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Peng L, Shen J, Li L, Liu J, Jiang X, Zhang G, Li Y. Birthweight influences liver structure, function and disease risk: Evidence of a causal association. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:4976-4988. [PMID: 39228281 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
AIM Low birthweight is an issue during pregnancy associated with an increased risk of developing liver disease later in life. Previous Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies which explored this issue have not isolated the direct impact of the foetus on birthweight. In the present study, MR was used to assess whether direct foetal effects on birthweight were causally associated with liver structure, function and disease risk independent of intrauterine effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) about direct foetal-affected birthweight (321 223 cases) to conduct univariable and multivariable MR analyses to explore the relationships between birthweight and 4 liver structure measures, 9 liver function measures and 18 liver diseases. A two-step MR analysis was used to further assess and quantify the mediating effects of the mediators. RESULTS When isolating direct foetal effects, genetically predicted lower birthweight was associated with a higher risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (odds ratios [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61, 1.29-2.02, p < 0.001), higher magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and higher serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). Two-step MR identified two candidate mediators that partially mediate the direct foetal effect of lower birthweight on NAFLD, including fasting insulin (proportion mediated: 22.29%) and triglycerides (6.50%). CONCLUSIONS Our MR analysis reveals a direct causal association between lower birthweight and liver MRI PDFF, as well as the development of NAFLD, which persisted even after accounting for the potential influence of maternal factors. In addition, we identified fasting insulin and triglycerides as mediators linking birthweight and hepatic outcomes, providing insights for early clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lurong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingzhou Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Tzeng HT, Lee WC. Impact of Transgenerational Nutrition on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development: Interplay between Gut Microbiota, Epigenetics and Immunity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1388. [PMID: 38732634 PMCID: PMC11085251 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent pediatric liver disorder, primarily attributed to dietary shifts in recent years. NAFLD is characterized by the accumulation of lipid species in hepatocytes, leading to liver inflammation that can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Risk factors contributing to NAFLD encompass genetic variations and metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Moreover, transgenerational influences, resulting in an imbalance of gut microbial composition, epigenetic modifications, and dysregulated hepatic immune responses in offspring, play a pivotal role in pediatric NAFLD development. Maternal nutrition shapes the profile of microbiota-derived metabolites in offspring, exerting significant influence on immune system regulation and the development of metabolic syndrome in offspring. In this review, we summarize recent evidence elucidating the intricate interplay between gut microbiota, epigenetics, and immunity in fetuses exposed to maternal nutrition, and its impact on the onset of NAFLD in offspring. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies targeting this network are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tai Tzeng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33332, Taiwan
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3
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Henry Z, Meadows V, Guo GL. FXR and NASH: an avenue for tissue-specific regulation. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0127. [PMID: 37058105 PMCID: PMC10109454 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NASH is within the spectrum of NAFLD, a liver condition encompassing liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis. The prevalence of NASH-induced cirrhosis is rapidly rising and has become the leading indicator for liver transplantation in the US. There is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacological intervention for NASH. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is essential in regulating bile acid homeostasis, and dysregulation of bile acids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NASH. As a result, modulators of FXR that show desirable effects in mitigating key characteristics of NASH have been developed as promising therapeutic approaches. However, global FXR activation causes adverse effects such as cholesterol homeostasis imbalance and pruritus. The development of targeted FXR modulation is necessary for ideal NASH therapeutics, but information regarding tissue-specific and cell-specific FXR functionality is limited. In this review, we highlight FXR activation in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis and NASH development, examine the current literature on tissue-specific regulation of nuclear receptors, and speculate on how FXR regulation will be beneficial in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Vogtmann R, Bao M, Dewan MV, Riedel A, Kimmig R, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bendix I, Plösch T, Gellhaus A. Growth-Restricted Fetuses and Offspring Reveal Adverse Sex-Specific Metabolic Responses in Preeclamptic Mice Expressing Human sFLT1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086885. [PMID: 37108049 PMCID: PMC10139224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal adaptations to harmful intrauterine environments due to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) can negatively program the offspring's metabolism, resulting in long-term metabolic changes. PE is characterized by increased circulating levels of sFLT1, placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Here we examine the consequences of systemic human sFLT1 overexpression in transgenic PE/FGR mice on the offspring's metabolic phenotype. Histological and molecular analyses of fetal and offspring livers as well as examinations of offspring serum hormones were performed. At 18.5 dpc, sFLT1 overexpression resulted in growth-restricted fetuses with a reduced liver weight, combined with reduced hepatic glycogen storage and histological signs of hemorrhages and hepatocyte apoptosis. This was further associated with altered gene expression of the molecules involved in fatty acid and glucose/glycogen metabolism. In most analyzed features males were more affected than females. The postnatal follow-up revealed an increased weight gain of male PE offspring, and increased serum levels of Insulin and Leptin. This was associated with changes in hepatic gene expression regulating fatty acid and glucose metabolism in male PE offspring. To conclude, our results indicate that sFLT1-related PE/FGR in mice leads to altered fetal liver development, which might result in an adverse metabolic pre-programming of the offspring, specifically targeting males. This could be linked to the known sex differences seen in PE pregnancies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Vogtmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monia Vanessa Dewan
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Kong L, Ye C, Wang Y, Zheng J, Zhao Z, Li M, Xu Y, Lu J, Chen Y, Xu M, Wang W, Ning G, Bi Y, Wang T. Causal effect of lower birthweight on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mediating roles of insulin resistance and metabolites. Liver Int 2023; 43:829-839. [PMID: 36719063 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The causal association of lower birthweight with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the mediating pathways remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the causal, independent association of lower birthweight with NAFLD and identify potential metabolic mediators and their mediation effects in this association. METHODS We performed two-step, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for birthweight from the Early Growth Genetics Consortium of 298 142 Europeans, NAFLD from a GWAS meta-analysis of 8434 NAFLD cases and 770 180 controls of Europeans, and 25 candidate mediators from corresponding reliable GWASs. RESULTS Genetically determined each 1-SD lower birthweight was associated with a 45% (95% CI: 1.25-1.69) increased risk of NAFLD, and this causal association persisted after adjusting for childhood obesity or adult adiposity traits in multivariable MR. Two-step MR identified 6 of 25 candidate mediators partially mediate the effect of lower birthweight on NAFLD, including fasting insulin (proportion mediated: 22.05%), leucine (17.29%), isoleucine (13.55%), valine (11.37%), alanine (10.01%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 7.23%). Bidirectional MR suggested a unidirectional effect of insulin resistance on isoleucine, leucine and valine and a unidirectional effect of alanine on insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS This MR study elucidated the causal impact of lower birthweight on subsequent risk of NAFLD, independently of later-life adiposity and identified mediators including insulin resistance, branched-chain amino acids, alanine and MUFA in this association pathway. Our findings shed light on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and imply additional targets for prevention and intervention of NAFLD attributed to low birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Kong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojie Ye
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Galvan-Martinez DH, Bosquez-Mendoza VM, Ruiz-Noa Y, Ibarra-Reynoso LDR, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML. Nutritional, pharmacological, and environmental programming of NAFLD in early life. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G99-G114. [PMID: 36472341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00168.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main liver disease worldwide, and its prevalence in children and adolescents has been increasing in the past years. It has been demonstrated that parental exposure to different conditions, both preconceptionally and during pregnancy, can lead to fetal programming of several metabolic diseases, including NAFLD. In this article, we review some of the maternal and paternal conditions that may be involved in early-life programing of adult NAFLD. First, we describe the maternal nutritional factors that have been suggested to increase the risk of NAFLD in the offspring, such as an obesogenic diet, overweight/obesity, and altered lipogenesis. Second, we review the association of certain vitamin supplementation and the use of some drugs during pregnancy, for instance, glucocorticoids, with a higher risk of NAFLD. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence showing that maternal-fetal pathologies, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), insulin resistance (IR), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), as well as the exposure to environmental contaminants, and the impact of microbiome changes, are important factors in early-life programming of NAFLD. Finally, we review how paternal preconceptional conditions, such as exercise and diet (particularly obesogenic diets), may impact fetal growth and liver function. Altogether, the presented evidence supports the hypothesis that both in utero exposure and parental conditions may influence fetal outcomes, including the development of NAFLD in early life and adulthood. The study of these conditions is crucial to better understand the diverse mechanisms involved in NAFLD, as well as for defining new preventive strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Health Sciences Division, Medical Sciences Department, University of Guanajuato, Campus Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- Health Sciences Division, Medical Sciences Department, University of Guanajuato, Campus Leon, Mexico
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7
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Salimi M, Eskandari F, Khodagholi F, Abdollahifar MA, Hedayati M, Zardooz H, Keyhanmanesh R. Perinatal stress exposure induced oxidative stress, metabolism disorder, and reduced GLUT-2 in adult offspring of rats. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:625-640. [PMID: 35843978 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence has demonstrated that adversity in early life, especially in the prenatal and postnatal period, may change the programming of numerous body systems and cause the incidence of various disorders in later life. Accordingly, this experimental animal study aimed to investigate the effect of stress exposure during perinatal (prenatal and/or postnatal) on the induction of oxidative stress in the pancreas and its effect on glucose metabolism in adult rat offspring. METHODS In this experimental study based on maternal exposure to variable stress throughout the perinatal period, the pups were divided into eight groups, as follows: control group (C); prepregnancy, pregnancy, lactation stress group (PPPLS); prepregnancy stress group (PPS); pregnancy stress group (PS); lactation stress group (LS); prepregnancy, pregnancy stress group (PPPS); pregnancy, lactation stress group (PLS); and prepregnancy, lactation stress group (PPLS). Following an overnight fast on postnatal day (PND) 64, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin levels, and lipid profiles were evaluated in the offspring groups. GLUT-2 protein levels, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and number of beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans as well as the weights of intra-abdominal fat and adrenal glands were assessed. Levels of plasma corticosterone were determined in the different groups of mothers and offspring. RESULTS The levels of plasma corticosterone, insulin, and HOMA-B index increased, whereas glucose level and QUICKI index were reduced in the perinatal stress groups compared to C group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride, LDL, and cholesterol level rose significantly, but HDL level decreased in the perinatal stress groups compared to C group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.05). Perinatal stress raised MDA concentrations and reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and pancreas compared to C group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.05). GLUT-2 protein levels and number of beta-cells in the stress groups declined compared to C group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.05). Intra-abdominal fat weight decreased in the PPS, PS, and LS groups compared to C group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.01), but adrenal gland weight remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results showed that long-term exposure to elevated levels of corticosterone during critical development induces metabolic syndrome in adult male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Salimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Eskandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Dysregulation Associate with Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine in Low-Birth-Weight Goats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060766. [PMID: 35327163 PMCID: PMC8944635 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of low birth weight (LBW) is a major concern in livestock production, resulting in poor postnatal growth, lowered efficiency of feed utilization, and impaired metabolic health in adult life. In the southwest region of China, birth weight of indigenous strains of goats varies seasonally with lower weights in summer and winter, but the metabolic regulation of the LBW offspring is still unknown. In this study, by comparing LBW goats to normal birth weight group, we examined hepatic lipid content in association with regulatory mechanisms. Histological studies showed higher microvesicular morphology in the liver of LBW goats in accompany with a significantly higher level of hepatic free fatty acids, total triglycerides, and cholesterols. Lipid metabolism impairment, increased oxidative stress, and inflammation were observed by transcriptome analysis. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation further demonstrated lipid peroxidation, antioxidant pathway, and pro-inflammatory response involved in the hepatic lipid dysregulation from LBW group. Therefore, dysregulations of hepatic lipid metabolism, including fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation, lipid transportation, and oxidative stress, played important roles to contribute the lipid accumulation in LBW goats. Moreover, due to impaired antioxidant capacity, the oxidative damage could interact with persisting pro-inflammatory responses, leading to a higher risk of liver injury and metabolic syndromes in their adult life.
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9
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Zarate MA, De Dios RK, Balasubramaniyan D, Zheng L, Sherlock LG, Rozance PJ, Wright CJ. The Acute Hepatic NF-κB-Mediated Proinflammatory Response to Endotoxemia Is Attenuated in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Newborn Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706774. [PMID: 34539638 PMCID: PMC8440955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a relevant predictor for higher rates of neonatal sepsis worldwide and is associated with an impaired neonatal immunity and lower immune cell counts. During the perinatal period, the liver is a key immunological organ responsible for the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated innate immune response to inflammatory stimuli, but whether this role is affected by IUGR is unknown. Herein, we hypothesized that the newborn liver adapts to calorie-restriction IUGR by inducing changes in the NF-κB signaling transcriptome, leading to an attenuated acute proinflammatory response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We first assessed the hepatic gene expression of key NF-κB factors in the IUGR and normally grown (NG) newborn mice. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed an upregulation of both IκB proteins genes (Nfkbia and Nfkbib) and the NF-κB subunit Nfkb1 in IUGR vs. NG. We next measured the LPS-induced hepatic expression of acute proinflammatory genes (Ccl3, Cxcl1, Il1b, Il6, and Tnf) and observed that the IUGR liver produced an attenuated acute proinflammatory cytokine gene response (Il1b and Tnf) to LPS in IUGR vs. unexposed (CTR). Consistent with these results, LPS-exposed hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein concentrations were lower in IUGR vs. LPS-exposed NG and did not differ from IUGR CTR. Sex differences at the transcriptome level were observed in the IUGR male vs. female. Our results demonstrate that IUGR induces key modifications in the NF-κB transcriptomic machinery in the newborn that compromised the acute proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein response to LPS. Our results bring novel insights in understanding how the IUGR newborn is immunocompromised due to fundamental changes in NF-κB key factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zarate
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robyn K De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Durganili Balasubramaniyan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura G Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Asiedu B, Nyakudya TT, Lembede BW, Chivandi E. Early-life exposure to alcohol and the risk of alcohol-induced liver disease in adulthood. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:451-468. [PMID: 33577143 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption remains prevalent among pregnant and nursing mothers despite the well-documented adverse effects this may have on the offspring. Moderate-to-high levels of alcohol consumption in pregnancy result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) disorders, with brain defects being chief among the abnormalities. Recent findings indicate that while light-to-moderate levels may not cause FAS, it may contribute to epigenetic changes that make the offspring prone to adverse health outcomes including metabolic disorders and an increased propensity in the adolescent-onset of drinking alcohol. On the one hand, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes epigenetic changes that affect lipid and glucose transcript regulating genes resulting in metabolic abnormalities. On the other hand, it can program offspring for increased alcohol intake, enhance its palatability, and increase acceptance of alcohol's flavor through associative learning, making alcohol a plausible second hit for the development of alcohol-induced liver disease. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Alterations on the opioid system, particularly, the mu-opioid system, has been implicated in the mechanism that induces increased alcohol consumption and acceptance. This review proposes a mechanism that links PAE to the development of alcoholism and eventually to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which results from prolonged alcohol consumption. While PAE may not lead to ALD development in childhood, there are chances that it may lead to ALD in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Asiedu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
| | - Busisani Wiseman Lembede
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eliton Chivandi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liu H, He B, Hu W, Liu K, Dai Y, Zhang D, Wang H. Prenatal dexamethasone exposure induces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male rat offspring via the miR-122/YY1/ACE2-MAS1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114420. [PMID: 33460628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an intrauterine developmental origin. We aimed to demonstrate that NAFLD is caused by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) in adult male rat offspring and to investigate the intrauterine programming mechanism. Liver samples were obtained on gestational day (GD) 21 and postnatal week (PW) 28. The effects and epigenetic mechanism of dexamethasone were studied with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hepatoid differentiated cells and other cell models. In the PDE group, lipid accumulation increased, triglyceride synthesis-related gene expression increased, and oxidation-related gene expression decreased in livers of adult male rat offspring. In utero, hepatic triglyceride synthesis increased and oxidative function decreased in PDE fetal male rats. Moreover, low hepatic miR-122 expression, high Yin Yang-1 (YY1) expression and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-Mas receptor (MAS1) signaling pathway inhibition were observed before and after birth. At the cellular level, dexamethasone (100-2500 nM) elevated the intracellular triglyceride content, increased triglyceride synthesis-related gene expression and decreased oxidation-related gene expression. Dexamethasone treatment also decreased miR-122 expression, increased YY1 expression and inhibited the ACE2-MAS1 signaling pathway. Interference or overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), miR-122, YY1 and ACE2 could reverse the changes in downstream gene expression. In summary, PDE could induce NAFLD in adult male rat offspring. The programming mechanism included inhibition of miR-122 expression after GR activation, and dexamethasone increased hepatocyte YY1 expression; these effects resulted in ACE2-MAS1 signaling pathway inhibition, which led to increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and decreased oxidative function. The increased triglyceride synthesis and decreased oxidative function of hepatocytes caused by low miR-122 expression due to dexamethasone could continue postnatally, eventually leading to NAFLD in adult rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heze Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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12
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Kawamura T, Tanaka H, Tachibana R, Yoshikawa K, Maki S, Toriyabe K, Takeuchi H, Katsuragi S, Tanaka K, Ikeda T. Maternal tadalafil therapy for fetal growth restriction prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and adipocyte hypertrophy in the offspring. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1186. [PMID: 33441894 PMCID: PMC7806616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of maternal tadalafil therapy on fetal programming of metabolic function in a mouse model of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Pregnant C57BL6 mice were divided into the control, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and tadalafil + L-NAME groups. Six weeks after birth, the male pups in each group were given a high-fat diet. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed at 15 weeks and the pups were euthanized at 20 weeks. We then assessed the histological changes in the liver and adipose tissue, and the adipocytokine production. We found that the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score was higher in the L-NAME group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Although the M1 macrophage numbers were significantly higher in the L-NAME/high-fat diet group (p < 0.001), maternal tadalafil administration prevented this change. Moreover, the epididymal adipocyte size was significantly larger in the L-NAME group than in the control group. This was also improved by maternal tadalafil administration (p < 0.05). Further, we found that resistin levels were significantly lower in the L-NAME group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The combination of exposure to maternal L-NAME and a high-fat diet induced glucose impairment and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, maternal tadalafil administration prevented these complications. Thus, deleterious fetal programming caused by FGR might be modified by in utero intervention with tadalafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kawamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Tachibana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kento Yoshikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shintaro Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Toriyabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Katsuragi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kayo Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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13
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Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cheng K, Jia P, Ji S, Song Z, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang T. Improvement of the hepatic lipid status in intrauterine growth retarded pigs by resveratrol is related to the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Food Funct 2020; 12:278-290. [PMID: 33300526 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial contributors to liver damage and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood in offspring affected by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to treat and/or prevent hepatic diseases under various pathological conditions. However, the therapeutic and/or preventive effects of RSV on hepatic abnormality in IUGR adults have not been investigated until now. The effects of IUGR and RSV on the hepatic metabolic status, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis and inflammation in pigs in adulthood were investigated. A total of 36 pairs of IUGR and normal birth weight piglets were orally fed with 80 mg RSV per kg body weight per d or vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose) for 7-21 d after birth. And then the offspring were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 300 mg RSV per kg feed or a basal diet from weaning to slaughter at 150 d. The plasma and liver samples were collected for subsequent analysis. RSV exerted beneficial effects on hepatic injury and metabolic alterations in IUGR pigs, which may be due to improved mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation by intensified mitochondrial biogenesis, enhanced antioxidant levels such as glutathione reductase and total superoxide dismutase activities, increased interleukin 10 gene expression and repolarization of macrophages. RSV alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation in IUGR pigs by improving mitochondrial function, redox status and inflammation, implying that it is a potential candidate for further development as an effective clinical treatment for NAFLD associated with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peilu Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuli Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihua Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Christoforou ER, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Molecular mechanisms governing offspring metabolic programming in rodent models of in utero stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4861-4898. [PMID: 32494846 PMCID: PMC7658077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The results of different human epidemiological datasets provided the impetus to introduce the now commonly accepted theory coined as 'developmental programming', whereby the presence of a stressor during gestation predisposes the growing fetus to develop diseases, such as metabolic dysfunction in later postnatal life. However, in a clinical setting, human lifespan and inaccessibility to tissue for analysis are major limitations to study the molecular mechanisms governing developmental programming. Subsequently, studies using animal models have proved indispensable to the identification of key molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that are dysregulated in metabolic organs of the fetus and adult programmed due to an adverse gestational environment. Rodents such as mice and rats are the most used experimental animals in the study of developmental programming. This review summarises the molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms influencing alterations in metabolic tissues of rodent offspring exposed to in utero stress and subsequently programmed for metabolic dysfunction. By comparing molecular mechanisms in a variety of rodent models of in utero stress, we hope to summarise common themes and pathways governing later metabolic dysfunction in the offspring whilst identifying reasons for incongruencies between models so to inform future work. With the continued use and refinement of such models of developmental programming, the scientific community may gain the knowledge required for the targeted treatment of metabolic diseases that have intrauterine origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia R Christoforou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Zhao Y, Niu Y, He J, Gan Z, Ji S, Zhang L, Wang C, Wang T. Effects of dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation on growth performance, hepatic inflammation, and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13363. [PMID: 32219939 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on growth performance, hepatic inflammation, and lipid metabolism in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)-affected weaned piglets. Eight piglets with normal birth weight (NBW) and 16 IUGR-affected piglets were selected and fed either a basal diet (NBW and IUGR groups) or the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg DHA (IUGR-DHA group) from 21 to 49 day of age. Blood and liver samples were collected on day 49. DHA supplementation significantly alleviated the compromised growth performance and liver damage in IUGR-affected piglets. Additionally, DHA supplementation decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), very-low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. In the liver, the concentrations of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, triglycerides, and NEFA were decreased. Fatty acid synthesis was decreased by DHA supplementation, whereas the activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase were increased. Dietary DHA supplementation led to upregulation of the expression of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway-related genes, whereas that of inflammatory factor-related genes were downregulated. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 80 mg/kg DHA can alleviate IUGR-induced impairments in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhending Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuli Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Niu Y, He J, Zhao Y, Shen M, Zhang L, Zhong X, Wang C, Wang T. Effect of Curcumin on Growth Performance, Inflammation, Insulin level, and Lipid Metabolism in Weaned Piglets with IUGR. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121098. [PMID: 31818040 PMCID: PMC6940831 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has adverse influences on the growth performance and body metabolism of animals. Curcumin, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, has been proven to improve the growth of pigs. However, the studies related to the role of curcumin in treating IUGR piglets are not clear. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the role of curcumin on the growth, secretion of serum cytokines and hepatic metabolism of IUGR piglets. We found that IUGR piglets are accompanied by impaired growth, inflammation, and insulin resistance, as well as increased hepatic lipid concentrations. Curcumin supplementation improved growth and reduced hepatic inflammatory levels, thereby attenuating insulin resistance and decreasing the hepatic lipid concentration of IUGR piglets. Abstract The possible causes of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) might stem from placental insufficiency, maternal malnutrition, inflammation in utero, and other causes. IUGR has had an adverse influence on human health and animal production. Forty weaned piglets with normal birth weights (NBWs) or IUGR were randomly divided into four treatments groups: NBW, NC (NBW with curcumin supplementation), IUGR, and IC (IUGR with curcumin supplementation) from 26 to 50 d. Levels of cytokines, glucose, and lipid metabolism were evaluated. IUGR piglets showed slow growth during the experiment. Piglets with IUGR showed higher levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation. Curcumin supplementation reduced the production of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated insulin resistance and hepatic triglyceride, and enhanced the hepatic glycogen concentrations and lipase activities of IUGR piglets. The hepatic mRNA expressions of the insulin-signaling pathway and lipogenic pathway were influenced by IUGR and were positively attenuated by diets supplemented with curcumin. In conclusion, IUGR caused slow growth, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic lipid levels. Diets supplemented with curcumin improved growth, attenuated insulin resistance, and reduced lipid levels in the liver by regulating the hepatic gene expressions of the related signaling pathway in IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tian Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-6195
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18
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Plasticity of histone modifications around Cidea and Cidec genes with secondary bile in the amelioration of developmentally-programmed hepatic steatosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17100. [PMID: 31745102 PMCID: PMC6863835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a secondary bile acid, improved developmentally-deteriorated hepatic steatosis in an undernourishment (UN, 40% caloric restriction) in utero mouse model after a postnatal high-fat diet (HFD). We performed a microarray analysis and focused on two genes (Cidea and Cidec) because they are enhancers of lipid droplet (LD) sizes in hepatocytes and showed the greatest up-regulation in expression by UN that were completely recovered by TUDCA, concomitant with parallel changes in LD sizes. TUDCA remodeled developmentally-induced histone modifications (dimethylation of H3K4, H3K27, or H3K36), but not DNA methylation, around the Cidea and Cidec genes in UN pups only. Changes in these histone modifications may contribute to the markedly down-regulated expression of Cidea and Cidec genes in UN pups, which was observed in the alleviation of hepatic fat deposition, even under HFD. These results provide an insight into the future of precision medicine for developmentally-programmed hepatic steatosis by targeting histone modifications.
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Dai Y, Ghosh S, Shin BC, Devaskar SU. Role of microRNA-122 in hepatic lipid metabolism of the weanling female rat offspring exposed to prenatal and postnatal caloric restriction. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 73:108220. [PMID: 31630081 PMCID: PMC6896790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of hepatocyte micro-RNA-122 and hypothalamic neuropeptides, in weanling (21d) female rats exposed to calorie restriction induced growth restriction either prenatally (IUGR), postnatally (PNGR) or both (IPGR) vs. ad lib fed controls (CON). IUGR were hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic and dyslipidemic with high circulating miR-122. In contrast, PNGR and IPGR displayed insufficient glucose, insulin and leptin amidst high ketones with a dichotomy in circulating miR-122 of PNGR
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Department of Pediatrics and the Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shubhamoy Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics and the Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics and the Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics and the Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
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Posont RJ, Yates DT. Postnatal Nutrient Repartitioning due to Adaptive Developmental Programming. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:277-288. [PMID: 31103181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal stress induces developmental adaptations that result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birthweight. These adaptations reappropriate nutrients to the most essential tissues, which benefits fetal survival. The same adaptations are detrimental to growth efficiency and carcass value in livestock, however, because muscle is disproportionally targeted. IUGR adipocytes, liver tissues, and pancreatic β-cells also exhibit functional adaptations. Identifying mechanisms underlying adaptive changes is fundamental to improving outcomes and value in low birthweight livestock. The article outlines studies that have begun to identify stress-induced fetal adaptations affecting growth, metabolism, and differential nutrient utilization in IUGR-born animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Curcumin attenuates insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in a rat model of intra-uterine growth restriction through insulin signalling pathway and sterol regulatory element binding proteins. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:616-624. [PMID: 31237229 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic lipid accumulation in intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). Rats with a normal birth weight (NBW) or IUGR were fed basic diets (NBW and IUGR groups) or basic diets supplemented with curcumin (NBW-C and IUGR-C groups) from 6 to 12 weeks. Rats in the IUGR group showed higher levels of glucose and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P < 0·05) than in the NBW group. The livers of IUGR rats exhibited higher (P < 0·05) concentration of TAG and lower (P < 0·05) activities of lipolysis enzymes compared with the normal rats. In response to dietary curcumin supplementation, concentrations of serum insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR, pyruvate, TAG, total cholesterol and NEFA in the liver were decreased (P < 0·05). The concentrations of glycogen and activities of lipolysis enzymes in the liver were increased (P < 0·05) in the IUGR-C group compared with the IUGR group. These results were associated with lower (P < 0·05) phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase B or Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase (FASN); decreased expressions for Cd36, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (Srebf1) and Fasn; increased (P < 0·05) expression of PPARα; and expressions for Ppara and hormone-sensitive lipase in the liver of IUGR-C rats than the IUGR rats. Maternal malnutrition caused IR and lipid accumulation in the liver. Curcumin supplementation prevented IR by regulating insulin signalling pathways and attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation.
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In utero sFlt-1 exposure differentially affects gene expression patterns in fetal liver. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 10:353-361. [PMID: 30968813 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase factor 1 (sFlt-1) is a major contributor to antiangiogenesis during preeclampsia. However, little is known about the effects of sFlt-1 on fetal health. In this study we aim to evaluate the effects of the sFlt-1 concentration during pregnancy on fetal liver physiology. We used adenoviral gene delivery in Sprague-Dawley dams (seven females, 10 weeks old) during mid-gestation (gestational day 8) with adenovirus overexpressing sFlt-1, and age-matched controls (six females, 10 weeks old) with empty adenoviral virus in order to quantify the sFlt-1 concentrations in pregnant dams. Dams exposed to adenoviral sFlt-1 delivery were subdivided into a low (n=4) and high sFlt-1 (n=3) group based on host response to the virus. One-way analysis of variance showed that fetuses (five per dam) exposed to high sFlt-1 concentrations in utero show fetal growth restriction (1.84±0.043 g high sFlt-1 v. 2.32±0.036 g control; mean (M)±s.e.m.; P<0.001), without hypertension or proteinuria in the dams. In continuation, the microarray analysis of the fetal liver of the high sFlt-1 group showed significant enrichment of key genes for fatty acid metabolism and Ppara targets. In addition, using pyrosequencing, we found that the Ppara enrichment in the high sFlt-1 group is accompanied by decreased methylation of its promoter (1.89±0.097 mean % methylation in high sFlt-1 v. 2.26±0.095 mean % methylation in control, M±s.e.m., P<0.02). Our data show that high sFlt-1 concentrations during pregnancy have detrimental effects on the fatty acid metabolism genes and the Ppara targets in the fetal liver.
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Sarr O, Mathers KE, Zhao L, Dunlop K, Chiu J, Guglielmo CG, Bureau Y, Cheung A, Raha S, Lee TY, Regnault TRH. Western diet consumption through early life induces microvesicular hepatic steatosis in association with an altered metabolome in low birth weight Guinea pigs. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:219-233. [PMID: 30981986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uteroplacental insufficiency-induced low birth weight (LBW) and postnatal high saturated fat/high sucrose-fructose diet (Western Diet, WD) consumption have been independently associated with the development of hepatic steatosis, while their additive effect on fatty acid, acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles in early adulthood have not been widely reported. We employed LBW, generated via uterine artery ablation, and normal birth weight (NBW) male guinea pigs fed either a WD or control diet (CD) from weaning to postnatal day 150 (early adulthood). Hepatic steatosis was absent in CD-fed offspring, while NBW/WD offspring displayed macrovesicular steatosis and LBW/WD offspring exhibited microvesicular steatosis, both occurring in a lean phenotype. Life-long consumption of the WD, irrespective of birth weight, was associated with an increase in hepatic medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, acylcarnitines, reduced oxidative phosphorylation complex III activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and molecular evidence of disrupted hepatic insulin signaling. In NBW/WD, hepatic C15:1 and C16:1n-6 fatty acids in phospholipids, C16, C18 and C18:1 acylcarnitines, concentrations of aspartate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan and expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha (CPT1α) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) genes were elevated compared to LBW/WD livers. Our results suggest that LBW and life-long WD combined are influential in promoting hepatic microvesicular steatosis in conjunction with a specific mitochondrial gene expression and metabolomic profile in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristyn Dunlop
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University
| | - Jacky Chiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University
| | | | - Yves Bureau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University
| | - Anson Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medical Imaging, Medical Biophysics, and Oncology, Western University; Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University.
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Lopez MF, Zheng L, Miao J, Gali R, Gorski G, Hirschhorn JN. Disruption of the Igf2 gene alters hepatic lipid homeostasis and gene expression in the newborn mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E735-E744. [PMID: 30016152 PMCID: PMC6293172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00048.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Newborns with intrauterine growth-restriction are at increased risk of mortality and life-long comorbidities. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) deficiency in humans, as well as in mice, leads to intrauterine growth restriction and decreased neonatal glycogen stores. The present study aims to further characterize the metabolic and transcriptional consequences of Igf2 deficiency in the newborn. We found that, despite being born significantly smaller than their wild-type ( Igf2+/+) littermates, brain size was preserved in Igf2 knockout ( Igf2-/-), consistent with nutritional deficiency. Histological and triglyceride analyses of newborn livers revealed that Igf2-/- mice are born with hepatic steatosis. Gene expression analysis in Igf2-/- newborn livers showed an alteration of genes known to be dysregulated in chronic caloric restriction, including the most upregulated gene, serine dehydratase. Multiple genes connected with lipid metabolism and/or hepatic steatosis were also upregulated. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis confirmed that the biological functions most altered in livers of Igf2-/- newborns are related to lipid metabolism, with the top upstream regulator predicted to be the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, a master regulator of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. Together, our data indicate that Igf2 deficiency leads to a newborn phenotype strongly reminiscent of nutritional deficiency, including growth retardation, increased brain/body weight ratio, hepatic steatosis, and characteristic changes in hepatic gene expression. We propose that in addition to its growth factor proliferating functions, Igf2 may also regulate growth by altering the expression of genes that control nutrient metabolism in the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Frances Lopez
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ji Miao
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reddy Gali
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
- The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center and Countway Library of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research , Boston, Massachusetts
- Endocrine Division, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Spradley FT, Smith JA, Alexander BT, Anderson CD. Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for exaggerated metabolic and cardiovascular-renal disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E795-E814. [PMID: 29509436 PMCID: PMC6293166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00394.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to increased risk for chronic disease. Placental ischemia and insufficiency in the mother are implicated in predisposing IUGR offspring to metabolic dysfunction, including hypertension, insulin resistance, abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear whether these metabolic disturbances contribute to the developmental origins of exaggerated cardiovascular-renal disease (CVRD) risk accompanying IUGR. IUGR impacts the pancreas, adipose tissue, and liver, which are hypothesized to program for hepatic insulin resistance and subsequent NAFLD. NAFLD is projected to become the major cause of chronic liver disease and contributor to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. While NAFLD is increased in experimental models of IUGR, lacking is a full comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for programming of NAFLD and whether this potentiates susceptibility to liver injury. The use of well-established and clinically relevant rodent models, which mimic the clinical characteristics of IUGR, metabolic disturbances, and increased blood pressure in the offspring, will permit investigation into mechanisms linking adverse influences during early life and later chronic health. The purpose of this review is to propose mechanisms, including those proinflammatory in nature, whereby IUGR exacerbates the pathogenesis of NAFLD and how these adverse programmed outcomes contribute to exaggerated CVRD risk. Understanding the etiology of the developmental origins of chronic disease will allow investigators to uncover treatment strategies to intervene in the mother and her offspring to halt the increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction and CVRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jillian A Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Sidiropoulou EJ, Paltoglou G, Valsamakis G, Margeli A, Mantzou A, Papassotiriou I, Hassiakos D, Iacovidou N, Mastorakos G. Biochemistry, hormones and adipocytokines in prepubertal children born with IUGR evoke metabolic, hepatic and renal derangements. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15691. [PMID: 30356143 PMCID: PMC6200759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born with IUGR develop features of the metabolic syndrome and exhibit deranged markers of hepatorenal physiology. Metabolic and hepatorenal biochemistry and the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism were investigated in prepubertal children born with IUGR. Ninety-eight prepubertal children (46 IUGR and 52 AGA), subdivided in <5 years and >5 years old groups were included. Anthropometry; creatinine, eGFR, urea, AST, ALT, triglycerides, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, glucose, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon z-scores; HOMA-IR; leptin and adiponectin concentrations; rs9939609 FTO polymorphism frequency were measured. In males, weight and ALT were higher and adiponectin was lower, in IUGR < 5 years; C-peptide, insulin and leptin were higher in IUGR > 5 years; C-peptide was higher in all IUGR, than the respective AGA. In females, creatinine and triglycerides were higher in IUGR < 5 years old; creatinine was higher and eGFR was lower in all IUGR, than the respective AGA. In males and females, creatinine was higher in all IUGR, than the respective AGA; C-peptide, insulin and HOMA-IR were lower, and AST was higher in IUGR < 5 than in IUGR > 5 years old. FTO rs9939609 frequency did not differ between IUGR and AGA. In conclusion prepubertal males born with IUGR increased weight, insulin and leptin and decreased adiponectin, as compared to males born AGA, emerge as early metabolic syndrome characteristics. The concentrations of these hormones do not differ between prepubertal males and females born with IUGR. Weight control, healthy nutrition and physical exercise should be recommended to these children. The deranged renal (particularly evident in females below the age of 5) and liver biochemistry in prepubertal children born with IUGR suggests that hepatorenal derangements might commence in utero. Regular checkup of biochemical and lipid profile is recommended for all children born with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida J Sidiropoulou
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Paltoglou
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Valsamakis
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Margeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Hassiakos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicoletta Iacovidou
- Neonatal Department, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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Baker PR, Friedman JE. Mitochondrial role in the neonatal predisposition to developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3692-3703. [PMID: 30168806 DOI: 10.1172/jci120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic in obese children and adults, and the onset might have fetal origins. A growing body of evidence supports the role of developmental programming, whereby the maternal environment affects fetal and infant development, altering the risk profile for disease later in life. Human and nonhuman primate studies of maternal obesity demonstrate that risk factors for pediatric obesity and NAFLD begin in utero. The pathologic mechanisms for NAFLD are multifactorial but have centered on altered mitochondrial function/dysfunction that might precede insulin resistance. Compared with the adult liver, the fetal liver has fewer mitochondria, low activity of the fatty acid metabolic enzyme carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase-1, and little or no gluconeogenesis. Exposure to excess maternal fuels during fetal life uniquely alters hepatic fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial health. These events promote increased oxidative stress and excess triglyceride storage, and, together with altered immune function and epigenetic changes, they prime the fetal liver for NAFLD and might drive the risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Baker
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Lian QX, Deng HZ, Chen KY, Deng H. Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPARγ) in Metabolic Disorders in SGA with Catch-Up Growth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:88-93. [PMID: 29024521 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal fat metabolism is a major disorder in adults who were small for gestational age (SGA). Peroxisome prolferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) participates in adipocyte differentiation and the regulation of lipid metabolism. This study explored the role of PPARγ in the regulation of fat catch-up growth (CUG) and the lipid metabolism of SGA individuals. METHODS The CUG-SGA rats were treated with pioglitazone. The weight of the visceral adipose tissue, serum lipid levels, and PPARγ expression in the visceral adipose tissue were detected at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. RESULTS The PPARγ expression in the visceral adipose tissue in the CUG-SGA group was lower than that in the appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The serum triglycerides in the CUG-SGA group were elevated compared with that in the AGA group at 4 and 12 weeks (P = 0.005; P = 0.037); however, they were significantly decreased after 8 weeks of pioglitazone intervention (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PPARγ expression in the visceral adipose tissue was lower in SGA rats and may be related to the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. The early increased PPARγ expression by pioglitazone might reduce serum triglycerides and decrease the CUG of the visceral adipose tissue in SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Xia Lian
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhu Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Itoh H, Kanayama N. Developmental Origins of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1012:29-39. [PMID: 29956192 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5526-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Its prevalence is currently increasing not only in developed obese countries but also in developing countries. Recent findings from human cohorts and animal studies suggest that a nutritional imbalance in the early critical period is causatively associated with the incidence of NAFLD in later life. Based on the current theory of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), undernourishment and overnourishment in utero are both hypothesized to prime the predisposition for hepatic fat storage. Current knowledge on the developmental origins of NAFLD is introduced in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Kanayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Harrath AH, Alrezaki A, Mansour L, Alwasel SH, Palomba S. Food restriction during pregnancy and female offspring fertility: adverse effects of reprogrammed reproductive lifespan. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:77. [PMID: 29282125 PMCID: PMC5745764 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food restriction during pregnancy can influence the health of the offspring during the adulthood. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of maternal food restriction (MFR) on the reproductive performance in female rat offspring from the first (FR1) and second (FR2) generations. METHODS Adult virgin Wistar female rats were given free access to tap water and were fed ad libitum on standard rodent chow, were mated with virgin adult males, and then were randomly divided into two groups: controls (that was fed ad libitum ) and food-restricted group (FR, that was given only 50% of ad libitum food throughout gestation). Their first (FR1) and the second (FR2) generation of offspring were fed ad libitum and sacrificed before puberty and at adulthood. Their ovaries were removed and their histology evaluated by estimating the number of follicles (total and at various stages of folliculogenesis), and the presence of multi-nuclei oocytes and multi-oocyte follicles. RESULTS Total number of ovarian follicles was lower in FR1 females at week 4 in comparison with controls, while it was not different in FR2 females vs. CONTROLS The number of the primordial follicle was lower in FR1 and FR2 females vs. controls at both week 4 and at week 8. When compared to the controls, the follicles containing multi-nuclei oocytes were more frequent in ovaries from FR1 and FR2 females at week 4, and higher and lower respectively in ovaries form FR1 and FR2 females at week 8. CONCLUSION MFR affects ovarian histology by inducing the development of abnormal follicles in the ovaries in first and second generation offspring. This finding could influence the ovarian function resulting in an early pubertal onset and an early decline in reproductive lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Halim Harrath
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Abdulkarem Alrezaki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefano Palomba
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano "Bianchi - Melacrino - Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Zhang H, Li Y, Su W, Ying Z, Zhou L, Zhang L, Wang T. Resveratrol attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of intrauterine growth retarded suckling piglets by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and redox status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27958670 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Emerging evidence has identified mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the effect of resveratrol (RSV) on hepatic mitochondrial function in intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) suckling piglets. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven normal birth weight (NBW) and fourteen IUGR neonatal male piglets were selected. Piglets were fed control diets supplemented with 0 (NBW-CON), 0 (IUGR-CON), and 1.0 (IUGR-RSV) g RSV per kg of milk dry matter from 7 to 21 days of age (n = 7), respectively. Mitochondrial function, swelling, and redox status in the liver were assessed. Compared with NBW, IUGR impaired hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and energy homeostasis of the control piglets. IUGR control piglets showed overproduction of superoxide radicals, increased concentration of malondialdehyde, and marked swelling in the mitochondria. RSV improved mitochondrial DNA content, ATP production, and fatty acid oxidation in the liver of IUGR piglets, along with an increased activity of sirtuin 1. RSV inhibited mitochondrial superoxide anion accumulation, increased complex III and manganese superoxide dismutase activities, and ameliorated mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation in the IUGR piglets. CONCLUSION RSV may have beneficial effects in improving hepatic mitochondrial function and redox status in the IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weipeng Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wesolowski SR, El Kasmi KC, Jonscher KR, Friedman JE. Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:81-96. [PMID: 27780972 PMCID: PMC5725959 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the maternal environment leading to an altered intrauterine milieu can result in subtle insults to the fetus, promoting increased lifetime disease risk and/or disease acceleration in childhood and later in life. Particularly worrisome is that the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing among children and adults, and is being diagnosed at increasingly younger ages, pointing towards an early-life origin. A wealth of evidence, in humans and non-human primates, suggests that maternal nutrition affects the placenta and fetal tissues, leading to persistent changes in hepatic metabolism, mitochondrial function, the intestinal microbiota, liver macrophage activation and susceptibility to NASH postnatally. Deleterious exposures in utero include fetal hypoxia, increased nutrient supply, inflammation and altered gut microbiota that might produce metabolic clues, including fatty acids, metabolites, endotoxins, bile acids and cytokines, which prime the infant liver for NAFLD in a persistent manner and increase susceptibility to NASH. Mechanistic links to early disease pathways might involve shifts in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, pioneering gut microorganisms, macrophage programming and epigenetic changes that alter the liver microenvironment, favouring liver injury. In this Review, we discuss how maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant exposures provide developmental clues and mechanisms to help explain NAFLD acceleration and increased disease prevalence. Mechanisms identified in clinical and preclinical models suggest important opportunities for prevention and intervention that could slow down the growing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado
| | | | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, MS 8106, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Singer K, Lumeng CN. The initiation of metabolic inflammation in childhood obesity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:65-73. [PMID: 28045405 DOI: 10.1172/jci88882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the events that initiate metabolic inflammation (metainflammation) can support the identification of targets for preventing metabolic disease and its negative effects on health. There is ample evidence demonstrating that the initiating events in obesity-induced inflammation start early in childhood. This has significant implications on our understanding of how early life events in childhood influence adult disease. In this Review we frame the initiating events of metainflammation in the context of child development and discuss what this reveals about the mechanisms by which this unique form of chronic inflammation is initiated and sustained into adulthood.
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Lee S, You YA, Kwon EJ, Jung SC, Jo I, Kim YJ. Maternal Food Restriction during Pregnancy and Lactation Adversely Affect Hepatic Growth and Lipid Metabolism in Three-Week-Old Rat Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122115. [PMID: 27983688 PMCID: PMC5187915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition influences the early development of foetal adaptive changes for survival. We explored the effects of maternal undernutrition during gestation and lactation on hepatic growth and function. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal or a food-restricted (FR) diet during gestation and/or lactation. We performed analyses of covariance (adjusting for the liver weight/body weight ratio) to compare hepatic growth and lipid metabolism among the offspring. Maternal FR during gestation triggered the development of wide spaces between hepatic cells and increased the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in three-week-old male offspring compared with controls (both p < 0.05). Offspring nursed by FR dams exhibited wider spaces between hepatic cells and a lower liver weight/body weight ratio than control offspring, and increased mTOR expression (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the significant decrease in expression of lipogenic-related genes was dependent on carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, despite the increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated increased expression of key metabolic regulators (mTOR and SREBP1), alterations in lipid metabolism, and deficits in hepatic growth in the offspring of FR-treated dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
| | - Young-Ah You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
| | - Sung-Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 07985, Korea.
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Wesolowski SR, Hay WW. Role of placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction on the activation of fetal hepatic glucose production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 435:61-68. [PMID: 26723529 PMCID: PMC4921201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the major fuel for fetal oxidative metabolism. A positive maternal-fetal glucose gradient drives glucose across the placenta and is sufficient to meet the demands of the fetus, eliminating the need for endogenous hepatic glucose production (HGP). However, fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) from pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency have an early activation of HGP. Furthermore, this activated HGP is resistant to suppression by insulin. Here, we present the data demonstrating the activation of HGP in animal models, mostly fetal sheep, and human pregnancies with IUGR. We also discuss potential mechanisms and pathways that may produce and support HGP and hepatic insulin resistance in IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhang L, Shen L, Xu D, Wang L, Guo Y, Liu Z, Liu Y, Liu L, Magdalou J, Chen L, Wang H. Increased susceptibility of prenatal food restricted offspring to high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is intrauterine programmed. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Boylan JM, Sanders JA, Gruppuso PA. Regulation of fetal liver growth in a model of diet restriction in the pregnant rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R478-88. [PMID: 27357801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00138.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited nutrient availability is a cause of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that has important implications for the well being of the offspring. Using the established IUGR model of maternal fasting in the rat, we investigated mechanisms that control gene expression and mRNA translation in late-gestation fetal liver. Maternal fasting for 48 h during the last one-third of gestation was associated with a 10-15% reduction in fetal body weight and a disproportionate one-third reduction in total fetal liver protein. The fetal liver transcriptome showed only subtle changes consistent with reduced cell proliferation and enhanced differentiation in IUGR. Effects on the transcriptome could not be attributed to specific transcription factors. We purified translating polysomes to profile the population of mRNAs undergoing active translation. Microarray analysis of the fetal liver translatome indicated a global reduction of translation. The only targeted effect was enhanced translation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in IUGR, consistent with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. There was no evidence for attenuated signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Western blot analysis showed no changes in fetal liver mTOR signaling. However, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation was increased in livers from IUGR fetuses, consistent with a role in global translation control. Our data indicate that IUGR-associated changes in hepatic gene expression and mRNA translation likely involve a network of complex regulatory mechanisms, some of which are novel and distinct from those that mediate the response of the liver to nutrient restriction in the adult rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Boylan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jennifer A Sanders
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Philip A Gruppuso
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Camm EJ. The Programming Power of the Placenta. Front Physiol 2016; 7:33. [PMID: 27014074 PMCID: PMC4789467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Size at birth is a critical determinant of life expectancy, and is dependent primarily on the placental supply of nutrients. However, the placenta is not just a passive organ for the materno-fetal transfer of nutrients and oxygen. Studies show that the placenta can adapt morphologically and functionally to optimize substrate supply, and thus fetal growth, under adverse intrauterine conditions. These adaptations help meet the fetal drive for growth, and their effectiveness will determine the amount and relative proportions of specific metabolic substrates supplied to the fetus at different stages of development. This flow of nutrients will ultimately program physiological systems at the gene, cell, tissue, organ, and system levels, and inadequacies can cause permanent structural and functional changes that lead to overt disease, particularly with increasing age. This review examines the environmental regulation of the placental phenotype with particular emphasis on the impact of maternal nutritional challenges and oxygen scarcity in mice, rats and guinea pigs. It also focuses on the effects of such conditions on fetal growth and the developmental programming of disease postnatally. A challenge for future research is to link placental structure and function with clinical phenotypes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Medium-chain TAG improve energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver of intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight weanling piglets. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1521-30. [PMID: 26960981 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that medium-chain TAG (MCT) could alleviate hepatic oxidative damage in weanling piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). There is a relationship between oxidative status and energy metabolism, a process involved in substrate availability and glucose flux. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR and MCT on hepatic energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in weanling piglets. Twenty-four IUGR piglets and twenty-four normal-birth-weight (NBW) piglets were fed a diet of either soyabean oil (SO) or MCT from 21 d of postnatal age to 49 d of postnatal age. Then, the piglets' biochemical parameters and gene expressions related to energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were determined (n 4). Compared with NBW, IUGR decreased the ATP contents and succinate oxidation rates in the liver of piglets, and reduced hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) activity (P<0·05). IUGR piglets exhibited reductions in hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents and gene expressions related to mitochondrial biogenesis compared with NBW piglets (P<0·05). The MCT diet increased plasma ghrelin concentration and hepatic CS and succinate dehydrogenase activities, but decreased hepatic pyruvate kinase activity compared with the SO diet (P<0·05). The MCT-fed piglets showed improved mtDNA contents and PPARγ coactivator-1α expression in the liver (P<0·05). The MCT diet alleviated decreased mRNA abundance of the hepatic PPARα induced by IUGR (P<0·05). It can therefore be postulated that MCT may have beneficial effects in improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in weanling piglets.
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Qasem RJ, Li J, Tang HM, Browne V, Mendez-Garcia C, Yablonski E, Pontiggia L, D'Mello AP. Decreased liver triglyceride content in adult rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation: role of hepatic triglyceride utilization. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:380-8. [PMID: 25641378 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that protein restriction throughout gestation and lactation reduces liver triglyceride content in adult rat offspring. However, the mechanisms mediating the decrease in liver triglyceride content are not understood. The aim of the current study was to use a new group of pregnant animals and their offspring and determine the contribution of increased triglyceride utilization via the hepatic fatty-acid oxidation and triglyceride secretory pathways to the reduction in liver triglyceride content. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received either a control or a low protein diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pups were weaned onto laboratory chow on day 28 and killed on day 65. Liver triglyceride content was reduced in male, but not female, low-protein offspring, both in the fed and fasted states. The reduction was accompanied by a trend towards higher liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a activity, suggesting increased fatty-acid transport into the mitochondrial matrix. However, medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity within the mitochondrial matrix, expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, and plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate were similar between low protein and control offspring, indicating a lack of change in fatty-acid oxidation. Hepatic triglyceride secretion, assessed by blocking peripheral triglyceride utilization and measuring serum triglyceride accumulation rate, and the activity of microsomal transfer protein, were similar between low protein and control offspring. Because enhanced triglyceride utilization is not a significant contributor, the decrease in liver triglyceride content in male low-protein offspring is likely due to alterations in liver fatty-acid transport or triglyceride biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani J Qasem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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He J, Dong L, Xu W, Bai K, Lu C, Wu Y, Huang Q, Zhang L, Wang T. Dietary Tributyrin Supplementation Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Suckling Piglets with Intrauterine Growth Retardation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136848. [PMID: 26317832 PMCID: PMC4552672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with insulin resistance and lipid disorder. Tributyrin (TB), a pro-drug of butyrate, can attenuate dysfunctions in body metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of TB supplementation on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in neonatal piglets with IUGR. Eight neonatal piglets with normal birth weight (NBW) and 16 neonatal piglets with IUGR were selected, weaned on the 7th day, and fed basic milk diets (NBW and IUGR groups) or basic milk diets supplemented with 0.1% tributyrin (IT group, IUGR piglets) until day 21 (n = 8). Relative parameters for lipid metabolism and mRNA expression were measured. Piglets with IUGR showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of insulin in the serum, higher (P < 0.05) HOMA-IR and total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the liver, and lower (P < 0.05) enzyme activities (hepatic lipase [HL], lipoprotein lipase [LPL], total lipase [TL]) and concentration of glycogen in the liver than the NBW group. TB supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of insulin, HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum, and the concentrations of TG and NEFA in the liver, and increased (P < 0.05) enzyme activities (HL, LPL, and TL) and concentration of glycogen in the liver of the IT group. The mRNA expression for insulin signal transduction pathway and hepatic lipogenic pathway (including transcription factors and nuclear factors) was significantly (P < 0.05) affected in the liver by IUGR, which was efficiently (P < 0.05) attenuated by diets supplemented with TB. TB supplementation has therapeutic potential for attenuating insulin resistance and abnormal lipid metabolism in IUGR piglets by increasing enzyme activities and upregulating mRNA expression, leading to an early improvement in the metabolic efficiency of IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhui Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Gu C, Zeng Y, Tang Z, Wang C, He Y, Feng X, Zhou L. Astragalus polysaccharides affect insulin resistance by regulating the hepatic SIRT1-PGC-1α/PPARα-FGF21 signaling pathway in male Sprague Dawley rats undergoing catch-up growth. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6451-60. [PMID: 26323321 PMCID: PMC4626146 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on insulin resistance by modulation of hepatic sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α/PPARα-fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: A normal control group, a catch-up growth group and an APS-treated (APS-G) group. The latter two groups underwent food restriction for 4 weeks, prior to being provided with a high fat diet, which was available ad libitum. The APS-G group was orally treated with APS for 8 weeks, whereas the other groups were administered saline. Body weight was measured and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted after 8 weeks. The plasma glucose and insulin levels obtained from the OGTT were assayed, and hepatic morphology was observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of PGC-1α/PPARα, and the protein expression levels of SIRT1, FGF21 and nuclear factor-κB were quantified in the liver and serum. APS treatment suppressed abnormal glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance following 8 weeks of catch-up growth by improving hepatic SIRT1-PPARα-FGF21 intracellular signaling and reducing chronic inflammation, and by partially attenuating hepatic steatosis. The suppressive effects of APS on liver acetylation and glycolipid metabolism-associated molecules contributed to the observed suppression of insulin resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of APS on insulin resistance requires further research in order to be elucidated. Rapid and long-term treatment with APS may provide a novel, safe and effective therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Zeng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yanju He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Xinge Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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Xu D, Bai J, Zhang L, Shen L, Wang L, Liu Z, Xia L, Wang H. Prenatal nicotine exposure-induced intrauterine programming alteration increases the susceptibility of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic simple fatty liver in female adult offspring rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
“Two intrauterine programming”, involved in the intrauterine origin of high-fat diet-induced NAFL in female offspring rats, induced by prenatal nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Lang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Linlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Zhongfen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Liping Xia
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430060
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease
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Triunfo S, Lanzone A. Impact of maternal under nutrition on obstetric outcomes. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:31-8. [PMID: 25194427 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition, ranging from under nutrition to over dietary intake before and in the pregnant state, is worldwide problem with significant consequences, not only for survival and increased risk for acute and chronic diseases both in mother and child, but also for economic productivity of individuals in the societies and additional costs on health system. Inter alia, pre-pregnancy underweight and insufficient gestational weight gain are considered as individual risk factors for the occurrence of spontaneous interruption, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and hypertensive disorders, strongly associated with poorer perinatal outcome. In a portion of this population, major eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia nervosa), once thought to be rare, but nowadays enlarged due to cultural pressure on the drive for thinness, have been identified as the etiology of an abnormal nutritional condition in developed countries, in contrast to long standing food deprivation in developing countries. Actually, even if without a complete weight management guidance for these selected pregnant women, an appropriate weight gain is recommended during pregnancy. Mainly, therapeutic approach is prevention using specific programs of improving weight before pregnant status. In this article, a review of the literature on selected obstetrical risks associated with maternal underweight has been performed and both the target prevention and management strategies have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Triunfo
- BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), University of Barcelona, Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Lanzone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Cross-fostering and improved lactation ameliorates deficits in endocrine pancreatic morphology in growth-restricted adult male rat offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:234-44. [PMID: 25141871 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Uteroplacental insufficiency and poor postnatal nutrition impair adult glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in male rat offspring, which can be partially ameliorated by improving postnatal nutrition. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced in the WKY rat on day 18 of pregnancy (Restricted) compared to sham-operated Controls. Pups were then cross-fostered onto Control or Restricted mothers one day after birth resulting in: (Pup-on-Mother) Control-on-Control, Control-on-Restricted, Restricted-on-Control and Restricted-on-Restricted. Endocrine pancreatic morphology and markers of intrinsic β-cell function and glucose homeostasis were assessed in male offspring at 6 months. Pancreatic and hepatic gene expression was quantified at postnatal day 7 and 6 months. Restricted pups were born 10-15% lighter than Controls and remained lighter at 6 months. Relative islet and β-cell mass were 51-65% lower in Restricted-on-Restricted compared to Controls at 6 months. Non-fasting plasma C-reactive protein levels were also increased, suggestive of an inflammatory response. Overall, the average number of islets, small islets and proportion of β-cells per islet correlated positively with birth weight. Intrinsic β-cell function, estimated by insulin secretion relative to β-cell mass, was unaffected by Restriction, suggesting that the in vivo functional deficit was attributable to reduced mass, not function. Importantly, these deficits were ameliorated when lactational nutrition was normalized in Restricted-on-Control offspring, who also showed increased pancreatic Igf1r, Pdx1 and Vegf mRNA expression at 7 days compared to Control-on-Control and Restricted-on-Restricted. This highlights lactation as a critical period for intervention following prenatal restraint, whereby deficits in endocrine pancreatic mass and associated impaired in vivo insulin secretion can be ameliorated.
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Nicholas LM, Rattanatray L, Morrison JL, Kleemann DO, Walker SK, Zhang S, MacLaughlin S, McMillen IC. Maternal obesity or weight loss around conception impacts hepatic fatty acid metabolism in the offspring. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1685-93. [PMID: 24719305 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of maternal obesity or weight loss during the periconceptional period on programming of lipid metabolism in the liver of the offspring. METHODS An embryo transfer model was used to investigate the effects of exposure to either maternal obesity and/or weight loss before and for 1-week post-conception on the abundance of key molecules regulating hepatic fatty acid oxidation and lipid synthesis in the 4-month-old lamb. RESULTS Periconceptional maternal obesity resulted in decreased hepatic PPARα, PGC1α and GCN5 abundance and increased hepatic SIRT1 and AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and SREBP1 abundance in the offspring. Maternal weight loss in obese ewes did not ablate all of these effects of maternal obesity on hepatic metabolism in the lamb. Weight loss in normal weight ewes also resulted in decreased hepatic PGC1α and GCN5 and increased AMPKα2 abundance in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of the oocyte/embryo to either maternal obesity or weight loss during the periconceptional period has long term consequences for hepatic lipid metabolism. These findings highlight the sensitivity of the early embryo to maternal nutrition and the need for dietary interventions which maximize metabolic benefits and minimize metabolic costs for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Nicholas
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia, 5000
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Effects on transcriptional regulation and lipid droplet characteristics in the liver of female juvenile pigs after early postnatal feed restriction and refeeding are dependent on birth weight. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76705. [PMID: 24260100 PMCID: PMC3834034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that caloric restriction in early postnatal life may improve liver lipid metabolism in low birth weight individuals. The present study investigated transcriptional and metabolic responses to low (U) and normal (N) birth weight (d 75, T1) and postnatal feed restriction (R, 60% of controls, d 98, T2) followed by subsequent refeeding until d 131 of age (T3). Liver tissue studies were performed with a total of 42 female pigs which were born by multiparous German landrace sows. Overall, 194 genes were differentially expressed in the liver of U vs. N (T1) animals with roles in lipid metabolism. The total mean area and number of lipid droplets (LD) was about 4.6- and 3.7 times higher in U compared to N. In U, the mean LD size (µm2) was 24.9% higher. 3-week feed restriction reduced total mean area of LDs by 58.3 and 72.7% in U and N, respectively. A functional role of the affected genes in amino acid metabolism was additionally indicated. This was reflected by a 17.0% higher arginine concentration in the liver of UR animals (vs. NR). To evaluate persistency of effects, analyses were also done after refeeding period at T3. Overall, 4 and 22 genes show persistent regulation in U and N animals after 5 weeks of refeeding, respectively. These genes are involved in e.g. processes of lipid and protein metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the recovery of total mean LD area in U and N animals back to the previous T1 level was observed. However, when compared to controls, the mean LD size was still reduced by 23.3% in UR, whereas it was increased in NR (+24.7%). The present results suggest that short-term postnatal feed restriction period programmed juvenile U animals for an increased rate of hepatic lipolysis in later life.
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Su YM, Lv GR, Xie JX, Wang ZH, Lin HT. Maternal hypoxia increases the susceptibility of adult rat male offspring to high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4377-87. [PMID: 24002036 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment increases the risk for adult metabolic syndrome. However, the influence of prenatal hypoxia on the risk of fatty liver disease in offspring is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of reduced fetal oxygen on the development and severity of high-fat (HF) diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Based on design implicating 2 factors, ie, maternal hypoxia (MH) and postnatal HF diet, blood lipid and insulin levels, hepatic histology, and potential molecular targets were evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rat offspring. MH associated with postnatal HF diet caused a significant increase in plasma concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. Histologically, a more severe form of NAFLD with hepatic inflammation, hepatic resident macrophage infiltration, and progression toward nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was observed. The lipid homeostasis changes and insulin resistance caused by MH plus HF were accompanied by a significant down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), phosphoinositide-3 kinase p110 catalytic subunit, and protein kinase B. In MH rats, insulin-stimulated IRS-2 and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation were significantly blunted as well as insulin suppression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Meanwhile, a significant up-regulation of lipogenic pathways was noticed, including sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase in liver. Our results indicate that maternal hypoxia enhances dysmetabolic liver injury in response to an HF diet. Therefore, the offspring born in the context of maternal hypoxia may require special attention and follow-up to prevent the early development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Su
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhongshan North Road 34, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, Peoples Republic of China.
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Prenatal food restriction induces a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic programmed alteration in adult offspring rats. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:335-45. [PMID: 23911676 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intrauterine growth restriction produces susceptibility to adult metabolic syndrome, which may be caused by the permanent alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. We aimed to verify that HPA axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic programming is altered in food-restricted (FR) offspring. METHODS Maternal rats were fed a restricted diet from gestational day 11 until full-term delivery, all pups were fed a high-fat diet after weaning and exposed to unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) during postnatal weeks 17-20. RESULTS Serum levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and corticosterone in adult offspring of the prenatal FR group were lower than the control (CN) rats before UCS but increased significantly after UCS. Serum glucose levels in the FR group were normal before UCS but increased after UCS. Serum insulin levels were significantly decreased in FR males but showed a slight increase in FR females before UCS; however, insulin levels decreased significantly in the FR male and female rats after UCS. Before UCS, serum lipid levels were higher in the FR males but were normal in the FR females; after UCS, FR males had a slight decrease and FR females had an increasing trend in serum lipids levels. Lipid droplets in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and livers of the FR group indicated steatosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prenatal food restriction alters HPA axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolism in adult offspring fed a high-fat diet, which may originate from the intrauterine programming and increase the susceptibility to adult metabolic diseases.
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Garg M, Thamotharan M, Dai Y, Lagishetty V, Matveyenko AV, Lee WNP, Devaskar SU. Glucose intolerance and lipid metabolic adaptations in response to intrauterine and postnatal calorie restriction in male adult rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154. [PMID: 23183174 PMCID: PMC3529385 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced de novo lipogenesis (DNL), an adult hepatic adaption, is seen with high carbohydrate or low-fat diets. We hypothesized that ad libitum intake after prenatal calorie restriction will result in adult-onset glucose intolerance and enhanced DNL with modified lipid metabolic gene expression profile. Stable isotopes were used in 15-month-old adult male rat offspring exposed to prenatal (IUGR), pre- and postnatal (IPGR), or postnatal (PNGR) caloric restriction vs. controls (CON). IUGR vs. CON were heavier with hepatomegaly but unchanged visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), glucose intolerant with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), pancreatic β-cell mass, and total glucose clearance rate but unsuppressed hepatic glucose production. Liver glucose transporter (Glut) 1 and DNL increased with decreased hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase but increased WAT fatty acid transport protein-1 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, resistin, and visfatin gene expression. In contrast, PNGR and IPGR were lighter, had reduced visceral WAT, and were glucose tolerant with unchanged hepatic glucose production but with increased GSIS, β-cell mass, glucose clearance rate, and WAT insulin receptor. Hepatic Glut1 and DNL were also increased in lean IPGR and PNGR with increased hepatic ACC, phosphorylated ACC, and pAMPK and reduced WAT fatty acid transport protein-1, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and ACCα. We conclude the following: 1) the heavy, glucose-intolerant and insulin-resistant IUGR adult phenotype is ameliorated by postnatal caloric restriction; 2) increased DNL paralleling hepatic Glut1 is a biomarker of exposure to early caloric restriction rather than the adult metabolic status; 3) hepatic lipid enzyme expression reflects GSIS rather than DNL; and 4) WAT gene expression reflects an obesogenic vs. lean phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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