1
|
Zúñiga D, Carretta F, Contreras M, Cornejo E, Gallardo C, Guichapani I, Muñoz C. Systematic Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors in Children Reported from Developmental Criminology. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:974. [PMID: 39201909 PMCID: PMC11352638 DOI: 10.3390/children11080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies. METHODS Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve. RESULT Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zúñiga
- Institute of Psychological Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Francesco Carretta
- Faculty of Law, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso Campus, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Macarena Contreras
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (M.C.); (E.C.); (C.G.); (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Erica Cornejo
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (M.C.); (E.C.); (C.G.); (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Constanza Gallardo
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (M.C.); (E.C.); (C.G.); (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Isidora Guichapani
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (M.C.); (E.C.); (C.G.); (I.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Constansa Muñoz
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (M.C.); (E.C.); (C.G.); (I.G.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva C, Moreira P, Moreira DS, Rafael F, Rodrigues A, Leite Â, Lopes S, Moreira D. Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Young Adults and Adults: A Systematic Literature Review. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:461-481. [PMID: 38921705 PMCID: PMC11206640 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations have shown the different impacts that ACEs have on an individual's adult life, on both physical and mental health, but they have not yet shown the issue of the influence of ACEs on adults and young adults. Objective/Participants and Setting: This systematic review, performed according to the PRISMA norms and guidelines, intended to understand the most frequent outcomes of adverse childhood experiences in the life of young adults and adults. METHODS Studies were identified through multiple literature search databases at EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and PubMed April 2023, and a total of 279 studies, published between 1999 and 2002, were excluded, 256 because of multiple factors: being duplicates, showing statistical analysis with correlations only, being systematic reviews or case studies, comprising individuals under the age of 18, and not meeting the intended theme; ultimately, we selected for the review a total of 23 studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The impacts of the various articles are subdivided into three main themes: antisocial and criminal behaviour; sexual Behaviour and intimate partner violence; and attachment, quality of life, and therapeutic alliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candy Silva
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
| | - Patrícia Moreira
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
| | - Diana Sá Moreira
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto—IPNP Health, 4100-136 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Filipa Rafael
- School of Education, The Polytechnic Institute of Oporto (IPP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Anabela Rodrigues
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
| | - Ângela Leite
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
| | - Sílvia Lopes
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Braga, Portugal; (C.S.); (P.M.); (A.R.); (Â.L.)
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto—IPNP Health, 4100-136 Porto, Portugal;
- Centro de Solidariedade de Braga/Projecto Homem, R. do Alcaide 31, 4700-024 Braga, Portugal
- Observatory Permanent Violence and Crime (OPVC), FP-I3ID, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences and CPUP—Center for Psychology at University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Levels of Involvement with Child Protection Services Associated with Early Adolescent Police Contact as a Victim and Person of Interest. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2708-2732. [PMID: 38254307 PMCID: PMC11071604 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231223468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood maltreatment and subsequent offending/victimization is well established. However, the magnitude of this relationship for different levels of child protection services (CPS) involvement is poorly understood, due to measurement issues, lack of longitudinal data, and reliance on reports of substantiated maltreatment, which can underestimate the impact of maltreatment. This study examined associations between CPS involvement during childhood (ages 0 to <11 years) and police services contact (as a victim and/or a person of interest) for criminal incidents in early adolescence (11 to ~14 years), differentiated according to levels of CPS involvement (i.e., no risk of significant harm [non-ROSH], unsubstantiated ROSH, substantiated ROSH, and out-of-home care; each examined relative to no CPS contact). Data for 71,465 children were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an intergenerational, longitudinal investigation that uses administrative records from CPS and police alongside other health, justice, and education data. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between increasing levels of CPS involvement and police contact as a victim only, a person of interest only, and as both victim and person of interest while accounting for covariates (i.e., child's sex, Aboriginal, and/or Torres Strait Islander background, socioeconomic status, maternal age at child's birth, and parental offending history). Children exposed to any of the four levels of CPS involvement had higher odds of police contact, relative to children with no CPS involvement. Odds ratios were higher for contact with police as both a victim and a person of interest, compared to police contact as a victim or a person of interest only. These findings highlight that children with even unsubstantiated CPS reports (i.e., non-ROSH and unsubstantiated ROSH reports) are at heightened risk of police contact compared to children who are unknown to CPS, underlining the need to support all families in contact with CPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orak U, Soileau C, Harter J, Dobson C, Huey Dye M. Juvenile Violent Victimization and Adult Criminal Outcomes: The Role of Military Service as a Turning Point in Young Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:1830-1852. [PMID: 37970803 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231211923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has consistently shown that juvenile violent victimization is associated with an increased risk of future criminal involvement, a phenomenon commonly known as victim-offender overlap. Despite a growing interest in the factors underlying this overlap, potential roles of major life transitions and turning points that may interrupt and reshape the nature of this developmental association have garnered less academic attention. Analyzing nationally representative data from waves I, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; n = 10,205), this study investigates the association between juvenile violent victimization and adult criminal outcomes (i.e., violent offending, non-violent offending, arrest, and incarceration) and whether this association is moderated by military service with and without combat experience in young adulthood. Employing a series of logistic regression analyses and adjusting for a host of covariates, measures of selection, and criminogenic traits, we found that juvenile violent victimization was significantly associated with greater odds of violent offending, arrest, and incarceration in adulthood. Among individuals with violent victimization histories, military service with no combat experience was associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of incarceration in adulthood. Combat experience, however, was associated with over seven times greater odds of violent offending in adulthood for these individuals. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and highlight the relevance of life transitions and turning points in general, and military service in particular, in mitigating or perpetuating the criminogenic impacts of violent victimization in the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Orak
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Christine Soileau
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Jessica Harter
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Claire Dobson
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Meredith Huey Dye
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoover KB. The Relationship Between Family Member Incarceration, Criminal Offending, and Victimization. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2024; 39:122-140. [PMID: 38453371 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mass incarceration has significantly impacted families nationwide. Recent evidence suggests that at least 45% of Americans have experienced the incarceration of an immediate family member (Enns et al., 2019). Prior evidence has demonstrated that adolescents and young adults who experience family member incarceration experience increases in criminogenic outcomes. However, less is known about whether family member incarceration contributes to increases in victimization and if it occurs indirectly through increases in offending. To address this question, the current study uses 10 waves of the Pathways to Desistance Study, which is a longitudinal study that followed justice-involved youth over 7 years (N = 8,346 person waves). Using fixed-effects negative binomial regression, findings demonstrate that experiencing familial incarceration is associated with increases in victimization and that criminal offending may be one mechanism that indirectly explains this relationship. Policy and programming implications are further discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gajos JM, Boutwell BB. Evolution, the Cognitive Sciences, and the Science of Victimization. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 22:14747049231225146. [PMID: 38225172 PMCID: PMC10793188 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231225146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite clear aversion to such labels, one of the most impactful criminological theories is rooted in cognitive science. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory has been repeatedly tested, replicated relatively well, and has since reached beyond its original scope to explain other important outcomes like victimization. However, the work never viewed itself as part of a larger scientific landscape and resisted the incursion of neuroscience, cognitive science, and evolutionary theory from the start. This missed opportunity contributes to some of the theory's shortcomings. We begin by considering relevant literatures that were originally excluded and then conduct a new analysis examining the cognitive underpinnings of victimization in a high-risk sample of adolescents. We used the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 3,444; 48% female; 49% Black, 25% Hispanic) which contained sound measures of self-control and intelligence, as well as four types of adolescent victimization. Self-control was robustly associated with all forms of victimization, whereas intelligence had generally no detectable effect. We discuss how these findings fit into a broader understanding about self-control and victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Gajos
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Brian B. Boutwell
- Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuo SY, Chang KM, Li Y, Chang YS. The Link Between Victimization and Misconduct in Prison Inmates: The Influence of Importation, Deprivation, and Low Self-Control Factors. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:754-784. [PMID: 37827579 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been limited study of the link between victimization and the criminal offense in the correctional context, despite the extensive literature supporting the overlap of victims and offenders in the general population. In this study, 2,880 inmates in 12 institutional correction facilities in Taiwan were examined to explore the common factors of the victim-offender overlap, guided by the importation, deprivation, and low self-control theories. The results of bivariate probit regression analysis revealed the presence of the victim-offender phenomenon in Taiwanese inmates. Specifically, the inmates who had experienced violent victimization in childhood and those who held negative perceptions of corrections staff and management tended to be both victims and offenders as measured by various types of prison misconduct and victimization. The results also showed that importation and deprivation factors have similar explanatory power for both misconduct and victimization, and low self-control has greater explanatory power for misconduct than for victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ya Kuo
- Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Kuang-Ming Chang
- Department of Criminal Justice, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yuan-Song Chang
- Department of Foreign Affairs Police, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vaughn MG, Dell NA, Long C, Qian A, DeLisi M. Prevalence and correlates of knife-related victimization: Insights from the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Prev Med 2023; 175:107680. [PMID: 37619951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the incidence and general trends in knife-related victimizations in the United States (US), especially in settings where preventive interventions can potentially be initiated such as emergency departments (EDs). The goal of the present investigation was to provide an empirical portrait of the psychosocial and behavioral health characteristics of patients assaulted by sharp objects, particularly knives, as revealed in EDs in the US, as less research has focused on knife victimization in the US than internationally. This study uses data from the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), which is part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project distributed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Findings revealed that demographically males (especially those aged 18-25), those in poverty, and members of racially minoritized groups were more likely to be present with knife-related assault. Key factors increasing the odds of knife-related victimization treated in EDs were homelessness, legal involvement, and substance use, particularly alcohol and stimulant use disorder. Somewhat surprisingly, mental health diagnosis was not associated with increased knife-related victimization. Although EDs are critical to treating knife-related victimization, they are also potentially key points to launch prevention for high-risk individuals to reduce subsequent violence stemming from escalation of interpersonal disputes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dell
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Charvonne Long
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Aaron Qian
- College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, One N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Matt DeLisi
- Sociology & Criminal Justice, Iowa State University, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mueller KC, Cavitt J, Carey MT. Future orientation in justice-involved youth: The effects of adverse and positive childhood experiences, and being dual-status. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106230. [PMID: 37167659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved youth face diverse challenges and are likely to experience more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and fewer positive childhood experiences (PCEs), which can have implications for their orientation toward their future. Future orientation is thought to influence behavior, but little is known about how it is shaped. While future orientation and its correlates likely matter for all justice-involved youth, the recently recognized subcategory of Dual Status Youths (DSYs) might be especially sensitive to influences on future orientation. OBJECTIVE This study explores the effects of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs), and DSY classification on the likelihood of having a positive orientation toward the future. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The researchers analyze a sample of 3604 justice-involved youth on probation in a large metropolitan area in Texas. METHOD The sample includes juveniles who received the full Positive Achievement Change Tool (PACT) risk/needs assessment. The analytical plan included t-tests and two logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Findings were that DSY are exposed to more ACEs and fewer PCEs than non-dual status justice-involved youth. Results indicated that a greater number of PCEs is associated with future orientation, but DSY status and ACEs are not. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile justice programming must strive to cultivate PCEs in justice-involved youth prior to the completion of their probation supervision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Curtis Mueller
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America.
| | - Joslyn Cavitt
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America; University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Graduate Research Assistant, United States of America
| | - Marcus Tyler Carey
- Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Odintsova VV, Hagenbeek FA, van der Laan CM, van de Weijer S, Boomsma DI. Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:13-44. [PMID: 37633706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial variation between humans in aggressive behavior, with its biological etiology and molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review chapter offers an overview of genomic and omics studies revealing the genetic contribution to aggression and first insights into associations with epigenetic and other omics (e.g., metabolomics) profiles. We allowed for a broad phenotype definition including studies on "aggression," "aggressive behavior," or "aggression-related traits," "antisocial behavior," "conduct disorder," and "oppositional defiant disorder." Heritability estimates based on family and twin studies in children and adults of this broadly defined phenotype of aggression are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. Next, we review the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) which search for associations with alleles and also allow for gene-based tests and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) which seek to identify associations with differently methylated regions across the genome. Both GWAS and EWAS allow for construction of Polygenic and DNA methylation scores at an individual level. Currently, these predict a small percentage of variance in aggression. We expect that increases in sample size will lead to additional discoveries in GWAS and EWAS, and that multiomics approaches will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V Odintsova
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel M van der Laan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cooke EM, Connolly EJ, Boisvert DL, Hayes BE. A Systematic Review of the Biological Correlates and Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment and Adverse Childhood Experiences. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:156-173. [PMID: 34105421 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211021613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are two primary forms of interpersonal victimization that have been associated with a host of deleterious health outcomes. Studies over the past decade have begun to use a range of biologically informed methods to better understand the role biology plays in the relationship between CM, ACEs, and later life outcomes. This line of research has shown that both forms of victimization occur at sensitive periods of development, which can increase the likelihood of "getting under the skin" and influence health and behavior across the life course. This review examines the current state of knowledge on this hypothesis. One hundred and ninety-nine studies are included in this systematic review based on criteria that they be written in English, use a biologically informed method, and be conducted on samples of humans. Results reveal that latent additive genetic influences, biological system functioning captured by biomarkers, polygenic risk scores, and neurobiological factors are commonly associated with exposure and response to CM and ACEs. The implication of these findings for the existing body of research on early life victimization and recommendations for future research and policy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Cooke
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Danielle L Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Brittany E Hayes
- School of Criminal Justice, 2514University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Langevin S, Caspi A, Barnes JC, Brennan G, Poulton R, Purdy SC, Ramrakha S, Tanksley PT, Thorne PR, Wilson G, Moffitt TE. Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior and Accelerated Biological Aging in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14402. [PMID: 36361282 PMCID: PMC9657643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior research shows that individuals who have exhibited antisocial behavior are in poorer health than their same-aged peers. A major driver of poor health is aging itself, yet research has not investigated relationships between offending trajectories and biological aging. We tested the hypothesis that individuals following a life-course persistent (LCP) antisocial trajectory show accelerated aging in midlife. Trajectories of antisocial behavior from age 7 to 26 years were studied in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative birth cohort (N = 1037). Signs of aging were assessed at age 45 years using previously validated measures including biomarkers, clinical tests, and self-reports. First, we tested whether the association between antisocial behavior trajectories and midlife signs of faster aging represented a decline from initial childhood health. We then tested whether decline was attributable to tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, debilitating illnesses in adulthood, adverse exposures in childhood (maltreatment, socioeconomic disadvantage) and adulthood (incarceration), and to childhood self-control difficulties. Study members with a history of antisocial behavior had a significantly faster pace of biological aging by midlife, and this was most evident among individuals following the LCP trajectory (β, 0.22, 95%CI, 0.14, 0.28, p ≤ 0.001). This amounted to 4.3 extra years of biological aging between ages 25-45 years for Study members following the LCP trajectory compared to low-antisocial trajectory individuals. LCP offenders also experienced more midlife difficulties with hearing (β, -0.14, 95%CI, -0.21, -0.08, p ≤ 0.001), balance (β, -0.13, 95%CI, -0.18, -0.06, p ≤ 0.001), gait speed (β, -0.18, 95%CI, -0.24, -0.10, p ≤ 0.001), and cognitive functioning (β, -0.25, 95%CI, -0.31, -0.18, p ≤ 0.001). Associations represented a decline from childhood health. Associations persisted after controlling individually for tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, midlife illnesses, maltreatment, socioeconomic status, incarceration, and childhood self-control difficulties. However, the cumulative effect of these lifestyle characteristics together explained why LCP offenders have a faster Pace of Aging than their peers. While older adults typically age-out of crime, LCP offenders will likely age-into the healthcare system earlier than their chronologically same-aged peers. Preventing young people from offending is likely to have substantial benefits for health, and people engaging in a LCP trajectory of antisocial behaviors might be the most in need of health promotion programs. We offer prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the financial burden of offenders on healthcare systems and improve their wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Langevin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - J. C. Barnes
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Grace Brennan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne C. Purdy
- Discipline of Speech Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Peter T. Tanksley
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Peter R. Thorne
- Discipline of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Graham Wilson
- Matai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne 4010, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marotta P. Assessing the Victimizaton-Offending Hypothesis of Sexual and Non-Sexual Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Incarcerated Men in the United States: Implications for Trauma-Informed Practice in Correctional Settings. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20212-NP20235. [PMID: 34802331 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rates of exposure to sexual and non-sexual physical violence and other adverse childhood events are greater among people who are incarcerated with convictions for offenses related to sexual and non-sexual violence compared to other incarcerated populations and the general community. Few studies have differentiated which types of prior adverse experiences are greatest predictors of sexual and non-sexual violent offenses. The following study investigated associations between experiencing sexual abuse as a child or adult; experiencing non-sexual physical violence during childhood, adulthood, or both; having a caretaker who uses drugs; being in foster care; growing up in socioeconomically marginalized conditions; and the likelihood of reporting a prior physical or sexual conviction. The sample consisted of 13,604 men incarcerated in state and federal prisons in the United States. Multinomial regression models compared convictions for sexual offenses and non-sexual violent offenses to all other crimes. A model also compared sexual offenses to non-sexual violent offenses to differentiate between types of adverse childhood experiences associated with sexual versus non-sexual violent offending. Models adjusted for race/ethnicity, education, and age. Results suggest that exposure to violence during childhood was significantly and violence during adulthood was insignificantly associated with increased risk of conviction for a non-sexual physical offense. Sexual violence victimization as a child only was associated with increased risk of conviction for sexual violence perpetration during adulthood. Foster care involvement was associated with increased risk of being convicted for a non-sexual violent offense. Findings suggest that different traumatic pathways may differentiate types of aggression in adulthood. Future research must evaluate if trauma-informed approaches should be catered to address the unique effects of sexual and non-sexual victimization and the perpetration of different types of aggression in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Marotta
- 7548Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leiding D, Kaiser F, Hüpen P, Kirchhart R, Puiu AA, Steffens M, Bergs R, Habel U. Lifetime Prevalence of Victimization and Perpetration as Related to Men's Health: Clinical Insights. Front Psychol 2022; 13:762079. [PMID: 35369152 PMCID: PMC8965285 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.762079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence is a known risk factor for health problems. In this epidemiological study across 5,385 male patients, we investigate the prevalence of perpetrated violence, exposure to violence, their overlap and the relationship between violence, mental, and psychosomatic health, as well as adverse health behaviors, such as self-harming behavior and the consumption of drugs. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire addressing violence experience (i.e., both expose and perpetration), age of victimization/perpetration, frequency, and perceived severity of violence exposure. We considered physical, psychological as well as sexual violence. Information on health status and adverse health behaviors complemented the data. Results showed that 48.4% of the sample reported having experienced violence (perpetration, victimization, or both). The victim-perpetrator overlap formed the largest group, in which the incidence of having experienced multiple types of violence was significantly higher compared to victims and perpetrators. The age-crime curve flattened more slowly with increasing age in this group. Although the perceived severity of exposure to violence is lower in the overlap group, its health status and adverse health behaviors were worse. Interventions should focus on this group since they constitute a burden for the healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Leiding
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philippa Hüpen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ramona Kirchhart
- Center for Ambulant Psychotherapy, Röher Parkklinik, Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Andrei Alexandru Puiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion Steffens
- GESINE Netzwerk Gesundheit.EN/Frauen helfen Frauen EN e.V., Schwelm, Germany
| | - Rene Bergs
- Center for Vocational Training, Berufsförderungswerk Düren GmbH, Düren, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Translation Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oulasmaa LE, Riipinen PK, Hakko HH, Riala KR. Association of aggressivity at adolescence and criminality to severe assault exposure among former adolescent psychiatric inpatients. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 30:107-122. [PMID: 36950186 PMCID: PMC10026766 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the associations of adolescent aggression, and criminality, to severe hospital-treated assault exposures among young adults (n = 508) with a history of adolescent psychiatric inpatient treatment between 2001-2006. Participants were interviewed during hospitalization using K-SADS-PL to assess psychiatric disorders, and to obtain information on aggressivity. Data on crimes committed were obtained from the Finnish Legal Register Centre, and the treatment episodes for assault exposures from the Finnish National Care Register for Health Care, up to end of 2016. Predictors for severe assault exposure were male sex (OR = 2.1), short temperedness (OR = 2.4), non-violent offending (OR = 2.6), and violent offending (OR = 4.8). These results indicate that the participants most vulnerable to severe assaults were those suffering from a continuum of aggressivity across their lifetime. Our findings can be utilized to identify adolescents at risk of severe assault exposure, and to reduce this risk by focusing on appropriate treatments for these vulnerable adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri E. Oulasmaa
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirkko K. Riipinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä H. Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa R. Riala
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cuevas CA, Sabina C, Cudmore Kendall R, Picard E, Goggin K. Understanding the Victimization-Delinquency Overlap Among Latino Adolescents: The Role of Cultural and Mental Health Factors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:449-471. [PMID: 32228340 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520912584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether cultural factors and mental health variables distinguish Latino youth who are delinquent-victims, primarily victims, or primarily delinquent. This study used data from the Dating Violence among Latino Adolescents (DAVILA) Study, which surveyed 1,525 Latino youth and queried participants about past year victimization, delinquency, psychological distress, and cultural factors. Using multinomial logistic regression, we evaluated whether these variables differentiated youth who were delinquent-victims, primarily victims, primarily delinquent, or neither delinquent nor victims. Results suggest that delinquent-victim Latino youth are differentiated from other groups primarily by the degree of familial support and anger/hostility. Other cultural and mental health variables do not appear to differentiate the groups, suggesting a greater degree of similarity among them based on the variables used in the analysis. The results indicate that Latino youth that are victimized and engage in delinquent behavior are primarily differentiated by the degree of anger/hostility they experience. Familial support, as has been seen with non-Latino groups, appears to present a significant protective quality and likely can serve as a prevention strategy, particularly for delinquent-victim youth. Study limitations include challenges with retrospective self-report and sampling using RDD methodologies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fazel S, Sariaslan A. Victimization in people with severe mental health problems: the need to improve research quality, risk stratification and preventive measures. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:437-438. [PMID: 34505358 PMCID: PMC8429327 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seena Fazel
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Amir Sariaslan
- Social and Public Policy Unit, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Víllora B, Navarro R, Yubero S. The Role of Social-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Individual Factors in Cyber Dating Victimization and Perpetration: Comparing the Direct, Control, and Combined Forms of Abuse. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:8559-8584. [PMID: 31140341 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519851172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship linking social-interpersonal factors (interpersonal dependency, social support, social skills), cognitive-individual factors (planning behavior and goal efficacy), and different victimization and perpetration forms of cyber dating abuse (direct abuse, control abuse, and the combination of both abuse types). The responses of 1,657 Spanish university students were analyzed (62.1% females, 37.1% males). The multinomial logistic regression model revealed similarities among the three victim groups and revealed that anxious attachment and lack of social support increased the likelihood of direct victimization, control victimization, and direct/control victimization. Differences were found in the three victim groups for social skills and planning behavior. Perpetration was significantly associated with anxious attachment in the three cyber dating perpetration forms. Differences were also found in emotional dependency, social support, and social skills among direct perpetrators, control perpetrators, and direct/control perpetrators. The results revealed that interpersonal and cognitive factors correlated with cyber dating victimization and perpetration.
Collapse
|
19
|
Erdmann A, Reinecke J. What Influences the Victimization of High-Level Offenders? A Dual Trajectory Analysis of the Victim-Offender Overlap From the Perspective of Routine Activities With Peer Groups. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9317-NP9343. [PMID: 31203711 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519854556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the consistent association between offending and victimization is a long-noted phenomenon, current criminological research is still engaged to gather profound knowledge on the etiology of this victim-offender overlap. Beyond that, the examination of its development over the life course requires further attention to create a better understanding of why offending and victimization are strongly connected. Applying a joint trajectory technique, the present study examines the overlap between distinct trajectories of offending and violent victimization throughout the phase of youth and adolescence using seven consecutive waves from the German longitudinal study "Crime in the Modern City." In particular, the victimization of high-level offenders is investigated taking a routine activity perspective with a focus on activities with peers. The results indicate that there is a sizable overlap between trajectories of violent victimization and constant offending with four out of five high-level offenders being repeatedly victimized. Furthermore, the examination shows that meeting more frequently with friends, going out and drinking alcohol, doing forbidden things for fun, and casually hanging out with friends increases the risk of high-level offending significantly. Moreover, the analysis indicates that meeting frequently with friends enhances the risk of violent victimization for offenders, whereas casually hanging out reduces the risk. However, these impacts can only be observed for the present sample and cannot be generalized with sufficient certainty. In addition, the analysis provides evidence that gender differences in the victim-offender overlap are mediated through diverging activities. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Baldwin JR, Caspi A, Meehan AJ, Ambler A, Arseneault L, Fisher HL, Harrington H, Matthews T, Odgers CL, Poulton R, Ramrakha S, Moffitt TE, Danese A. Population vs Individual Prediction of Poor Health From Results of Adverse Childhood Experiences Screening. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:385-393. [PMID: 33492366 PMCID: PMC7835926 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are well-established risk factors for health problems in a population. However, it is not known whether screening for ACEs can accurately identify individuals who develop later health problems. OBJECTIVE To test the predictive accuracy of ACE screening for later health problems. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study comprised 2 birth cohorts: the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study observed 2232 participants born during the period from 1994 to 1995 until they were aged 18 years (2012-2014); the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study observed 1037 participants born during the period from 1972 to 1973 until they were aged 45 years (2017-2019). Statistical analysis was performed from May 28, 2018, to July 29, 2020. EXPOSURES ACEs were measured prospectively in childhood through repeated interviews and observations in both cohorts. ACEs were also measured retrospectively in the Dunedin cohort through interviews at 38 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Health outcomes were assessed at 18 years in E-Risk and at 45 years in the Dunedin cohort. Mental health problems were assessed through clinical interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physical health problems were assessed through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and blood collection. RESULTS Of 2232 E-Risk participants, 2009 (1051 girls [52%]) were included in the analysis. Of 1037 Dunedin cohort participants, 918 (460 boys [50%]) were included in the analysis. In E-Risk, children with higher ACE scores had greater risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: relative risk, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.10-1.18] per each additional ACE; any physical health problem: relative risk, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.07-1.12] per each additional ACE). ACE scores were associated with health problems independent of other information typically available to clinicians (ie, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, and history of health problems). However, ACE scores had poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.56-0.61]; any physical health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.58-0.63]; chance prediction: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.50). Findings were consistent in the Dunedin cohort using both prospective and retrospective ACE measures. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that, although ACE scores can forecast mean group differences in health, they have poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems. Therefore, targeting interventions based on ACE screening is likely to be ineffective in preventing poor health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R. Baldwin
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,PROMENTA, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alan J. Meehan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Ambler
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Economic and Social Research Council Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - HonaLee Harrington
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,PROMENTA, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Clinic, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Trajectories of Victimization and Bullying at University: Prevention for a Healthy and Sustainable Educational Environment. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bullying phenomenon is both an uncomfortable reality and a serious social problem for educational community institutions. Its presence is incompatible with a healthy and sustainable education environment. The educational, psychological, and social consequences of bullying transcend the personal sphere and reach the family and work environment in adulthood. Traditionally, bullying has been studied in the compulsory educational stages. However, at present, this problem is also being addressed in higher education. The present research, which is of a transversal nature, aims to explore bullying in the Spanish university setting, along with its typology, scope, and predictive factors, from both socio-demographic and family perspectives. In this sense, we set ourselves the following objectives: (GO1) to see if university students are exposed to bullying, as well as to identify the profiles of the subjects of bullying from three dimensions (physical, relational, and verbal victimization) and (GO2) to determine whether there are trajectories of bullying in university students from the compulsory education stage to the present. Based on a descriptive quantitative methodology, this study was conducted in 10 Spanish universities. The research’s major results show that the persistence of bullying in university classrooms is of a relational and verbal nature, but is not physical. Victimization occurs mainly in women who carry out studies linked to social and legal sciences or art and the humanities. Additionally, it is observed that a spiral of relational violence is produced, perpetuating this type of aggression over time. Among other predictive factors in university students is that they have suffered relational violence during their compulsory education. These data should alert educational and health institutions about the persistence of bullying in university students to prevent it and to facilitate its early detection and treatment to eradicate this problem from higher education classrooms.
Collapse
|
22
|
A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:367-377. [PMID: 33046153 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a longitudinal and discordant twin design to explore in depth the developmental associations between victimization and loneliness from mid-childhood to young adulthood. The data were drawn from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 2,232 individuals born in England and Wales during 1994-1995. Diverse forms of victimization were considered, differing across context, perpetrator, and timing of exposure. The results indicated that exposure to different forms of victimization was associated with loneliness in a dose-response manner. In childhood, bullying victimization was uniquely associated with loneliness, over and above concurrent psychopathology, social isolation, and genetic risk. Moreover, childhood bullying victimization continued to predict loneliness in young adulthood, even in the absence of ongoing victimization. Within-twin pair analyses further indicated that this longitudinal association was explained by genetic confounds. In adolescence, varied forms of victimization were correlated with young adult loneliness, with maltreatment, neglect, and cybervictimization remaining robust to controls for genetic confounds. These findings indicate that vulnerability to loneliness in victimized young people varies according to the specific form of victimization in question, and also to the developmental period in which it was experienced.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tanksley PT, Barnes JC, Boutwell BB, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Danese A, Fisher HL, Moffitt TE. Identifying Psychological Pathways to Polyvictimization: Evidence from a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Twins from the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 16:431-461. [PMID: 32831812 PMCID: PMC7115958 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine the extent to which cognitive/psychological characteristics predict later polyvictimization. We employ a twin-based design that allows us to test the social neurocriminology hypothesis that environmental factors influence brain-based characteristics and influence behaviors like victimization. METHODS Using data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 1986), we capitalize on the natural experiment embedded in a discordant-twin design that allows for the adjustment of family environments and genetic factors. RESULTS The findings indicate that self-control, as well as symptoms of conduct disorder and anxiety, are related to polyvictimization even after adjusting for family environments and partially adjusting for genetic influences. After fully adjusting for genetic factors, only self-control was a statistically significant predictor of polyvictimization. CONCLUSION The findings suggest polyvictimization is influenced by cognitive/psychological characteristics that individuals carry with them across contexts. Policies aimed at reducing victimization risks should consider interventions that address cognitive functioning and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Tanksley
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - J C Barnes
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Brian B Boutwell
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Box 90338, Durham NC, 27708, USA
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
- National and Specialist Child Traumatic Stress and Anxiety Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Box 90338, Durham NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sariaslan A, Arseneault L, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S. Risk of Subjection to Violence and Perpetration of Violence in Persons With Psychiatric Disorders in Sweden. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:359-367. [PMID: 31940015 PMCID: PMC6990843 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Key outcomes for persons with psychiatric disorders include subjection to violence and perpetration of violence. The occurrence of these outcomes and their associations with psychiatric disorders need to be clarified. OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations of a wide range of psychiatric disorders with the risks of subjection to violence and perpetration of violence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 250 419 individuals born between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 1993, were identified to have psychiatric disorders using Swedish nationwide registers. Premorbid subjection to violence was measured since birth. The patients were matched by age and sex to individuals in the general population (n = 2 504 190) and to their full biological siblings without psychiatric disorders (n = 194 788). The start date for the patients and control groups was defined as the discharge date of the first psychiatric episode. The participants were censored either when they migrated, died, experienced the outcome of interest, or reached the end of the study period on December 31, 2013. Data were analyzed from January 15 to September 14, 2019. EXPOSURES Patients with common psychiatric disorders (eg, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety) were differentiated using a hierarchical approach. Patients with personality disorders and substance use disorders were also included. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Subjection to violence was defined as an outpatient visit (excluding a primary care visit), inpatient episode, or death associated with any diagnosis of an injury that was purposefully inflicted by other persons. Perpetration of violence was defined as a violent crime conviction. Stratified Cox regression models were fitted to account for the time at risk, a range of sociodemographic factors, a history of violence, and unmeasured familial confounders (via sibling comparisons). RESULTS Among 250 419 patients (55.4% women), the median (interquartile range) age at first diagnosis ranged from 20.0 (17.4-24.0) years for alcohol use disorder to 23.7 (19.9-28.8) years for anxiety disorder. Compared with 2 504 190 matched individuals without psychiatric disorders from the general population, patients with psychiatric disorders were more likely to be subjected to violence (7.1 [95% CI, 6.9-7.2] vs 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.0] per 1000 person-years) and to perpetrate violence (7.5 [95% CI, 7.4-7.6] vs 0.7 [95% CI, 0.7-0.7] per 1000 person-years). In the fully adjusted models, patients with psychiatric disorders were 3 to 4 times more likely than their siblings without psychiatric disorders to be either subjected to violence (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.4 [95% CI, 3.2-3.6]) or to perpetrate violence (aHR, 4.2 [95% CI, 3.9-4.4]). Diagnosis with any of the specific disorders was associated with higher rates of violent outcomes, with the sole exception of schizophrenia, which was not associated with the risk of subjection to violence. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, persons with psychiatric disorders were 3 to 4 times more likely than their siblings without psychiatric disorders to have been subjected to violence or to have perpetrated violence after the onset of their conditions. The risks of both outcomes varied by specific psychiatric diagnosis, history of violence, and familial risks. Clinical interventions may benefit from targeted approaches for the assessment and management of risk of violence in people with psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sariaslan
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Social and Public Policy Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Orebro University School of Medical Sciences, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Sextortion Among Adolescents: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Youth. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 32:30-54. [PMID: 30264657 DOI: 10.1177/1079063218800469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sextortion is the threatened dissemination of explicit, intimate, or embarrassing images of a sexual nature without consent, usually for the purpose of procuring additional images, sexual acts, money, or something else. Despite increased public interest in this behavior, it has yet to be empirically examined among adolescents. The current study fills this gap by exploring the prevalence of sextortion behaviors among a nationally representative sample of 5,568 U.S. middle and high school students. Approximately 5% of students reported that they had been the victim of sextortion, while about 3% admitted to threatening others who had shared an image with them in confidence. Males and nonheterosexual youth were more likely to be targeted, and males were more likely to target others. Moreover, youth who threatened others with sextortion were more likely to have been victims themselves. Implications for future research, as well as the preventive role that youth-serving professionals can play, are discussed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rasmussen LJH, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Danese A, Eugen-Olsen J, Fisher HL, Harrington H, Houts R, Matthews T, Sugden K, Williams B, Caspi A. Association of Adverse Experiences and Exposure to Violence in Childhood and Adolescence With Inflammatory Burden in Young People. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:38-47. [PMID: 31682707 PMCID: PMC6830440 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Childhood stress exposure is associated with inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, findings are inconsistent and effect sizes are small. The addition of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a new biomarker of chronic inflammation, may improve measurement of stress-related inflammatory burden. OBJECTIVES To assess whether exposure to adverse experiences, stress, and violence is associated with an increase in suPAR levels in young people and to test the hypothesis that measuring suPAR in addition to CRP or IL-6 levels improves the assessment of the inflammatory burden associated with early-life stress. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included 1391 participants from a 1994 to 1995 birth cohort of twins from the nationally representative Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study in the United Kingdom. Participants were followed up until 18 years of age (93% retention). Plasma samples were analyzed in July 2018, and statistical analysis was performed from October 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019. EXPOSURES Adverse childhood experiences and childhood and adolescent experience of stress and violence exposure. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Plasma CRP, IL-6, and suPAR levels at 18 years of age. RESULTS Among 1391 young people (mean [SD] age, 18.4 [0.36] years; 733 [52.7%] female), those who had been exposed to stressful experiences had elevated suPAR levels by 18 years of age after controlling for sex, body mass index, and smoking: 0.03-ng/mL (95% CI, 0.01-0.05 ng/mL) increase in suPAR per each additional adverse childhood experience, 0.09-ng/mL (95% CI, 0.01-0.17 ng/mL) increase in suPAR per each additional severe childhood experience of stress or violence, and 0.04-ng/mL (95% CI, -0.02 to 0.10 ng/mL) increase in suPAR per each additional severe adolescent experience of stress or violence. Individuals exposed to multiple types of violence in both childhood and adolescence had 0.26-ng/mL (95% CI, 0.07-0.45 ng/mL) higher suPAR levels compared with children who did not experience stress or violence. These stress-exposed young people were significantly more likely to have elevated suPAR levels at 18 years of age even if they did not have elevated CRP or IL-6 levels. Measuring suPAR in addition to CRP or IL-6 increased the association between stress exposure and inflammatory burden. For example, after adjusting for CRP and IL-6 levels, each additional adverse childhood experience was associated with a 0.05-mL (95% CI, 0.03-0.07 ng/mL) increase in suPAR, each additional severe childhood experience of stress or violence was associated with a 0.14-ng/mL (95% CI, 0.06-0.22 ng/mL) increase in suPAR, and each additional severe adolescent experience of stress or violence was associated with a 0.10-ng/mL (95% CI, 0.04-0.16 ng/mL) increase in suPAR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results suggest that adult inflammation is associated with childhood exposure to stress. Adding information about suPAR to traditional biomarkers of inflammation may improve the measurement of inflammatory burden associated with exposure to stress and violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Jee Hartmann Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Clinic, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Eugen-Olsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - HonaLee Harrington
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Renate Houts
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Sugden
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin Williams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Warner TD, Warner DF. Precocious and Problematic? The Consequences of Youth Violent Victimization for Adolescent Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 5:554-586. [PMID: 35937854 PMCID: PMC9355368 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Violent victimization is concentrated in adolescence and is disruptive to both the timing and sequencing of key life course transitions that occur during this developmental stage. Drawing on recent work establishing the interpersonal consequences of youth victimization, we examined the effect of violent victimization on adolescents' timing of sexual debut and involvement in additional sexual risk behaviors (multiple sexual partnering and inconsistent contraceptive use). METHODS This study relied on secondary data analysis of 10,070 youth from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). To predict sexual debut and subsequent sexual risk-taking, analyses were limited to youth not yet sexually active at their wave I interview. RESULTS Findings from Cox proportional hazards models, negative binomial regression, and repeated measures ordinal logistic regression showed that adolescent victims of violence initiated sex sooner than non-victims and accumulated more sexual partners, but patterns varied by age at victimization. Youth victimized in late adolescence displayed an accelerated trajectory of sexual activity while youth victimized in early adolescence were less likely to debut or engage in other sexual risk behaviors (although younger victims were more likely to engage in other deviant activities). CONCLUSION Sexual activity is a normative part of adolescent development, yet this study finds that violent victimization may disrupt the timing of this life course task, exacerbating deviant risk-taking and undermining youths' subsequent well-being. This study also highlights the importance of life course criminology's attention to timing in lives, given that the consequences of victimization varied by the age when it occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara D. Warner
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 210 University Boulevard Office Building, 1201 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-4562, USA
| | - David F. Warner
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 460 Heritage Hall, 1401 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-1152, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wojciechowski T. Borderline personality disorder symptoms and exposure to violence as risk factors for opioid use in adulthood. Psychiatry Res 2019; 281:112549. [PMID: 31494451 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder and exposure to violence are both risk factors for opioid use. While past research has identified these relationships, there has yet to be any study which investigates the potential that exposure to violence may help explain the relationship between borderline personality disorder symptoms and opioid use as a mediator. The present study used data from the Pathways to Desistance study to test these proposed relationships. Results indicated that greater levels of borderline personality disorder symptoms were associated with increased opioid use frequency. However, when exposure to violence variables were included in the model, the magnitude of this effect was attenuated by more than 20% and reduced to non-significance. These results indicate the importance of identifying and treating borderline personality disorder symptomatology and to provide increased oversight of the environments which juvenile offenders are exposed to upon reentry. Doing so may help to address the opioid crisis in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wojciechowski
- Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Myers CA, Cowie H. Cyberbullying across the Lifespan of Education: Issues and Interventions from School to University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1217. [PMID: 30987398 PMCID: PMC6479619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Research on cyberbullying amongst students has tended to be conducted separately within specific education institutional contexts, schools, further education (FE) and higher education (HE), neglecting a view that takes account of the entire educational lifespan. The present article addresses this gap in the literature, providing a novel take on examining its nature, social environments, legal consequences and potentially helpful interventions. To facilitate this, the article conceptualises cyberbullying in broad terms, recognising that it can take multiple forms of online and digital practice including: spreading rumours, ridiculing and/or demeaning another person, casting aspirations on the grounds of race, disability, gender, religion or sexual orientation; seeking revenge or deliberately embarrassing a person by posting intimate photos or videos about them without their consent; accessing another's social networking profiles with malicious intent and socially excluding a person from a social network or gaming site. This article demonstrates that harm from cyberbullying is a cause for concern for students at each developmental stage and that there are continuities in its appearance that need to be challenged at each point in the educational lifespan. And inaccurately, by university, the idea that 'nothing can be done' still is one of the main concerns for the victims. The article concludes with five key recommendations for future research and practice across the educational lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie-Anne Myers
- Department of Sociology, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | - Helen Cowie
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Connolly EJ, Kavish N. The Causal Relationship between Childhood Adversity and Developmental Trajectories of Delinquency: A Consideration of Genetic and Environmental Confounds. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:199-211. [PMID: 30471056 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An extensive line of research has found that children exposed to multiple forms of early life adversity are more likely to engage in high levels of delinquent behavior during adolescence. Several studies examining this association have used a range of multivariate statistical techniques capable of controlling for observable covariates. Fewer studies have used family-based research designs to additionally control for unobservable confounds, such as genetic and shared environmental influences, that may be associated with exposure to childhood adversity and delinquency. The current study analyzes self-report data on 2534 full-siblings (50% female) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to conduct a sibling-comparison analysis to provide a rigorous test of the causal hypothesis that exposure to childhood adversity causes differences in developmental patterns of delinquent behavior. Results from multivariate latent growth curve models revealed that childhood adversity was associated with higher starting levels of delinquency during adolescence and slower rates of decline from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Results from multivariate sibling-comparison models, however, revealed that siblings exposed to higher levels of childhood adversity reported higher starting levels of delinquent behavior, but not slower declines over time, suggesting that childhood adversity may not be directly associated with long-term patterns of delinquent behavior after genetic and shared environmental factors are taken into account. Implications of these results for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77340, USA.
| | - Nicholas Kavish
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhavsar V, Bhugra D. Violence towards people with mental illness: Assessment, risk factors, and management. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:811-820. [PMID: 30084514 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Violence is an important problem for clinicians, for public health, and for victims. Aside from greater risk of perpetrating violence, people with mental illness are also more commonly victimized than the general population. However, guidance on the assessment and management of violent victimization in clinical settings is limited. METHODS We carried out a review and consolidation of clinical and research literature on violent victimization in people with mental illness. RESULTS Assessment of mental state in someone who has been victimized should evaluate both historical factors (such as pattern, timing, perpetrator characteristics, and contextual factors) and clinical factors (including affective and cognitive changes). CONCLUSION Concerted clinical and policy attention to factors that might increase vulnerability, such as alcohol use, lack of support, and the social environment, could improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Bhavsar
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, King's College London, and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dinesh Bhugra
- Department of Affective Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|