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Antasouras G, Dakanalis A, Chrysafi M, Papadopoulou SK, Trifonidi I, Spanoudaki M, Alexatou O, Pritsa A, Louka A, Giaginis C. Could Insulin Be a Better Regulator of Appetite/Satiety Balance and Body Weight Maintenance in Response to Glucose Exposure Compared to Sucrose Substitutes? Unraveling Current Knowledge and Searching for More Appropriate Choices. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:29. [PMID: 38921683 PMCID: PMC11205552 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin exerts a crucial impact on glucose control, cellular growing, function, and metabolism. It is partially modulated by nutrients, especially as a response to the intake of foods, including carbohydrates. Moreover, insulin can exert an anorexigenic effect when inserted into the hypothalamus of the brain, in which a complex network of an appetite/hunger control system occurs. The current literature review aims at thoroughly summarizing and scrutinizing whether insulin release in response to glucose exposure may be a better choice to control body weight gain and related diseases compared to the use of sucrose substitutes (SSs) in combination with a long-term, well-balanced diet. METHODS This is a comprehensive literature review, which was performed through searching in-depth for the most accurate scientific databases and applying effective and relevant keywords. RESULTS The insulin action can be inserted into the hypothalamic orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, activating several anorexigenic peptides, increasing the hedonic aspect of food intake, and effectively controlling the human body weight. In contrast, SSs appear not to affect the orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, resulting in more cases of uncontrolled body weight maintenance while also increasing the risk of developing related diseases. CONCLUSIONS Most evidence, mainly derived from in vitro and in vivo animal studies, has reinforced the insulin anorexigenic action in the hypothalamus of the brain. Simultaneously, most available clinical studies showed that SSs during a well-balanced diet either maintain or even increase body weight, which may indirectly be ascribed to the fact that they cannot cover the hedonic aspect of food intake. However, there is a strong demand for long-term longitudinal surveys to effectively specify the impact of SSs on human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Antasouras
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Chrysafi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioulia Trifonidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Spanoudaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Agathi Pritsa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aikaterini Louka
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
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Ghusn W, Naik R, Yibirin M. The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Human Health and Cancer Association: A Comprehensive Clinical Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e51299. [PMID: 38288206 PMCID: PMC10822749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes that provide high sweetening power associated with low accompanied calories. In this study, we aim to review the data on the use, benefits, side effects, and cancer risks of artificial sweeteners. We reviewed data in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases to search for studies about artificial sweeteners from the inception of the database to July 20, 2023, published in the English language. We discuss systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and observational cohort studies that address the use of artificial sweeteners and their effect on health. In our review, we show that artificial sweeteners have been shown to impact various functions of the gastrointestinal system. Other studies have demonstrated an association with neurologic symptoms such as headache and taste alteration. Moreover, recent studies have established an association between artificial sweeteners and cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Importantly, the majority of research data show no link between the use of artificial sweeteners and cancer risk. Although most studies show that there is no established link between these products and cancer risk, artificial sweeteners are associated with multiple diseases. Hence, more studies are needed to better characterize the effect of artificial sweeteners on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Ghusn
- Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Roopa Naik
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
- Internal Medicine/Hospital Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, USA
| | - Marcel Yibirin
- Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Reales-Moreno M, Fernández-Barrès S, Cimpean A, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Puig J, Biarnés C, Motger-Albertí A, Cano M, Fernández-Real JM. Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with depression, mesocorticolimbic volume, and inflammation. J Affect Disord 2023; 335:340-348. [PMID: 37207947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) has been associated with depression and inflammation and preclinical studies showed that some UPF components disrupt the amygdala-hippocampal complex. We combine diet, clinical and brain imaging data to investigate the relationship between the UPF consumption, depressive symptoms, and brain volumes in humans, considering interactions with obesity, and the mediation effect of inflammation biomarkers. METHODS One-hundred fifty-two adults underwent diet, depressive symptoms, anatomic magnetic resonance imaging assessments and laboratory tests. Relationships between the % of UPF consumption (in grams) of the total diet, depressive symptoms, and gray matter brain volumes were explored using several adjusted regression models, and in interaction with the presence of obesity. Whether inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., white blood cell count, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, c-reactive protein) mediate the previous associations was investigated using R mediation package. RESULTS High UPF consumption was associated with higher depressive symptoms in all participants (β = 0.178, CI = 0.008-0.261) and in those with obesity (β = 0.214, CI = -0.004-0.333). Higher consumption was also associated with lower volumes in the posterior cingulate cortex and the left amygdala, which in the participants with obesity also encompassed the left ventral putamen and the dorsal frontal cortex. White blood count levels mediated the association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms (p = 0.022). LIMITATIONS The present study precludes any causal conclusions. CONCLUSIONS UPF consumption is associated with depressive symptoms and lower volumes within the mesocorticolimbic brain network implicated in reward processes and conflict monitoring. Associations were partially dependent on obesity and white blood cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Reales-Moreno
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Cimpean
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI)-Research Unit (IDIR), Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Biarnés
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Motger-Albertí
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Cano
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Mental Health Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain.
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: Do they have a potential to impact the brain? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:697-717. [PMID: 35107734 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) are formulation of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes. They usually have a low nutrient but high energy density, with a high content of saturated and trans fats, and added sugars. In addition, they have characteristic organoleptic properties, and usually contain sophisticated additives, including artificial sweeteners, to intensify their sensory qualities and imitate the appearance of minimally processed foods. In addition, recent research has warned about the presence of chemicals (e.g., bisphenol) and neo-formed contaminants in these products. UPF production and consumption growth have been spectacular in the last decades, being specially consumed in children and adolescents. UPF features have been associated with a range of adverse health effects such as overeating, the promotion of inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction including problems in glucose regulation. The evidence that these UPF-related adverse health effects may have on the neural network implicated in eating behavior are discussed, including the potential impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, brain integrity and function. We end this review by placing UPF in the context of current food environments, by suggesting that an increased exposure to these products through different channels, such as marketing, may contribute to the automatic recruitment of the brain regions associated with food consumption and choice, with a detrimental effect on inhibitory-related prefrontal cortices. While further research is essential, preliminary evidence point to UPF consumption as a potential detrimental factor for brain health and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Imaging, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM G17, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Ponticorvo S, Prinster A, Cantone E, Di Salle F, Esposito F, Canna A. Sex differences in the taste-evoked functional connectivity network. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6617558. [PMID: 35749468 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central gustatory pathway encompasses multiple subcortical and cortical regions whose neural functional connectivity can be modulated by taste stimulation. While gustatory perception has been previously linked to sex, whether and how the gustatory network differently responds to basic tastes between men and women is unclear. Here, we defined the regions of the central gustatory network by a meta-analysis of 35 fMRI taste activation studies and then analyzed the taste-evoked functional connectivity between these regions in 44 subjects (19 women) in a separate 3 Tesla activation study where sweet and bitter solutions, at five concentrations each, were administered during scanning. From the meta-analysis, a network model was set up, including bilateral anterior, middle and inferior insula, thalamus, precentral gyrus, left amygdala, caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Higher functional connectivity than in women was observed in men between the right middle insula and bilateral thalami for bitter taste. Men exhibited higher connectivity than women at low bitter concentrations and middle-high sweet concentrations between bilateral thalamus and insula. A graph-based analysis expressed similar results in terms of nodal characteristics of strength and centrality. Our findings add new insights into the mechanisms of taste processing by highlighting sex differences in the functional connectivity of the gustatory network as modulated by the perception of sweet and bitter tastes. These results shed more light on the neural origin of sex-related differences in gustatory perception and may guide future research on the pathophysiology of taste perception in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ponticorvo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Anna Prinster
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cantone
- Section of ENT, Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Salle
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Scuola Medica Salernitana, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonietta Canna
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Yunker AG, Alves JM, Luo S, Angelo B, DeFendis A, Pickering TA, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Obesity and Sex-Related Associations With Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing: A Randomized Crossover Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2126313. [PMID: 34581796 PMCID: PMC8479585 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are used as an alternative to nutritive sweeteners to quench desire for sweets while reducing caloric intake. However, studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of NNSs on appetite, and the associations between sex and obesity with reward and appetitive responses to NNS compared with nutritive sugar are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine neural reactivity to different types of high-calorie food cues (ie, sweet and savory), metabolic responses, and eating behavior following consumption of sucralose (NNS) vs sucrose (nutritive sugar) among healthy young adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized, within-participant, crossover trial including 3 separate visits, participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent signal in response to visual cues. For each study visit, participants arrived at the Dornsife Cognitive Neuroimaging Center of University of Southern California at approximately 8:00 am after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood was sampled at baseline and 10, 35, and 120 minutes after participants received a drink containing sucrose, sucralose, or water to measure plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide(7-36), acyl-ghrelin, total peptide YY, and leptin. Participants were then presented with an ad libitum meal. Participants were right-handed, nonsmokers, weight-stable for at least 3 months before the study visits, nondieters, not taking medication, and with no history of eating disorders, illicit drug use, or medical diagnoses. Data analysis was performed from March 2020 to March 2021. INTERVENTIONS Participants ingested 300-mL drinks containing either sucrose (75 g), sucralose (individually sweetness matched), or water (as a control). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes of interest were the effects of body mass index (BMI) status and sex on blood oxygen level-dependent signal to high-calorie food cues, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucralose vs sucrose consumption. Secondary outcomes included neural, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucrose vs water and sucralose vs water (control) consumption, and cue-induced appetite ratings following sucralose vs sucrose (and vs water). RESULTS A total of 76 participants were randomized, but 2 dropped out, leaving 74 adults (43 women [58%]; mean [SD] age, 23.40 [3.96] years; BMI range, 19.18-40.27) who completed the study. In this crossover design, 73 participants each received water (drink 1) and sucrose (drink 2), and 72 participants received water (drink 1), sucrose (drink 2), and sucralose (drink 3). Sucrose vs sucralose was associated with greater production of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppression of acyl-ghrelin, but no differences were found for peptide YY or leptin. BMI status by drink interactions were observed in the medial frontal cortex (MFC; P for interaction < .001) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; P for interaction = .002). Individuals with obesity (MFC, β, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.83; P < .001; OFC, β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.43; P = .002), but not those with overweight (MFC, β, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.23; P = .87; OFC, β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.09; P = .41) or healthy weight (MFC, β, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.07; P = .21; OFC, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.06; P = .16), exhibited greater responsivity in the MFC and OFC to savory food cues after sucralose vs sucrose. Sex by drink interactions were observed in the MFC (P for interaction = .03) and OFC (P for interaction = .03) after consumption of sucralose vs sucrose. Female participants had greater MFC and OFC responses to food cues (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37; P = .01; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.42; P = .03; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.22; P = .03; and OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.27; P = .01), but male participants' responses did not differ (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.21; P = .90; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.18; P = .69; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.08; P = .32; OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.09; P = .31). A sex by drink interaction on total calories consumed during the buffet meal was observed (P for interaction = .03). Female participants consumed greater total calories (β, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.38 to 3.08; P = .01), whereas caloric intake did not differ in male participants (β, 0.68; 95% CI, -0.99 to 2.35; P = .42) after sucralose vs sucrose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that female individuals and those with obesity may be particularly sensitive to disparate neural responsivity elicited by sucralose compared with sucrose consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02945475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jasmin M. Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Alexis DeFendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Trevor A. Pickering
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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POINT: Artificial Sweeteners and Obesity-Not the Solution and Potentially a Problem. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:1052-1055. [PMID: 34389515 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have been widely implemented as replacements for naturally occurring sugars in a wide array of foods, beverages, and non-consumables for the sake of reducing calories. The use of these products, whether naturally occurring or manufactured, have become commonplace and accepted as de facto beneficial. This point argues that rigorous analysis of the available data do not confirm benefit and indeed suggest harm. METHODS A literature review was conducted on all the available NNS supplements that are commonly used in all types of products. There was a focus on studies that evaluated the long-term as well as neurohormonal effects of NNS products. Key words used in the search included artificial sweeteners, nonnutritive sweeteners, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame, sucralose, stevia, xylitol, and erythritol. RESULTS There was a consistent trend of no to minimal benefit when NNS were used instead of calorie-containing sweeteners particularly in persons with obesity or pre-diabetes risks. There was a consistent finding of detriment to the neurohormonal regulation of satiety, weight, and energy regulation. The only studies that were neutral to positive were biased studies funded by the large food and beverage corporations or done in healthy weight individuals without any underlying health concerns and for a very short time frame. CONCLUSION Although NNS usage has become ubiquitous, there has been very little in the way of rigorous review of the neurohormonal and physiologic effects. The arguments for NNS are purely thermodynamic in nature despite the overwhelming evidence that obesity and adiposity-related diseases are not that simplistic in their pathophysiology. Given that there are differences in how individuals process nutrition signals, very few studies focus on gender or disease predisposition differences and how they affect the outcomes when NNS are used. Studies that controlled these variables showed worsening outcomes when NNS products are used in the fight against adiposity-related diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Alterations in the gut microbiome towards a more inflammatory pattern of gut microbiota is a disturbing finding in acute as well as chronic users of NNS regardless of baseline weight or disease. Most importantly, there were numerous studies that found long-term damage to the neurohormonal control of satiety in chronic users of NNS. In the fight against obesity and adiposity-related diseases, we cannot afford to blindly accept their usage based on a broken paradigm of thermodynamics and false assumptions that we are all created equal biologically.
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Farr OM. Acute diet soda consumption alters brain responses to food cues in humans: A randomized, controlled, cross-over pilot study. Nutr Health 2021; 27:295-299. [PMID: 33588630 DOI: 10.1177/0260106021993753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet soda consumption has frequently been linked to obesity and its comorbidities in epidemiological studies. Whether this link is causal and a potential mechanism remains to be determined. AIM/METHODS This randomized, cross-over, controlled pilot study sought to determine whether there may be changes in reward-related brain activations to visual food cues after acute consumption of diet soda versus regular soda or carbonated water using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Diet soda as compared to carbonated water consumption increased activation of reward-related caudate to highly versus less desirable food cues. Diet soda as compared to regular soda increased reward-related insula and decreased activation of cognitive control-related dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to food cues versus non-food cues. No changes in ratings of hunger an hour after beverage consumption were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results may suggest a potential mechanism for diet soda to increase food palatability through activation of the reward system and suppression of inhibitory control that remains to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/1811Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Effects of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Sweet Taste Processing and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Eating Behavior. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:278-289. [PMID: 32588329 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly used as a replacement for nutritive sugars as means to quench the desire for "sweets" while contributing few or no dietary calories. However, there is concern that NNS may uncouple the evolved relationship between sweet taste and post-ingestive neuroendocrine signaling. In this review, we examine the effects of NNS exposure on neural and peripheral systems in humans. RECENT FINDINGS NNS exposure during early development may influence sweet taste preferences, and NNS consumption might increase motivation for sweet foods. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence that NNS elicit differential neuronal responsivity in areas related to reward and satiation, compared with caloric sweeteners. Findings are heterogenous regarding whether NNS affect physiological responses. Additional studies are warranted regarding the consequences of NNS on metabolic outcomes and neuroendocrine pathways. Given the widespread popularity of NNS, future studies are essential to establish their role in long-term health.
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Roberts CA, Giesbrecht T, Fallon N, Thomas A, Mela DJ, Kirkham TC. A Systematic Review and Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies on Sweet Taste in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:1619-1630. [PMID: 32271923 PMCID: PMC7269728 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward value of palatable foods is often cited as an important influence on eating behaviors, including intake of sugars. However, human neuroimaging studies have generated conflicting evidence on the basic neural representation of taste and reward responses to caloric sweeteners (sucrose and glucose), and most relevant studies have used small subject numbers. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and a coordinate-based meta-analysis of studies reporting brain responses to oral sugar solutions. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and PsycINFO through October 2019 identified fMRI studies (in healthy human adults, including those with overweight or obesity) assessing differences in responses to purified sweet and nonsweet taste stimuli. Data were extracted with the primary objective of quantifying evidence for the activation of brain regions associated with caloric sweet taste sensation. We used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis methods. We also performed multiple sensitivity analyses to assess the generality of effects. RESULTS Of 455 unique articles, 15 met the criteria for inclusion. These contributed to 2 primary meta-analyses: 1) sucrose (13 experiments, 179 coordinates, n = 241) and 2) sucrose + glucose (16 experiments, 209 coordinates, n = 262). Consistent activation was apparent in primary taste areas: insula (69.2% of studies) and opercular cortex (76.9% of studies), precentral gyri (53.9% of studies), and globus pallidus and postcentral gyrus (30.8% of studies for each). Evidence of reward activity (caudate) was seen in the primary analyses (30.8% of studies) but not in sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the importance of primary taste areas for gustatory processing in human adults. We also provide tentative evidence for reward-related caudate activity in relation to the sweet taste of caloric sugars. A number of factors affect the observation and interpretation of brain responses, including reward-related activity. Firm conclusions require confirmation with large data set studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to CAR (e-mail: )
| | | | - Nicholas Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim C Kirkham
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Mouillot T, Parise A, Greco C, Barthet S, Brindisi MC, Penicaud L, Leloup C, Brondel L, Jacquin-Piques A. Differential Cerebral Gustatory Responses to Sucrose, Aspartame, and Stevia Using Gustatory Evoked Potentials in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020322. [PMID: 32012665 PMCID: PMC7071252 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame and Stevia are widely substituted for sugar. Little is known about cerebral activation in response to low-caloric sweeteners in comparison with high-caloric sugar, whereas these molecules lead to different metabolic effects. We aimed to compare gustatory evoked potentials (GEPs) obtained in response to sucrose solution in young, healthy subjects, with GEPs obtained in response to aspartame and Stevia. Twenty healthy volunteers were randomly stimulated with three solutions of similar intensities of sweetness: Sucrose 10 g/100 mL of water, aspartame 0.05 g/100 mL, and Stevia 0.03 g/100 mL. GEPs were recorded with EEG (Electroencephalogram) electrodes. Hedonic values of each solution were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS). The main result was that P1 latencies of GEPs were significantly shorter when subjects were stimulated by the sucrose solution than when they were stimulated by either the aspartame or the Stevia one. P1 latencies were also significantly shorter when subjects were stimulated by the aspartame solution than the Stevia one. No significant correlation was noted between GEP parameters and hedonic values marked by VAS. Although sucrose, aspartame, and Stevia lead to the same taste perception, cerebral activation by these three sweet solutions are different according to GEPs recording. Besides differences of taste receptors and cerebral areas activated by these substances, neural plasticity, and change in synaptic connections related to sweet innate preference and sweet conditioning, could be the best hypothesis to explain the differences in cerebral gustatory processing after sucrose and sweeteners activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mouillot
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anaïs Parise
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Camille Greco
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Sophie Barthet
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Marie-Claude Brindisi
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Luc Penicaud
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80-29-59-02; Fax: +33-3-80-29-33-5
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12
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Hunter SR, Reister EJ, Cheon E, Mattes RD. Low Calorie Sweeteners Differ in Their Physiological Effects in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2717. [PMID: 31717525 PMCID: PMC6893706 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low calorie sweeteners (LCS) are prevalent in the food supply for their primary functional property of providing sweetness with little or no energy. Though tested for safety individually, there has been extremely limited work on the efficacy of each LCS. It is commonly assumed all LCS act similarly in their behavioral and physiological effects. However, each LCS has its own chemical structure that influences its metabolism, making each LCS unique in its potential effects on body weight, energy intake, and appetite. LCS may have different behavioral and physiological effects mediated at the sweet taste receptor, in brain activation, with gut hormones, at the microbiota and on appetitive responses. Further elucidation of the unique effects of the different commercially available LCS may hold important implications for recommendations about their use for different health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.R.H.); (E.J.R.); (E.C.)
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13
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Visek AJ, Blake EF, Otterbein M, Chandran A, Sylvetsky AC. SWEET MAPS: A Conceptualization of Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Among Young Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzy103. [PMID: 30937422 PMCID: PMC6437264 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) are helpful or harmful for weight management and metabolic health is unclear, because LCS effects may depend on the context in which they are consumed. OBJECTIVE To develop a conceptual framework for LCS consumption. METHODS Young adults ages 18-35 y, who reported LCS consumption, were recruited from a private, urban, university in the mid-Atlantic United States. Concept mapping, a mixed-method approach was used to identify, organize, and quantify determinants of LCS consumption. First, participants (n = 68) identified reasons for their LCS consumption through brainstorming; content analysis of those reasons identified 37 specific determinants of LCS consumption. Second, participants (n = 93) sorted all 37 determinants conceptually. Third, participants (n = 97) rated the extent to which each of the 37 determinants was reflective of their own consumption. Similarity matrices, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis produced a series of 2-dimensional concept maps (SWEET MAPS). RESULTS The SWEET MAPS identified 37 determinants, organized within 8 factors reflective of 3 overarching motives: perceived health benefits, palatability, and accessibility of LCSs. At the determinant level, the most highly rated determinants that exceeded the boundary (rating >3.0) were: "I want something that tastes sweet," "I am trying to maintain/control my weight," "They contain fewer calories," "They are available," and "I want to save calories because I am eating a high-calorie meal." CONCLUSIONS LCS consumption is a function of many inter-related determinants spanning biological, psychological, and social domains. The SWEET MAPS are an important and novel use of concept mapping methods that can be used to inform the design and interpretation of future studies evaluating LCS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Visek
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Emily F Blake
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Melissa Otterbein
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related TBI Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
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14
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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15
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Wang XT. Resource Signaling via Blood Glucose in Embodied Decision Making. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1965. [PMID: 30374322 PMCID: PMC6196271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food, money, and time are exchangeable resources essential for survival and reproduction. Individuals live within finite budgets of these resources and make tradeoffs between money and time when making intertemporal choices between an immediate smaller reward and a delayed lager reward. In this paper, I examine signaling functions of blood glucose in regulating behaviors related to resource regulations beyond caloric metabolisms. These behavioral regulations include choices between energy expenditure and energy conservation, monetary intertemporal choices, and self-control in overcoming temptations. I begin by comparing potential embodied signals for resource forecasting and proactive decision making in terms of their pros and cons as a signal for regulating both metabolism and behavioral decision making and self-control. Based on this analysis, circulating glucose emerges as not only the designated fuel for brain metabolism but also a privileged resource forecasting signal for regulating immediate, short-term, and long-term behavioral adaptations to the resource budget of the decision maker. In the context of an on-going debate between the limited resource model and the motivation accounts of behavioral effects of blood glucose, I propose a dual functions (caloric provision and resource forecasting) and dual signaling (glucose taste and ingestion) hypothesis of circulating glucose in resource management, and provide behavioral and neurophysiological evidence of the separate effects of glucose taste to motivate effort for resource acquisition and glucose ingestion to promote resource conservation and future orientation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the body is able to detect fake signals of non-caloric sweeteners and react to such "caloric crisis" with an enhanced preference for immediate rewards over future rewards, revealing the wisdom of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzen, China.,Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
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16
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Han P, Bagenna B, Fu M. The sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract affect human appetite and food intake: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:125-135. [PMID: 30058435 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1492522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sweet taste is associated with food reward and energy source in the form of carbohydrate. Excessive sweet consumption is blamed for the prevalence of obesity. However, evidence for the potential of sweet taste to influence food intake and bodyweight regulation in humans remains unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses relevant to sweet taste mechanisms and the impact on appetite control. The literature was examined for studies that assessed the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners and natural sugars on hormonal secretions and neural activations via oral and gastrointestinal pathways. The findings indicated that a network of sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gut seem to mediate hormonal responses and some metabolism differences in neural circus that orchestrating the hunger-satiety cycle. Individual variations of sweet taste perception which is modulated by hormonal and genetic factors have been associated with dietary nutrient and sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- a Smell & Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technical University of Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Bagenna Bagenna
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
| | - Minghai Fu
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
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17
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Rother KI, Conway EM, Sylvetsky AC. How Non-nutritive Sweeteners Influence Hormones and Health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:455-467. [PMID: 29859661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) elicit a multitude of endocrine effects in vitro, in animal models, and in humans. The best-characterized consequences of NNS exposure are metabolic changes, which may be mediated by activation of sweet taste receptors in oral and extraoral tissues (e.g., intestine, pancreatic β cells, and brain), and alterations of the gut microbiome. These mechanisms are likely synergistic and may differ across species and chemically distinct NNSs. However, the extent to which these hormonal effects are clinically relevant in the context of human consumption is unclear. Further investigation following prolonged exposure is required to better understand the role of NNSs in human health, with careful consideration of genetic, dietary, anthropometric, and other interindividual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ellen M Conway
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 2nd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA; Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 3rd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA
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18
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Crézé C, Candal L, Cros J, Knebel JF, Seyssel K, Stefanoni N, Schneiter P, Murray MM, Tappy L, Toepel U. The Impact of Caloric and Non-Caloric Sweeteners on Food Intake and Brain Responses to Food: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2018; 10:E615. [PMID: 29762471 PMCID: PMC5986495 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption impacts food intake behavior in humans is still unclear. Discrepant sensory and metabolic signals are proposed to mislead brain regulatory centers, in turn promoting maladaptive food choices favoring weight gain. We aimed to assess whether ingestion of sucrose- and NNS-sweetened drinks would differently alter brain responses to food viewing and food intake. Eighteen normal-weight men were studied in a fasted condition and after consumption of a standardized meal accompanied by either a NNS-sweetened (NNS), or a sucrose-sweetened (SUC) drink, or water (WAT). Their brain responses to visual food cues were assessed by means of electroencephalography (EEG) before and 45 min after meal ingestion. Four hours after meal ingestion, spontaneous food intake was monitored during an ad libitum buffet. With WAT, meal intake led to increased neural activity in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the insula, areas linked to cognitive control and interoception. With SUC, neural activity in the insula increased as well, but decreased in temporal regions linked to food categorization, and remained unchanged in dorsal prefrontal areas. The latter modulations were associated with a significantly lower total energy intake at buffet (mean kcal ± SEM; 791 ± 62) as compared to WAT (942 ± 71) and NNS (917 ± 70). In contrast to WAT and SUC, NNS consumption did not impact activity in the insula, but led to increased neural activity in ventrolateral prefrontal regions linked to the inhibition of reward. Total energy intake at the buffet was not significantly different between WAT and NNS. Our findings highlight the differential impact of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on subsequent brain responses to visual food cues and energy intake. These variations may reflect an initial stage of adaptation to taste-calorie uncoupling, and could be indicative of longer-term consequences of repeated NNS consumption on food intake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Crézé
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Candal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jérémy Cros
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-François Knebel
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin Seyssel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Stefanoni
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Schneiter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Micah M Murray
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Metabolic Center, Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, 1470 Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Toepel
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Early-Life Exposure to Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and the Developmental Origins of Childhood Obesity: Global Evidence from Human and Rodent Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020194. [PMID: 29439389 PMCID: PMC5852770 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly consumed by children and pregnant women around the world, yet their long-term health impact is unclear. Here, we review an emerging body of evidence suggesting that early-life exposure to NNS may adversely affect body composition and cardio-metabolic health. Some observational studies suggest that children consuming NNS are at increased risk for obesity-related outcomes; however, others find no association or provide evidence of confounding. Fewer studies have examined prenatal NNS exposure, with mixed results from different analytical approaches. There is a paucity of RCTs evaluating NNS in children, yielding inconsistent results that can be difficult to interpret due to study design limitations (e.g., choice of comparator, multifaceted interventions). The majority of this research has been conducted in high-income countries. Some rodent studies demonstrate adverse metabolic effects from NNS, but most have used extreme doses that are not relevant to humans, and few have distinguished prenatal from postnatal exposure. Most studies focus on synthetic NNS in beverages, with few examining plant-derived NNS or NNS in foods. Overall, there is limited and inconsistent evidence regarding the impact of early-life NNS exposure on the developmental programming of obesity and cardio-metabolic health. Further research and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate these effects and inform dietary recommendations for expectant mothers and children worldwide.
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20
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Winther R, Aasbrenn M, Farup PG. Intake of non-nutritive sweeteners is associated with an unhealthy lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in subjects with morbid obesity. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:41. [PMID: 29299330 PMCID: PMC5745623 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Subjects with morbid obesity commonly use Non-Nutritive Sweeteners (NNS), but the health-related effects of NNS have been questioned. The objectives of this study were to explore the associations between theuse of NNS and the health and lifestyle in subjects with morbid obesity. Methods This cross-sectional study included subjects with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or ≥35 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbidity). Information about demographics, physical and mental health, and dietary habits was collected, and a blood screen was taken. One unit of NNS was defined as 100 ml beverages with NNS or 2 tablets/units of NNS for coffee or tea. The associations between the intake of NNS and the health-related variables were analyzed with ordinal regression analyses adjusted for age, gender and BMI. Results One hundred subjects (women/men 83/17; mean age 44.3 years (SD 8.5)) were included. Median intake of NNS was 3.3 units (range 0 - 43). Intake of NNS was not associated with BMI (p = 0.64). The intake of NNS was associated with reduced heavy physical activity (p = 0.011), fatigue (p < 0.001), diarrhea (p = 0.009) and reduced well-being (p = 0.046); with increased intake of total energy (p = 0.003), fat (p = 0.013), carbohydrates (p = 0.002), sugar (p = 0.003) and salt (p = 0.001); and with reduced intake of the vitamins A (p = 0.001), C (p = 0.002) and D (p = 0.016). Conclusions The use of NNS-containing beverages was associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, reduced physical and mental health and unfavourable dietary habits with increased energy intake including sugar, and reduced intake of some vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winther
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, PB 104, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Aasbrenn
- Department of Surgery, Innlandet Hospital Trust, N-2819 Gjøvik, Norway.,Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per G Farup
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, PB 104, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway.,Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Lennerz B, Lennerz JK. Food Addiction, High-Glycemic-Index Carbohydrates, and Obesity. Clin Chem 2017; 64:64-71. [PMID: 29158252 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.273532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment success in obesity remains low, and recently food addiction has been delineated as an underlying etiologic factor with therapeutic relevance. Specifically, current treatment focuses on reduced food intake and increase of physical activity, whereas interventions for addiction encompass behavioral therapy, abstinence, and environmental interventions such as taxation, restrictions on advertising, and regulation of school menus. CONTENT Here, we reviewed the pertinent literature on food addiction with a specific focus on the role of high-glycemic-index carbohydrates in triggering addictive symptoms. Three lines of evidence support the concept of food addiction: (a) behavioral responses to certain foods are similar to substances of abuse; (b) food intake regulation and addiction rely on similar neurobiological circuits; (c) individuals suffering from obesity or addiction show similar neurochemical- and brain activation patterns.High-glycemic-index carbohydrates elicit a rapid shift in blood glucose and insulin levels, akin to the pharmacokinetics of addictive substances. Similar to drugs of abuse, glucose and insulin signal to the mesolimbic system to modify dopamine concentration. Sugar elicits addiction-like craving, and self-reported problem foods are rich in high-glycemic-index carbohydrates. These properties make high-glycemic-index carbohydrates plausible triggers for food addiction. SUMMARY We argue that food addiction is a plausible etiological factor contributing to the heterogeneous condition and phenotype of obesity. In at least a subset of vulnerable individuals, high-glycemic-index carbohydrates trigger addiction-like neurochemical and behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lennerz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Endocrinology & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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22
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Szajer J, Jacobson A, Green E, Murphy C. Reduced brain response to a sweet taste in Hispanic young adults. Brain Res 2017; 1674:101-110. [PMID: 28851601 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hispanics have an increased risk for metabolic disorders, which evidence suggests may be due to interactions between lifespan biological, genetic, and lifestyle factors. Studies show the diet of many U.S. Hispanic groups have high sugar consumption, which has been shown to influence future preference for and consumption of high-sugar foods, and is associated with increased risk for insulin-related disorders and obesity. Taste is a primary determinant of food preference and selection. Differences in neural response to taste have been associated with obesity. Understanding brain response to sweet taste stimuli in healthy Hispanic adults is an important first step in characterizing the potential neural mechanisms for this behavior. We used fMRI to examine brain activation during the hedonic evaluation of sucrose as a function of ethnicity in Hispanic and non-Hispanic young adults. Taste stimuli were administered orally while subjects were scanned at 3T. Data were analyzed with AFNI via 3dROIstats and 3dMEMA, a mixed effects multi-level analysis of whole brain activation. The Hispanic group had significantly lower ROI activation in the left amygdala and significantly lower whole brain activation in regions critical for reward processing, and hedonic evaluation (e.g. frontal, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate cortices) than the non-Hispanic group. Differences in processing of sweet tastes have important clinical and public health implications, especially considering increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in Hispanic populations. Future research to better understanding relationships between health risk and brain function in Hispanic populations is warranted to better conceptualize and develop interventions for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Szajer
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Erin Green
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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23
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Stamataki NS, McLaughlin JT. Sweet sensing, homeostasis and hedonics in the human gut-brain axis. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Burger KS. Frontostriatal and behavioral adaptations to daily sugar-sweetened beverage intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:555-563. [PMID: 28179221 PMCID: PMC5320411 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current obesity theories suggest that the repeated intake of highly palatable high-sugar foods causes adaptions in the striatum, parietal lobe, and prefrontal and visual cortices in the brain that may serve to perpetuate consumption in a feed-forward manner. However, the data for humans are cross-sectional and observational, leaving little ability to determine the temporal precedence of repeated consumption on brain response.Objective: We tested the impact of regular sugar-sweetened beverage intake on brain and behavioral responses to beverage stimuli.Design: We performed an experiment with 20 healthy-weight individuals who were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 2 sugar-sweetened beverages daily for 21 d, underwent 2 functional MRI sessions, and completed behavioral and explicit hedonic assessments.Results: Consistent with preclinical experiments, daily beverage consumption resulted in decreases in dorsal striatal response during receipt of the consumed beverage (r = -0.46) and decreased ventromedial prefrontal response during logo-elicited anticipation (r = -0.44). This decrease in the prefrontal response correlated with increases in behavioral disinhibition toward the logo of the consumed beverage (r = 0.54; P = 0.02). Daily beverage consumption also increased precuneus response to both juice logos compared with a tasteless control (r = 0.45), suggesting a more generalized effect toward beverage cues. Last, the repeated consumption of 1 beverage resulted in an explicit hedonic devaluation of a similar nonconsumed beverage (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Analogous to previous reports, these initial results provide convergent data for a role of regular sugar-sweetened beverage intake in altering neurobehavioral responses to the regularly consumed beverage that may also extend to other beverage stimuli. Future research is required to provide evidence of replication in a larger sample and to establish whether the neurobehavioral adaptations observed herein are specific to high-sugar and/or nonnutritive-sweetened beverages or more generally related to the repeated consumption of any type of food. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02624206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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25
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Murray S, Tulloch A, Criscitelli K, Avena NM. Recent studies of the effects of sugars on brain systems involved in energy balance and reward: Relevance to low calorie sweeteners. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:504-508. [PMID: 27068180 PMCID: PMC5003688 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alarmingly high rates of overweight and obesity pose a serious global health threat. Numerous factors can result in weight gain, one of which is excess consumption of caloric sweeteners. In an effort to aid weight loss efforts, many people have switched from caloric sweeteners to low calorie sweeteners, which provide sweet taste without the accompanying calories. In this review, we present an overview of the animal literature produced in the last 5years highlighting the effects of sugar consumption on neural pathways involved in energy balance regulation and reward processing. We also examine the latest evidence that is beginning to elucidate the effects of low calorie sweeteners on these neural pathways, as well as how homeostatic and hedonic systems interact in response to, or to influence, sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Alastair Tulloch
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Kristen Criscitelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Nicole M Avena
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, United States
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26
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Coppin G. The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:60-70. [PMID: 27591841 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures - the amygdalae and the hippocampi - have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coppin
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, School of Medicine, Yale University, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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27
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Why can't we control our food intake? The downside of dietary variety on learned satiety responses. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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29
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Andrade RGD, Chaves OC, Costa DADS, Andrade ACDS, Bispo S, Felicissimo MF, Friche AADL, Proietti FA, Xavier CC, Caiaffa WT. Overweight in men and women among urban area residents: individual factors and socioeconomic context. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 31 Suppl 1:148-58. [PMID: 26648370 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Gomes de Andrade
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Otaviana Cardoso Chaves
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Dário Alves da Silva Costa
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Stephanie Bispo
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Monica Faria Felicissimo
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | | | - César Coelho Xavier
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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30
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Gilbert JR, Burger KS. Neuroadaptive processes associated with palatable food intake: present data and future directions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Theorists have proposed several neural vulnerability factors that may increase overeating and consequent weight gain. Early cross-sectional imaging studies could not determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a precursor or consequence of overeating. However, recent prospective imaging studies examining predictors of future weight gain and response to obesity treatment, and repeated-measures imaging studies before and after weight gain and loss have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from weight change. The present article reviews evidence from prospective studies using imaging and behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as randomized experiments with humans and animals that are consistent or inconsistent with 5 neural vulnerability theories for excessive weight gain. Extant data provide strong support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity and moderate support for the reward surfeit theory, inhibitory control deficit theory, and dynamic vulnerability model of obesity, which attempted to synthesize the former theories into a single etiologic model. However, existing data provide only minimal support for the reward deficit theory. Findings are synthesized into a new working etiologic model that is based on current scientific knowledge. Important directions for future studies, which have the potential to support or refute this working etiologic model, are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record
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32
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Palframan KM, Myers KP. Modern ‘junk food’ and minimally-processed ‘natural food’ cafeteria diets alter the response to sweet taste but do not impair flavor-nutrient learning in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:146-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Burke MV, Small DM. Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:381-8. [PMID: 26048305 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption to weight gain and other negative health outcomes has prompted many individuals to resort to artificial, non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) substitutes as a means of reducing SSB intake. However, there is a great deal of controversy regarding the biological consequences of NNS use, with accumulating evidence suggesting that NNS consumption may influence feeding and metabolism via a variety of peripheral and central mechanisms. Here we argue that NNSs are not physiologically inert compounds and consider the potential biological mechanisms by which NNS consumption may impact energy balance and metabolic function, including actions on oral and extra-oral sweet taste receptors, and effects on metabolic hormone secretion, cognitive processes (e.g. reward learning, memory, and taste perception), and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Burke
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dana M Small
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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34
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Swithers SE. Not so Sweet Revenge: Unanticipated Consequences of High-Intensity Sweeteners. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2015; 38:1-17. [PMID: 27606166 PMCID: PMC4883499 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-015-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While no single factor accounts for the significant increases in overweight and obesity that have emerged during the past several decades, evidence now suggests that sugars, in general, and sugar-sweetened beverages, in particular, may be especially problematic. One response to this concern has been an explosion in the availability and use of noncaloric sweeteners as replacements for sugar. While consumers have been led to believe that such substitutes are healthy, long-term epidemiological data in a number of cohorts have documented increased risk for negative outcomes like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke among users of artificial sweeteners. Experimental data from animals has provided several plausible mechanisms that could explain this counterintuitive relationship. In particular, my research has demonstrated that artificial sweeteners appear to interfere with basic learned, predictive relations between sweet tastes and post-ingestive consequences such as the delivery of energy. By interfering with these relations, artificial sweeteners inhibit anticipatory responses that normally serve to maintain physiological homeostasis, and over the long term, this interference could result in negative health effects like those seen in the human cohort studies. These data suggest that reducing the consumption of all sweeteners is advisable to promote better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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35
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Areias MFC, Prada PO. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in the amygdala: Influences on food intake. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Abstract
High intensity, low-energy sweeteners (LES) are used by many consumers in order to limit energy intake and possibly facilitate body weight control. These beneficial effects are often questioned in the scientific and lay media. LES are frequently accused of stimulating and/or maintaining a liking for sweetness which in turn would be deleterious for adequate body weight control. Evidence for the specific effects of LES use on appetite for sweet products will be extracted from observational studies, experimental laboratory studies, randomized controlled trials, and finally brain imaging studies. While many of the existing studies cannot identify any causal links between use of LES and appetite for sweetness, randomized trials in children and adults suggest that use of LES tends to reduce rather than increase the intake of sugar-containing foods and to facilitate, rather than impair, weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Bellisle
- Université Paris 13, Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’Ile-de-France, U1153 INSERM, U1125 INRA, CNAM, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny cedex, France
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Yasoshima Y, Yoshizawa H, Shimura T, Miyamoto T. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala mediates caloric sugar preference over a non-caloric sweetener in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:203-15. [PMID: 25684750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological and genetic mechanisms underlying increased intake of and preference for nutritive sugars over non-nutritive sweeteners are not fully understood. We examined the roles of subnuclei of the amygdala in the shift in preference for a nutritive sugar. Food-deprived mice alternately received caloric sucrose (1.0 M) on odd-numbered training days and a non-caloric artificial sweetener (2.5 mM saccharin) on even-numbered training days. During training, mice with sham lesions of the basolateral (BLA) or central (CeA) nucleus of the amygdala increased their intake of 1.0 M sucrose, but not saccharin. Trained mice with sham lesions showed a significant shift in preference toward less concentrated sucrose (0.075 M) over the saccharin in a two-bottle choice test, although the mice showed an equivalent preference for these sweeteners before training. No increased intake of or preference for sucrose before and after the alternating training was observed in non-food-deprived mice. Excitotoxic lesions centered in the BLA impaired the increase in 1.0M sucrose intake and shift in preference toward 0.075 M sucrose over saccharin. Microlesions with iontophoretic excitotoxin injections into the CeA did not block the training-dependent changes. These results suggest that food-deprived animals selectively shift their preference for a caloric sugar over a non-caloric sweetener through the alternate consumption of caloric and non-caloric sweet substances. The present data also suggest that the BLA, but not CeA, plays a role in the selective shift in sweetener preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasoshima
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - H Yoshizawa
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | - T Shimura
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - T Miyamoto
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The consumption of low-calorie beverages has increased worldwide, mainly because of their combination of sweet taste without adding significant calories to the diet. However, some epidemiological studies have linked the higher consumption of low-calorie beverages with increased body weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS Although a matter of debate, this paradoxical association between low-calorie beverages and weight gain has been attributed to their effect on the enteral-brain axis. More specifically, artificial sweeteners present in low-calorie beverages could induce appetite increase, probably due to an ambiguous psychobiological signal (uncoupling sweet taste from calorie intake) that confounds the appetite's regulatory mechanisms, promoting overeating and, ultimately, leading to weight gain. However, many studies do not support this assumption, and the mechanisms underlying the interaction between low-calorie beverages and the enteral-brain axis remain to be defined. SUMMARY The understanding of the effects of low-calorie drinks on the enteral-brain axis still remains in its infancy and needs to be unveiled. The consumption of low-calorie beverages reduces the calories from that drink, but compensatory phenomena may increase energy intake, and if so must be recognized and avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaliene V M Ferreira
- aNutrition Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais bInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hill SE, Prokosch ML, Morin A, Rodeheffer CD. The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition, choice, and post-consumption satisfaction. Appetite 2014; 83:82-88. [PMID: 25128835 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumers often turn to non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) as a means of promoting a healthy body weight. However, several studies have now linked their long-term use to increased weight gain, raising the question of whether these products produce unintended psychological, physiological, or behavioral changes that have implications for weight management goals. In the following, we present the results of three experiments bearing on this issue, testing whether NCS-consumption influences how individuals think about and respond to food. Participants in each of our three experiments were randomly assigned to consume a sugar-sweetened beverage, an unsweetened beverage, or a beverage sweetened with NCS. We then measured their cognition (Experiment 1), product choice (Experiment 2), and subjective responses to a sugar-sweetened food (Experiment 3). Results revealed that consuming NCS-sweetened beverages influences psychological processes in ways that - over time - may increase calorie intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hill
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129.
| | | | - Amanda Morin
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129
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Greater striatopallidal adaptive coding during cue-reward learning and food reward habituation predict future weight gain. Neuroimage 2014; 99:122-8. [PMID: 24893320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments indicate that after repeated pairings of palatable food receipt and cues that predict palatable food receipt, dopamine signaling increases in response to predictive cues, but decreases in response to food receipt. Using functional MRI and mixed effects growth curve models with 35 females (M age=15.5±0.9; M BMI=24.5±5.4) we documented an increase in BOLD response in the caudate (r=.42) during exposure to cues predicting impending milkshake receipt over repeated exposures, demonstrating a direct measure of in vivo cue-reward learning in humans. Further, we observed a simultaneous decrease in putamen (r=-.33) and ventral pallidum (r=-.45) response during milkshake receipt that occurred over repeated exposures, putatively reflecting food reward habitation. We then tested whether cue-reward learning and habituation slopes predicted future weight over 2-year follow-up. Those who exhibited the greatest escalation in ventral pallidum responsivity to cues and the greatest decrease in caudate response to milkshake receipt showed significantly larger increases in BMI (r=.39 and -.69 respectively). Interestingly, cue-reward learning propensity and food reward habituation were not correlated, implying that these factors may constitute qualitatively distinct vulnerability pathways to excess weight gain. These two individual difference factors may provide insight as to why certain people have shown obesity onset in response to the current obesogenic environment in western cultures, whereas others have not.
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Burger KS, Berner LA. A functional neuroimaging review of obesity, appetitive hormones and ingestive behavior. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:121-7. [PMID: 24769220 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adequate energy intake is vital for the survival of humans and is regulated by complex homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. Supported by functional MRI (fMRI) studies that consistently demonstrate differences in brain response as a function of weight status during exposure to appetizing food stimuli, it has been posited that hedonically driven food intake contributes to weight gain and obesity maintenance. These food reward theories of obesity are reliant on the notion that the aberrant brain response to food stimuli relates directly to ingestive behavior, specifically, excess food intake. Importantly, functioning of homeostatic neuroendocrine regulators of food intake, such as leptin and ghrelin, are impacted by weight status. Thus, data from studies that evaluate the effect on weight status on brain response to food may be a result of differences in neuroendocrine functioning and/or behavior. In the present review, we examine the influence of weight and weight change, exogenous administration of appetitive hormones, and ingestive behavior on BOLD response to food stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States.
| | - Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Davidson TL, Sample CH, Swithers SE. An application of Pavlovian principles to the problems of obesity and cognitive decline. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 108:172-84. [PMID: 23887140 PMCID: PMC3899105 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An enormous amount of research has been aimed at identifying biological and environmental factors that are contributing to the current global obesity pandemic. The present paper reviews recent findings which suggest that obesity is attributable, at least in part, to a disruption of the Pavlovian control of energy regulation. Within our framework, this disruption occurs when (a) consumption of sweet-tasting, but low calorie or noncaloric, foods and beverages reduces the ability of sweet tastes to predict the postingestive caloric consequences of intake and (b) consuming diets high in saturated fat and sugar (a.k.a., Western diet) impairs hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes that are involved with the use of interoceptive "satiety" signals to anticipate when food and eating are not followed by appetitive postingestive outcomes. The paper concludes with discussion of a "vicious-cycle" model which links obesity to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Davidson
- American University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - C H Sample
- American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - S E Swithers
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Griffioen-Roose S, Smeets PAM, Weijzen PLG, van Rijn I, van den Bosch I, de Graaf C. Effect of replacing sugar with non-caloric sweeteners in beverages on the reward value after repeated exposure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81924. [PMID: 24312382 PMCID: PMC3842969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward value of food is partly dependent on learned associations. It is not yet known whether replacing sugar with non-caloric sweeteners in food is affecting long-term acceptance. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of replacing sugar with non-caloric sweeteners in a nutrient-empty drink (soft drink) versus nutrient-rich drink (yoghurt drink) on reward value after repeated exposure. DESIGN We used a randomized crossover design whereby forty subjects (15 men, 25 women) with a mean ± SD age of 21 ± 2 y and BMI of 21.5 ± 1.7 kg/m(2) consumed a fixed portion of a non-caloric sweetened (NS) and sugar sweetened (SS) versions of either a soft drink or a yoghurt drink (counterbalanced) for breakfast which were distinguishable by means of colored labels. Each version of a drink was offered 10 times in semi-random order. Before and after conditioning the reward value of the drinks was assessed using behavioral tasks on wanting, liking, and expected satiety. In a subgroup (n=18) fMRI was performed to assess brain reward responses to the drinks. RESULTS Outcomes of both the behavioral tasks and fMRI showed that conditioning did not affect the reward value of the NS and SS versions of the drinks significantly. Overall, subjects preferred the yoghurt drinks to the soft drinks and the ss drinks to the NS drinks. In addition, they expected the yoghurt drinks to be more satiating, they reduced hunger more, and delayed the first eating episode more. Conditioning did not influence these effects. CONCLUSION Our study showed that repeated consumption of a non-caloric sweetened beverage, instead of a sugar sweetened version, appears not to result in changes in the reward value. It cannot be ruled out that learned associations between sensory attributes and food satiating capacity which developed preceding the conditioning period, during lifetime, affected the reward value of the drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. M. Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascalle L. G. Weijzen
- Research Department Sensory & Consumer Science, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van Rijn
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van den Bosch
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:431-41. [PMID: 23850261 PMCID: PMC3772345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The negative impact of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages on weight and other health outcomes has been increasingly recognized; therefore, many people have turned to high-intensity sweeteners like aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin as a way to reduce the risk of these consequences. However, accumulating evidence suggests that frequent consumers of these sugar substitutes may also be at increased risk of excessive weight gain, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This paper discusses these findings and considers the hypothesis that consuming sweet-tasting but noncaloric or reduced-calorie food and beverages interferes with learned responses that normally contribute to glucose and energy homeostasis. Because of this interference, frequent consumption of high-intensity sweeteners may have the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Swithers SE, Sample CH, Davidson TL. Adverse effects of high-intensity sweeteners on energy intake and weight control in male and obesity-prone female rats. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:262-74. [PMID: 23398432 PMCID: PMC3985091 DOI: 10.1037/a0031717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-intensity sweeteners has been proposed as a method to combat increasing rates of overweight and obesity in the human population. However, previous work with male rats suggests that consumption of such sweeteners might contribute to, rather than ameliorate, weight gain. The goals of the present experiments were to assess whether intake of high-intensity sweeteners is associated with increased food intake and body weight gain in female rats; to evaluate whether this effect depends on composition of the maintenance diet (i.e., standard chow compared with diets high in energy, fat, and sugar [HE diets]); and to determine whether the phenotype of the rats with regard to propensity to gain weight on HE diets affects the consequences of consuming high-intensity sweeteners. The data demonstrated that female rats fed a low-fat, standard laboratory chow diet did not gain extra weight when fed yogurt dietary supplements sweetened with saccharin compared with those fed glucose-sweetened dietary supplements. However, female rats maintained on a "Westernized" diet high in fat and sugar (HE diet) showed significant increases in energy intake, weight gain, and adiposity when given saccharin-sweetened compared with glucose-sweetened yogurt supplements. These differences were most pronounced in female rats known to be prone to obesity prior to the introduction of the yogurt diets. Both selectively bred Crl:OP[CD] rats and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats fed an HE diet showing high levels of weight gain (diet-induced obese [DIO] rats) had increased weight gain in response to consuming saccharin-sweetened compared with glucose-sweetened supplements. However, in male rats fed an HE diet, saccharin-sweetened supplements produced extra weight gain regardless of obesity phenotype. These results suggest that the most negative consequences of consuming high-intensity sweeteners may occur in those most likely to use them for weight control, females consuming a "Westernized" diet and already prone to excess weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Foroni F, Pergola G, Argiris G, Rumiati RI. The FoodCast research image database (FRIDa). Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:51. [PMID: 23459781 PMCID: PMC3585434 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years we have witnessed an increasing interest in food processing and eating behaviors. This is probably due to several reasons. The biological relevance of food choices, the complexity of the food-rich environment in which we presently live (making food-intake regulation difficult), and the increasing health care cost due to illness associated with food (food hazards, food contamination, and aberrant food-intake). Despite the importance of the issues and the relevance of this research, comprehensive and validated databases of stimuli are rather limited, outdated, or not available for non-commercial purposes to independent researchers who aim at developing their own research program. The FoodCast Research Image Database (FRIDa) we present here includes 877 images belonging to eight different categories: natural-food (e.g., strawberry), transformed-food (e.g., french fries), rotten-food (e.g., moldy banana), natural-non-food items (e.g., pinecone), artificial food-related objects (e.g., teacup), artificial objects (e.g., guitar), animals (e.g., camel), and scenes (e.g., airport). FRIDa has been validated on a sample of healthy participants (N = 73) on standard variables (e.g., valence, familiarity, etc.) as well as on other variables specifically related to food items (e.g., perceived calorie content); it also includes data on the visual features of the stimuli (e.g., brightness, high frequency power, etc.). FRIDa is a well-controlled, flexible, validated, and freely available (http://foodcast.sissa.it/neuroscience/) tool for researchers in a wide range of academic fields and industry.
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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McCrickerd K, Chambers L, Brunstrom JM, Yeomans MR. Subtle changes in the flavour and texture of a drink enhance expectations of satiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Abstract
High-potency or artificial sweeteners have historically been considered inert compounds without physiological consequences other than taste sensations. However, recent data suggest that some of these sweeteners have biological effects that may impact human health. Furthermore, there are significant gaps in our current knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these sweeteners, their potential for "sweetener-drug interactions" and their impact on appetite and body weight regulation. Nine research needs are described that address some of the major unknown issues associated with ingestion of high-potency sweeteners.
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