and its therapeutic potential in sepsis and COVID-19 could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Briassoulis
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Ilia
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Marianna Miliaraki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Efrossini Briassouli
- Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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7
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Pereira CGM, Nunes MAP, Lessa AL, Cerqueira LC, Veloso OM, Delpino FM, Ferreira A, de Góis FN, Costa PSR, Santos HO. Sex distinctions regarding serum zinc levels in critically ill COVID-19 patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127262. [PMID: 37451092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Men and women exhibit different presentations in COVID-19. Changes in zinc finger domains in X chromosome causes disorders of sex development. So, we aimed to evaluate sex distinctions regarding serum zinc in severe COVID-19. METHOD Data from electronic records of severe COVID-19 patients were correlated with serum zinc. Logistic regression investigated predictors and protectors of hypozincemia in men and women. RESULTS We assessed 188 medical records (men = 114, women = 74). Men correlated low zinc with hypertension (cc = 0.303, p < 0.001), diabetes (cc = 0.198, p = 0.031), hemoglobin (cc = -0.258, p = 0.005), and albumin (cc = -0.219, p = 0.027). Low lymphocyte count (cc = 0.315, p = 0.005), C-reactive protein (cc = -0.248, p = 0.037), and enteral nutrition (cc = 0.269, p = 0.016) were correlated with hypozincemia in women. Age correlated with low zinc in men (c = -0.304, p = 0.001) and women (cc = -0.298, p = 0.010). In men, hypertension (OR = 4.905, p = 0.005) and lymphopenia (OR = -0.999, p = 0.019) were low zinc predictors, while lung injury > 50% was a protective factor (OR = -0.280, p = 0.025). Lymphopenia (OR = -0.999, p = 0.005) and difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) (OR = 4.359, p = 0.036) were predictors of hypozincemia in women. Difficult weaning from MV (OR = 3.012, p = 0.003) and age (OR = 1.038, p = 0.002) were hypozincemia predictors regardless sex. CONCLUSION Hypertension, diabetes, hemoglobin and albumin were correlated with low zinc in men. Lymphopenia, reactive-C protein and enteral nutrition were correlated with low zinc in women. In men, hypertension and low lymphocytes were predictors of hypozincemia. Lymphopenia and difficult weaning from MV were predictors of low zinc in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gama Matos Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; São Lucas Hospital - Rede D'OR (HSL), EMTN, Avenida Coronel Stanley da Silveira s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Marco Antônio Prado Nunes
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Arthur Leite Lessa
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lara Carvalho Cerqueira
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Octavio Morais Veloso
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Pós Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Rua Gomes Carneiro, 01 / 2º andar - Sala 208, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrêa Ferreira
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal da Bahia, (UFBA), Rua Araújo Pinho 32, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Noronha de Góis
- São Lucas Hospital - Rede D'OR (HSL), EMTN, Avenida Coronel Stanley da Silveira s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Santos Rodrigues Costa
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus da Saúde Prof. João Cardoso Do Nascimento Júnior, CCBS, Rua Cláudio Batista, s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; São Lucas Hospital - Rede D'OR (HSL), EMTN, Avenida Coronel Stanley da Silveira s/n, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Heitor Oliveira Santos
- Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Pará, bloco 2u, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 1720, Brazil
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Gurukkalot K, Rajendran V. Repurposing Polyether Ionophores as a New-Class of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Agents as Adjunct Therapy. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:273. [PMID: 37414909 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants have posed a significant threat to humankind in tackling the viral spread. Furthermore, currently repurposed drugs and frontline antiviral agents have failed to cure severe ongoing infections effectively. This insufficiency has fuelled research for potent and safe therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19. Nonetheless, various vaccine candidates have displayed a differential efficacy and need for repetitive dosing. The FDA-approved polyether ionophore veterinary antibiotic for treating coccidiosis has been repurposed for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection (as shown by both in vitro and in vivo studies) and other deadly human viruses. Based on selectivity index values, ionophores display therapeutic effects at sub-nanomolar concentrations and exhibit selective killing ability. They act on different viral targets (structural and non-structural proteins), host-cell components leading to SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, and their activity is further enhanced by Zn2+ supplementation. This review summarizes the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential and molecular viral targets of selective ionophores like monensin, salinomycin, maduramicin, CP-80,219, nanchangmycin, narasin, X-206 and valinomycin. Ionophore combinations with Zn2+ are a new therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation for possible human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Gurukkalot
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Guerrero-Romero F, Micke O, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Vormann J, Iotti S, Banjanin N, Rosanoff A, Baniasadi S, Pourdowlat G, Nechifor M. Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050735. [PMID: 37237547 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg/dL and dietary Mg intakes > 329 mg/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Juergen Vormann
- Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolina Banjanin
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Rosanoff
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mihai Nechifor
- Department of Pharmacology, Gr. T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Mohammadi AH, Behjati M, Karami M, Abari AH, Sobhani-Nasab A, Rourani HA, Hazrati E, Mirghazanfari SM, Hadi V, Hadi S, Milajerdi A. An overview on role of nutrition on COVID-19 immunity: Accumulative review from available studies. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 47:6-43. [PMID: 36540357 PMCID: PMC9754583 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) conveys a serious global threat to health and economy. A common predisposing factor for development to serious progressive disease is presence of a low-grade inflammation, e.g., as seen in diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure. Micronutrient deficiencies may also contribute to the development of this state. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the role of the nutrition to relieve progression of COVID-19. According PRISMA protocol, we conducted an online databases search including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and web of science for published literatures in the era of COVID-19 Outbreak regarding to the status of nutrition and COVID-19 until December 2021. There were available studies (80 studies) providing direct evidence regarding the associations between the status of nutrition and COVID-19 infection. Adequate nutritional supply is essential for resistance against other viral infections and also for improvement of immune function and reduction of inflammation. Hence, it is suggested that nutritional intervention which secures an adequate status might protect against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - coronavirus-2) and mitigate its course. We also recommend initiation of adequate nutritional supplementation in high-risk areas and/or soon after the time of suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2. Subjects in high-risk groups should have high priority for applying this nutritive adjuvant therapy that should be started prior to administration of specific and supportive medical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Behjati
- Cellular, Molecular and Genetics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Karami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrouzossadat Hosseini Abari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Sobhani-Nasab
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Amini Rourani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Hazrati
- Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayid Mahdi Mirghazanfari
- Department of Physiology and Iranian Medicine, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Hadi
- Department of Health, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Shrivastava AK, Sahu PK, Cecchi T, Shrestha L, Shah SK, Gupta A, Palikhey A, Joshi B, Gupta PP, Upadhyaya J, Paudel M, Koirala N. An emerging natural antioxidant therapy for COVID‐19 infection patients: Current and future directions. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Prafulla Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmacy Centurion University of Technology and Management Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | | | - Laxmi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Sanjay Kumar Shah
- Department of Reproductive MedicineJoint Inter‐national Research Laboratory of Reproduction and DevelopmentChongquing Medical University ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Anjan Palikhey
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Bishal Joshi
- Department of Physiology, Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Pramodkumar P. Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics D. Y. Patil Deemed to be University, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai India
| | - Jitendra Upadhyaya
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Chitwan Nepal
| | - Mahendra Paudel
- Department of Agri‐Botany and Ecology Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Mahendranagar Nepal
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Natural Products Research FacilityGandaki Province Academy of Science and Technology Pokhara, Gandaki Province Nepal
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12
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Ben Abdallah S, Mhalla Y, Trabelsi I, Sekma A, Youssef R, Bel Haj Ali K, Ben Soltane H, Yacoubi H, Msolli MA, Stambouli N, Beltaief K, Grissa MH, Khrouf M, Mezgar Z, Loussaief C, Bouida W, Razgallah R, Hezbri K, Belguith A, Belkacem N, Dridi Z, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Nouira S. Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:185-191. [PMID: 36367144 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc supplementation has been considered a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to examine zinc efficacy in adult patients with COVID-19 infection. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Patients who were tested positive for COVID-19 without end-organ failure were randomized to oral zinc (n = 231) or matching placebo (n = 239) for 15 days. The primary combined outcome was death due to COVID-19 or intensive care unit (ICU) admission ≤30 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay for inpatients and duration of COVID-19 symptoms with COVID-19-related hospitalization for outpatients. RESULTS 190 patients (40.4%) were ambulatory and 280 patients (59.6%) were hospitalized. Mortality at 30 days was 6.5% in the zinc group and 9.2% in the placebo group (OR: .68; 95% CI .34-1.35); ICU admission rates were, respectively, 5.2% and 11.3% (OR: .43; 95% CI .21-.87). Combined outcome was lower in the zinc group versus the placebo group (OR: .58; 95% CI .33-.99). Consistent results were observed in prespecified subgroups of patients aged <65 years, those with comorbidity, and those who needed oxygen therapy at baseline. Length of hospital stay was shorter in the zinc group versus the placebo group (difference: 3.5 days; 95% CI 2.76-4.23) in the inpatient group; duration of COVID-19 symptoms decreased with zinc treatment versus placebo in outpatients (difference: 1.9 days; 95% CI .62-2.6). No severe adverse events were observed during the study. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that, in COVID-19 patients, oral zinc can decrease 30-day death, ICU admission rate and can shorten symptom duration. Clinical Trials Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05212480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Ben Abdallah
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Mhalla
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Adel Sekma
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Youssef
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Bel Haj Ali
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Houda Ben Soltane
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Yacoubi
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Msolli
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nejla Stambouli
- UR17DN03-Research Unit, Military Defense, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Beltaief
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Habib Grissa
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Khrouf
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Zied Mezgar
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chawki Loussaief
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wahid Bouida
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Asma Belguith
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Belkacem
- Emergency Department, District Hospital Teboulba, Teboulba, Tunisia
| | - Zohra Dridi
- Department of Cardiology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Boubaker
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Boukef
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Semir Nouira
- Research Laboratory LR12SP18, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Emergency Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
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13
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Nešić A, Stojsavljević A, Jagodić J, Čavić M, Stefanović A, Manojlović D, Gavrović-Jankulović M. A six-month study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination: A comparative analysis of essential trace elements and anti-RBD IgG sera levels. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127079. [PMID: 36152463 PMCID: PMC9474410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although essential trace elements (ETEs) play pivotal roles in life-supporting biochemical processes, their function in innate and adaptive immunity has not been fully elucidated, particularly during immunization. Furthermore, the association between anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies and ETE levels with vaccine responsiveness has not been investigated. METHODS The present study explored the status of ETEs (Mn, Cu, Zn, and Se) in sera of healthy women before and after vaccination with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a follow-up period of six months. The main aim was to explore links between ETE levels and IgG antibodies produced against Spike glycoprotein's Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD). RESULTS A recombinant protein of SARS-CoV-2 comprising the receptor binding domain was successfully expressed in HEK-293 T cells. The purified protein was suitable for producing a sensitive antibody detection assay for human serum and monitored seropositivity, indicating a transient response with peak anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels 2 months after vaccination. In parallel to increasing antibody titers, serum concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Se were not affected by vaccination, and concentrations remained relatively constant at the different sampling times during the 6-month observation period. Total serum Zn concentrations were slightly elevated when compared between the first and last sampling dates. Overall, no consistent effects of vaccination on any of the three trace elements analyzed in our study were observed. CONCLUSION Vaccination of adult healthy female volunteers with an mRNA vaccine was not associated with consistent changes in serum trace element concentrations over a six-month observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Nešić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Stojsavljević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jovana Jagodić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Čavić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Manojlović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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14
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Jiang ST, Liu YG, Zhang L, Sang XT, Xu YY, Lu X. Systems biology approach reveals a common molecular basis for COVID-19 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:251. [PMCID: PMC9664052 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and even more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19. Whether there is a common molecular pathological basis for COVID-19 and NAFLD remains to be identified. The present study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional alterations shared by COVID-19 and NAFLD and to identify potential compounds targeting both diseases.
Methods
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for COVID-19 and NAFLD were extracted from the GSE147507 and GSE89632 datasets, and common DEGs were identified using the Venn diagram. Subsequently, we constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network based on the common DEGs and extracted hub genes. Then, we performed gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of common DEGs. In addition, transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs regulatory networks were constructed, and drug candidates were identified.
Results
We identified a total of 62 common DEGs for COVID-19 and NAFLD. The 10 hub genes extracted based on the PPI network were IL6, IL1B, PTGS2, JUN, FOS, ATF3, SOCS3, CSF3, NFKB2, and HBEGF. In addition, we also constructed TFs–DEGs, miRNAs–DEGs, and protein–drug interaction networks, demonstrating the complex regulatory relationships of common DEGs.
Conclusion
We successfully extracted 10 hub genes that could be used as novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 and NAFLD. In addition, based on common DEGs, we propose some potential drugs that may benefit patients with COVID-19 and NAFLD.
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15
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Ahvanooei MRR, Norouzian MA, Vahmani P. Beneficial Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, and Bioactive Peptides on Strengthening the Immune System Against COVID-19 and the Role of Cow's Milk in the Supply of These Nutrients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4664-4677. [PMID: 34837602 PMCID: PMC8627168 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans, has become a global health concern and is spreading rapidly. At present, the most important issue associated with COVID-19 is the immune system and the factors that affect it. It is well known that cow's milk is highly rich in micronutrients that increase and strengthen the immune system. Research shows that the administration of these nutrients is very effective in fighting COVID-19, and a deficiency in any of them can be a weakness in the fight against the virus. On the other hand, cow's milk is accessible to the whole population, and drinking colostrum, raw, and micro-filtered milk from cows vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 could provide individuals with short-term protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection until vaccines become commercially available. This review aimed to discuss the effects of milk vitamins, minerals, and bioactive peptides on general health in humans to combat viral diseases, especially COVID-19, and to what extent cow's milk consumption plays a role in providing these metabolites. Cow's milk contains many bioactive compounds that include vitamins, minerals, biogenic amines, nucleotides, oligosaccharides, organic acids, and immunoglobulins. Humans can meet a significant portion of their requirements for vitamins and minerals through the consumption of cow's milk. Recent studies have shown that micronutrients such as vitamins D, E, B, C, and A as well as minerals Zn, Cu, Mg, I, and Se and bioactive peptides, each can have positive and significant effects on strengthening the immune system and general health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rezaei Ahvanooei
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Norouzian
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2251 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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16
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Pisoschi AM, Iordache F, Stanca L, Gajaila I, Ghimpeteanu OM, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Roles of Nonvitamin Antioxidants in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12562-12593. [PMID: 36136726 PMCID: PMC9514372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathologies encompass activation of pro-oxidative pathways and inflammatory burst. Alleviating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and cytokine storm in COVID-19 is essential to counteract the immunogenic damage in endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants alleviate oxidative stress, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and diminish the risk of organ failure. Direct antiviral roles imply: impact on viral spike protein, interference with the ACE2 receptor, inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, transmembrane protease serine 2 or furin, and impact on of helicase, papain-like protease, 3-chyomotrypsin like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Prooxidative environment favors conformational changes in the receptor binding domain, promoting the affinity of the spike protein for the host receptor. Viral pathologies imply a vicious cycle, oxidative stress promoting inflammatory responses, and vice versa. The same was noticed with respect to the relationship antioxidant impairment-viral replication. Timing, dosage, pro-oxidative activities, mutual influences, and interference with other antioxidants should be carefully regarded. Deficiency is linked to illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Iuliana Gajaila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Oana Margarita Ghimpeteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory,
National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Can iron, zinc, copper and selenium status be a prognostic determinant in COVID-19 patients? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103937. [PMID: 35882309 PMCID: PMC9307469 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In severe COVID-19, the levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), do not only regulate host immune responses, but modify the viral genome, as well. While low serum Fe concentration is an independent risk factor for the increased death rate, Zn controls oxidative stress, synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and viral replication. Therefore, Zn deficiency associates with a worse prognosis. Although Cu exposure inactivates the viral genome and exhibits spike protein dispersal, increase in Cu/Zn due to high serum Cu levels, are correlated with enhanced risk of infections. Se levels are significantly higher in surviving COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, both Zn and Se suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Since the balance between the deficiency and oversupply of these metals due to a reciprocal relationship, has decisive effect on the prognosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, monitoring their concentrations may facilitate improved outcomes for patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Are Nutraceuticals Effective in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Prevention and Treatment? Foods 2022; 11:foods11182884. [PMID: 36141012 PMCID: PMC9498392 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginning of the end or the end of the beginning? After two years mastered by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, we are now witnessing a turnaround. The reduction of severe cases and deaths from COVID-19 led to increasing importance of a new disease called post-COVID syndrome. The term post-COVID is used to indicate permanency of symptoms in patients who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Immune, antiviral, antimicrobial therapies, as well as ozone therapy have been used to treat COVID-19 disease. Vaccines have then become available and administered worldwide to prevent the insurgence of the disease. However, the pandemic is not over yet at all given the emergence of new omicron variants. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this view, great interest was found in nutraceutical products, including vitamins (C, D, and E), minerals (zinc), melatonin, probiotics, flavonoids (quercetin), and curcumin. This review summarizes the role of nutraceuticals in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 disease and post-COVID syndrome.
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19
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Stamoula E, Sarantidi E, Dimakopoulos V, Ainatzoglou A, Dardalas I, Papazisis G, Kontopoulou K, Anagnostopoulos AK. Serum Proteome Signatures of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Healthcare Workers in Greece Associated with Their Prior Infection Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710153. [PMID: 36077551 PMCID: PMC9456361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of the pandemic, proteomics, being in the frontline of anti-COVID-19 research, has massively contributed to the investigation of molecular pathogenic properties of the virus. However, data on the proteome on anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals remain scarce. This study aimed to identify the serum proteome characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals who had previously contracted the virus and comparatively assess them against those of virus-naïve vaccine recipients. Blood samples of n = 252 individuals, out of whom n = 35 had been previously infected, were collected in the "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, from 4 January 2021 to 31 August 2021. All participants received the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech). A label-free quantitative proteomics LC-MS/MS approach was undertaken, and the identified proteins were analyzed using the GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes) databases as well as processed by bioinformatics tools. Titers of total RBD-specific IgGs against SARS-CoV-2 were also determined using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. A total of 47 proteins were significantly differentially expressed, the majority of which were down-regulated in sera of previously infected patients compared to virus-naïve controls. Several pathways were affected supporting the crucial role of the humoral immune response in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection provided by COVID-19 vaccination. Overall, our comprehensive proteome profiling analysis contributes novel knowledge of the mechanisms of immune response induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and identified protein signatures reflecting the immune status of vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stamoula
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleana Sarantidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Dimakopoulos
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Ainatzoglou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dardalas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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The Mutual Relationship among Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19: Focus on Micronutrients Imbalance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163439. [PMID: 36014944 PMCID: PMC9416353 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients are ions and vitamins humbly required by the human body. They play a main role in several physiological mechanisms and their imbalance is strongly associated with potentially-fatal complications. Micronutrient imbalance is associated with many cardiovascular diseases, such as arrythmias, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. It has been also observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in most severe patients. The relationship between cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 is mutual: the latter triggers cardiovascular disease onset and worsening while patients with previous cardiovascular disease may develop a more severe form of COVID-19. In addition to the well-known pathophysiological mechanisms binding COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases together, increasing importance is being given to the impact of micronutrient alterations, often present during COVID-19 and able to affect the balance responsible for a good functioning of the cardiovascular system. In particular, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia are strongly associated with worse outcome, while vitamin A and D deficiency are associated with thromboembolic events in COVID-19. Thus, considering how frequent the cardiovascular involvement is in patients with COVID-19, and how it majorly affects their prognosis, this manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the role of micronutrient imbalance in the interconnection between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases.
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Veena M, Puthur JT. Seed nutripriming with zinc is an apt tool to alleviate malnutrition. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2355-2373. [PMID: 34365568 PMCID: PMC8349239 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
More than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient malnutrition, sometimes known as hidden hunger. Zn malnutrition affects around a third of the world's population. The physicochemical features of soil, which limit the availability of Zn to plants, cause Zn deficiency. The eating habits of certain populations are more depended on Zn-deficient staple foods. Due to the high expense and certain interventions such as diet diversification, zinc supplementation and food fortification cannot be achieved in disadvantaged populations. Biofortification is the most practical technique for alleviating Zn malnutrition. Seed priming with nutrients is a promising biofortification approach for edible crops. Seed nutripriming with zinc is a cost-effective and environmentally benign approach of biofortification. Seeds can be nutriprimed with Zn using a variety of methods such as Zn fertilisers, Zn chelated compounds and Zn nanoparticles. Nutripriming with nanoparticles is gaining popularity these days due to its numerous advantages and vast biofortification potential. Seeds enriched with Zn also aid plant performance in Zn-deficient soil. Zn an essential trace element can regulate physiological, biochemical and molecular processes of plant cells and thus can enhance germination, growth, yield and bioavailable Zn in edible crops. Moreover, zinc emerges as an important element of choice for the management of COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Veena
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C. U. Campus P.O, Calicut, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Jos T Puthur
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C. U. Campus P.O, Calicut, Kerala, 673635, India.
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22
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de Jesus JR, Galazzi RM, Lopes Júnior CA, Arruda MAZ. Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126964. [PMID: 35240553 PMCID: PMC8881805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can affect several organs, including the brain. In the brain, specifically, viral infection can cause dyshomeostasis of some trace elements that promote complex biochemical reactions in specialized neurological functions. OBJECTIVE Understand the neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 and the relationship between trace elements and neurological disorders after infection, and provide new insights on the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. METHODS The main databases were used to search studies published up September 2021, focusing on the role of trace elements during viral infection and on the correct functioning of the brain. RESULTS The imbalance of important trace elements can accelerate SARS-CoV-2 neurovirulence and increase the neurotoxicity since many neurological processes can be associated with the homeostasis of metal and metalloproteins. Some studies involving animals and humans have suggested the synapse as a vulnerable region of the brain to neurological disorders after viral infection. Considering the combined evidence, some mechanisms have been suggested to understand the relationship between neurological disorders and imbalance of trace elements in the brain after viral infection. CONCLUSION Trace elements play important roles in viral infections, such as helping to activate immune cells, produce antibodies, and inhibit virus replication. However, the relationship between trace elements and virus infections is complex since the specific functions of several elements remain largely undefined. Therefore, there is still a lot to be explored to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved between trace elements and viral infections, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Research Laboratory in Bionanomaterials, LPbio, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Moretto Galazzi
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, Analytik Jena GmbH, an Endress & Hauser Company, São Paulo, SP 04029-901, Brazil.
| | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Brazil.
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23
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Dhawan M, Emran TB, Priyanaka, Choudhary OP. Immunomodulatory effects of zinc and its impact on COVID-19 severity. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103638. [PMID: 35464610 PMCID: PMC9012669 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe financial, clinical, and societal repercussions and imposed more pressure on the healthcare system of many nations. COVID-19 impacts the immune system by causing a systemic inflammatory reaction, often known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this context, many dietary interventions have been utilized to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19 by regulating the excessive secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Zinc, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mineral in food with a well-established role in immunity, is now being employed in several clinical studies against COVID-19. Zn deficiency has been correlated with the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, we will summarise zinc's immunomodulatory effects in this article. We will investigate how zinc deficiency might contribute to a poor prognosis of COVID-19 disease by altering the release of particular cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.,Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanaka
- Independent Researcher, 07, Type Iv Quarter, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
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24
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Gutiérrez Rodelo C, Salinas RA, Armenta JaimeArmenta E, Armenta S, Galdámez-Martínez A, Castillo-Blum SE, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Nirmala Grace A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gutiérrez Rodelo J, Christie G, Alsanie WF, Santana G, Thakur VK, Dutt A. Zinc associated nanomaterials and their intervention in emerging respiratory viruses: Journey to the field of biomedicine and biomaterials. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 457:214402. [PMID: 35095109 PMCID: PMC8788306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a severe public health risk worldwide, and the research contribution to tackle the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main targets among the scientific community. In this regard, experts from different fields have gathered to confront this catastrophic pandemic. This review illustrates how nanotechnology intervention could be valuable in solving this difficult situation, and the state of the art of Zn-based nanostructures are discussed in detail. For virus detection, learning from the experience of other respiratory viruses such as influenza, the potential use of Zn nanomaterials as suitable sensing platforms to recognize the S1 spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 are shown. Furthermore, a discussion about the antiviral mechanisms reported for ZnO nanostructures is included, which can help develop surface disinfectants and protective coatings. At the same time, the properties of Zn-based materials as supplements for reducing viral activity and the recovery of infected patients are illustrated. Within the scope of noble adjuvants to improve the immune response, the ZnO NPs properties as immunomodulators are explained, and potential prototypes of nanoengineered particles with metallic cations (like Zn2+) are suggested. Therefore, using Zn-associated nanomaterials from detection to disinfection, supplementation, and immunomodulation opens a wide area of opportunities to combat these emerging respiratory viruses. Finally, the attractive properties of these nanomaterials can be extrapolated to new clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlaly Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Salinas
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIBA-IPN), Tlaxcala 72197, Mexico
| | - Erika Armenta JaimeArmenta
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Silvia Armenta
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Andrés Galdámez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia E Castillo-Blum
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México
| | - Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega
- Healthcare Business and Computer Technology, Mexico
- Nanopharmacia Diagnostica, Tlaxcala No. 146/705, Col. Roma Sur, Cuauhtémoc, Cuidad de México, C.P. 06760, Mexico
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014, India
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas y Dirección de Nutrición. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - Juliana Gutiérrez Rodelo
- Instituto Méxicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de SubZona No. 4, C.P. 80370, Navolato, Sinaloa, México
| | - Graham Christie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guillermo Santana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ateet Dutt
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México City, C.P. 04510, Mexico
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25
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On the Efficacy of ZnO Nanostructures against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063040. [PMID: 35328455 PMCID: PMC8950216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), started spreading around the word, giving rise to the world pandemic we are still facing. Since then, many strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 have been studied and implemented. In addition to pharmacological treatments and vaccines, it is mandatory to ensure the cleaning and disinfection of the skin and inanimate surfaces, especially in those contexts where the contagion could spread quickly, such as hospitals and clinical laboratories, schools, transport, and public places in general. Here, we report the efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against SARS-CoV-2. NPs were produced using an ecofriendly method and fully characterized; their antiviral activity was tested in vitro against SARS-CoV-2, showing a decrease in viral load between 70% and 90%, as a function of the material’s composition. Application of these nano-antimicrobials as coatings for commonly touched surfaces is envisaged.
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26
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Farzana M, Shahriar S, Jeba FR, Tabassum T, Araf Y, Ullah MA, Tasnim J, Chakraborty A, Naima TA, Marma KKS, Rahaman TI, Hosen MJ. Functional food: complementary to fight against COVID-19. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35284580 PMCID: PMC8899455 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus has embarked on a global pandemic and severe mortality with limited access for its treatments and medications. For the lack of time, research, and enough efficacy, most vaccines are underdeveloped or unreachable to society. However, many recent studies suggest various alternative, complementary remedies for COVID-19, which are functional foods. This review provides an overview of how functional foods can play a great role through modulating the host immune system, generating antiviral activities, and synthesizing biologically active agents effective against the coronavirus. Main body This review article summarizes the natural defense mechanisms in tackling SARS-CoV-2 alongside conventional therapeutic options and their corresponding harmful side effects. By analyzing bioactive components of functional foods, we have outlined its different contributions to human health and its potential immunomodulatory and antiviral properties that can enhance resistivity to viral infection. Moreover, we have provided a myriad of accessible and cost-effective functional foods that could be further investigated to target specific key symptoms of COVID-19 infections. Finally, we have found various functional foods with potent bioactive compounds that can inhibit or prevent COVID-19 infections and disease progression. Short conclusion Numerous functional foods can help the body fight COVID-19 through several mechanisms such as the reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced expression of ACE2 receptors in cells, and inhibiting essential enzymes in SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Farzana
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sagarika Shahriar
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Rahman Jeba
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahani Tabassum
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jarin Tasnim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Agnila Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Taslima Anjum Naima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Kay Kay Shain Marma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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27
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Tsuchiya H. Gustatory and Saliva Secretory Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients with Zinc Deficiency. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030353. [PMID: 35330104 PMCID: PMC8950751 DOI: 10.3390/life12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the ever-progressing studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is critical to update our knowledge about COVID-19 symptomatology and pathophysiology. In the present narrative review, oral symptoms were overviewed using the latest data and their pathogenesis was hypothetically speculated. PubMed, LitCovid, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies from 1 April 2021 with a cutoff date of 31 January 2022. The literature search indicated that gustatory dysfunction and saliva secretory dysfunction are prevalent in COVID-19 patients and both dysfunctions persist after recovery from the disease, suggesting the pathogenic mechanism common to these cooccurring symptoms. COVID-19 patients are characterized by hypozincemia, in which zinc is possibly redistributed from blood to the liver at the expense of zinc in other tissues. If COVID-19 induces intracellular zinc deficiency, the activity of zinc-metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase localized in taste buds and salivary glands may be influenced to adversely affect gustatory and saliva secretory functions. Zinc-binding metallothioneins and zinc transporters, which cooperatively control cellular zinc homeostasis, are expressed in oral tissues participating in taste and saliva secretion. Their expression dysregulation associated with COVID-19-induced zinc deficiency may have some effect on oral functions. Zinc supplementation is expected to improve oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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28
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Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020215. [PMID: 35205082 PMCID: PMC8869171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk. Abstract The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
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29
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Ni YQ, Zeng HH, Song XW, Zheng J, Wu HQ, Liu CT, Zhang Y. Potential metal-related strategies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. RARE METALS 2022; 41:1129-1141. [PMID: 35068851 PMCID: PMC8761834 DOI: 10.1007/s12598-021-01894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed severe threats to human health, public safety, and the global economy. Metal nutrient elements can directly or indirectly take part in human immune responses, and metal-related drugs have served as antiviral drugs and/or enzyme inhibitors for many years, providing potential solutions to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Metal-based drugs are currently under a variety of chemical structures and exhibit wide-range bioactivities, demonstrating irreplaceable advantages in pharmacology. This review is an intention to summarize recent progress in the prevention and treatment strategies against COVID-19 from the perspective of metal pharmacology. The current and potential utilization of metal-based drugs is briefly introduced. Specifically, metallohydrogels that have been shown to present superior antiviral activities are stressed in the paper as potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Ni
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui-Hui Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xian-Wen Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui-Qiong Wu
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041 China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071 China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
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30
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Gil‐Moles M, Türck S, Basu U, Pettenuzzo A, Bhattacharya S, Rajan A, Ma X, Büssing R, Wölker J, Burmeister H, Hoffmeister H, Schneeberg P, Prause A, Lippmann P, Kusi‐Nimarko J, Hassell‐Hart S, McGown A, Guest D, Lin Y, Notaro A, Vinck R, Karges J, Cariou K, Peng K, Qin X, Wang X, Skiba J, Szczupak Ł, Kowalski K, Schatzschneider U, Hemmert C, Gornitzka H, Milaeva ER, Nazarov AA, Gasser G, Spencer J, Ronconi L, Kortz U, Cinatl J, Bojkova D, Ott I. Metallodrug Profiling against SARS-CoV-2 Target Proteins Identifies Highly Potent Inhibitors of the S/ACE2 interaction and the Papain-like Protease PL pro. Chemistry 2021; 27:17928-17940. [PMID: 34714566 PMCID: PMC8653295 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has called for an urgent need for dedicated antiviral therapeutics. Metal complexes are commonly underrepresented in compound libraries that are used for screening in drug discovery campaigns, however, there is growing evidence for their role in medicinal chemistry. Based on previous results, we have selected more than 100 structurally diverse metal complexes for profiling as inhibitors of two relevant SARS-CoV-2 replication mechanisms, namely the interaction of the spike (S) protein with the ACE2 receptor and the papain-like protease PLpro . In addition to many well-established types of mononuclear experimental metallodrugs, the pool of compounds tested was extended to approved metal-based therapeutics such as silver sulfadiazine and thiomersal, as well as polyoxometalates (POMs). Among the mononuclear metal complexes, only a small number of active inhibitors of the S/ACE2 interaction was identified, with titanocene dichloride as the only strong inhibitor. However, among the gold and silver containing complexes many turned out to be very potent inhibitors of PLpro activity. Highly promising activity against both targets was noted for many POMs. Selected complexes were evaluated in antiviral SARS-CoV-2 assays confirming activity for gold complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or dithiocarbamato ligands, a silver NHC complex, titanocene dichloride as well as a POM compound. These studies might provide starting points for the design of metal-based SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agents.
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Tuli HS, Sak K, Aggarwal P, Iqubal A, Upadhaya SK, Kaur J, Kaur G, Aggarwal D. Molecular Evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Hazardous and More Hazardous Strains Behind the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Their Targeting by Drugs and Vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763687. [PMID: 34970505 PMCID: PMC8712944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within almost the last 2 years, the world has been shaken by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has affected the lives of all people. With nearly 4.92 million deaths by October 19, 2021, and serious health damages in millions of people, COVID-19 has been the most serious global challenge after the Second World War. Besides lost lives and long-term health problems, devastating impact on economics, education, and culture will probably leave a lasting impression on the future. Therefore, the actual extent of losses will become obvious only after years. Moreover, despite the availability of different vaccines and vaccination programs, it is still impossible to forecast what the next steps of the virus are or how near we are to the end of the pandemic. In this article, the route of molecular evolution of the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is thoroughly compiled, highlighting the changes that the virus has undergone during the last 2 years and discussing the approaches that the medical community has undertaken in the fight against virus-induced damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Katrin Sak
- Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Praeventio, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India
| | - Sushil K. Upadhaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (SVKM’S NMIMS), Mumbai, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
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Zinc ionophores: chemistry and biological applications. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 228:111691. [PMID: 34929542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc can play a pathophysiological role in several diseases and can interfere in key processes of microbial growth. This evidence justifies the efforts in applying Zinc ionophores to restore Zinc homeostasis and treat bacterial/viral infections such as coronavirus diseases. Zinc ionophores increase the intracellular concentration of Zinc ions causing significant biological effects. This review provides, for the first time, an overview of the applications of the main Zinc ionophores in Zinc deficiency, infectious diseases, and in cancer, discussing the pharmacological and coordination properties of the Zinc ionophores.
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Giovane RA, Di Giovanni-Kinsley S, Keeton E. Micronutrients for potential therapeutic use against COVID-19; a review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:9-13. [PMID: 34857253 PMCID: PMC8487093 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS CoV-2 has caused a pandemic that has challenged both clinicians and researchers in finding an effective treatment option. Currently there only exists a two series vaccine that has a high efficacy in preventing infection. There is no standard effective treatment against SARS CoV-2 however several nutraceuticals such as melatonin, zinc, selenium, vitamin C and vitamin D are being proposed as prevention and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Giovane
- Regional Medical Center of Central Alabama, 29 L.V. Stabler Drive, Greenville, AL, 36037, USA.
| | | | - Emily Keeton
- University of Alabama, Department of Family Medicine, 801 Campus Drive, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Islam F, Bibi S, Meem AFK, Islam MM, Rahaman MS, Bepary S, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Elzaki A, Kajoak S, Osman H, ElSamani M, Khandaker MU, Idris AM, Emran TB. Natural Bioactive Molecules: An Alternative Approach to the Treatment and Control of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12638. [PMID: 34884440 PMCID: PMC8658031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been associated with serious health hazards in recent decades, resulting in the deaths of thousands around the globe. The recent coronavirus pandemic has emphasized the importance of discovering novel and effective antiviral medicines as quickly as possible to prevent more loss of human lives. Positive-sense RNA viruses with group spikes protruding from their surfaces and an abnormally large RNA genome enclose CoVs. CoVs have already been related to a range of respiratory infectious diseases possibly fatal to humans, such as MERS, SARS, and the current COVID-19 outbreak. As a result, effective prevention, treatment, and medications against human coronavirus (HCoV) is urgently needed. In recent years, many natural substances have been discovered with a variety of biological significance, including antiviral properties. Throughout this work, we reviewed a wide range of natural substances that interrupt the life cycles for MERS and SARS, as well as their potential application in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Atkia Farzana Khan Meem
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md. Mohaimenul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md. Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Sristy Bepary
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (F.I.); (A.F.K.M.); (M.M.I.); (M.S.R.); (S.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Amin Elzaki
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.); (S.K.); (H.O.); (M.E.)
| | - Samih Kajoak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.); (S.K.); (H.O.); (M.E.)
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.); (S.K.); (H.O.); (M.E.)
| | - Mohamed ElSamani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.); (S.K.); (H.O.); (M.E.)
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
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Rezazadeh A, Sadeghzadeh S, Namakin K, Tamimi A, Khanjani Z. The role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19: A review. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-211524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Destructive outcomes of coronavirus pandemic call for medical research which can report all of the influential agents not only for the treatment of the disease but also preventing its severe impacts on the societal health in the most efficient manner. Zinc plays an integral role in the function of cellular enzymes and transcription factors. Owing to its anti-inflammatory and cellular immunity regulation activity, zinc is regarded to be effective on strengthening the immune system. Its crucial antiviral effects have long been established as well. Studies suggest that low serum zinc level predisposes the patient to severe COVID-19 infection, which makes patient’s zinc profile a potential determinant of prognosis and severity of this disease. Furthermore, zinc supplementation has indicated promising outcomes of coronavirus infection management. Zinc modulates cell-mediated immunity and participates in the killing of microorganisms in cytotoxic immune cells. Zn2 + has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6 production. Although there is still not enough evidence, it seems that zinc could be a promising supplementary treatment for COVID-19 especially in zinc-deficient patients. The aim of this review is to clarify the role of zinc in pathogenesis and therapy of COVID-19 in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rezazadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, NationalNutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty ofNutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behehshti Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sadeghzadeh
- StudentResearch Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Namakin
- StudentResearch Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atena Tamimi
- StudentResearch Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khanjani
- StudentResearch Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Harismah K, Hajali N, Mirzaei M, Salarrezaei E. Quantum processing of cytidine derivatives and evaluating their in silico interactions with the COVID-19 main protease. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work was performed by the importance of exploring possible medications for COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, cytidine (Cyd) derivatives were investigated to reach a point to see their benefit of employing for the purpose. Each of halogenated models of Cyd including CydF, CydCl, CydBr, and CydI were investigated in addition to the original CydH model. Density functional theory (DFT) based quantum processing were performed to obtain stabilized structures in addition to evaluation of frontier molecular orbitals features. Next, molecular docking (MD) simulations were performed to reach a point of formations of interacting ligand-target complexes. Among the investigated models CydH and CydI were working better than other model for reaching the purpose of this work, in which the derived CydI model was indeed the ligand with the highest suitability for formation of ligand-target complexes. As a consequence, such ligands of original and halogenated Cyd models might work for inhibition of main protease (MPro) enzyme of COVID-19 based on the obtained meaningful vales for complex strengths in addition interacting with the amino acids of active site. More precisely, the CydI model could be proposed as promising ligand for showing the inhibitory effects towards the MPro target of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Harismah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Narjes Hajali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mirzaei
- Medical Image & Signal Processing Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Salarrezaei
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Bagher Pour O, Yahyavi Y, Karimi A, Khamaneh AM, Milani M, Khalili M, Sharifi A. Serum trace elements levels and clinical outcomes among Iranian COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:164-168. [PMID: 34454118 PMCID: PMC8384760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between immunity and trace elements levels is well known. We aimed to estimate the association of serum trace elements with severity and outcomes in the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS In this single-centered, prospective, observational study, we enrolled 114 patients admitted to severe intensive care units (ICUs) and corresponding 112 sex and aged-matched non-ICU ward patients. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were all collected. We analyzed serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and manganese (Mn) in both severity groups. RESULTS The serum levels of Cu, Se, and Mn in both groups were within the normal range while Zn serum levels were lower than normal values. Based on these findings, Zn, Cu, Se, and Mn serum levels were not associated with disease severity (P > 0.05), while we found Zn serum levels were strongly associated with patient outcomes (P = 0.005). Our results indicated lower Mn serum levels were associated with age more than 55 years (P= 0.006). Our results were not in favor of a causal relationship between serum trace elements levels and disease severity. CONCLUSION We found Zn level to be a strong indicator for patients' outcomes that can be considered for monitoring patient prognosis. Nutritional measures or supplementation can help reduce poor outcomes caused by low Zn levels in Iranian COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozra Bagher Pour
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yahya Yahyavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Karimi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Mehdi Khamaneh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Milani
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Khalili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Sharifi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Pinnawala NU, Thrastardottir TO, Constantinou C. Keeping a Balance During the Pandemic: a Narrative Review on the Important Role of Micronutrients in Preventing Infection and Reducing Complications of COVID-19. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:200-210. [PMID: 33948913 PMCID: PMC8096627 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak has manifested into a major public health concern across the globe, affecting particularly the most vulnerable population groups. Currently, there are various clinical trials being conducted to develop effective treatments. It is estimated that it could take one or more years before these drugs pass all safety tests and concrete results with regard to their effectiveness become available. In addition, despite the recent development of vaccines (licensed for use under conditional licenses) and the commencement of COVID-19 vaccination programs in several countries, there is still a need for safe and novel strategies that may reduce the symptomatology and/or prevent the severe complications associated with COVID-19. Natural compounds previously shown to have antiviral potential should be thoroughly considered and investigated for use in prophylactic treatment of COVID-19 due to their availability and safety. RECENT FINDINGS The current narrative review investigates whether there is evidence in the literature that supplementation with dietary minerals and vitamins may have a role in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 or in reducing COVID-19 symptomatology and disease progression. The current evidence from the literature supports that zinc and vitamin C have a potential in reducing the inflammatory response associated with SARS-CoV-2 while folate and vitamin D may have a role in antagonizing the entry of SARs-CoV-2 virus in host calls. Thus, further research should be conducted that could lead to the development of nutritional supplements involving natural and widely available compounds such as zinc, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin D. The latter could be an effective, safe, and inexpensive way to either prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or lessen the burden of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ushmantha Pinnawala
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tinna Osk Thrastardottir
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantina Constantinou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Seifi T, Reza Kamali A. Antiviral performance of graphene-based materials with emphasis on COVID-19: A review. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 11:100099. [PMID: 34056572 PMCID: PMC8151376 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 has been one of the most challenging global epidemics of modern times with a large number of casualties combined with economic hardships across the world. Considering that there is still no definitive cure for the recent viral crisis, this article provides a review of nanomaterials with antiviral activity, with an emphasis on graphene and its derivatives, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots. The possible interactions between surfaces of such nanostructured materials with coronaviruses are discussed. The antiviral mechanisms of graphene materials can be related to events such as the inactivation of virus and/or the host cell receptor, electrostatic trapping and physico-chemical destruction of viral species. These effects can be enhanced by functionalization and/or decoration of carbons with species that enhances graphene-virus interactions. The low-cost and large-scale preparation of graphene materials with enhanced antiviral performances is an interesting research direction to be explored.
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Pal A, Squitti R, Picozza M, Pawar A, Rongioletti M, Dutta AK, Sahoo S, Goswami K, Sharma P, Prasad R. Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2882-2892. [PMID: 33094446 PMCID: PMC7580816 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies, and economic and healthcare systems around the world. Like many other diseases, the host immune system determines the progress of COVID-19 and fatality. Modulation of inflammatory response and cytokine production using immunonutrition is a novel concept that has been applied to other diseases as well. Zinc, one of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient found in food with well-established role in immunity, is currently being used in some clinical trials against COVID-19. This review integrates the contemporary studies of role of zinc in antiviral immunity along with discussing its potential role against COVID-19, and ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials using zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India.
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Atanu Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Sibasish Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
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The Characteristics, Manifestations and Cardiopulmonary Imaging (CT/MRI) of COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The novel coronavirus has diverse manifestations, usually similar to a common cold or influenza. The majority of patients with coronavirus disease have typical imaging features. The typical CT characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are ground-glass opacities and consolidative lesions with a peripheral and posterior distribution. Noninvasive imaging methods are precise and rapid means of diagnosing pneumonia and cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to understand the implications of this pandemic and to be familiar with the different imaging aspects of the novel coronavirus disease. This review focuses on the most commonly reported imaging findings of COVID-19 infection in different patients from different countries, the expert recommendations, and the cardiac manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Taheri M, Bahrami A, Habibi P, Nouri F. A Review on the Serum Electrolytes and Trace Elements Role in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2475-2481. [PMID: 32901413 PMCID: PMC7478435 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All the world is involved in the COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA and has an envelope. There is no specific drug for this disease and treatment methods are limited. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance can make dysfunction in the immune system and impairment of the immune system causes increasing the risk of infection. Understanding the aspects of biological features of the virus will help the development of diagnostic tests, pharmacological therapies, and vaccines. Here, we review and discuss increasing and decreasing some trace elements and imbalance of serum and plasma electrolytes involving in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parisa Habibi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Gharpure S, Ankamwar B. Use of nanotechnology in combating coronavirus. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 34221822 PMCID: PMC8238387 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent COVID-19 pandemic situation caused due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected global health as well as economics. There is global attention on prevention, diagnosis as well as treatment of COVID-19 infection which would help in easing the current situation. The use of nanotechnology and nanomedicine has been considered to be promising due to its excellent potential in managing various medical issues such as viruses which is a major threat. Nanoparticles have shown great potential in various biomedical applications and can prove to be of great use in antiviral therapy, especially over other conventional antiviral agents. This review focusses on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and the progression of the COVID-19 disease followed by currently available treatments for the same. Use of nanotechnology has been elaborated by exploiting various nanoparticles like metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles as well as lipid-based nanoparticles along with its mechanism of action against viruses which can prove to be beneficial in COVID-19 therapeutics. However, it needs to be considered that use of these nanotechnology-based approaches in COVID-19 therapeutics only aids the human immunity in fighting the infection. The main function is performed by the immune system in combatting any infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saee Gharpure
- Bio-Inspired Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Balaprasad Ankamwar
- Bio-Inspired Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 India
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Jain A, Prajapati SK, Tripathi M, Raichur AM, Kanwar JR. Exploring the room for repurposed hydroxychloroquine to impede COVID-19: toxicities and multipronged combination approaches with pharmaceutical insights. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:715-734. [PMID: 33769888 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1909473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has fatally affected the whole world with millions of deaths. Amidst the dilemma of a breakthrough in vaccine development, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was looked upon as a prospective repurposed candidate. It has confronted numerous controversies in the past few months as a chemoprophylactic and treatment option for COVID-19. Recently, it has been withdrawn by the World Health Organization for its use in an ongoing pandemic. However, its benefit/risk ratio regarding its use in COVID-19 disease remains poorly justified. An extensive literature search was done using Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, www.cdc.gov, www.fda.gov, and who.int.Areas covered: Toxicity vexations of HCQ; pharmaceutical perspectives on new advances in drug delivery approaches; computational modeling (PBPK and PD modeling) overtures; multipronged combination approaches for enhanced synergism with antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents; immuno-boosting effects.Expert commentary: Harnessing the multipronged pharmaceutical perspectives will optimistically help the researchers, scientists, biotech, and pharmaceutical companies to bring new horizons in the safe and efficacious utilization of HCQ alone or in combination with remdesivir and immunomodulatory molecules like bovine lactoferrin in a fight against COVID-19. Combinational therapies with free forms or nanomedicine based targeted approaches can act synergistically to boost host immunity and stop SARS-CoV-2 replication and invasion to impede the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhavi Tripathi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Pawar A, Pal A, Goswami K, Squitti R, Rongiolettie M. Molecular basis of quercetin as a plausible common denominator of macrophage-cholesterol-fenofibrate dependent potential COVID-19 treatment axis. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:100148. [PMID: 34150487 PMCID: PMC8196513 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's largest randomized control trial against COVID-19 using remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and interferon-β1a appeared to have little or no effect on hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This has again led to search for alternate re-purposed drugs and/or effective “add-on” nutritional supplementation, which can complement or enhance the therapeutic effect of re-purposed drug. Focus has been shifted to therapeutic targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which includes specific enzymes and regulators of lipid metabolism. Very recently, fenofibrate (cholesterol-lowering drug), suppressed the SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis by affecting the pathways of lipid metabolism in lung cells of COVID-19 patients. A preclinical study has shown synergistic effect of quercetin (a flavonoid) and fenofibrate in reducing the cholesterol content, which might be useful in COVID-19 treatment. Based on the scientific literature, use of quercetin and fenofibrate in COVID-19 seems meaningful in pharmaceutical and biomedical research, and warrants basic, experimental and clinical studies. In this article, we have summarized the contemporary findings about drug fenofibrate and its effect on membrane synthesis of COVID-19 virus along with emphasizing on possible synergistic effects of quercetin with fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongiolettie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
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Payne JD, Sims K, Peacock C, Welch T, Berggren RE. Evidence-based approach to early outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2021; 34:464-468. [PMID: 34211257 PMCID: PMC8182819 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1925049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Misinformation and promotion of well-intended but disproved therapies for COVID-19 have plagued evidence-based shared decision-making throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. In times of crisis, clinicians may feel that their strong inclination to prescribe potentially harmful, unproven therapies on behalf of their patients is supported by beneficence. Clinicians should mindfully identify and avoid commission bias during this pandemic, especially as more data have accumulated to assist with clinically sound decision-making. We describe a more evidence-based approach to treatment of early outpatient COVID-19, stressing the availability of Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization therapies and considering plausibly beneficial, nonprescription supplements that are generally regarded as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Drew Payne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Kimberly Sims
- Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Primary Care Group, Pearland, Texas
| | - Cynthia Peacock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tanis Welch
- Department of Pharmacy, UMC Health System, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ruth E Berggren
- Center for Medical Humanities & Ethics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Gouda AS, Adbelruhman FG, Elbendary RN, Alharbi FA, Alhamrani SQ, Mégarbane B. A comprehensive insight into the role of zinc deficiency in the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein system dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3540-3547. [PMID: 33746538 PMCID: PMC7962980 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypozincemia is prevalent in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2)-infected patients and has been considered as a risk factor in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Whereas zinc might affect SARS-COV-2 replication and cell entry, the link between zinc deficiency and COVID-19 severity could also be attributed to the effects of COVID-19 on the body metabolism and immune response. Zinc deficiency is more prevalent in the elderly and patients with underlying chronic diseases, with established deleterious consequences such as the increased risk of respiratory infection. We reviewed the expected effects of zinc deficiency on COVID-19-related pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems. Mechanisms and effects were extrapolated from the available scientific literature. Zinc deficiency alters angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) function, leading to the accumulation of angiotensin II, des-Arg9-bradykinin and Lys-des-Arg9-bradykinin, which results in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, vasoconstriction and pro-thrombotic effects. Additionally, zinc deficiency blocks the activation of the plasma contact system, a protease cascade initiated by factor VII activation. Suggested mechanisms include the inhibition of Factor XII activation and limitation of high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein and Factor XII to bind to endothelial cells. The subsequent accumulation of Factor XII and deficiency in bradykinin are responsible for increased production of inflammatory mediators and marked hypercoagulability, as typically observed in COVID-19 patients. To conclude, zinc deficiency may affect both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems, leading to the exaggerated inflammatory manifestations characteristic of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima G. Adbelruhman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Alzahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham N. Elbendary
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadiyah Ahmed Alharbi
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Qalit Alhamrani
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
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Cámara M, Sánchez-Mata MC, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara RM, Cebadera E, Domínguez L. A Review of the Role of Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds on Immune System Supporting to Fight against the COVID-19 Disease. Foods 2021; 10:1088. [PMID: 34068930 PMCID: PMC8155867 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients are critical for an adequate function of the immune system and play a vital role in promoting health and nutritional well-being. The present work is aimed at reviewing (1) the role of micronutrients in helping the immune system to fight against the COVID-19 disease through the diet with food or food supplements and (2) the potential use of food health claims regarding immune function according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requirements. Till date, there are some health claims authorized by the European Commission that refer to the role of certain essential nutrients (vitamins B6, B9, B12, A, D, C, and Cu, Fe, Se) to contribute to the proper functioning of the immune system. Vitamins D, C, Zn, and Se, have been thoroughly studied as a strategy to improve the immune system to fight against COVID-19 disease. From all the micronutrients, Vitamin D is the one with more scientific evidence suggesting positive effects against COVID-19 disease as it is linked to a reduction of infection rates, as well as an improved outcomes in patients. To validate scientific evidence, different clinical trials are ongoing currently, with promising preliminary results although inconclusive yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaña Cámara
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.S.-M.); (V.F.-R.); (R.M.C.); (E.C.); (L.D.)
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Ağagündüz D, Çelik MN, Çıtar Dazıroğlu ME, Capasso R. Emergent Drug and Nutrition Interactions in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:1550. [PMID: 34064534 PMCID: PMC8147951 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause respiratory tract infections ranging from colds to more severe diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). New Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which led to deaths as well as social and economic disruptions, is an ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, there is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Hence, only supportive care has been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for now. Pharmacological agents used for the adjunctive treatment of COVID-19 following the current literature and clinical experiences include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-malaria drugs, and other traditional or untraditional treatments. However, it has been reported that the use of these drugs may have some negative effects and comorbidities. Moreover, the current data have indicated that the risk of drug-drug interactions may also be high in polypharmacy cases, especially in elderly people, some comorbidity situations, and intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is highly possible that these situations can not only increase the risk of drug-drug interactions but also increase the risk of food/nutrition-drug interactions and affect the nutritional status. However, this issue has not yet been entirely discussed in the literature. In this review, current information on the possible mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of some pharmacological agents used in the treatment of COVID-19 and/or their secondary interactions with nutrition were evaluated and some future directions were given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
| | - Menşure Nur Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
| | - Merve Esra Çıtar Dazıroğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey; (M.N.Ç.); (M.E.Ç.D.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy
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Domingo JL, Marquès M. The effects of some essential and toxic metals/metalloids in COVID-19: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112161. [PMID: 33794307 PMCID: PMC8006493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of studies have been conducted in order to understand in depth the characteristics of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, its infectivity and ways of transmission, and very especially everything related to the clinical and severity of the COVID-19, as well as the potential treatments. In this sense, the role that essential and toxic metals/metalloids have in the development and course of this disease is being studied. Metals/metalloids such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury or vanadium, are elements with known toxic effects in mammals, while trace elements such as cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc are considered essential. Given the importance of metals/metalloids in nutrition and human health, the present review was aimed at assessing the relationship between various essential and toxic metals/metalloids and the health outcomes related with the COVID-19. We are in the position to conclude that particular attention must be paid to the load/levels of essential trace elements in COVID-19 patients, mainly zinc and selenium. On the other hand, the exposure to air pollutants in general, and toxic metal/metalloids in particular, should be avoided as much as possible to reduce the possibilities of viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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