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Savage SA, Suárez-González A, Stuart I, Christensen I. Successful word retraining, maintenance and transference of practice to everyday activities: A single case experimental design in early onset alcohol-induced brain damage. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2023; 33:1488-1511. [PMID: 35984770 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Word retraining programs have been shown to improve naming ability post-stroke and in progressive aphasias. Here, we investigated benefits for a 22-year-old Danish man (DJ), whose difficulties followed brain damage from heavy alcohol misuse. Using a multiple baseline-across-behaviours design (target behaviour: retrieval of word list items), DJ completed a 4-week "Look, Listen, Repeat" program on a computer. Ninety personally relevant target words were selected to create three matched lists. List 1 was trained for 10 sessions over 2 weeks, followed by 9 sessions for List 2 over 2 weeks, while the third list remained untrained. Naming performance was evaluated at baseline, during the intervention, and at 1 and 4 months post-training. Naming improved following each intervention block (p < .001), with only one data point overlapping between the baseline and treatment phases for trained items. Untrained words remained unchanged (p = 1.00), with 50% of data points non-overlapping across baseline to treatment phases. Performance was maintained over time, and appeared to generalize, with DJ naming more trained objects in their natural setting (85%) than untrained items (64%). While more evidence is needed, brief (20-minute), intensive (5-day/week) word retraining programs may assist word retrieval for people with brain damage associated with alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Psychology Department, University of Exeter , Exeter, UK
| | - Aida Suárez-González
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ida Stuart
- Neurorehabilitation Selma Marie, Ølstykke, Denmark
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Sircar R. Behavioral changes and dendritic remodeling of hippocampal neurons in adolescent alcohol-treated rats. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11158. [PMID: 38389817 PMCID: PMC10880782 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Earlier, we and others have reported that alcohol exposure in adolescent rat impaired performance of a spatial memory task in the Morris water maze. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute adolescent alcohol treatment on the hippocampus-dependent (contextual fear conditioning) and hippocampus-independent (cued fear) memories. The study also looked at the structural changes in anterior CA1 hippocampal neurons in adolescent alcohol-treated rats. Methods: Adolescent female rats were administered with a single dose of alcohol (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg) or vehicle either before training (pre-training) or after training (pre-testing). Experimental and control rats were trained in the fear conditioning paradigm, and 24 h later tested for both contextual fear conditioning as well as cued fear memory. Separate groups of rats were treated with either alcohol (2 g/kg) or vehicle and sacrificed 24 h later. Their brains were harvested and processed for rapid Golgi staining. Randomly selected CA1 pyramidal neurons were analyzed for dendritic branching and dendritic spine density. Results: Pre-training alcohol dose-dependently attenuated acquisition of hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning but had no effect on the acquisition of amygdala-associated cued fear. When administered following training (pre-testing), alcohol did not alter either contextual conditioning or cued fear memory. Golgi stained CA1 pyramidal neurons in alcohol treated female rats had reduced basilar tree branching and less complex dendritic arborization. Conclusion: Alcohol specifically impaired hippocampal learning in adolescent rats but not amygdala-associated cued fear memory. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in alcohol-treated rats had less complex dendritic morphology. Together, these data suggest that adolescent alcohol exposure produces changes in the neuronal organization of the hippocampus, and these changes may be related to impairments in hippocampus-dependent memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sircar
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Schwartz BD, Pellerine LP, Bray NW, Fowles JR, Furlano JA, Morava A, Nagpal TS, O'Brien MW. Binge drinking and smoking are associated with worse academic performance in Canadian undergraduate students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37463523 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2232871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Test the hypothesis that smoking, fast-food consumption, and binge drinking were negatively associated with academic performance in Canadian undergraduate students. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduate students across Canada [n = 411 (335♀) aged: 22 ± 4 years] completed a questionnaire regarding their lifestyle behaviors and academic grades. METHODS Relationships between lifestyle behaviors and academic performance were assessed via covariate-adjusted multiple regressions. Mediation models were used to test whether significant relationships between smoking/fast-food and grades were explained by binge drinking. RESULTS Smoking (β= -4.00, p < .001) and binge drinking (β= -1.98, p = .002) were independent predictors of grades (average: 84 ± 8%). Binge drinking partially mediated the relationships between smoking (indirect effect β= -1.19, 95%CI [-2.49, -0.08] and fast-food consumption (indirect effect: β= -.75, 95%CI [-1.20, -0.29]), with grades. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the negative influence of binge drinking, smoking, and fast-food consumption on academic success, with binge drinking as a partial mediator of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly D Schwartz
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liam P Pellerine
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nick W Bray
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Fowles
- Centre of Lifestyle Studies, School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joyla A Furlano
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anisa Morava
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- Faculty of Kinesiology Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- School of Physiotherapy (Faculty of Health) & Department of Medicine (Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Geriatric Medicine Research, Dalhousie University & Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Lee MS, Lee H. Associations between binge drinking experience, depressive mood, and suicidality in adolescents: Based on the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:386-391. [PMID: 36462612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the associations between binge drinking experience (BDE), depressive mood, and suicidality among Korean adolescents. METHODS We analyzed the 17th population-based and cross-sectional data from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to compare BDE, depressive mood, and suicidality by sex. RESULTS In 54,848 adolescents, the prevalence of BDE was 5.3 % in boys and 4.4 % in girls. The prevalence of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts among girls was 7.8 %, 2.4 %, and 1.4 %, respectively. The prevalence of suicide attempts among girls with both BDE and depressive moods was higher than that among boys. Boys with both BDE and depressive mood had 12.60 times and 14.50 times higher adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of suicide ideation and plan, respectively, compared with the non-drinking/non-depressed group. Girls with both BDE and depressive mood had 22.06 times higher aOR of suicide attempts than the non-drinking/non-depressed group. LIMITATIONS The study has few limitations including the use of self-report questionnaires, participants' response bias, and lack of diagnosis by mental health professionals. CONCLUSIONS These findings represent the prevalence of suicidality among South Korean adolescents with BDE or depressive mood. Since adolescents with both BDE and depressive mood showed particularly high suicidality, it is necessary to establish mental health services, such as proper prevention strategies and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hooyeon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
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East PL, Delva J, Blanco E, Correa-Burrows P, Burrows R, Gahagan S. Associations between Adolescent Alcohol Use and Neurocognitive Functioning in Young Adulthood. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2022; 28:46-57. [PMID: 38221975 PMCID: PMC10786341 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2022.2138886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between excessive alcohol intake during adolescence and neurocognitive functioning in young adulthood and whether these relations varied by sex. Participants were working-class Chilean adolescents (N = 692; Mage 16.0 years; 54.5% female) who provided frequency of past 30-day bingeing and past-year intoxication. Neurocognitive measures were completed in young adulthood (Mage 21.2 years). Illicit substance users were excluded a priori and other substance use was controlled. When males and females were considered simultaneously, no main effects of intoxication or bingeing were found. However, several sex-specific effects emerged for intoxication, such that more frequent intoxication was associated with poorer visual memory, attention, processing speed, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility in females, while frequent intoxication related to better attention and processing speed in males. In general, effect sizes were small. No relations emerged for verbal memory, working memory, or spatial learning. Possible factors that contribute to divergent sex effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L East
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jorge Delva
- School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Center for Research in Society and Health and Millennium Nucleus of Sociomedicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Pérez-García JM, Suárez-Suárez S, Doallo S, Cadaveira F. Effects of binge drinking during adolescence and emerging adulthood on the brain: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104637. [PMID: 35339481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking (BD) is a common pattern of alcohol consumption which is generating great concern because of its deleterious consequences. We selected 33 neuroimaging studies of healthy young binge drinkers (BDs) by following PRISMA guidelines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between BD and neurocognitive anomalies reported across magnetic resonance studies. Moreover, this work is the first in which results of relatively new imaging techniques, such as resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), have been reviewed using a systematic procedure. We established strict inclusion criteria in order to isolate the various potential effects of BD on the adolescent brain. Two authors independently evaluated the methodological quality, assessing different aspects related to sample size, and statistical correction methods, which are of particular importance in neuroimaging studies. BD is associated with structural and functional anomalies in several cortical and subcortical brain regions intimately involved in the control and regulation of impulsive or risky behaviours, as well as in the processing of reinforcing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Pérez-García
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Samuel Suárez-Suárez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Sonia Doallo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Alderson Myers AB, Arienzo D, Molnar SM, Marinkovic K. Local and network-level dysregulation of error processing is associated with binge drinking. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102879. [PMID: 34768146 PMCID: PMC8591397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Go/NoGo performance does not differ between binge (BDs) and light drinkers. BDs show greater BOLD activity to inhibition errors primarily in prefrontal areas. Greater functional connectivity in the frontal cortex correlates with drinking. Observed increase in error-related activity may serve a compensatory role. This is consistent with allostatic hyperexcitability reflecting neuroadaptation.
Binge drinking refers to the pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol levels to or above legal intoxication levels. Commonly practiced by young adults, it is associated with neurofunctional alterations, raising health-related concerns. Executive deficits may contribute to the inability to refrain from excessive alcohol intake. As a facet of cognitive control, error processing allows for flexible modification of behavior to optimize future outcomes. It is highly relevant to addiction research, as a failure to inhibit excessive drinking results in relapses, which is a hallmark of alcohol use disorder. However, research on local and system-level neural underpinnings of inhibition failures as a function of binge drinking is limited. To address these gaps, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine local changes and interregional functional connectivity during response inhibition errors on a Go/NoGo task. Young adult binge drinkers (BDs) performed equally well as light drinkers (LDs), a group of demographically matched individuals who drink regularly but in low-risk patterns. In contrast, BDs exhibited greater fMRI activity to inhibition errors contrasted with correct NoGo trials in the rostral anterior (rACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC), as well as right middle frontal gyrus (R-MFG). Furthermore, BDs showed increased connectivity between the rACC and right lateral prefrontal cortex, in addition to greater connectivity between the R-MFG and the left ventrolateral and superior frontal cortices. Imaging indices were positively correlated only with alcohol-related measures, but not with those related to moods, disposition, or cognitive capacity. Taken together, greater error-related activity and expanded functional connectivity among prefrontal regions may serve a compensatory role to maintain efficiency of inhibitory control. Aligned with prominent models of addiction, these findings accentuate the importance of top-down control in maintaining low-risk drinking levels. They provide insight into potentially early signs of deteriorating cognitive control functions in BDs and may help guide intervention strategies aimed at preventing excessive drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Alderson Myers
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Sean M Molnar
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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8
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Kipp BT, Nunes PT, Galaj E, Hitchcock B, Nasra T, Poynor KR, Heide SK, Reitz NL, Savage LM. Adolescent Ethanol Exposure Alters Cholinergic Function and Apical Dendritic Branching Within the Orbital Frontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 473:52-65. [PMID: 34450212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, heavy binge-like ethanol consumption can lead to frontocortical structural and functional impairments. These impairments are likely driven by adolescence being a critical time point for maturation of brain regions associated with higher-order cognitive functioning. Rodent models of heavy binge-like ethanol exposure show consistent disruptions to the typical development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). All deep cortical layers receive cholinergic projections that originate from the Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) complex. These cholinergic projections are highly involved in learning, memory, and attention. Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure (AIE) induces cholinergic dysfunction as a result of an epigenetic suppression of the genes that drive the cholinergic phenotype. The current study used a model of AIE to assess structural and functional changes to the frontal cortex and NbM following binge-like ethanol exposure in adolescence. Western blot analysis revealed long-term disruptions of the cholinergic circuit following AIE: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was suppressed in the NbM and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was suppressed in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In vivo microdialysis for acetylcholine efflux during a spatial memory task determined changes in cholinergic modulation within the PFC following AIE. However, AIE spared performance on the spatial memory task and on an operant reversal task. In a second study, Golgi-Cox staining determined that AIE increased apical dendritic complexity in the OFC, with sex influencing whether the increase in branching occurred near or away from the soma. Spine density or maturity was not affected, likely compensating for a disruption in neurotransmitter function following AIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kipp
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - P T Nunes
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - E Galaj
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - B Hitchcock
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - T Nasra
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - K R Poynor
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - S K Heide
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - N L Reitz
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - L M Savage
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA.
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Effects of the COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking in College Students: A Longitudinal Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189822. [PMID: 34574745 PMCID: PMC8464960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To "flatten the curve" of COVID-19 contagion, several countries ordered lockdowns amid the pandemic along with indications on social distancing. These social isolation measures could potentially bring alterations to healthy behavior, including to alcohol consumption. However, there is hardly any scientific evidence of the impact of such measures on alcohol consumption and binge drinking (BD) among young adults, and how they relate to alcohol craving, stress, anxiety, and depression levels. We addressed these questions by conducting a longitudinal study with 146 Portuguese college students-regular binge drinkers (regular BDs), infrequent binge drinkers (infrequent BDs) and non-binge drinkers (non-BDs)-in three moments: before the pandemic (Pre-Lockdown), during lockdown (Lockdown) and 6 months after (Post-Lockdown). Results revealed that regular BDs decreased alcohol use during Lockdown, a change in behavior that was even greater during Post-Lockdown, when regular BDs displayed similar levels of consumption to infrequent/non-BDs. Additionally, alcohol craving and living with friends were predictive of alcohol use during Lockdown, whereas stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms did not contribute to explain changes in drinking behavior. Collectively, the results suggest that BD in young Portuguese college students can be stopped when the contexts in which alcohol intake usually takes place are suppressed, which may have important implications for future prevention and intervention strategies.
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de Goede J, van der Mark-Reeuwijk KG, Braun KP, le Cessie S, Durston S, Engels RCME, Goudriaan AE, Moons KGM, Vollebergh WAM, de Vries TJ, Wiers RW, Oosterlaan J. Alcohol and Brain Development in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Advisory Report of the Health Council of the Netherlands. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1379-1410. [PMID: 33530096 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Young people, whose brains are still developing, might entail a greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol consumption on brain function and development. A committee of experts of the Health Council of the Netherlands evaluated the state of scientific knowledge regarding the question whether alcohol negatively influences brain development in young people. A systematic literature search for prospective studies was performed in PubMed and PsychINFO, for longitudinal studies of adolescents or young adults ranging between 12 and 24 y of age at baseline, investigating the relation between alcohol use and outcome measures of brain structure and activity, cognitive functioning, educational achievement, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), with measures at baseline and follow-up of the outcome of interest. Data were extracted from original articles and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A total of 77 studies were included, 31 of which were of sufficient quality in relation to the study objectives. There were indications that the gray matter of the brain develops abnormally in young people who drink alcohol. In addition, the more often young people drink or the younger they start, the higher the risk of developing AUD later in life. The evidence on white matter volume or quality, brain activity, cognitive function, and educational achievement is still limited or unclear. The committee found indications that alcohol consumption can have a negative effect on brain development in adolescents and young adults and entails a risk of later AUD. The committee therefore considers it a wise choice for adolescents and young adults not to drink alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kees P Braun
- Department of Child Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Datasciences, section Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE-lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies/Clinical Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Arkin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilma A M Vollebergh
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Taco J de Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Nuyens FM, Billieux J, Maurage P. Time perception and alcohol use: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:377-403. [PMID: 33933506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Attentional, executive, and memory processes play a pivotal role in time perception. As acute or chronic alcohol consumption influences these processes, it should also modify time perception. We systematically reviewed and critically assessed all existing studies on time perception among alcohol drinkers, following the PICOS procedure and PRISMA guidelines. We selected 31 articles, distributed across four populations (i.e., alcohol intoxication, binge/heavy drinking, severe alcohol use disorder [SAUD], and Korsakoff syndrome). Several studies suggested the overestimation or underestimation of time during alcohol intoxication. No direct effect of binge/heavy drinking was observed on time perception, while studies on SAUD reported conflicting results. Participants with Korsakoff syndrome exhibited globally impaired time perception and marked deficits in associated cognitive abilities. This systematic review suggests that alcohol consumption affects time perception only when specific cognitive processes are depleted. However, due to the methodological limitations related to existing studies, no firm conclusion can be drawn. Guidelines and perspectives to advance the field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip M Nuyens
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Mouline - Bâtiment Géopolis, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 23A, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Science Research Institute, UClouvain, 10, place Cardinal Mercier, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium.
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12
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Burton S, Puddephatt JA, Baines L, Sheen F, Warren JG, Jones A. Limited Evidence of Associations Between Executive Functioning and Alcohol Involvement In UK Adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:754-762. [PMID: 33836535 PMCID: PMC8557664 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Deficits in motor inhibitory control and working memory have been hypothesized to be both a cause and consequence of heavy alcohol use. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage for inhibitory control and working memory, and it is also a stage when individuals are most likely to initiate alcohol use. This study aimed to examine whether inhibitory control and working memory would predict alcohol use and involvement in a group of UK adolescents. Methods We recruited 220 (N = 178, female) adolescents, aged between 16 and 18, from eight higher education settings in the Merseyside region of the UK. Alcohol use was examined using the Timeline Follow-Back and involvement (and related problems) using the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. A reward-based inhibitory control task (Go/No-Go) was used to examine the inhibition and reward sensitivity, and a self-ordered pointing task was used to measure working memory. Results Multiple regression demonstrated that neither inhibitory control (b = 0.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.21, 0.24)) nor working memory (b = −0.12 (95% CI: −0.30, 0.07)) were significant predictors of alcohol use (units consumed). Inhibitory control (b = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.12, 1.09), specifically, in the no reward condition and school deprivation (b = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.06, 1.28) significantly predicted alcohol-related problems. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated limited evidence that deficits in specific mechanisms of executive functioning (i.e. motor inhibition and working memory) were associated with alcohol-related problems in UK adolescents. This study adds to an increasing body of literature suggesting weak or non-existent links between inhibitory control, working memory and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Burton
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Jo-Anne Puddephatt
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Laura Baines
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Florence Sheen
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Jasmine G Warren
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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13
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Gierski F, Stefaniak N, Benzerouk F, Gobin P, Schmid F, Henry A, Kaladjian A, Naassila M. Component process analysis of verbal memory in a sample of students with a binge drinking pattern. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100323. [PMID: 33364330 PMCID: PMC7752726 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have emphasized the harmful impact of binge drinking on several cognitive functions, including memory. However, the exact nature of the memory processes involved is still unknown. The present study was designed to assess verbal working memory and verbal episodic memory, especially its encoding, storage and retrieval processes, in binge drinking to identify the processes impacted by this behavior. Methods Participants were 48 community-recruited college students aged 18-25 years and categorized as either binge drinkers (BDs) or social drinkers (SDs). They were assessed with (a) subtests of the Wechsler scale (digit span, letter-number sequencing) measuring verbal working memory, and (b) a modified version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), which measures verbal episodic memory functioning in various conditions of encoding (controlled) and recollection (free recall, cued recall, and recognition). Results Verbal working memory was unaffected by binge drinking, whereas verbal episodic memory performances were reduced. In particular, analysis of the modified FCSRT scores suggested that BDs had less proficient storage and retrieval processes. Furthermore, correlational analyses indicated that the proficiency of these memory components was negatively correlated with several indicators of binge drinking behavior. Conclusions Results suggest that binge drinking behavior affects the storage and recollection processes of verbal episodic memory. The academic failure described in binge drinkers could be partly related to this harmful effect. Our results on the negative impact of binge drinking on memory should be used to develop information campaigns targeting students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gierski
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, EPSM et CHU de Reims, Reims, France
- INSERM U1247 GRAP, Research Group on Alcohol and Drugs, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Corresponding author at: Laboratoire C2S (EA6291) – Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Maison de la Recherche 57, rue Pierre Taittinger, 51096 Reims Cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Stefaniak
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, EPSM et CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Pamela Gobin
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, EPSM et CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Franca Schmid
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Audrey Henry
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, EPSM et CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- Laboratoire Cognition Santé, Société (C2S - EA 6291), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, EPSM et CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- INSERM U1247 GRAP, Research Group on Alcohol and Drugs, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Almeida-Antunes N, Crego A, Carbia C, Sousa SS, Rodrigues R, Sampaio A, López-Caneda E. Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 29:102537. [PMID: 33418172 PMCID: PMC7803655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controls and binge drinkers (BDs) do not differ in their behavioral performance. BDs show increased neural activity during attention, working memory and inhibition. Augmented P3 amplitude in BDs was the most solid electrophysiological finding. Evidence does not support specific gender vulnerabilities to the effects of BD. Memory, emotional processing and decision-making processes need further exploration.
Research on neurophysiological impairments associated with binge drinking (BD), an excessive but episodic alcohol use pattern, has significantly increased over the last decade. This work is the first to systematically review –following PRISMA guidelines- the empirical evidence regarding the effects of BD on neural activity –assessed by electroencephalography- of adolescents and young adults. A systematic review was conducted in 34 studies (N = 1723). Results indicated that binge drinkers (BDs) showed similar behavioral performance as non/low drinkers. The most solid electrophysiological finding was an augmented P3 amplitude during attention, working memory and inhibition tasks. This increased neural activity suggests the recruitment of additional resources to perform the task at adequate/successful levels, which supports the neurocompensation hypothesis. Similar to alcoholics, BDs also displayed increased reactivity to alcohol-related cues, augmented resting-state electrophysiological signal and reduced activity during error detection –which gives support to the continuum hypothesis. Evidence does not seem to support greater vulnerability to BD in females. Replication and longitudinal studies are required to account for mixed results and to elucidate the extent/direction of the neural impairments associated with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida-Antunes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Alberto Crego
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sónia S Sousa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Rui Rodrigues
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Eduardo López-Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal.
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Hamidullah S, Thorpe HHA, Frie JA, Mccurdy RD, Khokhar JY. Adolescent Substance Use and the Brain: Behavioral, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:298. [PMID: 32848673 PMCID: PMC7418456 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is an important ontogenetic period that is characterized by behaviors such as enhanced novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and reward preference, which can give rise to an increased risk for substance use. While substance use rates in adolescence are generally on a decline, the current rates combined with emerging trends, such as increases in e-cigarette use, remain a significant public health concern. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological divergences associated with adolescent substance use, derived from a cross-sectional, retrospective, and longitudinal studies, and highlight how the use of these substances during adolescence may relate to behavioral and neuroimaging-based outcomes. Identifying and understanding the associations between adolescent substance use and changes in cognition, mental health, and future substance use risk may assist our understanding of the consequences of drug exposure during this critical window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard D Mccurdy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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16
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Berghäuser J, Bensmann W, Zink N, Endrass T, Beste C, Stock AK. Alcohol Hangover Does Not Alter the Application of Model-Based and Model-Free Learning Strategies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051453. [PMID: 32414137 PMCID: PMC7290484 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent alcohol binges shift behavior from goal-directed to habitual processing modes. This shift in reward-associated learning strategies plays a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders and seems to persist during (early stages of) sobriety in at-risk drinkers. Yet still, it has remained unclear whether this phenomenon might be associated with alcohol hangover and thus also be found in social drinkers. In an experimental crossover design, n = 25 healthy young male participants performed a two-step decision-making task once sober and once hungover (i.e., when reaching sobriety after consuming 2.6 g of alcohol per estimated liter of total body water). This task allows the separation of effortful model-based and computationally less demanding model-free learning strategies. The experimental induction of alcohol hangover was successful, but we found no significant hangover effects on model-based and model-free learning scores, the balance between model-free and model-based valuation (ω), or perseveration tendencies (π). Bayesian analyses provided positive evidence for the null hypothesis for all measures except π (anecdotal evidence for the null hypothesis). Taken together, alcohol hangover, which results from a single binge drinking episode, does not impair the application of effortful and computationally costly model-based learning strategies and/or increase model-free learning strategies. This supports the notion that the behavioral deficits observed in at-risk drinkers are most likely not caused by the immediate aftereffects of individual binge drinking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Berghäuser
- Chair of Addiction Research, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (J.B.); (T.E.)
| | - Wiebke Bensmann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicolas Zink
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Chair of Addiction Research, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (J.B.); (T.E.)
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Lees B, Meredith LR, Kirkland AE, Bryant BE, Squeglia LM. Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172906. [PMID: 32179028 PMCID: PMC7183385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable neurodevelopmental period marked by high rates of engagement with risky alcohol use. This review summarizes the cognitive and neural consequences following alcohol use during adolescence from longitudinal design studies in humans and animals. Findings from human adolescent studies suggest that binge drinking and heavy alcohol use is associated with poorer cognitive functioning on a broad range of neuropsychological assessments, including learning, memory, visuospatial functioning, psychomotor speed, attention, executive functioning, and impulsivity. Alcohol use during adolescence is associated with accelerated decreases in gray matter and attenuated increases in white matter volume, and aberrant neural activity during executive functioning, attentional control, and reward sensitivity tasks, when compared to non-drinking adolescents. Animal studies in rodents and non-human primates have replicated human findings, and suggest cognitive and neural consequences of adolescent alcohol use may persist into adulthood. Novel rodent studies demonstrate that adolescent alcohol use may increase reward responsiveness of the dopamine system to alcohol later in life, as well as disrupt adolescent neurogenesis, potentially through neuroinflammation, with long-lasting neural and behavioral effects into adulthood. Larger longitudinal human cognitive and neuroimaging studies with more diverse samples are currently underway which will improve understanding of the impact of polysubstance use, as well as the interactive effects of substance use, physical and mental health, and demographic factors on cognition and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lees
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lindsay R Meredith
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Anna E Kirkland
- American University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Brittany E Bryant
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
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18
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We Need to Delay the Age of Onset of Alcohol Consumption. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082739. [PMID: 32316106 PMCID: PMC7215939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new consumption patterns, such as binge drinking, have increased among young people and have not always been recognized as problematic either by health personnel or by society in general, as they are intensive episodes, interspersed with no consumption periods. Although the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the adult population continues to be higher in men than in women, these gender differences in relation to alcohol consumption are barely observed in adolescents between 14 and 18. Therefore, we are witnessing a change in the pattern of consumption, from regular to episodic, and an attenuation of gender differences. New patterns of alcohol consumption have not only been associated with an increased risk of alcohol use disorders in adult life, but also with neurocognitive involvement in youth. Understanding the risk and resilience factors of alcoholism or problematic drinking patterns will not only allow us to identify the most vulnerable group, but also to guide prevention programs towards protective factors; the skills that contribute to the natural abandonment of the pattern. Knowing the variables involved in the trajectories of abandonment and dependency would contribute to personalizing the interventions and increasing their efficacy and success—a lower relapse rate—, reducing the economic and socio-sanitary costs associated with alcohol dependency, as well as improving the health and well-being, family relations, work and social status of alcohol-dependent people.
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19
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Caamano-Isorna F, Adkins A, Aliev F, Moure-Rodríguez L, Dick DM. Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2159. [PMID: 32213910 PMCID: PMC7142956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND we aimed to determine the risk factors and associated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for the age of onset of alcohol use and also to identify protective factors. METHODS we analyzed follow-up data collected between autumn 2011 and spring 2016 (n = 5170) from the first two cohorts (2011, 2012) of the Spit for ScienceTM project. The dependent variables were alcohol abuse and dependence, and the independent variables were age of drinking onset, residence, ethnicity, religiosity, sexual orientation and work status. We determined the odds ratios (OR) using multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures in SPSSv.20. RESULTS the early onset of alcohol use was associated with an increased risk of alcohol abuse and dependence among females (OR = 14.98; OR = 11.83) and males (OR = 7.41; OR = 6.24). The PAFs for the early onset of alcohol use in alcohol abuse and dependence were respectively 80.9% and 71.7% in females and 71.0% and 63.5% in males. Among females, being white (OR = 1.58; OR = 1.51), living off-campus (OR = 1.73; OR = 2.76) and working full-time (OR = 1.69; OR = 1.78) were also risk factors. Strong religious beliefs were found to protect males from alcohol abuse (OR = 0.58), while same-gender sexual orientation increased the risk among females (OR = 2.09). CONCLUSION delaying the age of onset by one year would reduce alcohol abuse among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Caamano-Isorna
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (F.C.-I.); (A.A.); (F.A.); (D.M.D.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Department of Public Health. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amy Adkins
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (F.C.-I.); (A.A.); (F.A.); (D.M.D.)
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (F.C.-I.); (A.A.); (F.A.); (D.M.D.)
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Lucía Moure-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (F.C.-I.); (A.A.); (F.A.); (D.M.D.)
- Department of Innovation and Research. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, 32005 Ourense, Spain
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (F.C.-I.); (A.A.); (F.A.); (D.M.D.)
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Hendriks H, van de Rest O, Snippe A, Kieboom J, Hogenelst K. Alcohol Consumption, Drinking Patterns, and Cognitive Performance in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010200. [PMID: 31940990 PMCID: PMC7019481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term alcohol abuse is associated with poorer cognitive performance. However, the associations between light and moderate drinking and cognitive performance are less clear. We assessed this association via cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in a sample of 702 Dutch students. At baseline, alcohol consumption was assessed using questionnaires and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) across four weeks (‘Wave 1’). Subsequently, cognitive performance, including memory, planning, and reasoning, was assessed at home using six standard cognition tests presented through an online platform. A year later, 436 students completed the four weeks of EMA and online cognitive testing (‘Wave 2’). In both waves, there was no association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance. Further, alcohol consumption during Wave 1 was not related to cognitive performance at Wave 2. In addition, EMA-data-based drinking patterns, which varied widely between persons but were relatively consistent over time within persons, were also not associated with cognitive performance. Post-hoc analyses of cognitive performance revealed higher within-person variance scores (from Wave 1 to Wave 2) than between-person variance scores (both Wave 1 and Wave 2). In conclusion, no association was observed between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in a large Dutch student sample. However, the online cognitive tests performed at home may not have been sensitive enough to pick up differences in cognitive performance associated with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hendriks
- Hendriks Nutrition Support for Business, 3703BP Zeist, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3-16-5101-0454
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Almar Snippe
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Jasper Kieboom
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Koen Hogenelst
- TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3704HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.H.)
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Risk Behaviors in Teens with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study from the Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium. Int J Nephrol 2019; 2019:7828406. [PMID: 31885919 PMCID: PMC6914908 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7828406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a paucity of information about risk behaviors in adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We designed this study to assess the prevalence of risk behaviors among teens with CKD in the United States and to investigate any associations between risk behavior and patient or disease characteristics. Methods After informed consent, adolescents with CKD completed an anonymous, confidential, electronic web-based questionnaire to measure risk behaviors within five domains: sex, teen driving, alcohol and tobacco consumption, illicit drug use, and depression-related risk behavior. The reference group was composed of age-, gender-, and race-matched US high school students. Results When compared with controls, teens with CKD showed significantly lower prevalence of risk behaviors, except for similar use of alcohol or illicit substances during sex (22.5% vs. 20.8%, p=0.71), feeling depressed for ≥2 weeks (24.3% vs. 29.1%, p=0.07), and suicide attempt resulting in injury needing medical attention (36.4% vs. 32.5%, p=0.78). Furthermore, the CKD group had low risk perception of cigarettes (28%), alcohol (34%), marijuana (50%), and illicit prescription drug (28%). Use of two or more substances was significantly associated with depression and suicidal attempts (p < 0.05) among teens with CKD. Conclusions Teens with CKD showed significantly lower prevalence of risk behaviors than controls. Certain patient characteristics were associated with increased risk behaviors among the CKD group. These data are somewhat reassuring, but children with CKD still need routine assessment of and counselling about risk behaviors.
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22
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Lees B, Mewton L, Stapinski LA, Squeglia LM, Rae CD, Teesson M. Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:357-385. [PMID: 31512192 PMCID: PMC7231524 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the first systematic and quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between binge drinking, cognition, brain structure and function in youth aged 10 to 24 years. PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO and ProQuest were searched for neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological studies. A total of 58 studies (21 neuroimaging, 16 neurophysiological, 21 neuropsychological) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Overall, abnormal or delayed development of key frontal executive-control regions may predispose youth to binge drink. These abnormalities appear to be further exacerbated by the uptake of binge drinking, in addition to alcohol-related neural aberrations in reward-seeking and incentive salience regions, indexed by cognitive deficits and maladaptive alcohol associations. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological correlates identified that binge drinking in youth was associated with a small overall neurocognitive deficit (g = -0.26) and specific deficits in decision-making (g = -1.70), and inhibition (g = -0.39). Using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence Profile, the certainty in outcomes ranged from very low to low. Future prospective longitudinal studies should address concomitant factors, exposure thresholds, and age-related vulnerabilities of binge drinking, as well as the degree of recovery following discontinuation of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lees
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Louise Mewton
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Galaj E, Kipp BT, Floresco SB, Savage LM. Persistent Alterations of Accumbal Cholinergic Interneurons and Cognitive Dysfunction after Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Exposure. Neuroscience 2019; 404:153-164. [PMID: 30742967 PMCID: PMC6450752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent binge drinking renders young drinkers vulnerable to alcohol use disorders in adulthood; therefore, understanding alcohol-induced brain damage and associated cognitive dysfunctions is of paramount importance. Here we investigated the effects of binge-like adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure on nonspatial working memory, behavioral flexibility and cholinergic alterations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in male and female rats. On postnatal days P25-57 rats were intubated with water or ethanol (at a dose of 5 g/kg) on a 2-day-on/2-day-off cycle and were then tested in adulthood on social recognition and probabilistic reversal learning tasks. During the social recognition task AIE-treated rats spent similar amounts of time interacting with familiar and novel juveniles, indicating an impaired ability to sustain memory of the familiar juvenile. During probabilistic reversal learning, AIE-treated male and female rats showed behavioral inflexibility as indicated by a higher number of trials needed to complete three reversals within a session, longer response latencies for lever selection, and for males, a higher number of errors as compared to water-treated rats. AIE exposure also reduced the number of cholinergic interneurons in the NAc in males and females. These findings indicate AIE-related pathologies of accumbal cholinergic interneurons and long lasting cognitive-behavioral deficits, which may be associated with cortico-striatal hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galaj
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - B T Kipp
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - S B Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L M Savage
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA.
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Jadhav KS, Boutrel B. Prefrontal cortex development and emergence of self-regulatory competence: the two cardinal features of adolescence disrupted in context of alcohol abuse. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2274-2281. [PMID: 30586204 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a tumultuous period in the lifetime of an individual confronted to major changes in emotional, social and cognitive appraisal. During this period of questioning and doubt, while the executive functions are still maturing, the abstract reasoning remains vague and the response inhibition loose; ultimately the adolescent scarcely resists temptation. Consequently, adolescence is often associated with uninhibited risk-taking, reckless behaviours, among which are alcohol and illicit drugs use. Here, we discuss how the development of the prefrontal cortex (which critically contributes to rational decision-making and temporal processing of complex events) can be associated with the idiosyncratic adolescent behaviour, and potentially uncontrolled alcohol use. Most importantly, we present clinical and preclinical evidence supporting that ethanol exposure has deleterious effects on the adolescent developing brain. Ultimately, we discuss why a late maturing prefrontal cortex represents a ripe candidate to environmental influences that contribute to shape the adolescent brain but, potentially, can also trigger lifelong maladaptive responses, including increased vulnerability to develop substance use disorder later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij S Jadhav
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Addictive and Eating Disorders, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, CH-1008, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Addictive and Eating Disorders, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, CH-1008, Prilly, Switzerland.,Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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López-Caneda E, Cadaveira F, Campanella S. Editorial: Binge Drinking in the Adolescent and Young Brain. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2724. [PMID: 30687179 PMCID: PMC6334670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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De Salvia MA, DʼUggento AM, Aquilino G, Tattoli M, Finelli C, Imbrici P, Desaphy JF, Giustino A. Characterization of Student Drinking Behaviors at the Beginning of the First Academic Year at One University in Southern Italy. J Addict Nurs 2019; 30:193-200. [PMID: 31478967 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that both college and noncollege students are at-risk age groups for alcohol consumption. We investigated the alcohol consumption habits of undergraduate students with an emphasis on binge drinking. Participants (N = 809, 61.2% female) were freshmen attending courses at one of the main universities of southern Italy. They were asked to fill out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire that was administered between October 2017 and January 2018. Nearly 90% of the questioned students reported drinking alcohol during the 12 months before the survey. Among them, 31.4% of female students and 41.5% of male students engaged in binge drinking, mainly once a month; binge drinkers preferred highly alcoholic beverages during parties, underestimated the alcoholic content of their drinks, started drinking alcohol at a younger age than nonbinge drinkers, and drank weekly and between meals. Binge drinkers started smoking earlier than their peers, and a great number of them consumed illicit drugs. Moreover, 30.3% of female and 34.8% of male nonbinge drinkers declared that they consumed 6 or more units of alcohol in one occasion, making them unaware binge drinkers. Furthermore, approximately 50% of students recognized that alcohol consumption has effects similar to those induced by illicit drugs but only considered their peers' drinking behavior to be risky.This study highlights that most students involved in this survey expose themselves to a risky lifestyle by heavy drinking and, most alarmingly, that some of them are not even aware of that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta De Salvia
- Maria A. De Salvia, PhD, Maria Tattoli, MD, PhD, Jean Francois Desaphy, PhD, and Arcangela Giustino, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy. Angela Maria D'Uggento, PhD, Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy. Giovanni Aquilino, PhD, Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. Carmine Finelli, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital "Cavalier Raffaele Apicella"-ASL Naples, Naples, Italy. Paola Imbrici, PhD, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
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27
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Carbia C, López-Caneda E, Corral M, Cadaveira F. A systematic review of neuropsychological studies involving young binge drinkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:332-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Carbia C, Corral M, Doallo S, Caamaño-Isorna F. The dual-process model in young adults with a consistent binge drinking trajectory into adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:113-119. [PMID: 29567625 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge Drinking (BD) generally declines once students have left university. However, many individuals continue to partake in BD into adulthood, constituting a scarcely investigated high-risk group towards whom interventions should be prioritized. Following the dual-process model, we examined the relationship between BD and both the reflective system (executive functions) and the affective system (alcohol bias) in young adults with a consistent BD trajectory. We considered impulsivity as a moderator in the relationship between BD and alcohol bias. METHODS A cohort of 63 (31♀) young adults were followed for eleven years (18-29 years old). In the last assessment, participants, with high and low drinking trajectories underwent neuropsychological assessment of executive functions (working memory [SOPT], cognitive flexibility [TMT -Verbal Fluency], inhibition [Stroop]) and alcohol bias (Addiction Stroop). The Barratt Impulsivity Scale measured impulsivity. Generalized linear mixed models and regression-based moderation models were applied. RESULTS BD was associated with weak inhibitory control, poor working memory and greater alcohol bias moderated by non-planning impulsivity. At moderate levels of non-planning impulsivity, BD was associated with greater alcohol bias. This association was not found at high levels of impulsivity. These deficits were related to loss of control over drinking and severity of alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS The imbalance between poor cognitive control and greater alcohol bias may contribute to the persistence of BD into adulthood. The findings highlight the complexities of the dual-process model, with intervention implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carbia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sonia Doallo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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29
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Influence of Time-Series Extraction on Binge Drinking Interpretability Using Functional Connectivity Analysis. Brain Inform 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05587-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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30
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Gil-Hernandez S, Mateos P, Porras C, Garcia-Gomez R, Navarro E, Garcia-Moreno LM. Alcohol Binge Drinking and Executive Functioning during Adolescent Brain Development. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1638. [PMID: 29046650 PMCID: PMC5632721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption in adolescents causes negative effects on familiar, social, academic life, as well as neurocognitive alterations. The binge drinking (BD) pattern of alcohol is characterized by the alternation of episodes of heavy drinking in a short interval of time, and periods of abstinence, a practice that can result in important brain alterations; even more than regular alcohol consumption. The prefrontal cortex, which acts as neural support for the executive processes, is particularly affected by alcohol; however, not all studies are in agreement about how BD alcohol consumption affects executive functioning. Some research has found that alcohol consumption in adolescence does not significantly affect executive functioning while others found it does. It is possible that these discrepancies could be due to the history of alcohol consumption, that is, at what age the subjects started drinking. The aim of our study is to assess the performance on executive functioning tasks of 13–19-year-old adolescents according to their pattern of alcohol consumption. We hypothesize that BD adolescents will perform worse than non-BD subjects in tasks that evaluate executive functions, and these differences will increase depending on how long they have been consuming alcohol. Three hundred and twenty-two students (48.14% females; age range 13–22 years; mean aged 16.7 ± 2.59) participated in the study; all of them had begun drinking at the age of 13 years. Participant were divided into three groups, according to their age range (13–15, 16–18, and 19–22 years) and divided according to their pattern of alcohol consumption (BD and control groups). Then, the subjects were evaluated with neuropsychological tasks that assess executive functions like working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, or self-control among others. The entire sample showed a normal improvement in their executive performance, but this improvement was more stable and robust in the control group. Regarding the executive performance among age groups, control subjects only obtained better results than BDs in the 19–22-year-old range, whereas the performance was quite similar at younger ages. Considering that all the BD subjects started drinking at the same age (13 years old), it is possible that a kind of compensation mechanism exists in the adolescent brain which allows them to reach a normal performance in executive tasks. This theoretical mechanism would depend upon neuronal labor, which could lose efficacy over time with further alcohol ingestion. This process would account for the differences in neuropsychological performance, which were only observed in older students with a longer history of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Gil-Hernandez
- Department of Didactics and School Organization, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Mateos
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Porras
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Gomez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Department of Methodology, Research, and Diagnosis in Education, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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