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Stathaki A, Pantidi G, Thomopoulou M, Koudounas K. β-Glucosidases in specialized metabolism: Towards a new understanding of the gatekeepers of plant chemical arsenal. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102638. [PMID: 39326155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce an exceptional multitude of chemicals to compensate with challenging environments. Despite the structural pluralism of specialized metabolism, often defensive compounds are stored in planta as glycosides and reactive aglycones are conditionally activated by specific β-glucosidases-a large family of enzymes with pluripotent contribution in homeostasis and a pivotal role in plant chemical defense. Typically, these detonating enzymes are characterized by exceptional substrate specificity and, in several cases, even isoenzymes exhibit differentiated molecular or biochemical characteristics. This article focuses on important intrinsic characteristics of plant β-glucosidases detonating defensive compounds and highlights recent studies with novel implications in regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Stathaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Pantidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Thomopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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2
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Sengupta S, Chanda P, Manna B, Ghosh A, Datta S. Rational Engineering of a β-Glucosidase (H0HC94) from Glycosyl Hydrolase Family I (GH1) to Improve Catalytic Performance on Cellobiose. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8628-8640. [PMID: 39221646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks by cellulases to glucose is a critical step in biofuel production. β-Glucosidases catalyze the final step in cellulose breakdown, producing glucose, and are often the rate-limiting step in biomass hydrolysis. The specific activity of most natural and engineered β-glucosidase is higher on the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) than on the natural substrate, cellobiose. We report an engineered β-glucosidase (Q319A H0HC94) with a 1.8-fold higher specific activity (366.3 ± 36 μmol/min/mg), a 1.5-fold increase in kcat (340.8 ± 27 s-1), and a 3-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (236.65 mM-1 s-1) over H0HC94 (WT) on cellobiose. Molecular dynamic simulations and protein structure network analysis indicate that the Q319A H0HC94 active site pocket is significantly remodeled compared to the WT, leading to changes in enzyme conformation, better accessibility of cellobiose inside the active site pocket, and higher enzymatic activity. This study shows the impact of rational engineering of a nonconserved residue to increase β-glucosidase substrate accessibility and catalytic efficiency by reducing crowding interaction between cellobiose and active site pocket residues near the gatekeeper region and increasing pocket volume and surface area. Thus, rational engineering of previously characterized enzymes could be an excellent strategy to improve cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauratej Sengupta
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Pinaki Chanda
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Bharat Manna
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
- Center for the Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
- Center for the Climate and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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Kim H, Kim M, Oh S, Hwang Y, Choe JS. Optimization of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale) Leaf and Its Immune-Stimulating Effects on Macrophages. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2024; 29:228-236. [PMID: 38974589 PMCID: PMC11223925 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2024.29.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The ginger leaves contain terpenoids and phenolic compounds, such as gingerol and shogaol, which exert various physiological effects. This study focused on determining the optimal conditions for an enzyme (Ultimase MFC) extraction to enhance the bioactive components of underutilized ginger leaves using the response surface method. The extracted material was evaluated in terms of its yield and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). As a result, the optimal conditions included an enzyme concentration of 0.1% (v/v), a liquid-solid ratio of 33.939 mL/g, and an extraction time of 4 h. The optimized conditions resulted in an improvement in yield and antioxidant capacity, except for the total phenolic content of ginger leaves, when compared to the reference control extract. Additionally, the possibility of improving immunity was confirmed as nitric oxide and cytokines increased in macrophage cells compared with non-treatment control. Therefore, these extraction conditions enhance the potential industrial value of ginger leaves and underscore their promise as a natural ingredient for functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbi Kim
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk 55069, Korea
| | - Yujin Hwang
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
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An H, Ching XH, Cheah WJ, Lim WL, Ee KY, Chong CS, Lam MQ. Genomic analysis of a halophilic bacterium Nesterenkonia sp. CL21 with ability to produce a diverse group of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01178-9. [PMID: 38842626 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Halophilic bacteria are extremophiles that thrive in saline environment. Their ability to withstand such harsh conditions makes them an ideal choice for industrial applications such as lignocellulosic biomass degradation. In this study, a halophilic bacterium with the ability to produce extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases, designated as Nesterenkonia sp. CL21, was isolated from mangrove sediment in Tanjung Piai National Park, Malaysia. Thus far, studies on lignocellulolytic enzymes concerning bacterial species under this genus are limited. To gain a comprehensive understanding of its lignocellulose-degrading potential, the whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The genome of strain CL21 was assembled into 25 contigs with 3,744,449 bp and a 69.74% GC content and was predicted to contain 3,348 coding genes. Based on taxonomy analysis, strain CL21 shares 73.8 to 82.0% average nucleotide identity with its neighbouring species, below the 95% threshold, indicating its possible status as a distinct species in Nesterenkonia genus. Through in-depth genomic mining, a total of 81 carbohydrate-active enzymes were encoded. Among these, 24 encoded genes were identified to encompass diverse cellulases (GH3), xylanases (GH10, GH11, GH43, GH51, GH127 and CE4), mannanases (GH38 and GH106) and pectinases (PL1, PL9, and PL11). The production of lignocellulolytic enzymes was tested in the presence of several substrates. This study revealed that strain CL21 can produce a diverse array of enzymes which are active at different time points. By combining experimental data with genomic information, the ability of strain CL21 to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes has been elucidated, with potential applications in biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan An
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Xin Huey Ching
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wai Jun Cheah
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wei Lun Lim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kah Yaw Ee
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
- Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chun Shiong Chong
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Ming Quan Lam
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
- Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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de Assis MA, da Silva JJB, de Carvalho LM, Parreiras LS, Cairo JPLF, Marone MP, Gonçalves TA, Silva DS, Dantzger M, de Figueiredo FL, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Damasio A. A Multiomics Perspective on Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzyme Production: Insights from the Unexploited Fungus Trichoderma erinaceum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:407. [PMID: 38921393 PMCID: PMC11205114 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma erinaceum is a filamentous fungus that was isolated from decaying sugarcane straw at a Brazilian ethanol biorefinery. This fungus shows potential as a source of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). In this study, we conducted a comprehensive multiomics investigation of T. erinaceum to gain insights into its enzymatic capabilities and genetic makeup. Firstly, we performed genome sequencing and assembly, which resulted in the identification of 10,942 genes in the T. erinaceum genome. We then conducted transcriptomics and secretome analyses to map the gene expression patterns and identify the enzymes produced by T. erinaceum in the presence of different substrates such as glucose, microcrystalline cellulose, pretreated sugarcane straw, and pretreated energy cane bagasse. Our analyses revealed that T. erinaceum highly expresses genes directly related to lignocellulose degradation when grown on pretreated energy cane and sugarcane substrates. Furthermore, our secretome analysis identified 35 carbohydrate-active enzymes, primarily PCWDEs. To further explore the enzymatic capabilities of T. erinaceum, we selected a β-glucosidase from the secretome data for recombinant production in a fungal strain. The recombinant enzyme demonstrated superior performance in degrading cellobiose and laminaribiose compared to a well-known enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei. Overall, this comprehensive study provides valuable insights into both the genetic patterns of T. erinaceum and its potential for lignocellulose degradation and enzyme production. The obtained genomic data can serve as an important resource for future genetic engineering efforts aimed at optimizing enzyme production from this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. de Assis
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Jovanderson J. B. da Silva
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Lucas M. de Carvalho
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Lucas S. Parreiras
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - João Paulo L. F. Cairo
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
- York Structural Biology Laboratory (YSBL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marina P. Marone
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Thiago A. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Desireé S. Silva
- SENAI Institute for Biomass Innovation, Três Lagoas 79640-250, Brazil;
| | - Miriam Dantzger
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Fernanda L. de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Marcelo F. Carazzolle
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Gonçalo A. G. Pereira
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - André Damasio
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
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6
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Magwaza B, Amobonye A, Bhagwat P, Pillai S. Biochemical and in silico structural properties of a thermo-acid stable β-glucosidase from Beauveria bassiana. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28667. [PMID: 38571589 PMCID: PMC10988058 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidase hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in cellobiose and cello-oligosaccharides, a critical step in the saccharification for biofuel production. Hence, the aim of this study was to gain insights into the biochemical and structural properties of a β-glucosidase from Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus. The β-glucosidase was purified to homogeneity using salt precipitation, ultrafiltration, and chromatographic techniques, attaining a specific activity of 496 U/mg. The molecular mass of the enzyme was then estimated via SDS-PAGE to be 116 kDa, while its activity pattern was confirmed by zymography using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucopyranoside. Furthermore, the pH optima and temperature of the enzyme were found to be pH 5.0 and 60 °C respectively; its activity was significantly enhanced by Mg2+ and Na+ and was found to be relatively moderate in the presence of ethanol and dichloromethane. Molecular docking of the modelled B. bassiana β-glucosidase structure with the substrates, viz., 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside and cellobiose, revealed the binding affinity energies of -7.2 and -6.2 (kcal mol-1), respectively. Furthermore, the computational study predicted Lys-657, Asp-658, and Arg-1000 as the core amino acid residues in the catalytic site of the enzyme. This is the first investigation into a purified β-glucosidase from B. bassiana, providing valuable insights into the functional properties of carbohydrases from entomopathogenic fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buka Magwaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Kannan P, Baskaran H, Juliana Selvaraj JB, Saeid A, Kiruba Nester JM. Mycotransformation of Commercial Grade Cypermethrin Dispersion by Aspergillus terreus PDB-B Strain Isolated from Lake Sediments of Kulamangalam, Madurai. Molecules 2024; 29:1446. [PMID: 38611726 PMCID: PMC11012587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A fungal isolate Aspergillus terreus PDB-B (accession number: MT774567.1), which could tolerate up to 500 mg/L of cypermethrin, was isolated from the lake sediments of Kulamangalam tropical lake, Madurai, and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The biotransformation potential of the strain was compared with five other strains (A, J, UN2, M1 and SM108) as a consortium, which were tentatively identified as Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Batch culture and soil microcosm studies were conducted to explore biotransformation using plate-based enzymatic screening and GC-MS. A mycotransformation pathway was predicted based on a comparative analysis of the transformation products (TPs) obtained. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the presence of (3-methylphenyl) methanol and isopropyl ether could be relevant to the high rate of lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Kannan
- Department of Microbiology, The American College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Hidayah Baskaran
- Department of Microbiology, The American College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.K.); (H.B.)
| | | | - Agnieszka Saeid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Politechnika Wroclawska, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Kham NNN, Phovisay S, Unban K, Kanpiengjai A, Saenjum C, Lumyong S, Shetty K, Khanongnuch C. A Thermotolerant Yeast Cyberlindnera rhodanensis DK Isolated from Laphet-so Capable of Extracellular Thermostable β-Glucosidase Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:243. [PMID: 38667914 PMCID: PMC11051217 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to utilize the microbial resources found within Laphet-so, a traditional fermented tea in Myanmar. A total of 18 isolates of thermotolerant yeasts were obtained from eight samples of Laphet-so collected from southern Shan state, Myanmar. All isolates demonstrated the tannin tolerance, and six isolates were resistant to 5% (w/v) tannin concentration. All 18 isolates were capable of carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) degrading, but only the isolate DK showed ethanol production at 45 °C noticed by gas formation. This ethanol producing yeast was identified to be Cyberlindnera rhodanensis based on the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain on rRNA gene. C. rhodanensis DK produced 1.70 ± 0.01 U of thermostable extracellular β-glucosidase when cultured at 37 °C for 24 h using 0.5% (w/v) CMC as a carbon source. The best two carbon sources for extracellular β-glucosidase production were found to be either xylose or xylan, with β-glucosidase activity of 3.07-3.08 U/mL when the yeast was cultivated in the yeast malt extract (YM) broth containing either 1% (w/v) xylose or xylan as a sole carbon source at 37 °C for 48 h. The optimal medium compositions for enzyme production predicted by Plackett-Burman design and central composite design (CCD) was composed of yeast extract 5.83 g/L, peptone 10.81 g/L and xylose 20.20 g/L, resulting in a production of 7.96 U/mL, while the medium composed (g/L) of yeast extract 5.79, peptone 13.68 and xylan 20.16 gave 9.45 ± 0.03 U/mL for 48 h cultivation at 37 °C. Crude β-glucosidase exhibited a remarkable stability of 100%, 88% and 75% stable for 3 h at 35, 45 and 55 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nang Nwet Noon Kham
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.N.N.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Somsay Phovisay
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.N.N.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Kridsada Unban
- Division of Food Science and Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Apinun Kanpiengjai
- Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kalidas Shetty
- Global Institute of Food Security and International Agriculture (GIFSIA), Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
| | - Chartchai Khanongnuch
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center for Multidisciplinary Approaches to Miang, Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center for Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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9
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Nam KH. Structural analysis of Tris binding in β-glucosidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 700:149608. [PMID: 38306932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
β-glucosidases (Bgls) are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyze the conversion of cellobiose or glucosyl-polysaccharide into glucose. Bgls are widely used in industry to produce bioethanol, wine and juice, and feed. Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) is an organic compound that can inhibit the hydrolase activity of some Bgls, but the inhibition state and selectivity have not been fully elucidated. Here, three crystal structures of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum Bgl complexed with the Tris molecule were determined at 1.55-1.95 Å. The configuration of Tris binding to TsaBgl remained consistent across three crystal structures, and the amino acids interacting with the Tris molecule were conserved across Bgl enzymes. The positions O1 and O3 atoms of Tris exhibit the same binding moiety as the hydroxyl group of the glucose molecule. Tris molecules are stably positioned at the glycone site and coordinate with surrounding water molecules. The Tris-binding configuration of TsaBgl is similar to that of HjeBgl, HgaBgl, ManBgl, and KflBgl, but the arrangement of the water molecule coordinating Tris at the aglycone site differs. Meanwhile, both the arrangement of Tris and the water molecules in ubBgl, NkoBgl, and SfrBgl differ from those in TsaBgl. The binding configuration and affinity of the Tris molecule for Bgl may be affected by the residues on the aglycone and gatekeeper regions. This result will extend our knowledge of the inhibitory effect of Tris molecules on TsaBgl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Nam
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 20707, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Zhou Z, Kanchana-Udomkan C, Ford R, Bar I. Identification and Validation of Key Genes Related to Preferred Flavour Profiles in Australian Commercial Papaya ( Carica papaya L.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3046. [PMID: 38474290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Commercial papaya varieties grown in Australia vary greatly in taste and aroma. Previous profiling has identified undesirable 'off tastes' in existing varieties, discouraging a portion of the population from consuming papayas. Our focus on enhancing preferred flavours led to an exploration of the genetic mechanisms and biosynthesis pathways that underlie these desired taste profiles. To identify genes associated with consumer-preferred flavours, we conducted whole RNA sequencing and de novo genome assembly on papaya varieties RB1 (known for its sweet flavour and floral aroma) and 1B (less favoured due to its bitter taste and musty aroma) at both ripe and unripe stages. In total, 180,368 transcripts were generated, and 118 transcripts related to flavours were differentially expressed between the two varieties at the ripe stage. Five genes (cpBGH3B, cpPFP, cpSUS, cpGES and cpLIS) were validated through qPCR and significantly differentially expressed. These genes are suggested to play key roles in sucrose metabolism and aromatic compound production pathways, holding promise for future selective breeding strategies. Further exploration will involve assessing their potential across broader germplasm and various growth environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhou
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chutchamas Kanchana-Udomkan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ido Bar
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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11
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Zhu Q, Huang Y, Yang Z, Wu X, Zhu Q, Zheng H, Zhu D, Lv Z, Yin Y. A Recombinant Thermophilic and Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glucosidase Derived from Hehua Hot Spring. Molecules 2024; 29:1017. [PMID: 38474529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As a crucial enzyme for cellulose degradation, β-glucosidase finds extensive applications in food, feed, and bioethanol production; however, its potential is often limited by inadequate thermal stability and glucose tolerance. In this study, a functional gene (lq-bg5) for a GH1 family β-glucosidase was obtained from the metagenomic DNA of a hot spring sediment sample and heterologously expressed in E. coli and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. The optimal temperature and pH of LQ-BG5 were 55 °C and 4.6, respectively. The relative residual activity of LQ-BG5 exceeded 90% at 55 °C for 9 h and 60 °C for 6 h and remained above 100% after incubation at pH 5.0-10.0 for 12 h. More importantly, LQ-BG5 demonstrated exceptional glucose tolerance with more than 40% activity remaining even at high glucose concentrations of 3000 mM. Thus, LQ-BG5 represents a thermophilic β-glucosidase exhibiting excellent thermal stability and remarkable glucose tolerance, making it highly promising for lignocellulose development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Zhengfeng Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Xingci Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Qianru Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Hongzhao Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Yirui Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
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12
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Salazar-Alekseyeva K, Herndl GJ, Baltar F. Influence of Salinity on the Extracellular Enzymatic Activities of Marine Pelagic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:152. [PMID: 38392824 PMCID: PMC10890631 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though fungi are ubiquitous in the biosphere, the ecological knowledge of marine fungi remains rather rudimentary. Also, little is known about their tolerance to salinity and how it influences their activities. Extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) are widely used to determine heterotrophic microbes' enzymatic capabilities and substrate preferences. Five marine fungal species belonging to the most abundant pelagic phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) were grown under non-saline and saline conditions (0 g/L and 35 g/L, respectively). Due to their sensitivity and specificity, fluorogenic substrate analogues were used to determine hydrolytic activity on carbohydrates (β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase); peptides (leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin); lipids (lipase); organic phosphorus (alkaline phosphatase), and sulfur compounds (sulfatase). Afterwards, kinetic parameters such as maximum velocity (Vmax) and half-saturation constant (Km) were calculated. All fungal species investigated cleaved these substrates, but some species were more efficient than others. Moreover, most enzymatic activities were reduced in the saline medium, with some exceptions like sulfatase. In non-saline conditions, the average Vmax ranged between 208.5 to 0.02 μmol/g biomass/h, and in saline conditions, 88.4 to 0.02 μmol/g biomass/h. The average Km ranged between 1553.2 and 0.02 μM with no clear influence of salinity. Taken together, our results highlight a potential tolerance of marine fungi to freshwater conditions and indicate that changes in salinity (due to freshwater input or evaporation) might impact their enzymatic activities spectrum and, therefore, their contribution to the oceanic elemental cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Salazar-Alekseyeva
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), University of Utrecht, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Baltar
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Vojnovic S, Aleksic I, Ilic-Tomic T, Stevanovic M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as hosts for production of industrially relevant enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:185. [PMID: 38289383 PMCID: PMC10827964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The application of enzymes is expanding across diverse industries due to their nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. Another advantage is their cost-effectiveness, reflected in reduced processing time, water, and energy consumption. Although Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. are successfully used for production of industrially relevant enzymes, they still lag far behind Escherichia coli as hosts for recombinant protein production. Generally, proteins secreted by Bacillus and Streptomyces hosts are released into the culture medium; their native conformation is preserved and easier recovery process enabled. Given the resilience of both hosts in harsh environmental conditions and their spore-forming capability, a deeper understanding and broader use of Bacillus and Streptomyces as expression hosts could significantly enhance the robustness of industrial bioprocesses. This mini-review aims to compare two expression hosts, emphasizing their specific advantages in industrial surroundings such are chemical, detergent, textile, food, animal feed, leather, and paper industries. The homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools used for the production of recombinant proteins in these hosts are discussed. The potential to use both hosts as biocatalysts is also evaluated. Undoubtedly, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as production hosts possess the potential to take on a more substantial role, providing superior (bio-based) process robustness and flexibility. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as robust hosts for enzyme production. • Industrially relevant enzyme groups for production in alternative hosts highlighted. • Molecular biology techniques are enabling easier utilization of both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ilic-Tomic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
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14
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Efremenko E, Lyagin I, Stepanov N, Senko O, Maslova O, Aslanli A, Ugarova N. Luminescent Bacteria as Bioindicators in Screening and Selection of Enzymes Detoxifying Various Mycotoxins. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:763. [PMID: 38339480 PMCID: PMC10857395 DOI: 10.3390/s24030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Interest in enzymes capable of neutralizing various mycotoxins is quite high. The methods used for the screening and selection of enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of mycotoxins should be sensitive and fast. However toxic compounds can be generated under the action of such enzymes. Thus, the assessment of the overall reduction in the toxic properties of reaction media towards bioluminescent bacteria seems to be the most reasonable control method allowing a quick search for the effective enzymatic biocatalysts. The influence of a wide range of mycotoxins and glucanases, which hydrolyze toxins with different chemical structures, on the analytical characteristics of luminescent photobacteria as a biosensing element has been studied. Different glucanases (β-glucosidase and endoglucanase) were initially selected for reactions with 10 mycotoxins based on the results of molecular docking which was performed in silico with 20 mycotoxins. Finally, the biorecognizing luminescent cells were used to estimate the residual toxicity of reaction media with mycotoxins after their interaction with enzymes. The notable non-catalytic decrease in toxicity of media containing deoxynivalenol was revealed with luminous cells for both types of tested glucanases, whereas β-glucosidase provided a significant catalytic detoxification of media with aflatoxin B2 and zearalenone at pH 6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Natalia Ugarova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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15
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Nam KH. The Conformational Change of the L3 Loop Affects the Structural Changes in the Substrate Binding Pocket Entrance of β-Glucosidase. Molecules 2023; 28:7807. [PMID: 38067537 PMCID: PMC10707726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidase (Bgl) hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose, thereby releasing non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues. Bgl is an essential enzyme belonging to the biomass-degrading enzyme family, which plays a vital role in enzymatic saccharification during biofuel production. The four loops above the Bgl substrate-binding pocket undergo a conformational change upon substrate recognition. However, the structural dynamism of this loop and how it is conserved among Bgl family members remain unknown. Herein, to better understand the four loops above the substrate-binding pocket of Bgl, four Bgl crystal structures in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (TsaBgl) were determined at 1.5-2.1 Å. The L1, L2, and L4 loops of TsaBgl showed a rigid conformation stabilized by their neighboring residues via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The TsaBgl L3 loop showed relatively high flexibility and two different N-terminal region conformations. The conformational change in the TsaBgl L3 loop induced a change in charge and shaped at the substrate-binding pocket entrance. The amino acid sequences and structures of the TsaBgl L1-4 loops were compared with other 45 Bgl proteins, and a diversity of the L2 and L3 loops was observed. Differences in amino acids and lengths of Bgls L2-L3 loop induced differences in the conformation and structure of the Bgls substrate-binding pocket entrance. These findings expand our knowledge on the molecular function of the loops in the Bgl enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Nam
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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16
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Sharma N, Agarwal A, Bijoy A, Pandit S, Sharma RK. Lignocellulolytic extremozymes and their biotechnological applications. Extremophiles 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 37950773 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulolytic enzymes are used in different industrial and environmental processes. The rigorous operating circumstances of these industries, however, might prevent these enzymes from performing as intended. On the other side, extremozymes are enzymes produced by extremophiles that can function in extremely acidic or basic; hot or cold; under high or low salinity conditions. These severe conditions might denature the normal enzymes that are produced by mesophilic microorganisms. The increased stability of these enzymes has been contributed to a number of conformational modifications in their structures. These modifications may result from a few amino acid substitutions, an improved hydrophobic core, the existence of extra ion pairs and salt bridges, an increase in compactness, or an increase in positively charged amino acids. These enzymes are the best option for industrial and bioremediation activities that must be carried out under difficult conditions due to their improved stability. The review, therefore, discusses lignocellulolytic extremozymes, their structure and mechanisms along with industrial and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ananya Bijoy
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunidhi Pandit
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India.
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17
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Dadwal A, Sharma S, Satyanarayana T. Biochemical characteristics of Myceliophthora thermophila recombinant β-glucosidase (MtBgl3c) applicable in cellulose bioconversion. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1187-1198. [PMID: 36799667 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2177869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The GH3 β-glucosidase gene of Myceliophthora thermophila (MtBgl3c) has been cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli for the first time. This study highlights the important characteristics of recombinant MtBgl3c (rMtBgl3c) which make it a promising candidate in industrial applications. Optimization of the production of rMtBgl3c led to 28,000 U L-1. On purification, it has a molecular mass of ∼100 kDa. It is a broad substrate specific thermostable enzyme that exhibits pH and temperature optima at 5.0 and 55 °C, respectively. The amino acid residues Asp287 and Glu514 act as nucleophile and catalytic acid/base, respectively in the enzyme catalysis. Its low Km value (1.28 mM) indicates a high substrate affinity as compared to those previously reported. The rMtBgl3c displays a synergistic action with the commercial enzyme cocktail in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse suggesting its utility in the cellulose bioconversion. Tolerance to solvents, detergents as well as glucose make this enzyme applicable in wine, detergent, paper and textile industries too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Dadwal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Azad Hind Fauj Marg, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Azad Hind Fauj Marg, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Azad Hind Fauj Marg, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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18
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Dai W, Dong H, Zhang Z, Wu X, Bao T, Gao L, Chen X. Enhancing the Heterologous Expression of a Thermophilic Endoglucanase and Its Cost-Effective Production in Pichia pastoris Using Multiple Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15017. [PMID: 37834464 PMCID: PMC10573353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Pichia pastoris was successfully used for heterologous gene expression for more than twenty years, many factors influencing protein expression remain unclear. Here, we optimized the expression of a thermophilic endoglucanase from Thermothielavioides terrestris (TtCel45A) for cost-effective production in Pichia pastoris. To achieve this, we established a multifactorial regulation strategy that involved selecting a genome-editing system, utilizing neutral loci, incorporating multiple copies of the heterologous expression cassette, and optimizing high-density fermentation for the co-production of single-cell protein (SCP). Notably, even though all neutral sites were used, there was still a slight difference in the enzymatic activity of heterologously expressed TtCel45A. Interestingly, the optimal gene copy number for the chromosomal expression of TtCel45A was found to be three, indicating limitations in translational capacity, post-translational processing, and secretion, ultimately impacting protein yields in P. pastoris. We suggest that multiple parameters might influence a kinetic competition between protein elongation and mRNA degradation. During high-density fermentation, the highest protein concentration and endoglucanase activity of TtCel45A with three copies reached 15.8 g/L and 9640 IU/mL, respectively. At the same time, the remaining SCP of P. pastoris exhibited a crude protein and amino acid content of up to 59.32% and 46.98%, respectively. These findings suggested that SCP from P. pastoris holds great promise as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for meeting the global protein demand, while also enabling the production of thermophilic TtCel45A in a single industrial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuling Dai
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
| | - Haofan Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Tongtong Bao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China; (H.D.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
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19
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Kannan P, Shafreen M M, Achudhan AB, Gupta A, Saleena LM. A review on applications of β-glucosidase in food, brewery, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108855. [PMID: 37263146 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β-glucosidases hydrolyse glycosidic bonds to release non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues from glycosides and oligosaccharides via catalytic mechanisms. It is very well known that the β-glucosidase enzyme is used in biorefineries for cellulose degradation, where β-glucosidases is the rate-limiting enzyme for the final glucose production from cellobiose. The β-glucosidase enzyme is used as a catalyst in other industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals, breweries, dairy, and food processing. With the aid of β-glucosidase enzymes, cyanogenic glycosides and plant glycosides are transformed into sugar moiety and aglycones. These aglycone compounds are employed as aromatic compounds in the food processing and brewing industries. They are also used as medications and dietary supplements based on their pharmacological qualities. Applications of aglycones and the microbiological sources of β-glucosidase in aglycone production have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohiraa Shafreen M
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunmozhi Bharathi Achudhan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annapurna Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lilly M Saleena
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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He M, Jin Y, Liu M, Yang G, Zhou R, Zhao J, Wu C. Metaproteomic investigation of enzyme profile in daqu used for the production of Nongxiangxing baijiu. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 400:110250. [PMID: 37247555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes and microbiota in daqu are essential for the brewing of Nongxiangxing baijiu. Uncover the key enzymes and functional strains in daqu is beneficial to improve the flavor and quality of Nongxiangxing baijiu. In this study, metaproteome technology was employed to determine the enzyme profiles in Nongxiangxing daqu, and strains with high saccharification activity were screened and identified. 933 proteins were identified in daqu, of which 463 belonged to enzymes, including 140 oxidoreductases, 98 transferases, 91 hydrolases, 49 ligases, 41 lyases and 27 isomerases, and hydrolase is the enzyme with the highest abundance in baijiu brewing. Among hydrolases, a total of 36 carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes (CMEs) were identified, and 12 of them were key enzymes related to glycoside hydrolysis. Four major glycoside hydrolysis enzymes glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3), glucanase (EC 3.2.1.-) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were revealed, and their sources were Byssochlamys spectabilis, Lichtheimia ramosa and Thermoascus aurantiacus, respectively. Then, strains Aspergillus A2, A3, A7, Lichtheimia L1, L4, L5, and Saccharomycopsis S2, S4, S6 with high saccharifying enzyme-producing capacity were screened through culture-dependent approach. Resents presented in this study can further reveal the enzyme profiles and identify the main functional strains in daqu, which can provide theoretical support for the brewing of Nongxiangxing baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | | | | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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21
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Yang X, Liu C, Tang Q, Zhang T, Wang L, Han L, Zhang J, Pei X. Identification of LncRNAs and Functional Analysis of ceRNA Related to Fatty Acid Synthesis during Flax Seed Development. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050967. [PMID: 37239327 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax is a flowering plant cultivated for its oil and contains various unsaturated fatty acids. Linseed oil is known as the "deep-sea fish oil" of plants, and is beneficial to brain and blood lipids, among other positive effects. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in plant growth and development. There are not many studies assessing how lncRNAs are related to the fatty acid synthesis of flax. The relative oil contents of the seeds of the variety Heiya NO.14 (for fiber) and the variety Macbeth (for oil) were determined at 5 day, 10 day, 20 day, and 30 day after flowering. We found that 10-20 day is an important period for ALA accumulation in the Macbeth variety. The strand-specific transcriptome data were analyzed at these four time points, and a series of lncRNAs related to flax seed development were screened. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed and the accuracy of the network was verified using qRT-PCR. MSTRG.20631.1 could act with miR156 on the same target, squamosa promoter-binding-like protein (SPL), to influence fatty acid biosynthesis through a gluconeogenesis-related pathway during flax seed development. This study provides a theoretical basis for future studies assessing the potential functions of lncRNAs during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsen Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caiyue Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiaoling Tang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianbao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Crop Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Crop Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinwu Pei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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22
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Serra GM, Siqueira AS, de Molfetta FA, Santos AV, Xavier LP. In Silico Analysis of a GH3 β-Glucosidase from Microcystis aeruginosa CACIAM 03. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040998. [PMID: 37110421 PMCID: PMC10146135 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are rich sources of secondary metabolites and have the potential to be excellent industrial enzyme producers. β-glucosidases are extensively employed in processing biomass degradation as they mediate the most crucial step of bioconversion of cellobiose (CBI), hence controlling the efficiency and global rate of biomass hydrolysis. However, the production and availability of these enzymes derived from cyanobacteria remains limited. In this study, we evaluated the β-glucosidase from Microcystis aeruginosa CACIAM 03 (MaBgl3) and its potential for bioconversion of cellulosic biomass by analyzing primary/secondary structures, predicting physicochemical properties, homology modeling, molecular docking, and simulations of molecular dynamics (MD). The results showed that MaBgl3 derives from an N-terminal domain folded as a distorted β-barrel, which contains the conserved His-Asp catalytic dyad often found in glycosylases of the GH3 family. The molecular docking results showed relevant interactions with Asp81, Ala271 and Arg444 residues that contribute to the binding process during MD simulation. Moreover, the MD simulation of the MaBgl3 was stable, shown by analyzing the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values and observing favorable binding free energy in both complexes. In addition, experimental data suggest that MaBgl3 could be a potential enzyme for cellobiose-hydrolyzing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marques Serra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfetta
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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23
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Zhou HY, Chen Q, Zhang YF, Chen DD, Yi XN, Chen DS, Cheng XP, Li M, Wang HY, Chen KQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Improving the catalytic activity of β-glucosidase from Coniophora puteana via semi-rational design for efficient biomass cellulose degradation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110188. [PMID: 36584665 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the degradation activity of β-glucosidase (CpBgl) from Coniophora puteana, the structural modification was conducted. The enzyme activity of mutants CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S was increased by 65.75% and 58.58%, respectively. These mutants exhibited maximum activity under the same conditions as wild-type CpBgl (65 ℃ and pH 5.0), slightly improved stabilities compared that of the wild-type, and remarkably enhanced activities in the presence of Mn2+ or Fe2+. The Vmax of CpBgl-Q20C and CpBgl-A240S was increased to 138.18 and 125.14 μmol/mg/min, respectively, from 81.34 μmol/mg/min of the wild-type, and the catalysis efficiency (kcat/Km) of CpBgl-Q20C (335.79 min-1/mM) and CpBgl-A240S (281.51 min-1/mM) was significantly improved compared with that of the wild-type (149.12 min-1/mM). When the mutant CpBgl-Q20C were used in the practical degradation of different biomasses, the glucose yields of filter paper, corncob residue, and fungi mycelia residue were increased by 17.68%, 25.10%, and 20.37%, respectively. The spatial locations of the mutation residues in the architecture of CpBgl and their unique roles in the enzyme-substrate binding and catalytic efficiency were probed in this work. These results laid a foundation for evolution of other glycoside hydrolases and the industrial bio-degradation of cellulosic biomass in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou-Dou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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24
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Production and characterization of a novel cold-active ß-glucosidase and its influence on aromatic precursors of Muscat wine. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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25
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Characterization of a New Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glycosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus with Transglycosylation Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054489. [PMID: 36901919 PMCID: PMC10003650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Concern over environmental impacts has spurred many efforts to replace fossil fuels with biofuels such as ethanol. However, for this to be possible, it is necessary to invest in other production technologies, such as second generation (2G) ethanol, in order to raise the levels of this product and meet the growing demand. Currently, this type of production is not yet economically feasible, due to the high costs of the enzyme cocktails used in saccharification stage of lignocellulosic biomass. In order to optimize these cocktails, the search for enzymes with superior activities has been the goal of several research groups. For this end, we have characterized the new β-glycosidase AfBgl1.3 from A. fumigatus after expression and purification in Pichia pastoris X-33. Structural analysis by circular dichroism revealed that increasing temperature destructured the enzyme; the apparent Tm value was 48.5 °C. The percentages of α-helix (36.3%) and β-sheet (12.4%) secondary structures at 25 °C were predicted. Biochemical characterization suggested that the optimal conditions for AfBgl1.3 were pH 6.0 and temperature of 40 °C. At 30 and 40 °C, the enzyme was stable and retained about 90% and 50% of its activity, respectively, after pre-incubation for 24 h. In addition, the enzyme was highly stable at pH between 5 and 8, retaining over 65% of its activity after pre-incubation for 48 h. AfBgl1.3 co-stimulation with 50-250 mM glucose enhanced its specific activity by 1.4-fold and revealed its high tolerance to glucose (IC50 = 2042 mM). The enzyme was active toward the substrates salicin (495.0 ± 49.0 U mg-1), pNPG (340.5 ± 18.6 U mg-1), cellobiose (89.3 ± 5.1 U mg-1), and lactose (45.1 ± 0.5 U mg-1), so it had broad specificity. The Vmax values were 656.0 ± 17.5, 706.5 ± 23.8, and 132.6 ± 7.1 U mg-1 toward p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), D-(-)-salicin, and cellobiose, respectively. AfBgl1.3 displayed transglycosylation activity, forming cellotriose from cellobiose. The addition of AfBgl1.3 as a supplement at 0.9 FPU/g of cocktail Celluclast® 1.5L increased carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) conversion to reducing sugars (g L-1) by about 26% after 12 h. Moreover, AfBgl1.3 acted synergistically with other Aspergillus fumigatus cellulases already characterized by our research group-CMC and sugarcane delignified bagasse were degraded, releasing more reducing sugars compared to the control. These results are important in the search for new cellulases and in the optimization of enzyme cocktails for saccharification.
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The effects of a Bacillus licheniformis and phytase mixture added to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microecosystem. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of Bacillus licheniformis and 6-phytase added alone or in combination to broiler chicken diets on the growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID) of nutrients, microbial activity, and cecal bacterial communities. In total, 400 one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (10 replicate pens, 10 birds each). The following groups were defined: NC (negative control), basal diet without any feed additive supplementation; NC+Pro, basal diet with addition of the B. licheniformis preparation (500 g/t of diet); NC+Phy, basal diet with addition of phytase (200 g/t of diet); and NC+Pro+Phy, basal diet combined with both studied additives. B. licheniformis positively affected (P<0.05) the feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the first 10 d of bird rearing. Moreover, phytase supplementation elevated the FCR from 21 to 35 d. In the entire experiment, an interaction between phytase and probiotic was observed only in terms of decreasing the bird FI (P=0.005) without a negative effect on the FCR (P>0.05). Furthermore, the AID of ether extract was improved by phytase supplementation. In terms of the cecal microecology, both separately administered factors promoted Lactobacillaceae in the ceca. Interactions between probiotic preparation and phytase were noted that indicated a decreased Clostridiales population and favored Ruminococcaceae proliferation. It can be concluded that for the first time in the available literature, the favorable interactions between B. licheniformis and phytase resulted in improved performance and cecal microbiota changes in broilers.
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27
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Hamza A, Ghanekar S, Santhosh Kumar D. Current trends in health-promoting potential and biomaterial applications of edible mushrooms for human wellness. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Khan R, Ma X, Hussain Q, Chen K, Farooq S, Asim M, Ren X, Shah S, Shi Y. Transcriptome and anatomical studies reveal alterations in leaf thickness under long-term drought stress in tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153920. [PMID: 36680840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the foremost environmental factors that limit the growth of plants. Leaf thickness (LT) is an important quantitative trait in plant physiology. The experiment was carried out in a growth room and the plants were divided into two groups such as well-watered and drought-stressed. This work investigated leaf growth in terms of leaf surface growth and expansion rate, leaf stomata traits, LT, anticlinal growth, and leaf cell layers. The results showed that the leaf area and leaf surface expansion rate were decreased by drought stress (DS). Similarly, LT, anticlinal expansion rate, palisade and spongy tissue thickness, and their related expansion rates were also decreased at different days' time points (DTP) of DS. However, a steady increase was observed in the aforementioned parameters after 12 DTP of DS. The stomatal density increased while stomata size decreased at 3 DTP and 12 DTP (low leaf water potential and relative leaf water content at these time points) and vice versa at 24 DTP compared with the well-watered plants indicating adaptations in these traits in response to DS, and thus the leaf water status played a role in the regulation of leaf stomata traits. The cell length decreased in the upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues by DS up to 12 DTP led to lower LT while an increase was observed after 12 DTP that resulted in higher LT. The increase in the LT was supported by the upregulation of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways at 18 DTP along with the differentially expressed genes induced that were related to cell wall remodeling (cellulose, expansin, xyloglucans) and cell expansion (auxin response factors and aquaporin). The results explain the response of leaf thickness to drought stress and show alterations in LT and leaf stomatal traits. This study might serve as a valuable source of gene information for functional studies and provide a theoretical basis to understand leaf growth in terms of leaf anatomy and leaf stomatal traits under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Keling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaochun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shahen Shah
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Husin NA, Rahman S, Karunakaran R, Bhore SJ. Transcriptome analysis during fruit developmental stages in durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) var. D24. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 45:e20210379. [PMID: 36622241 PMCID: PMC9830936 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruits are famous for their unique aroma. This study analysed the Durian fruit transcriptome to discover the expression patterns of genes and to understand their regulation. Three developmental stages of Durian fruit, namely, early [90 days post-anthesis (DPA)], mature (120 DPA), and ripen (127 DPA), were studied. The Illumina HiSeq platform was used for sequencing. The sequence data were analysed using four different mapping aligners and statistical methods: CLC Genomic Workbench, HISAT2+DESeq2, Tophat+Cufflinks, and HISAT2+edgeR. The analyses showed that over 110 million clean reads were mapped to the Durian genome, yielding 19,976, 11,394, 17,833, and 24,351 differentially expressed genes during 90-127 days post-anthesis. Many identified differentially expressed genes were linked to the fruit ripening processes. The data analysis suggests that most genes with increased expression at the ripening stage were primarily involved in the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, nucleotide metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Significantly expressed genes from the young to mature stage were mainly associated with carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism. The transcriptome data will serve as a foundation for understanding Durian fruit development-specific genes and could be helpful in fruit's trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Arneida Husin
- AIMST University, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Kedah, Malaysia.,Monash University Malaysia, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Malaysia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- Monash University Malaysia, School of Science and Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Malaysia.
| | - Rohini Karunakaran
- AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Kedah, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Computational Biology, Chennai, India
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30
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Bhatti SA, Hussain MH, Mohsin MZ, Mohsin A, Zaman WQ, Guo M, Iqbal MW, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim SA, Ur-Rehman S, Korma SA. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of Capsicum, Nigella sativa, Musa paradisiaca L., and Citrus limetta: A review. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1043823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics and vaccines against microbial infections can result in long-term negative effects on humans and the environment. However, there are a number of plants that have antimicrobial effects against various disease-causing microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi without negative side effects or harm to the environment. In this regard, four particular plants- Capsicum, Nigella sativa, Musa paradisiaca L., and Citrus limetta have been widely considered due to their excellent antimicrobial effect and ample availability. In this review, we discuss their antimicrobial effects due to the presence of thymoquinone, p-cymene, pinene, alkaloids, limonene, camphene, and melanin. These antimicrobial compounds disrupt the cell membrane of microbes, inhibit cellular division, and form biofilm in bacterial species, eventually reducing the number of microbes. Extraction of these compounds from the respective plants is carried out by different methods such as soxhlet, hydro-distillation, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pulsed electric field (PEF), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and high-voltage electrical discharge. Suitable selection of the extraction technique highly depends upon the associated advantages and disadvantages. In order to aid future study in this field, this review paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches. Additionally, the discussion covers how antimicrobial agents destroy harmful bacteria. Thus, this review offers in-depth knowledge to researchers on the antibacterial properties of Capsicum, Nigella sativa, Musa paradisiaca L. peels, and Citrus limetta.
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31
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Vuosku J, Martz F, Hallikainen V, Rautio P. Changing winter climate and snow conditions induce various transcriptional stress responses in Scots pine seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1050903. [PMID: 36570907 PMCID: PMC9780549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In northern boreal forests the warming winter climate leads to more frequent snowmelt, rain-on-snow events and freeze-thaw cycles. This may be harmful or even lethal for tree seedlings that spend even a half of the year under snow. We conducted a snow cover manipulation experiment in a natural forest to find out how changing snow conditions affect young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The ice encasement (IE), absence of snow (NoSNOW) and snow compaction (COMP) treatments affected ground level temperature, ground frost and subnivean gas concentrations compared to the ambient snow cover (AMB) and led to the increased physical damage and mortality of seedlings. The expression responses of 28 genes related to circadian clock, aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and stress protection revealed that seedlings were exposed to different stresses in a complex way depending on the thickness and quality of the snow cover. The IE treatment caused hypoxic stress and probably affected roots which resulted in reduced water uptake in the beginning of the growing season. Without protective snowpack in NoSNOW seedlings suffered from cold and drought stresses. The combination of hypoxic and cold stresses in COMP evoked unique transcriptional responses including oxidative stress. Snow cover manipulation induced changes in the expression of several circadian clock related genes suggested that photoreceptors and the circadian clock system play an essential role in the adaptation of Scots pine seedlings to stresses under different snow conditions. Our findings show that warming winter climate alters snow conditions and consequently causes Scots pine seedlings various abiotic stresses, whose effects extend from overwintering to the following growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Vuosku
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Françoise Martz
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Ville Hallikainen
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Pasi Rautio
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
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32
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Lima PJM, da Silva RM, Neto CACG, Gomes E Silva NC, Souza JEDS, Nunes YL, Sousa Dos Santos JC. An overview on the conversion of glycerol to value-added industrial products via chemical and biochemical routes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2794-2818. [PMID: 33481298 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol is a common by-product of industrial biodiesel syntheses. Due to its properties, availability, and versatility, residual glycerol can be used as a raw material in the production of high value-added industrial inputs and outputs. In particular, products like hydrogen, propylene glycol, acrolein, epichlorohydrin, dioxalane and dioxane, glycerol carbonate, n-butanol, citric acid, ethanol, butanol, propionic acid, (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols), cynamoil esters, glycerol acetate, benzoic acid, and other applications. In this context, the present study presents a critical evaluation of the innovative technologies based on the use of residual glycerol in different industries, including the pharmaceutical, textile, food, cosmetic, and energy sectors. Chemical and biochemical catalysts in the transformation of residual glycerol are explored, along with the factors to be considered regarding the choice of catalyst route used in the conversion process, aiming at improving the production of these industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jéssyca Morais Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rhonyele Maciel da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Erick da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - IEDS, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Yale Luck Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - IEDS, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, CE, Brazil
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Singh G, Sharma S, Rawat S, Sharma RK. Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs): their biosynthetic enzymatic machinery, physiological functions and commercial potential. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:1009-1028. [PMID: 36038144 DOI: 10.1071/fp21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants, the primary producers of our planet, have evolved from simple aquatic life to very complex terrestrial habitat. This habitat transition coincides with evolution of enormous chemical diversity, collectively termed as 'Plant Specialised Metabolisms (PSMs)', to cope the environmental challenges. Plant glycosylation is an important process of metabolic diversification of PSMs to govern their in planta stability, solubility and inter/intra-cellular transport. Although, individual category of PSMs (terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phytohormones, glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides) have been well studied; nevertheless, deeper insights of physiological functioning and genomic aspects of plant glycosylation/deglycosylation processes including enzymatic machinery (CYPs, GTs, and GHs) and regulatory elements are still elusive. Therefore, this review discussed the paradigm shift on genomic background of enzymatic machinery, transporters and regulatory mechanism of 'Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs)'. Current efforts also update the fundamental understanding about physiological, evolutionary and adaptive role of glycosylation/deglycosylation processes during the metabolic diversification of PSGs. Additionally, futuristic considerations and recommendations for employing integrated next-generation multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), including gene/genome editing (CRISPR-Cas) approaches are also proposed to explore commercial potential of PSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; and Present address: Department of Plant Functional Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Present address: G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Biochemical characterization of the β-glucosidase Glu1B from Coptotermes formosanus produced in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 163:110155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The Disposition of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste, Their Extraction, and Analysis Using Novel Technologies: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit waste contains several bioactive components such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and numerous other phytochemicals, including pigments. Furthermore, new financial opportunities are created by using fruit ‘leftovers’ as a basis for bioactivities that may serve as new foods or food ingredients, strengthening the circular economy’s properties. From a technical standpoint, organic phenolic substances have become more appealing to industry, in addition to their application as nutritional supplements or functional meals. Several extraction methods for recovering phenolic compounds from fruit waste have already been published, most of which involve using different organic solvents. However, there is a growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable techniques that result in phenolic-rich extracts with little ecological impact. Utilizing these new and advanced green extraction techniques will reduce the global crisis caused by fruit waste management. Using modern techniques, fruit residue is degraded to sub-zero scales, yielding bio-based commodities such as bioactive elements. This review highlights the most favorable and creative methods of separating bioactive materials from fruit residue. Extraction techniques based on environmentally friendly technologies such as bioreactors, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and their combination are specifically covered.
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Dodda SR, Hossain M, Jain P, Aikat K, Mukhopadhyay SS. Comparative Biochemical and Structural Properties of an Industrially Important Biocatalyst Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gill SP, Hunter WR, Coulson LE, Banat IM, Schelker J. Synthetic and biological surfactant effects on freshwater biofilm community composition and metabolic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6847-6859. [PMID: 36121483 PMCID: PMC9529700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are used to control microbial biofilms in industrial and medical settings. Their known toxicity on aquatic biota, and their longevity in the environment, has encouraged research on biodegradable alternatives such as rhamnolipids. While previous research has investigated the effects of biological surfactants on single species biofilms, there remains a lack of information regarding the effects of synthetic and biological surfactants in freshwater ecosystems. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test how the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the biological surfactant rhamnolipid altered community composition and metabolic activity of freshwater biofilms. Biofilms were cultured in the flumes using lake water from Lake Lunz in Austria, under high (300 ppm) and low (150 ppm) concentrations of either surfactant over a four-week period. Our results show that both surfactants significantly affected microbial diversity. Up to 36% of microbial operational taxonomic units were lost after surfactant exposure. Rhamnolipid exposure also increased the production of the extracellular enzymes, leucine aminopeptidase, and glucosidase, while SDS exposure reduced leucine aminopeptidase and glucosidase. This study demonstrates that exposure of freshwater biofilms to chemical and biological surfactants caused a reduction of microbial diversity and changes in biofilm metabolism, exemplified by shifts in extracellular enzyme activities. KEY POINTS: • Microbial biofilm diversity decreased significantly after surfactant exposure. • Exposure to either surfactant altered extracellular enzyme activity. • Overall metabolic activity was not altered, suggesting functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Gill
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK.
| | - William R Hunter
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Laura E Coulson
- WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz am See, Austria
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Jakob Schelker
- WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz am See, Austria
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sardar P, Šustr V, Chroňáková A, Lorenc F. Metatranscriptomic holobiont analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the millipede Telodeinopus aoutii (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.931986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As important decomposers of soil organic matter, millipedes contribute to lignocellulose decomposition and nutrient cycling. The degradation of lignocellulose requires the action of several carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and, in most invertebrates, depends on the activity of mutualistic gut microorganisms. To address the question of the importance of the microbiota and endogenous (host) enzymes in digestive processes in millipedes, we analyzed metatranscriptomic data from the tropical millipede Telodeinopus aoutii at the holobiont level. Functional annotation included identification of expressed CAZymes (CAZy families and EC terms) in the host and its intestinal microbiota, foregut, midgut, and hindgut, compared to non-intestinal tissues. Most of the 175 CAZy families were expressed exclusively in the gut microbiota and more than 50% of these microbial families were expressed exclusively in the hindgut. The greatest diversity of expressed endogenous CAZymes from all gut sections was found in the midgut (77 families). Bacteria were the major microbial producers of CAZymes, Proteobacteria dominating in the midgut and Bacteriodetes with Firmicutes in the hindgut. The contribution of the eukaryotic microbiota to CAZymes production was negligible. Functional classification of expressed CAZy families confirmed a broad functional spectrum of CAZymes potentially expressed in the holobiont. Degradation of lignocellulose in the digestive tract of the millipede T. aoutii depends largely on bacterial enzymes expressed in the hindgut. Endogenous cellulases were not detected, except for the potentially cellulolytic family AA15, but an expression of cellulolytic enzymes of this family was not confirmed at the EC-number level. The midgut had the greatest diversity of expressed endogenous CAZymes, mainly amylases, indicating the importance of digesting α-glucosidases for the millipede. In contrast, bacterial lignocellulolytic enzymes are sparsely expressed here. The hindgut was the hotspot of microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulases. The gain of the millipede from the microbial lignocellulose degradation in the gut, and consequently the mutualistic status of the relationship between the millipede and its cellulolytic gut bacteria, depends on the ability of the millipede to take up microbial metabolites as nutrients through the hindgut wall. Enzymes expressed in the intestine can degrade all components of lignocellulose except lignin. Assuming that soil microbiota is partially degraded lignin in the millipede diet, T. aoutii can be considered a decomposer of soil organic matter relying primarily on its gut bacteria. The deposition of millipede fecal pellets containing an organic matter modified by the hindgut bacterial community could be of ecological significance.
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He S, Jiang B, Chakraborty A, Yu G. The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization. INSECTS 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 36135486 PMCID: PMC9500737 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant-insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects' GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin He
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Beijing Rd. 1, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Rd. 46, Ya’an 625014, China
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Son J, Jeong KJ. Engineering of Leuconostoc citreum for Efficient Bioconversion of Soy Isoflavone Glycosides to Their Aglycone Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179568. [PMID: 36076965 PMCID: PMC9455899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are phytochemicals that possess various beneficial physiological properties such as anti-aging, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. Since soy isoflavones exist in glycoside forms, their bioavailability requires initial hydrolysis of the sugar moieties bound to them to be efficiently absorbed through the gut epithelium. Instead of conventional chemical hydrolysis using acids or organic solvents, alternative strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of soy isoflavones using biological methods are gaining attention. Here, we engineered Leuconostoc citreum isolated from Korean kimchi for efficient bioconversion of soy isoflavone glycosides into their aglycone forms to enhance their bioavailability. We first constructed an expression module based on the isoflavone hydrolase (IH)-encoding gene of Bifidobacterium lactis, which mediates conversion of isoflavone glycosides to aglycone forms. Using a high copy number plasmid and bicistronic expression design, the IH was successfully synthesized in L. citreum. Additionally, we determined enzymatic activity of the IH using an in vivo β-glucosidase assay and confirmed its highly efficient bioconversion efficiency for various types of isoflavone glycosides. Finally, we successfully demonstrated that the engineered L. citreum could convert isoflavone glycosides present in fermented soymilk into aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Son
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus Program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, BK21 Plus Program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Institute for The BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-350-3934
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He Y, Wang C, Jiao R, Ni Q, Wang Y, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Xu G. Biochemical characterization of a novel glucose-tolerant GH3 β-glucosidase (Bgl1973) from Leifsonia sp. ZF2019. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5063-5079. [PMID: 35833950 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase (Bgl) is an enzyme with considerable food, beverage, and biofuel processing potential. However, as many Bgls are inhibited by their reaction end product glucose, their industrial applications are greatly limited. In this study, a novel Bgl gene (Bgl1973) was cloned from Leifsonia sp. ZF2019 and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Sequence analysis and structure modeling revealed that Bgl1973 was 748 aa, giving it a molecular weight of 78 kDa, and it showed high similarity with the glycoside hydrolase 3 (GH3) family Bgls with which its active site residues were conserved. By using pNPGlc (p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) as substrate, the optimum temperature and pH of Bgl1973 were shown to be 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. Bgl1973 was insensitive to most metal ions (12.5 mM), 1% urea, and even 0.1% Tween-80. This enzyme maintained 60% of its original activity in the presence of 20% NaCl, demonstrating its excellent salt tolerance. Furthermore, it still had 83% residual activity in 1 M of glucose, displaying its outstanding glucose tolerance. The Km, Vmax, and kcat of Bgl1973 were 0.22 mM, 44.44 μmol/min mg, and 57.78 s-1, respectively. Bgl1973 had a high specific activity for pNPGlc (19.10 ± 0.59 U/mg) and salicin (20.43 ± 0.92 U/mg). Furthermore, molecular docking indicated that the glucose binding location and the narrow and deep active channel geometry might contribute to the glucose tolerance of Bgl1973. Our results lay a foundation for the studying of this glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase and its applications in many industrial settings. KEY POINTS: • A novel β-glucosidase from GH3 was obtained from Leifsonia sp. ZF2019. • Bgl1973 demonstrated excellent glucose tolerance. • The glucose tolerance of Bgl1973 was explained using molecular docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ronghu Jiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qinxue Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qianxin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Youzuo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Guangzhi Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Bhalla A, Arce J, Ubanwa B, Singh G, Sani RK, Balan V. Thermophilic Geobacillus WSUCF1 Secretome for Saccharification of Ammonia Fiber Expansion and Extractive Ammonia Pretreated Corn Stover. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844287. [PMID: 35694290 PMCID: PMC9176393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic Geobacillus bacterial strain, WSUCF1 contains different carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) capable of hydrolyzing hemicellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. We used proteomic, genomic, and bioinformatic tools, and genomic data to analyze the relative abundance of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and lignin modifying enzymes present in the secretomes. Results showed that CAZyme profiles of secretomes varied based on the substrate type and complexity, composition, and pretreatment conditions. The enzyme activity of secretomes also changed depending on the substrate used. The secretomes were used in combination with commercial and purified enzymes to carry out saccharification of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover and extractive ammonia (EA)-pretreated corn stover. When WSUCF1 bacterial secretome produced at different conditions was combined with a small percentage of commercial enzymes, we observed efficient saccharification of EA-CS, and the results were comparable to using a commercial enzyme cocktail (87% glucan and 70% xylan conversion). It also opens the possibility of producing CAZymes in a biorefinery using inexpensive substrates, such as AFEX-pretreated corn stover and Avicel, and eliminates expensive enzyme processing steps that are used in enzyme manufacturing. Implementing in-house enzyme production is expected to significantly reduce the cost of enzymes and biofuel processing cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Health Science, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jessie Arce
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Rajesh K. Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Health Science, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Venkatesh Balan,
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Exploring the feasibility of biotransforming salted soy whey into a soy sauce-like condiment using wine yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii and soy sauce yeasts Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Candida versatilis as single starter cultures. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alqhtani AH, Al Sulaiman AR, Alharthi AS, Abudabos AM. Effect of Exogenous Enzymes Cocktail on Performance, Carcass Traits, Biochemical Metabolites, Intestinal Morphology, and Nutrient Digestibility of Broilers Fed Normal and Low-Energy Corn-Soybean Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091094. [PMID: 35565521 PMCID: PMC9102295 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross 308 broilers in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement (four treatments with 12 replications of six chicks each) were fed corn and SBMbased diets with two concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) (normal (positive control, PC) and low (negative control, NC)) and two amounts of enzyme cocktail (EC) (0% and 0.005%) for 35 days. Performance, carcass traits, serum metabolites, ileal histology, and apparent nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Compared with the non-supplemented diet, the use of EC improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) over 26−35 and 0−35 days (p < 0.01), European performance efficiency factor (EPEF) over 26−35 days (p < 0.05), dressing yield (p < 0.01), villus height (p < 0.05), nitrogen-corrected apparent ME (AMEn) (p < 0.01), and serum glucose (p < 0.05). Compared with the NC diet, feeding the PC diet improved FCR over all experimental periods (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively), EPEF over 0−10 days (p < 0.05), and AMEn retention (p < 0.01). To conclude, the AMEn of broilers fed corn and SBM diets could be improved by adequately adjusting dietary ME and using a cocktail of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, improving commercial benefits to producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Ali R. Al Sulaiman
- National Center for Environmental Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Bist V, Anand V, Srivastava S, Kaur J, Naseem M, Mishra S, Srivastava PK, Tripathi RD, Srivastava S. Alleviative mechanisms of silicon solubilizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mediated diminution of arsenic toxicity in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128170. [PMID: 35032955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has gained considerable attention for its utility in improved plant health under biotic and abiotic stresses through alteration of physiological and metabolic processes. Its interaction with arsenic (As) has been the compelling area of research amidst heavy metal toxicity. However, microbe mediated Si solubilization and their role for reduced As uptake is still an unexplored domain. Foremost role of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (NBRISN13) in impediment of arsenite (AsIII) translocation signifies our work. Reduced grain As content (52-72%) during SN13 inoculation under feldspar supplementation (Si+SN+As) highlight the novel outcome of our study. Upregulation of Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi3genes in Si+SN+As treated rice plants associated with restricted As translocation, frames new propositions for future research on microbemediated reduced As uptake through increased Si transport. In addition to low As accumulation, alleviation of oxidative stress markers by modulation of defense enzyme activities and differential accumulation of plant hormones was found to be associated with improved growth and yield. Thus, our findings confer the potential role of microbe mediated Si solubilization in mitigation of As stress to restore plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Bist
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratapMarg, Lucknow 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vandana Anand
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratapMarg, Lucknow 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratapMarg, Lucknow 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jasvinder Kaur
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratapMarg, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Mariya Naseem
- Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Seema Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratapMarg, Lucknow 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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46
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Antioxidant, flavor profile and quality of wheat dough bread incorporated with kiwifruit fermented by β-glucosidase producing lactic acid bacteria strains. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Singh N, Singh V, Singh MP. Microbial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy production: A metagenomic-based approach. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2056451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Veer Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Mohan P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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48
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Morsby J, Thimes RL, Olson JE, McGarraugh HH, Payne JN, Camden JP, Smith BD. Enzyme Sensing Using 2-Mercaptopyridine-Carbonitrile Reporters and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6419-6426. [PMID: 35224403 PMCID: PMC8867545 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high sensitivity and functional group selectivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) make it an attractive method for enzyme sensing, but there is currently a severe lack of enzyme substrates that release SERS reporter molecules with favorable detection properties. We find that 2-mercaptopyridine-3-carbonitrile ( o-MPN) and 2-mercaptopyridine-5-carbonitrile ( p-MPN) are highly effective as SERS reporter molecules that can be captured by silver or gold nanoparticles to give intense SERS spectra, each with a distinctive nitrile peak at 2230 cm-1. p-MPN is a more sensitive reporter and can be detected at low nanomolar concentrations. An assay validation study synthesized two novel substrate molecules, Glc-o-MPN and Glc-p-MPN, and showed that they can be cleaved efficiently by β-glucosidase (K m = 228 and 162 μM, respectively), an enzyme with broad industrial and biomedical utility. Moreover, SERS detection of the released reporters ( o-MPN or p-MPN) enabled sensing of β-glucosidase activity and β-glucosidase inhibition. Comparative experiments using a crude almond flour extract showed that the presence of β-glucosidase activity could be confirmed by SERS detection in a much shorter time period (>10 time shorter) than by UV-vis absorption detection. It is likely that a wide range of enzyme assays and diagnostic tests can be developed using 2-mercaptopyridine-carbonitriles as SERS reporter molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeala
J. Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Rebekah L. Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Jacob E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Hannah H. McGarraugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Jason N. Payne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, Unites States
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49
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Nhim S, Waeonukul R, Uke A, Baramee S, Ratanakhanokchai K, Tachaapaikoon C, Pason P, Liu YJ, Kosugi A. Biological cellulose saccharification using a coculture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermobrachium celere strain A9. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2133-2145. [PMID: 35157106 PMCID: PMC8930880 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract An anaerobic thermophilic bacterial strain, A9 (NITE P-03545), that secretes β-glucosidase was newly isolated from wastewater sediments by screening using esculin. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain A9 had 100% identity with that of Thermobrachium celere type strain JW/YL-NZ35. The complete genome sequence of strain A9 showed 98.4% average nucleotide identity with strain JW/YL-NZ35. However, strain A9 had different physiological properties from strain JW/YL-NZ35, which cannot secrete β-glucosidases or grow on cellobiose as the sole carbon source. The key β-glucosidase gene (TcBG1) of strain A9, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1, was characterized. Recombinant β-glucosidase (rTcBG1) hydrolyzed cellooligosaccharides to glucose effectively. Furthermore, rTcBG1 showed high thermostability (at 60°C for 2 days) and high glucose tolerance (IC50 = 0.75 M glucose), suggesting that rTcBG1 could be used for biological cellulose saccharification in cocultures with Clostridium thermocellum. High cellulose degradation was observed when strain A9 was cocultured with C. thermocellum in a medium containing 50 g/l crystalline cellulose, and glucose accumulation in the culture supernatant reached 35.2 g/l. In contrast, neither a monoculture of C. thermocellum nor coculture of C. thermocellum with strain JW/YL-NZ35 realized efficient cellulose degradation or high glucose accumulation. These results show that the β-glucosidase secreted by strain A9 degrades cellulose effectively in combination with C. thermocellum cellulosomes and has the potential to be used in a new biological cellulose saccharification process that does not require supplementation with β-glucosidases. Key points • Strain A9 can secrete a thermostable β-glucosidase that has high glucose tolerance • A coculture of strain A9 and C. thermocellum showed high cellulose degradation • Strain A9 achieves biological saccharification without addition of β-glucosidase Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11818-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyneang Nhim
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattiya Waeonukul
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute (PDTI), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Ayaka Uke
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Sirilak Baramee
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute (PDTI), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chakrit Tachaapaikoon
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute (PDTI), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Patthra Pason
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 10150, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute (PDTI), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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50
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Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Carboxymethyl Cellulase and β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2503-2527. [PMID: 35138555 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation biofuel production has emerged as a prominent sustainable and alternative energy. The biochemical properties of cellulolytic enzymes are imperative for cellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. In the present study, thermostable CMCase and β-glucosidase were purified and characterized from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. The enzymes were purified through 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by dialysis and DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular masses of the purified CMCase and β-glucosidase were estimated to be 125 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively. The CMCase and β-glucosidase demonstrated optimum activities at pH 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. Their respective maximum temperatures were 50 and 60 °C. The cellulase activities were stimulated by 10 mM concentration of Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ ions. The CMCase activity was enhanced by surfactant Triton X-100 but marginally influenced by most inhibitors. The β-glucosidase retained its activity in the presence of organic solvents (30%) isoamyl alcohol, heptane, toluene, and ethyl acetate, while CMCase was retained with acetone during a prolonged incubation of 168 h. The Km and Vmax values of the two cellulases were studied. The properties of high thermostability and good tolerance against organic solvents could signify its potential use in biofuel production and other value-added products.
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