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Kolnikaj TS, Herman R, Janež A, Jensterle M. The Current and Emerging Role of Statins in the Treatment of PCOS: The Evidence to Date. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:244. [PMID: 38399531 PMCID: PMC10890374 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) manifests a multifactorial pathology characterized by polycystic ovaries, menstrual cycle disorders, varying degrees of hyperandrogenism, and an ad-verse metabolic risk profile. The position of hyperandrogenism in this syndrome has been extensively studied. A multitude of mechanisms place it in the position of cause but also of consequence; therefore, ongoing research efforts are focused on identifying medications that can effectively reduce levels of androgens in women with PCOS. Moreover, lipid abnormalities are common in this population, with up to 70% of patients having dyslipidemia. Statins may have potential therapeutic benefits for women with PCOS, as they have been shown to improve insulin resistance and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, their role in accelerated steroidogenesis by limiting one source of cholesterol, influencing enzymatic activity, and providing several other beneficial mechanisms is widely investigated. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of androgen excess and dyslipidemia in PCOS, as well as the therapeutic potential of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Shehu Kolnikaj
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine Tirana, 1000 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Rok Herman
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (A.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janež
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (A.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Jensterle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (A.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Wang H, Wu K, Mi X, Rajput SA, Qi D. Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors on Cholesterol Metabolism in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1868. [PMID: 37889792 PMCID: PMC10251945 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of HMGCR inhibitors on egg yolk cholesterol content and its biological mechanisms. Four groups of 180-day-old laying hens (n = 8 cages/group, 6 laying hens/cage) were fed a corn/soybean-based diet (control) and the control diet supplemented with an HMGCR inhibitor at 60, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The experimental results showed that adding HMGCR inhibitors of 150 mg/kg or more can significantly reduce the cholesterol content in the liver, yolk, serum, and pectoral muscles of laying hens. The RNA-seq results showed that compared with the control group, the addition of HMGCR inhibitors of 150 mg/kg or more to the diet significantly upregulated genes related to cholesterol synthesis in the liver, and the genes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism, sterol synthesis and metabolism, and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism were all affected by the HMGCR inhibitors. In summary, adding HMGCR inhibitors of 150 mg/kg or more to the diet of hens can significantly reduce the cholesterol content in egg yolk. After the HMGCR inhibitors inhibited the activity of the liver HMGCR, they also altered the expression of genes related to cholesterol synthesis, bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol transport in the liver, and ultimately reduced cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol transport to the egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.W.); (K.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.W.); (K.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaomei Mi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.W.); (K.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.W.); (K.W.); (X.M.)
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3
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A novel, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of PCSK9 with significant cholesterol-lowering properties in vivo. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ilyas I, Little PJ, Liu Z, Xu Y, Kamato D, Berk BC, Weng J, Xu S. Mouse models of atherosclerosis in translational research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:920-939. [PMID: 35902281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the major cause of premature human mortality, is a chronic and progressive metabolic and inflammatory disease in large- and medium-sized arteries. Mouse models are widely used to gain mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and have facilitated the discovery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Despite promising preclinical studies, many drug candidates have not translated to clinical use because of the complexity of disease patho-mechanisms including lipid metabolic traits and inflammatory, genetic, and hemodynamic factors. We review the current preclinical utility and translation potential of traditional [apolipoprotein E (APOE)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice] and emerging mouse models that include partial carotid ligation and AAV8-Pcsk9-D377Y injection in atherosclerosis research and drug discovery. This article represents an important resource in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Fatima M, Hou S, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E. Research methods for animal models of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:871. [PMID: 34713295 PMCID: PMC8569513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that threatens human health and lives by causing vascular stenosis and plaque rupture. Various animal models have been employed for elucidating the pathogenesis, drug development and treatment validation studies for atherosclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, the species used for atherosclerosis research include mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, pigs, dogs, non-human primates and birds, among which the most commonly used ones are mice and rabbits. Notably, apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) or low-density lipoprotein receptor KO mice have been the most widely used animal models for atherosclerosis research since the late 20th century. Although the aforementioned animal models can form atherosclerotic lesions, they cannot completely simulate those in humans with respect to lesion location, lesion composition, lipoprotein composition and physiological structure. Hence, an appropriate animal model needs to be selected according to the research purpose. Additionally, it is necessary for atherosclerosis research to include quantitative analysis results of atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque composition. Laboratory animals can provide not only experimental tissues for in vivo studies but also cells needed for in vitro experiments. The present review first summarizes the common animal models and their practical applications, followed by focus on mouse and rabbit models and elucidating the methods to quantify atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, the methods of culturing endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells were elucidated in detail and the experiments involved in atherosclerosis research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Bai
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Ben-Aicha S, Casaní L, Muñoz-García N, Joan-Babot O, Peña E, Aržanauskaitė M, Gutierrez M, Mendieta G, Padró T, Badimon L, Vilahur G. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Remodeling and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Assessed Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden: Study in a Preclinical Experimental Model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2481-2493. [PMID: 32847390 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HDL (high-density lipoprotein) role in atherosclerosis is controversial. Clinical trials with CETP (cholesterylester transfer protein)-inhibitors have not provided benefit. We have shown that HDL remodeling in hypercholesterolemia reduces HDL cardioprotective potential. We aimed to assess whether hypercholesterolemia affects HDL-induced atherosclerotic plaque regression. Approach and Results: Atherosclerosis was induced in New Zealand White rabbits for 3-months by combining a high-fat-diet and double-balloon aortic denudation. Then, animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging (basal plaque) and randomized to receive 4 IV infusions (1 infusion/wk) of HDL isolated from normocholesterolemic (NC-HDL; 75 mg/kg; n=10), hypercholesterolemic (HC-HDL; 75 mg/Kg; n=10), or vehicle (n=10) rabbits. Then, animals underwent a second magnetic resonance imaging (end plaque). Blood, aorta, and liver samples were obtained for analyses. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging revealed that NC-HDL administration regressed atherosclerotic lesions by 4.3%, whereas, conversely, the administration of HC-HDLs induced a further 6.5% progression (P<0.05 versus basal). Plaque characterization showed that HC-HDL administered animals had a 2-fold higher lipid and cholesterol content versus those infused NC-HDL and vehicle (P<0.05). No differences were observed among groups in CD31 levels, nor in infiltrated macrophages or smooth muscle cells. Plaques from HC-HDL administered animals exhibited higher Casp3 (caspase 3) content (P<0.05 versus vehicle and NC-HDL) whereas plaques from NC-HDL infused animals showed lower expression of Casp3, Cox1 (cyclooxygenase 1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and MMP (metalloproteinase) activity (P<0.05 versus HC-HDL and vehicle). HDLs isolated from animals administered HC-HDL displayed lower antioxidant potential and cholesterol efflux capacity as compared with HDLs isolated from NC-HDL-infused animal and vehicle or donor HDL (P<0.05). There were no differences in HDL-ApoA1 content, ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) vascular expression, and SRB1 (scavenger receptor B1) and ABCA1 liver expression. CONCLUSIONS HDL particles isolated from a hypercholesterolemic milieu lose their ability to regress and stabilize atherosclerotic lesions. Our data suggest that HDL remodeling in patients with co-morbidities may lead to the loss of HDL atheroprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
- School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Spain (S.B., G.M.)
| | - Laura Casaní
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
| | - Natàlia Muñoz-García
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
| | - Oriol Joan-Babot
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (T.P., L.B., G.V., E.P.)
| | - Monika Aržanauskaitė
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
| | - Manuel Gutierrez
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
| | - Guiomar Mendieta
- School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Spain (S.B., G.M.)
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinico Barcelona Spain (G.M.)
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (T.P., L.B., G.V., E.P.)
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (T.P., L.B., G.V., E.P.)
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Spain(L.B.)
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (S.B., L.C., N.M.-G., O.J.-B., E.P., M.A., M.G., T.P., L.B., G.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (T.P., L.B., G.V., E.P.)
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7
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Katiraei S, de Vries MR, Costain AH, Thiem K, Hoving LR, van Diepen JA, Smits HH, Bouter KE, Rensen PCN, Quax PHA, Nieuwdorp M, Netea MG, de Vos WM, Cani PD, Belzer C, van Dijk KW, Berbée JFP, van Harmelen V. Akkermansia muciniphila Exerts Lipid-Lowering and Immunomodulatory Effects without Affecting Neointima Formation in Hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900732. [PMID: 31389129 PMCID: PMC7507188 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is an intestinal commensal with anti-inflammatory properties both in the intestine and other organs. The aim is to investigate the effects of oral administration of A. muciniphila on lipid metabolism, immunity, and cuff-induced neointima formation in hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden (E3L).CETP mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Hyperlipidemic male E3L.CETP mice are daily treated with 2 × 108 CFU A. muciniphila by oral gavage for 4 weeks and the effects are determined on plasma lipid levels, immune parameters, and cuff-induced neointima formation and composition. A. muciniphila administration lowers body weight and plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. A. muciniphila influences the immune cell composition in mesenteric lymph nodes, as evident from an increased total B cell population, while reducing the total T cell and neutrophil populations. Importantly, A. muciniphila reduces the expression of the activation markers MHCII on dendritic cells and CD86 on B cells. A. muciniphila also increases whole blood ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-10 release. Finally, although treatment with A. muciniphila improves lipid metabolism and immunity, it does not affect neointima formation or composition. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of treatment with A. muciniphila exerts lipid-lowering and immunomodulatory effects, which are insufficient to inhibit neointima formation in hyperlipidemic E3L.CETP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of SurgeryLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Alice H. Costain
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Thiem
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud UMC6525 GANijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa R. Hoving
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristien E. Bouter
- Department of Vascular MedicineAcademic Medical Center1105 AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of SurgeryLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular MedicineAcademic Medical Center1105 AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud UMC6525 GANijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University6708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Université catholique de LouvainLouvain Drug Research InstituteWELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology)Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University6708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F. P. Berbée
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Medicinedivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center2300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical Center2333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
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8
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Pouwer MG, Pieterman EJ, Chang SC, Olsen GW, Caspers MPM, Verschuren L, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. Dose Effects of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate on Lipoprotein Metabolism in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:519-534. [PMID: 30657992 PMCID: PMC6432869 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported positive associations between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) although the magnitude of effect of PFOA on cholesterol lacks consistency. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of PFOA on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism at various plasma PFOA concentrations relevant to humans, and to elucidate the mechanisms using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a model with a human-like lipoprotein metabolism. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet with PFOA (10, 300, 30 000 ng/g/d) for 4-6 weeks. PFOA exposure did not alter plasma lipids in the 10 and 300 ng/g/d dietary PFOA dose groups. At 30 000 ng/g/d, PFOA decreased plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and non-HDL-C, whereas HDL-C was increased. The plasma lipid alterations could be explained by decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production and increased VLDL clearance by the liver through increased lipoprotein lipase activity. The concomitant increase in HDL-C was mediated by decreased cholesteryl ester transfer activity and changes in gene expression of proteins involved in HDL metabolism. Hepatic gene expression and pathway analysis confirmed the changes in lipoprotein metabolism that were mediated for a major part through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α. Our data confirmed the findings from a phase 1 clinical trial in humans that demonstrated high serum or plasma PFOA levels resulted in lower cholesterol levels. The study findings do not show an increase in cholesterol at environmental or occupational levels of PFOA exposure, thereby indicating these findings are associative rather than causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne G Pouwer
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geary W Olsen
- Medical Department, 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Microbiology and Systems Biology, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Microbiology and Systems Biology, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Mcpherson PA. Paradoxical Hypercholesterolemia in an Otherwise Healthy Adult Man. Lab Med 2020; 51:217-220. [PMID: 31414129 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by serum cholesterol levels greater than 5 mmol per L. However, the distribution of cholesterol among lipoprotein classes has a significant bearing on diagnosis: high-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol suggests familial hypercholesterolemia, whereas high-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is associated with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. On routine screening, a 23-year-old man presented with a total cholesterol level of 7.6 mmol per L but was subsequently found to have an HDL cholesterol level of 5.6 mmol per L. The clinical picture was confounded by his use of red yeast rice extract, a popular health supplement with hypolipidemic effects. In this case individual, the use of red yeast rice extract caused a hyperlipidemic state, ostensibly through downregulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. This case emphasizes the extended role of laboratory medicine in complex cases of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Mcpherson
- Centre for Applied Science, Belfast Metropolitan College, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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10
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Radagdam S, Asoudeh-Fard A, Karimi MA, Faridvand Y, Gholinejad Z, Gerayesh Nejad S. Calcitriol modulates cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) levels and lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic male rabbits: A pilot study. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 91:212-216. [PMID: 31842709 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 efficacy against cardiovascular disease prevention has been reported in many experimental studies. We aimed to investigate the effect of the calcitriol or active form of Vitamin D3 (1, 25(OH) 2D3) on serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) levels in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. New Zealand white male rabbits were fed with 1% cholesterol diet and randomly assigned into two groups (n = 6). The case group was administrated with 50000 calcitriol (IU/kg/per wk) and the control group which administrated with calcitriol solvent (sesame oil) for 2 months. Then, after two months the lipid profile, CETP and 25OHD3 levels were measured. The serum concentration of CETP was increased after treatment with calcitriol in case group as compared to the control group (41.75 ± 3.19 vs. 34.5 ± 2.3, ng/ml, P < 0.05). We also observed higher levels of the 25OHD3 in the calcitriol group at the 1st month (16.3 ± 1.64 vs. 12.8 ± 1.33 ng/ml) and the 2nd month (19.5 ± 2.14 vs. 12.5 ± 1.25 ng/ml) as compared with the control group. the significant increase in the level of HDL-C was observed in the case group than the control group (P < 0.01). In addition, serum levels of LDL- Cholesterol (LDL-C), Triglyceride (TG) were reduced after assessment at 1st and 2nd month after administration of calcitriol. Our research indicated the significant anti-atherogenic effects of calcitriol in the rabbit model of atherosclerosis. However, increased in CETP levels by calcitriol may know as an additional way, which interfere with the anti-atherogenic effects of calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Radagdam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Asoudeh-Fard
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris, France.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Karimi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yousef Faridvand
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zafar Gholinejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Gerayesh Nejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Pouwer MG, Pieterman EJ, Worms N, Keijzer N, Jukema JW, Gromada J, Gusarova V, Princen HMG. Alirocumab, evinacumab, and atorvastatin triple therapy regresses plaque lesions and improves lesion composition in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:365-375. [PMID: 31843957 PMCID: PMC7053846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related CVD causes nearly 20 million deaths annually. Most patients are treated after plaques develop, so therapies must regress existing lesions. Current therapies reduce plaque volume, but targeting all apoB-containing lipoproteins with intensive combinations that include alirocumab or evinacumab, monoclonal antibodies against cholesterol-regulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and angiopoietin-like protein 3, may provide more benefit. We investigated the effect of such lipid-lowering interventions on atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for hyperlipidemia. Mice were fed a Western-type diet for 13 weeks and thereafter matched into a baseline group (euthanized at 13 weeks) and five groups that received diet alone (control) or with treatment [atorvastatin; atorvastatin and alirocumab; atorvastatin and evinacumab; or atorvastatin, alirocumab, and evinacumab (triple therapy)] for 25 weeks. We measured effects on cholesterol levels, plaque composition and morphology, monocyte adherence, and macrophage proliferation. All interventions reduced plasma total cholesterol (37% with atorvastatin to 80% with triple treatment; all P < 0.001). Triple treatment decreased non-HDL-C to 1.0 mmol/l (91% difference from control; P < 0.001). Atorvastatin reduced atherosclerosis progression by 28% versus control (P < 0.001); double treatment completely blocked progression and diminished lesion severity. Triple treatment regressed lesion size versus baseline in the thoracic aorta by 50% and the aortic root by 36% (both P < 0.05 vs. baseline), decreased macrophage accumulation through reduced proliferation, and abated lesion severity. Thus, high-intensive cholesterol-lowering triple treatment targeting all apoB-containing lipoproteins regresses atherosclerotic lesion area and improves lesion composition in mice, making it a promising potential approach for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne G Pouwer
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Worms
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Ruiz-Iruela C, Candás-Estébanez B, Pintó-Sala X, Baena-Díez N, Caixàs-Pedragós A, Güell-Miró R, Navarro-Badal R, Calmarza P, Puzo-Foncilla JL, Alía-Ramos P, Padró-Miquel A. Genetic contribution to lipid target achievement with statin therapy: a prospective study. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 20:494-504. [DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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van Eyk HJ, Blauw LL, Bizino MB, Wang Y, van Dijk KW, de Mutsert R, Smit JWA, Lamb HJ, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Hepatic triglyceride content does not affect circulating CETP: lessons from a liraglutide intervention trial and a population-based cohort. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9996. [PMID: 31292457 PMCID: PMC6620358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is mainly expressed by Kupffer cells in the liver. A reduction of hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) by pioglitazone or caloric restriction is accompanied by a decrease in circulating CETP. Since GLP-1 analogues also reduce HTGC, we assessed whether liraglutide decreases CETP. Furthermore, we investigated the association between HTGC and CETP in a population-based cohort. In a placebo-controlled trial, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to treatment with liraglutide or placebo added to standard care. In this trial and in 1,611 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study, we measured HTGC and circulating CETP by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ELISA, respectively. The HTGC was decreased in the liraglutide group (-6.3%; 95%CI of difference [-9.5, -3.0]) but also in the placebo group (-4.0%; 95%CI[-6.0, -2.0]), without between-group differences. CETP was not decreased by liraglutide (-0.05 µg/mL; 95%CI[-0.13, 0.04]) or placebo (-0.04 µg/mL; 95%CI[-0.12, 0.04]). No association was present between HTGC and CETP at baseline (β: 0.002 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.005, 0.009]) and between the changes after treatment with liraglutide (β: 0.003 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.010, 0.017]) or placebo (β: 0.006 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.012,0.024]). Also, in the cohort n o association between HTGC and CETP was present (β: -0.001 µg/mL per SD TG, 95%CI[-0.005, 0.003]). A reduction of HTGC after treatment with liraglutide or placebo does not decrease circulating CETP. Also, no association between HTGC and CETP was present in a large cohort. These findings indicate that circulating CETP is not determined by HTGC.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01761318).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub J van Eyk
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisanne L Blauw
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice B Bizino
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hildo J Lamb
- Department Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Pluijmert NJ, den Haan MC, van Zuylen VL, Steendijk P, de Boer HC, van Zonneveld AJ, Fibbe WE, Schalij MJ, Quax PHA, Atsma DE. Hypercholesterolemia affects cardiac function, infarct size and inflammation in APOE*3-Leiden mice following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217582. [PMID: 31199833 PMCID: PMC6570022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease including acute myocardial infarction. However, long-term effects of hypercholesterolemia in a rodent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model are unknown. Therefore, the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on cardiac function and remodeling were investigated up to eight weeks after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury which was induced in either normocholesterolemic (NC-MI) or hypercholesterolemic (HC-MI) APOE*3-Leiden mice. Methods Left ventricular (LV) dimensions were serially assessed using parasternal long-axis echocardiography followed by LV pressure-volume measurements. Subsequently, infarct size and the inflammatory response were analyzed by histology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Results Intrinsic LV function eight weeks after MI-R was significantly impaired in HC-MI compared to NC-MI mice as assessed by end-systolic pressure, dP/dtMAX, and -dP/dtMIN. Paradoxically, infarct size was significantly decreased in HC-MI compared to NC-MI mice, accompanied by an increased wall thickness. Hypercholesterolemia caused a pre-ischemic peripheral monocytosis, in particular of Ly-6Chi monocytes whereas accumulation of macrophages in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium of HC-MI mice was decreased. Conclusion Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia caused impaired LV function eight weeks after MI-R injury despite a reduced post-ischemic infarct size. This was preceded by a pre-ischemic peripheral monocytosis, while there was a suppressed accumulation of inflammatory cells in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium after eight weeks. This experimental model using hypercholesterolemic APOE*3-Leiden mice exposed to MI-R seems suitable to study novel cardioprotective therapies in a more clinically relevant animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek J. Pluijmert
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melina C. den Haan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Steendijk
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C. de Boer
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem E. Fibbe
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe E. Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Landlinger C, Pouwer MG, Juno C, van der Hoorn JWA, Pieterman EJ, Jukema JW, Staffler G, Princen HMG, Galabova G. The AT04A vaccine against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 reduces total cholesterol, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Eur Heart J 2018. [PMID: 28637178 PMCID: PMC5837708 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. PCSK9 binds to the low density lipoprotein receptor and enhances its degradation, which leads to the reduced clearance of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and a higher risk of atherosclerosis. In this study, the AT04A anti-PCSK9 vaccine was evaluated for its therapeutic potential in ameliorating or even preventing coronary heart disease in the atherogenic APOE*3Leiden.CETP mouse model. Methods and results Control and AT04A vaccine-treated mice were fed western-type diet for 18 weeks. Antibody titres, plasma lipids, and inflammatory markers were monitored by ELISA, FPLC, and multiplexed immunoassay, respectively. The progression of atherosclerosis was evaluated by histological analysis of serial cross-sections from the aortic sinus. The AT04A vaccine induced high and persistent antibody levels against PCSK9, causing a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol (−53%, P < 0.001) and LDLc compared with controls. Plasma inflammatory markers such as serum amyloid A (SAA), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β/CCL4), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), cytokine stem cell factor (SCF), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were significantly diminished in AT04A-treated mice. As a consequence, treatment with the AT04A vaccine resulted in a decrease in atherosclerotic lesion area (−64%, P = 0.004) and aortic inflammation as well as in more lesion-free aortic segments (+119%, P = 0.026), compared with control. Conclusions AT04A vaccine induces an effective immune response against PCSK9 in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, leading to a significant reduction of plasma lipids, systemic and vascular inflammation, and atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne G Pouwer
- Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Juno
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Pouwer MG, Pieterman EJ, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Kluft C, Garcia RA, Aman J, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. The BCR-ABL1 Inhibitors Imatinib and Ponatinib Decrease Plasma Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis, and Nilotinib and Ponatinib Activate Coagulation in a Translational Mouse Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:55. [PMID: 29946549 PMCID: PMC6005845 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the second and third generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) increases cardiovascular risk in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. We investigated the vascular adverse effects of three generations of TKIs in a translational model for atherosclerosis, the APOE*3Leiden.CETP mouse. Mice were treated for sixteen weeks with imatinib (150 mg/kg BID), nilotinib (10 and 30 mg/kg QD) or ponatinib (3 and 10 mg/kg QD), giving similar drug exposures as in CML-patients. Cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed longitudinally, and histopathological analysis of atherosclerosis and transcriptome analysis of the liver was performed. Imatinib and ponatinib decreased plasma cholesterol (imatinib, −69%, p < 0.001; ponatinib 3 mg/kg, −37%, p < 0.001; ponatinib 10 mg/kg−44%, p < 0.001) and atherosclerotic lesion area (imatinib, −78%, p < 0.001; ponatinib 3 mg/kg, −52%, p = 0.002; ponatinib 10 mg/kg, −48%, p = 0.006), which were not affected by nilotinib. In addition, imatinib increased plaque stability. Gene expression and pathway analysis demonstrated that ponatinib enhanced the mRNA expression of coagulation factors of both the contact activation (intrinsic) and tissue factor (extrinsic) pathways. In line with this, ponatinib enhanced plasma levels of FVII, whereas nilotinib increased plasma FVIIa activity. While imatinib showed a beneficial cardiovascular risk profile, nilotinib and ponatinib increased the cardiovascular risk through induction of a pro-thrombotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne G Pouwer
- Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | | | - Ricardo A Garcia
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, New York, United States
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Departments of Physiology and Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
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17
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R. Hoving L, Katiraei S, Heijink M, Pronk A, van der Wee‐Pals L, Streefland T, Giera M, Willems van Dijk K, van Harmelen V. Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Microbiota, Increase Fecal Bile Acid Excretion, and Decrease Plasma Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis Development. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700942. [PMID: 29665623 PMCID: PMC6001637 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) have proven effective at improving growth performance, while also reducing hyperlipidemia and inflammation. As atherosclerosis is accelerated both by hyperlipidemia and inflammation, we aim to determine the effect of dietary MOS on atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic ApoE*3-Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Female E3L.CETP mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet, with or without 1% MOS for 14 weeks. MOS substantially decreased atherosclerotic lesions up to 54%, as assessed in the valve area of the aortic root. In blood, IL-1RA, monocyte subtypes, lipids, and bile acids (BAs) were not affected by MOS. Gut microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MOS increased the abundance of cecal Bacteroides ovatus. MOS did not affect fecal excretion of cholesterol, but increased fecal BAs as well as butyrate in cecum as determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION MOS decreased the onset of atherosclerosis development via lowering of plasma cholesterol levels. These effects were accompanied by increased cecal butyrate and fecal excretion of BAs, presumably mediated via interactions of MOS with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Hoving
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2333 ZAThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda Pronk
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
| | - Lianne van der Wee‐Pals
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2333 ZAThe Netherlands
| | - Trea Streefland
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2333 ZAThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2333 ZAThe Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Department of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2333 ZAThe Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden2300 RCThe Netherlands
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18
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Targeting white, brown and perivascular adipose tissue in atherosclerosis development. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Widya RL, de Mutsert R, Westenberg JJM, Gast KB, den Heijer M, le Cessie S, Smit JWA, Jukema JW, Rosendaal FR, de Roos A, Lamb HJ. Is Hepatic Triglyceride Content Associated with Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness? The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity Study. Radiology 2017; 285:73-82. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017160916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L. Widya
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Jos J. M. Westenberg
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Karin B. Gast
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Martin den Heijer
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Johannes W. A. Smit
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Albert de Roos
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
| | - Hildo J. Lamb
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.L.W., J.J.M.W., A.d.R., H.J.L.), Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., K.B.G., M.d.H., S.l.C., F.R.R.), Internal Medicine (K.B.G.), Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics (S.l.C.), Endocrinology (R.L.W., J.W.A.S.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center,
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Werumeus Buning J, Dimova LG, Perton FG, Tietge UJF, van Beek AP, Dullaart RPF. Downregulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by glucocorticoids: a randomised study on HDL. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:494-503. [PMID: 28542805 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is not decreased in hypercortisolism despite high triglycerides, which may be ascribed to effects on the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) pathway. We explored if CETP mRNA expression is modulated by glucocorticoid treatment in vitro. Effects of doubling the hydrocortisone (HCT) replacement dose on plasma CETP activity, and HDL characteristics were tested in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human THP-1 macrophages were incubated with corticosterone in vitro in the presence or absence of a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, followed by determination of CETP mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, a randomised double-blind cross-over study was performed in 47 patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency (university medical setting; 10 weeks exposure to a higher HCT dose (0·4-0·6 mg/kg body weight) vs. 10 weeks of a lower HCT dose (0·2-0·3 mg/kg body weight). RESULTS Corticosterone dose dependently decreased CETP mRNA in THP-1 macrophages. Corticosterone also decreased CETP mRNA expression after LXR pretreatment. In patients, CETP activity decreased with doubling of the HCT dose (P = 0·049), coinciding with an increase in HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and the HDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I ratio (reflecting HDL size; P < 0·01 for each). The increase in the HDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I ratio was correlated with the decrease in plasma CETP activity (r = -0·442, P = 0·002). CONCLUSION Glucocorticoids downregulate CETP gene expression in a human macrophage cell system. In line, a higher glucocorticoid replacement dose decreases plasma CETP activity in patients, thereby contributing to higher HDL cholesterol and an increase in estimated HDL size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Werumeus Buning
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lidya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank G Perton
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Improved Stability and Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Atorvastatin Loaded Stearic Acid Modified Gelatin Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1505-1516. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Dennison TJ, Smith JC, Badhan RK, Mohammed AR. Fixed-dose combination orally disintegrating tablets to treat cardiovascular disease: formulation, in vitro characterization and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to assess bioavailability. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:811-826. [PMID: 28352156 PMCID: PMC5358997 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s126035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among men and women worldwide. In CVD, hypertension and dyslipidemia commonly coexist and are managed through coadministration of amlodipine and atorvastatin, respectively. The case for fixed-dose combination (FDC) oral dosage forms and orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) technology to enhance outcomes and compliance is strong. This work follows the development and characterization of single and FDC ODTs containing amlodipine and atorvastatin, followed by bioequivalence comparison between these single and FDC formulations, using in vitro dissolution and Caco-2 apparent permeability (Papp) and in silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches. ODTs containing amlodipine (5 mg) and atorvastatin (10 mg) either alone or in combination rapidly disintegrated (<30 s) while displaying a radial crushing strength in excess of 100 N and friability ≤1%. In vitro dissolution test was performed in fasted and fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Dissolution profiles for single and FDC ODTs were compared using US FDA recommended difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factor testing for bioequivalence. In all cases, there was no difference in active pharmaceutical ingredient dissolution between single or FDC ODTs, with the exception of amlodipine in FeSSIF. Pharmacokinetic clinical trial simulations were conducted using Simcyp (Version 14), incorporating Papp and dissolution data. Simulated clinical trials in healthy volunteers showed no difference in bioavailability based on pharmacokinetic parameters between single and combination doses with either active pharmaceutical ingredient. An increase in Cmax and AUC for atorvastatin in fed subjects was attributed to extended transit along the gut lumen and reduced atorvastatin metabolism due to lower CYP3A4 expression at more distal small intestine absorption sites. The results demonstrated bioequivalence of an FDC ODT for amlodipine and atorvastatin, while highlighting several limitations of f1 and f2 bioequivalence testing and strengths of mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling for oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raj K Badhan
- Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham
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23
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Postmus I, Warren HR, Trompet S, Arsenault BJ, Avery CL, Bis JC, Chasman DI, de Keyser CE, Deshmukh HA, Evans DS, Feng Q, Li X, Smit RAJ, Smith AV, Sun F, Taylor KD, Arnold AM, Barnes MR, Barratt BJ, Betteridge J, Boekholdt SM, Boerwinkle E, Buckley BM, Chen YDI, de Craen AJM, Cummings SR, Denny JC, Dubé MP, Durrington PN, Eiriksdottir G, Ford I, Guo X, Harris TB, Heckbert SR, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Launer LJ, Liu CT, Liu Y, Lumley T, McKeigue PM, Munroe PB, Neil A, Nickerson DA, Nyberg F, O’Brien E, O’Donnell CJ, Post W, Poulter N, Vasan RS, Rice K, Rich SS, Rivadeneira F, Sattar N, Sever P, Shaw-Hawkins S, Shields DC, Slagboom PE, Smith NL, Smith JD, Sotoodehnia N, Stanton A, Stott DJ, Stricker BH, Stürmer T, Uitterlinden AG, Wei WQ, Westendorp RGJ, Whitsel EA, Wiggins KL, Wilke RA, Ballantyne CM, Colhoun HM, Cupples LA, Franco OH, Gudnason V, Hitman G, Palmer CNA, Psaty BM, Ridker PM, Stafford JM, Stein CM, Tardif JC, Caulfield MJ, Jukema JW, Rotter JI, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of HDL cholesterol response to statins. J Med Genet 2016; 53:835-845. [PMID: 27587472 PMCID: PMC5309131 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), statin therapy also raises high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Inter-individual variation in HDL-C response to statins may be partially explained by genetic variation. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify variants with an effect on statin-induced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) changes. The 123 most promising signals with p<1×10-4 from the 16 769 statin-treated participants in the first analysis stage were followed up in an independent group of 10 951 statin-treated individuals, providing a total sample size of 27 720 individuals. The only associations of genome-wide significance (p<5×10-8) were between minor alleles at the CETP locus and greater HDL-C response to statin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on results from this study that included a relatively large sample size, we suggest that CETP may be the only detectable locus with common genetic variants that influence HDL-C response to statins substantially in individuals of European descent. Although CETP is known to be associated with HDL-C, we provide evidence that this pharmacogenetic effect is independent of its association with baseline HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Harshal A Deshmukh
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94107
| | - QiPing Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Roelof AJ Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fangui Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Bryan J Barratt
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Anton JM de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94107
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | | | - Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biosciences, University of Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | | | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL
| | - John JP Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Leonore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 27157
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Statistic, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Andrew Neil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Nyberg
- Medical Evidence and Observational Research, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eoin O’Brien
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christopher J O’Donnell
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy Post
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College, London UK
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, and the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College, London UK
| | - Sue Shaw-Hawkins
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Denis C Shields
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle WA USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Alice Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Health Care Inspectorate. The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rudi GJ Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Russell A Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford Healthcare, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Helen M Colhoun
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
- Department of Public Health, University of Dundee
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Graham Hitman
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
| | - Colin NA Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
- Department of Health Services University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jeanette M Stafford
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 27157
| | - Charles M Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
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24
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van Dam AD, Bekkering S, Crasborn M, van Beek L, van den Berg SM, Vrieling F, Joosten SA, van Harmelen V, de Winther MPJ, Lütjohann D, Lutgens E, Boon MR, Riksen NP, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP. BCG lowers plasma cholesterol levels and delays atherosclerotic lesion progression in mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:6-14. [PMID: 27232458 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG), prepared from attenuated live Mycobacterium bovis, modulates atherosclerosis development as currently explained by immunomodulatory mechanisms. However, whether BCG is pro- or anti-atherogenic remains inconclusive as the effect of BCG on cholesterol metabolism, the main driver of atherosclerosis development, has remained underexposed in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effect of BCG on cholesterol metabolism in addition to inflammation and atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model of human-like lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet containing 0.1% cholesterol and were terminated 6 weeks after a single intravenous injection with BCG (0.75 mg; 5 × 10(6) CFU). RESULTS BCG-treated mice exhibited hepatic mycobacterial infection and hepatomegaly. The enlarged liver (+53%, p = 0.001) coincided with severe immune cell infiltration and a higher cholesterol content (+31%, p = 0.03). Moreover, BCG reduced plasma total cholesterol levels (-34%, p = 0.003), which was confined to reduced nonHDL-cholesterol levels (-36%, p = 0.002). This was due to accelerated plasma clearance of cholesterol from intravenously injected [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate-labelled VLDL-like particles (t½ -41%, p = 0.002) as a result of elevated hepatic uptake (+25%, p = 0.05) as well as reduced intestinal cholestanol and plant sterol absorption (up to -37%, p = 0.003). Ultimately, BCG decreased foam cell formation of peritoneal macrophages (-18%, p = 0.02) and delayed atherosclerotic lesion progression in the aortic root of the heart. BCG tended to decrease atherosclerotic lesion area (-59%, p = 0.08) and reduced lesion severity. CONCLUSIONS BCG reduces plasma nonHDL-cholesterol levels and delays atherosclerotic lesion formation in hyperlipidemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D van Dam
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Crasborn
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne van Beek
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Vrieling
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilian's University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Mateuszuk L, Jasztal A, Maslak E, Gasior-Glogowska M, Baranska M, Sitek B, Kostogrys R, Zakrzewska A, Kij A, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Antiatherosclerotic Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide in Apolipoprotein E/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice: A Comparison with Nicotinic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:514-24. [PMID: 26631491 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), the major endogenous metabolite of nicotinic acid (NicA), may partially contribute to the vasoprotective properties of NicA. Here we compared the antiatherosclerotic effects of MNA and NicA in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)/low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice. ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice were treated with MNA or NicA (100 mg/kg). Plaque size, macrophages, and cholesterol content in the brachiocephalic artery, endothelial function in the aorta, systemic inflammation, platelet activation, as well as the concentration of MNA and its metabolites in plasma and urine were measured. MNA and NicA reduced atherosclerotic plaque area, plaque inflammation, and cholesterol content in the brachiocephalic artery. The antiatherosclerotic actions of MNA and NicA were associated with improved endothelial function, as evidenced by a higher concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 α and nitrite/nitrate in the aortic ring effluent, inhibition of platelets (blunted thromboxane B2 generation), and inhibition of systemic inflammation (lower plasma concentration of serum amyloid P, haptoglobin). NicA treatment resulted in an approximately 2-fold higher concentration of MNA and its metabolites in urine and a 4-fold higher nicotinamide/MNA ratio in plasma, compared with MNA treatment. In summary; MNA displays pronounced antiatherosclerotic action in ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, an effect associated with an improvement in prostacyclin- and nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function, inhibition of platelet activation, inhibition of inflammatory burden in plaques, and diminished systemic inflammation. Despite substantially higher MNA availability after NicA treatment, compared with an equivalent dose of MNA, the antiatherosclerotic effect of NicA was not stronger. We suggest that detrimental effects of NicA or its metabolites other than MNA may limit beneficial effects of NicA-derived MNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Edyta Maslak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Marlena Gasior-Glogowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Renata Kostogrys
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
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26
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Collins HL, Drazul-Schrader D, Sulpizio AC, Koster PD, Williamson Y, Adelman SJ, Owen K, Sanli T, Bellamine A. L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP. Atherosclerosis 2015; 244:29-37. [PMID: 26584136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary l-carnitine can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota to trimethylamine, which is absorbed by the gut and further oxidized to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. TMAO plasma levels have been associated with atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice. To better understand the mechanisms behind this association, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies looking at the effect of TMAO on different steps of atherosclerotic disease progression. METHODS J774 mouse macrophage cells were used to evaluate the effect of TMAO on foam cell formation. Male ApoE(-/-) mice transfected with human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (hCETP) were fed l-carnitine and/or methimazole, a flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) inhibitor that prevents the formation of TMAO. Following 12 week treatment, l-carnitine and TMAO plasma levels, aortic lesion development, and lipid profiles were determined. RESULTS TMAO at concentrations up to 10-fold the Cmax reported in humans did not affect in vitro foam cell formation. In ApoE(-/-)mice expressing hCETP, high doses of l-carnitine resulted in a significant increase in plasma TMAO levels. Surprisingly, and independently from treatment group, TMAO levels inversely correlated with aortic lesion size in both aortic root and thoracic aorta. High TMAO levels were found to significantly correlate with smaller aortic lesion area. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels did not change with treatment nor with TMAO levels, suggesting that the observed effects on lesion area were independent from lipid changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TMAO slows aortic lesion formation in this mouse model and may have a protective effect against atherosclerosis development in humans.
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27
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Yuan B, Wu C, Wang X, Wang D, Liu H, Guo L, Li XA, Han J, Feng H. High scavenger receptor class B type I expression is related to tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3581-8. [PMID: 26456958 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) has been linked to the development and progression of breast cancer. However, its clinical significance in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we evaluated SR-BI expression in a well-characterized breast cancer tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry. High SR-BI expression was observed in 54 % of all breast cancer cases and was significantly associated with advanced pTNM stage (P = 0.002), larger tumor size (P = 0.023), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.012), and the absence of ER (P = 0.014). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with high SR-BI expression had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.004). Moreover, multivariate analysis with adjustment for other prognostic factors confirmed that SR-BI was an independent prognostic factor for patient outcome (P = 0.017). Overall, our study demonstrated that high SR-BI expression was related to conventional parameters indicative of more aggressive tumor type and may serve as a new prognostic marker for poor clinical outcome in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Yuan
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Huiling Liu
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Central Lab, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-An Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Junqing Han
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Feng
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
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28
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van der Tuin SJL, Kühnast S, Berbée JFP, Verschuren L, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, van der Hoorn JWA, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW, Princen HMG, Willems van Dijk K, Wang Y. Anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL cholesterol by inhibition of CETP activity and reduction of plasma PCSK9. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2085-93. [PMID: 26342106 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed in APOE*3-Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (E3L.CETP) mice that anacetrapib attenuated atherosclerosis development by reducing (V)LDL cholesterol [(V)LDL-C] rather than by raising HDL cholesterol. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C and whether this effect was dependent on the inhibition of CETP. E3L.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet alone or supplemented with anacetrapib (30 mg/kg body weight per day). Microarray analyses of livers revealed downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (P < 0.001) and predicted downregulation of pathways controlled by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 (z-scores -2.56 and -2.90, respectively; both P < 0.001). These data suggest increased supply of cholesterol to the liver. We found that hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) expression was decreased (-28%, P < 0.01), accompanied by decreased plasma PCSK9 levels (-47%, P < 0.001) and increased hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) content (+64%, P < 0.01). Consistent with this, anacetrapib increased the clearance and hepatic uptake (+25%, P < 0.001) of [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate-labeled VLDL-mimicking particles. In E3L mice that do not express CETP, anacetrapib still decreased (V)LDL-C and plasma PCSK9 levels, indicating that these effects were independent of CETP inhibition. We conclude that anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C by two mechanisms: 1) inhibition of CETP activity, resulting in remodeled VLDL particles that are more susceptible to hepatic uptake; and 2) a CETP-independent reduction of plasma PCSK9 levels that has the potential to increase LDLr-mediated hepatic remnant clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J L van der Tuin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Kühnast
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Kühnast S, Fiocco M, van der Hoorn JWA, Princen HMG, Jukema JW. Innovative pharmaceutical interventions in cardiovascular disease: Focusing on the contribution of non-HDL-C/LDL-C-lowering versus HDL-C-raising: A systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant preclinical studies and clinical trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:48-63. [PMID: 25989133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-HDL-cholesterol is well recognised as a primary causal risk factor in cardiovascular disease. However, despite consistent epidemiological evidence for an inverse association between HDL-C and coronary heart disease, clinical trials aimed at raising HDL-C (AIM-HIGH, HPS2-THRIVE, dal-OUTCOMES) failed to meet their primary goals. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of established and novel treatment strategies, specifically targeting HDL, on inhibition of atherosclerosis in cholesteryl ester transfer protein-expressing animals, and the prevention of clinical events in randomised controlled trials. Linear regression analyses using data from preclinical studies revealed associations for TC and non-HDL-C and lesion area (R(2)=0.258, P=0.045; R(2)=0.760, P<0.001), but not for HDL-C (R(2)=0.030, P=0.556). In clinical trials, non-fatal myocardial infarction risk was significantly less in the treatment group with pooled odd ratios of 0.87 [0.81; 0.94] for all trials and 0.85 [0.78; 0.93] after excluding some trials due to off-target adverse events, whereas all-cause mortality was not affected (OR 1.05 [0.99-1.10]). Meta-regression analyses revealed a trend towards an association between between-group differences in absolute change from baseline in LDL-C and non-fatal myocardial infarction (P=0.066), whereas no correlation was found for HDL-C (P=0.955). We conclude that the protective role of lowering LDL-C and non-HDL-C is well-established. The contribution of raising HDL-C on inhibition of atherosclerosis and the prevention of cardiovascular disease remains undefined and may be dependent on the mode of action of HDL-C-modification. Nonetheless, treatment strategies aimed at improving HDL function and raising apolipoprotein A-I may be worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Fiocco
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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30
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van Dam AD, Nahon KJ, Kooijman S, van den Berg SM, Kanhai AA, Kikuchi T, Heemskerk MM, van Harmelen V, Lombès M, van den Hoek AM, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E, Guigas B, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Salsalate activates brown adipose tissue in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:1544-54. [PMID: 25475439 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salsalate improves glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients, but the mechanism is still unknown. The aim of the current study was to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial metabolic effects of salsalate by treating mice with salsalate during and after development of high-fat diet-induced obesity. We found that salsalate attenuated and reversed high-fat diet-induced weight gain, in particular fat mass accumulation, improved glucose tolerance, and lowered plasma triglyceride levels. Mechanistically, salsalate selectively promoted the uptake of fatty acids from glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate-labeled lipoprotein-like emulsion particles by brown adipose tissue (BAT), decreased the intracellular lipid content in BAT, and increased rectal temperature, all pointing to more active BAT. The treatment of differentiated T37i brown adipocytes with salsalate increased uncoupled respiration. Moreover, salsalate upregulated Ucp1 expression and enhanced glycerol release, a dual effect that was abolished by the inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In conclusion, salsalate activates BAT, presumably by directly activating brown adipocytes via the PKA pathway, suggesting a novel mechanism that may explain its beneficial metabolic effects in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anish A Kanhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Takuya Kikuchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mattijs M Heemskerk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilian's University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein moiety. Generation of genetically modified (total body and tissue-specific knockout) mouse models has significantly contributed to our understanding of HDL function. Here we will review data from knockout mouse studies on the importance of HDL's major alipoprotein apoA-I, the ABC transporters A1 and G1, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, phospholipid transfer protein, and scavenger receptor BI for HDL's metabolism and its protection against atherosclerosis in mice. The initial generation and maturation of HDL particles as well as the selective delivery of its cholesterol to the liver are essential parameters in the life cycle of HDL. Detrimental atherosclerosis effects observed in response to HDL deficiency in mice cannot be solely attributed to the low HDL levels per se, as the low HDL levels are in most models paralleled by changes in non-HDL-cholesterol levels. However, the cholesterol efflux function of HDL is of critical importance to overcome foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Although HDL is predominantly studied for its atheroprotective action, the mouse data also suggest an essential role for HDL as cholesterol donor for steroidogenic tissues, including the adrenals and ovaries. Furthermore, it appears that a relevant interaction exists between HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux and the susceptibility to inflammation, which (1) provides strong support for the novel concept that inflammation and metabolism are intertwining biological processes and (2) identifies the efflux function of HDL as putative therapeutic target also in other inflammatory diseases than atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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32
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Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, Pelgrom LR, Berbée JFP, Visseren CAR, van Aggele RC, van den Hoek AM, Sips HCM, Lombès M, Havekes LM, Tamsma JT, Guigas B, Meijer OC, Jukema JW, Rensen PCN. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade activates brown adipose tissue and diminishes dyslipidemia and obesity. FASEB J 2014; 28:5361-75. [PMID: 25154875 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is an important player in energy metabolism by regulating appetite, lipolysis, and energy expenditure. Chronic blockade of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) leads to long-term maintenance of weight loss and reduction of dyslipidemia in experimental and human obesity. The molecular mechanism by which CB1R blockade reverses dyslipidemia in obesity has not yet been clarified. In this study, we showed that CB1R blockade with the systemic CB1R blocker rimonabant enhanced whole-body energy expenditure and activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicated by increased expression of genes involved in BAT thermogenesis and decreased lipid droplet size in BAT. This was accompanied by selectively increased triglyceride (TG) uptake by BAT and lower plasma TG levels. Interestingly, the effects on BAT activation were still present at thermoneutrality and could be recapitulated by using the strictly peripheral CB1R antagonist AM6545, indicating direct peripheral activation of BAT. Indeed, CB1R blockade directly activated T37i brown adipocytes, resulting in enhanced uncoupled respiration, most likely via enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling via the adrenergic receptor pathway. Our data indicate that selective targeting of the peripheral CB1R in BAT has therapeutic potential in attenuating dyslipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard R Pelgrom
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl A R Visseren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin C van Aggele
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hetty C M Sips
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands; TNO Biosciences, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kühnast S, van der Tuin SJL, van der Hoorn JWA, van Klinken JB, Simic B, Pieterman E, Havekes LM, Landmesser U, Lüscher TF, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. Anacetrapib reduces progression of atherosclerosis, mainly by reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, improves lesion stability and adds to the beneficial effects of atorvastatin. Eur Heart J 2014; 36:39-48. [PMID: 25142968 PMCID: PMC4286319 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The residual risk that remains after statin treatment supports the addition of other LDL-C-lowering agents and has stimulated the search for secondary treatment targets. Epidemiological studies propose HDL-C as a possible candidate. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from atheroprotective HDL to atherogenic (V)LDL. The CETP inhibitor anacetrapib decreases (V)LDL-C by ∼15-40% and increases HDL-C by ∼40-140% in clinical trials. We evaluated the effects of a broad dose range of anacetrapib on atherosclerosis and HDL function, and examined possible additive/synergistic effects of anacetrapib on top of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a diet without or with ascending dosages of anacetrapib (0.03; 0.3; 3; 30 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (2.4 mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with anacetrapib (0.3 mg/kg/day) for 21 weeks. Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced CETP activity (-59 to -100%, P < 0.001), thereby decreasing non-HDL-C (-24 to -45%, P < 0.001) and increasing HDL-C (+30 to +86%, P < 0.001). Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area (-41 to -92%, P < 0.01) and severity, increased plaque stability index and added to the effects of atorvastatin by further decreasing lesion size (-95%, P < 0.001) and severity. Analysis of covariance showed that both anacetrapib (P < 0.05) and non-HDL-C (P < 0.001), but not HDL-C (P = 0.76), independently determined lesion size. CONCLUSION Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduces atherosclerosis, and adds to the anti-atherogenic effects of atorvastatin, which is mainly ascribed to a reduction in non-HDL-C. In addition, anacetrapib improves lesion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J L van der Tuin
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Branko Simic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Campus Schlieren, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elsbet Pieterman
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kühnast S, van der Hoorn JWA, Pieterman EJ, van den Hoek AM, Sasiela WJ, Gusarova V, Peyman A, Schäfer HL, Schwahn U, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. Alirocumab inhibits atherosclerosis, improves the plaque morphology, and enhances the effects of a statin. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2103-12. [PMID: 25139399 PMCID: PMC4174003 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is a potential novel strategy for treatment of CVD. Alirocumab is a fully human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody in phase 3 clinical development. We evaluated the antiatherogenic potential of alirocumab in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Mice received a Western-type diet and were treated with alirocumab (3 or 10 mg/kg, weekly subcutaneous dosing) alone and in combination with atorvastatin (3.6 mg/kg/d) for 18 weeks. Alirocumab alone dose-dependently decreased total cholesterol (−37%; −46%, P < 0.001) and TGs (−36%; −39%, P < 0.001) and further decreased cholesterol in combination with atorvastatin (−48%; −58%, P < 0.001). Alirocumab increased hepatic LDL receptor protein levels but did not affect hepatic cholesterol and TG content. Fecal output of bile acids and neutral sterols was not changed. Alirocumab dose-dependently decreased atherosclerotic lesion size (−71%; −88%, P < 0.001) and severity and enhanced these effects when added to atorvastatin (−89%; −98%, P < 0.001). Alirocumab reduced monocyte recruitment and improved the lesion composition by increasing the smooth muscle cell and collagen content and decreasing the macrophage and necrotic core content. Alirocumab dose-dependently decreases plasma lipids and, as a result, atherosclerosis development, and it enhances the beneficial effects of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. In addition, alirocumab improves plaque morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anusch Peyman
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) - Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Scharnagl H, Heuschneider C, Sailer S, Kleber ME, März W, Ritsch A. Decreased cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with low cholesteryl ester transfer protein plasma levels. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:395-401. [PMID: 24467215 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been considered as a possible target for treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, first clinical studies employing CETP inhibitors have failed to demonstrate clinical benefit. Additionally, we have previously shown that low endogenous plasma levels of CETP are associated with increased mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We hypothesized that low CETP plasma levels are associated with decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum HDL efflux capacity was measured in 154 patients of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study displaying extremely low (< 0·68 μg/mL, n = 77) or high (> 2·13 μg/mL, n = 77) CETP concentrations in their plasma, respectively. The LURIC study is a prospective observational study of patients referred to coronary angiography at baseline with a median follow-up time of 7·75 years. Primary and secondary endpoints were cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, respectively. RESULTS High CETP patients showed a significant increase in the capacity of their plasma to mediate cholesterol efflux from cholesterol laden macrophages when compared to the efflux capacity observed in low CETP patients (+ 5·4%, P = 0·015). As shown by multiregression analysis, the impact of CETP on cholesterol efflux capacity was independent from classical risk and lifestyle factors, as well as from lipid parameters including HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that low plasma concentrations of CETP might indeed lead to impaired HDL function within the reverse cholesterol transport pointing towards an atheroprotective role of CETP at least in patients with high risk of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme, are molecules of fungal origin. By inhibiting a key step in the sterol biosynthetic pathway statins are powerful cholesterol lowering medications and have provided outstanding contributions to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Their detection in mycetes traces back to close to 40 years ago: there were, originally, widely opposing views on their therapeutic potential. From then on, intensive pharmaceutical development has led to the final availability in the clinic of seven statin molecules, characterized by differences in bioavailability, lipo/hydrophilicity, cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism and cellular transport mechanisms. These differences are reflected in their relative power (mg LDL-cholesterol reduction per mg dose) and possibly in parenchymal or muscular toxicities. The impact of the antagonism of statins on a crucial step of intermediary metabolism leads, in fact, both to a reduction of cholesterol biosynthesis as well as to additional pharmacodynamic (so called "pleiotropic") effects. In the face of an extraordinary clinical success, the emergence of some side effects, e.g. raised incidence of diabetes and cataracts as well as frequent muscular side effects, have led to increasing concern by physicians. However, also in view of the present relatively low cost of these drugs, their impact on daily therapy of vascular patients is unlikely to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare R Sirtori
- Center of Dyslipidemias, Niguarda Hospital, Italy; Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Geerling JJ, Boon MR, van der Zon GC, van den Berg SAA, van den Hoek AM, Lombès M, Princen HMG, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, Guigas B. Metformin lowers plasma triglycerides by promoting VLDL-triglyceride clearance by brown adipose tissue in mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:880-91. [PMID: 24270984 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides its well-characterized antihyperglycemic properties, metformin also lowers plasma VLDL triglyceride (TG). In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism. We found that metformin markedly lowered plasma total cholesterol and TG levels, an effect mostly due to a decrease in VLDL-TG, whereas HDL was slightly increased. Strikingly, metformin did not affect hepatic VLDL-TG production, VLDL particle composition, and hepatic lipid composition but selectively enhanced clearance of glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate-labeled VLDL-like emulsion particles into brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT mass and lipid droplet content were reduced in metformin-treated mice, pointing to increased BAT activation. In addition, both AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1) expression and activity and HSL and mitochondrial content were increased in BAT. Furthermore, therapeutic concentrations of metformin increased AMPK and HSL activities and promoted lipolysis in T37i differentiated brown adipocytes. Collectively, our results identify BAT as an important player in the TG-lowering effect of metformin by enhancing VLDL-TG uptake, intracellular TG lipolysis, and subsequent mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Targeting BAT might therefore be considered as a future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine J Geerling
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Gan LM, Wikström J, Fritsche-Danielson R. Coronary flow reserve from mouse to man--from mechanistic understanding to future interventions. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:715-28. [PMID: 23877202 PMCID: PMC3790920 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is recognized as an important mechanism increasing the risk for cardiovascular events in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In addition to obstructive coronary diseases, systemic inflammation, macro- and microvascular function are additional important mechanisms contributing to the ischemic myocardium. Accumulating evidence indicates that coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a quantitative measurement of ischemia including integrated information on structure and function of the coronary artery at all levels. Not surprisingly, CFR has been shown to confer strong prognostic value for hard cardiovascular (CV) events in a number of relevant patient cohorts. Using high-resolution imaging, it is now possible to study coronary arteries from mouse to man. Therefore, CFR may be an important translational tool to risk-stratify patients and to perform both preclinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies before investing in large-scale outcome trials, thus improving the translational value for novel CV targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk by statins is well established. This risk reduction has mostly been attributed to decreases in plasma LDL cholesterol and other pleiotropic effects of statins. Emerging evidence indicates that statins exert multiple effects on lipoprotein metabolism, including chylomicrons and HDLs. RECENT FINDINGS Kinetic and in-vitro studies have documented that the effects of statins on the metabolism of different lipoproteins are for the most part the direct consequence of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition and the subsequent change in transcription factors and cell signaling, regulating different aspects of lipoprotein metabolism. Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among statins lead to diverse biological outcomes. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent experimental evidence highlighting the different effects of statins on cellular pathways regulating gene expression. Understanding the basic mechanisms by which different statins regulate lipoprotein metabolism will lead to improved strategies for the prevention and treatment of specific lipoprotein disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Auvinen HE, Wang Y, Princen H, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Smit JWA, Meijer OC, Biermasz NR, Rensen PCN, Pereira AM. Both transient and continuous corticosterone excess inhibit atherosclerotic plaque formation in APOE*3-leiden.CETP mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63882. [PMID: 23717502 PMCID: PMC3661690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of glucocorticoids in atherosclerosis development is not clearly established. Human studies show a clear association between glucocorticoid excess and cardiovascular disease, whereas most animal models indicate an inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on atherosclerosis development. These animal models, however, neither reflect long-term glucocorticoid overexposure nor display human-like lipoprotein metabolism. Aim To investigate the effects of transient and continuous glucocorticoid excess on atherosclerosis development in a mouse model with human-like lipoprotein metabolism upon feeding a Western-type diet. Methods Pair-housed female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice fed a Western-type containing 0.1% cholesterol for 20 weeks were given corticosterone (50 µg/ml) for either 5 (transient group) or 17 weeks (continuous group), or vehicle (control group) in the drinking water. At the end of the study, atherosclerosis severity, lesion area in the aortic root, the number of monocytes adhering to the endothelial wall and macrophage content of the plaque were measured. Results Corticosterone treatment increased body weight and food intake for the duration of the treatment and increased gonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue weight in transient group by +35% and +31%, and in the continuous group by +140% and 110%. Strikingly, both transient and continuous corticosterone treatment decreased total atherosclerotic lesion area by −39% without lowering plasma cholesterol levels. In addition, there was a decrease of −56% in macrophage content of the plaque with continuous corticosterone treatment, and a similar trend was present with the transient treatment. Conclusion Increased corticosterone exposure in mice with human-like lipoprotein metabolism has beneficial, long-lasting effects on atherosclerosis, but negatively affects body fat distribution by promoting fat accumulation in the long-term. This indicates that the increased atherosclerosis observed in humans in states of glucocorticoid excess may not be related to cortisol per se, but might be the result of complex indirect effects of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Auvinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Karalis I, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW. Journey through cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition: from bench to bedside. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013; 6:360-6. [PMID: 23674310 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.111.000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karalis
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by a major elevation in circulating LDL-cholesterol levels, cholesterol deposition within the arterial wall and an increased risk of premature coronary artery disease. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is now considered as a key process that protects against development of atherosclerosis. The major antiatherogenic action of HDL particles is intimately linked to their determinant role in RCT pathway. However, the steady-sate of HDL-cholesterol levels does not represent the optimal marker to evaluate the efficiency of the RCT in all circumstances. RECENT FINDINGS By using ex-vivo systems for the evaluation of the efficacy of RCT a strong inverse relationship between HDL efflux capacity from macrophages and atherosclerosis progression has been demonstrated. Low HDL-C phenotype observed in familial hypercholesterolemia patients is associated with defective capacities of HDL particles to mediate major steps of the centripetal movement of cholesterol from peripheral cells to feces. However, current available treatment used to reduce LDL-C to therapeutic goals does not correct altered functions of HDL particles in humans. SUMMARY In the context of familial hypercholesterolemia, a growing body of evidence suggests that impaired efficacy of the RCT pathway contributes significantly to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Guerin
- INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France.
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Muraki A, Miyashita K, Mitsuishi M, Tamaki M, Tanaka K, Itoh H. Coenzyme Q10 reverses mitochondrial dysfunction in atorvastatin-treated mice and increases exercise endurance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:479-86. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01362.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs widely used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, they are associated with various types of myopathies. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and thus decrease biosynthesis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and may also reduce ubiquinones, essential coenzymes of a mitochondrial electron transport chain, which contain isoprenoid residues, synthesized through an HMG-CoA reductase-dependent pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that statin treatment might influence physical performance through muscular mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency. The effect of two statins, atorvastatin and pravastatin, on ubiquinone content, mitochondrial function, and physical performance was examined by using statin-treated mice. Changes in energy metabolism in association with statin treatment were studied by using cultured myocytes. We found that atorvastatin-treated mice developed muscular mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency and a decrease in exercise endurance without affecting muscle mass and strength. Meanwhile, pravastatin at ten times higher dose of atorvastatin had no such effects. In cultured myocytes, atorvastatin-related decrease in mitochondrial activity led to a decrease in oxygen utilization and an increase in lactate production. Conversely, coenzyme Q10 treatment in atorvastatin-treated mice reversed atorvastatin-related mitochondrial dysfunction and a decrease in oxygen utilization, and thus improved exercise endurance. Atorvastatin decreased exercise endurance in mice through mitochondrial dysfunction due to ubiquinone deficiency. Ubiquinone supplementation with coenzyme Q10 could reverse atorvastatin-related mitochondrial dysfunction and decrease in exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Muraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Mitsuishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Guan S, Wang B, Li W, Guan J, Fang X. Effects of Berberine on Expression of LOX-1 and SR-BI in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells Induced by ox-LDL. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 38:1161-9. [PMID: 21061468 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10008548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of beriberine on the expression of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), scavenger receptor A (SR-A), SR class B type I (SR-BI) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in human macrophage-derived foam cells induced by ox-LDL. Different concentrations of Berberine were co-cultured with THP-1 derived foam cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of LOX-1, SR-A, SR-BI and ABCA1 were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Ox-LDL significantly increased the expression of LOX-1 and inhibited the expression of SR-BI in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Berberine significantly inhibited the effects of ox-LDL in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, ox-LDL significantly promoted ABCA1 expression. However, berberine had no effect on SR-A or ABCA1 expression. Berberine can inhibit the expression of LOX-1 and promote the expression of SR-BI in macrophage-derived foam cells. Therefore, berberine could be used to treat atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinghuan Guan
- Hospital of Combining Traditional Chinese, Medicine and Western Medicine of Wuhan City, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Marchesi M, Parolini C, Caligari S, Gilio D, Manzini S, Busnelli M, Cinquanta P, Camera M, Brambilla M, Sirtori CR, Chiesa G. Rosuvastatin does not affect human apolipoprotein A-I expression in genetically modified mice: a clue to the disputed effect of statins on HDL. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1460-8. [PMID: 21486287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Besides a significant reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, statins moderately increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. In vitro studies have indicated that this effect may be the result of an increased expression of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, the main protein component of HDL. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vivo the effect of rosuvastatin on apoA-I expression and secretion in a transgenic mouse model for human apoA-I. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human apoA-I transgenic mice were treated for 28 days with 5, 10 or 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) of rosuvastatin, the most effective statin in raising HDL levels. Possible changes of apoA-I expression by treatment were investigated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on RNA extracted from mouse livers. The human apoA-I secretion rate was determined in primary hepatocytes isolated from transgenic mice from each group after treatment. KEY RESULTS Rosuvastatin treatment with 5 and 10 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) did not affect apoA-I plasma levels, whereas a significant decrease was observed in mice treated with 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) of rosuvastatin (-16%, P < 0.01). Neither relative hepatic mRNA concentrations of apoA-I nor apoA-I secretion rates from primary hepatocytes were influenced by rosuvastatin treatment at each tested dose. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In human apoA-I transgenic mice, rosuvastatin treatment does not increase either apoA-I transcription and hepatic secretion, or apoA-I plasma levels. These results support the hypothesis that other mechanisms may account for the observed HDL increase induced by statin therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marchesi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lipidomics reveals multiple pathway effects of a multi-components preparation on lipid biochemistry in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30332. [PMID: 22291936 PMCID: PMC3264613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Causes and consequences of the complex changes in lipids occurring in the metabolic syndrome are only partly understood. Several interconnected processes are deteriorating, which implies that multi-target approaches might be more successful than strategies based on a limited number of surrogate markers. Preparations from Chinese Medicine (CM) systems have been handed down with documented clinical features similar as metabolic syndrome, which might help developing new intervention for metabolic syndrome. The progress in systems biology and specific animal models created possibilities to assess the effects of such preparations. Here we report the plasma and liver lipidomics results of the intervention effects of a preparation SUB885C in apolipoprotein E3 Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (ApoE*3Leiden.CETP) mice. SUB885C was developed according to the principles of CM for treatment of metabolic syndrome. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 blocker rimonabant was included as a general control for the evaluation of weight and metabolic responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice with mild hypercholesterolemia were divided into SUB885C-, rimonabant- and non-treated control groups. SUB885C caused no weight loss, but significantly reduced plasma cholesterol (-49%, p<0.001), CETP levels (-31%, p<0.001), CETP activity (-74%, p<0.001) and increased HDL-C (39%, p<0.05). It influenced lipidomics classes of cholesterol esters and triglycerides the most. Rimonabant induced a weight loss (-9%, p<0.05), but only a moderate improvement of lipid profiles. In vitro, SUB885C extract caused adipolysis stimulation and adipogenesis inhibition in 3T3-L1 cells. CONCLUSIONS SUB885C, a multi-components preparation, is able to produce anti-atherogenic changes in lipids of the ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice, which are comparable to those obtained with compounds belonging to known drugs (e.g. rimonabant, atorvastatin, niacin). This study successfully illustrated the power of lipidomics in unraveling intervention effects and to help finding new targets or ingredients for lifestyle-related metabolic abnormality.
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Aliskiren inhibits atherosclerosis development and improves plaque stability in APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice with or without treatment with atorvastatin. J Hypertens 2012; 30:107-16. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834ddd8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Snel M, Jonker JT, Hammer S, Lamb HJ, de Roos A, Meinders AE, Pijl H, Romijn JA, Smit JWA, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreases plasma CETP and increases apolipoprotein AI levels without improving the cholesterol efflux properties of HDL. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2576-80. [PMID: 21994427 PMCID: PMC3220857 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a mouse model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, we observed previously that reduction of the hepatic triglyceride (TG) content resulted in a decrease in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and an increase in HDL levels. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, resulting in a major reduction in hepatic TG content, on plasma CETP and HDL levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 27 obese (BMI: 37.2 ± 0.9 kg/m(2)) insulin-dependent patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (14 men and 13 women, aged 55 ± 2 years) who received a 16-week very low calorie diet (VLCD). At baseline and after a 16-week VLCD, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and CETP were measured. Furthermore, functionality of HDL with respect to inducing cholesterol efflux from human monocyte cells (THP-1) was determined. RESULTS A 16-week VLCD markedly decreased plasma CETP concentration (-18%; P < 0.01) and increased plasma apolipoprotein (apo)AI levels (+16%; P < 0.05), without significantly affecting plasma HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipids. Although a VLCD results in HDL that is less lipidated, the functionality of HDL with respect to inducing cholesterol efflux in vitro was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The marked decrease in hepatic TG content induced by a 16-week VLCD is accompanied by a decrease in plasma CETP concentration and an increase in apoAI levels, without improving the cholesterol efflux properties of HDL in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Shimabukuro M, Higa M, Tanaka H, Shimabukuro T, Yamakawa K, Masuzaki H. Distinct effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2011; 28:856-64. [PMID: 21244474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on the lipid profile and lipoprotein subclasses were compared in patients with Type 2 diabetes with dyslipidaemia. METHODS Patients with Type 2 diabetes with hypercholesterolaemia and/or hypertriglyceridaemia were randomized to receive pitavastatin 2 mg (n = 16) or atorvastatin 10 mg (n = 15) for 6 months, and blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles and cholesterol and triglyceride contents of 20 lipoprotein subclasses, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, were compared. RESULTS At baseline, cholesterol in VLDL and LDL subclasses were increased equally in two groups of patients with diabetes as compared with normolipidaemic control subjects. As compared with baseline, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio and apolipoprotein B were decreased after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment with atorvastatin and pitavastatin. Serum triglyceride levels were decreased after 1, 3 and 6 months of atorvastatin, but only at 3 months of pitavastatin. Serum HDL cholesterol was increased after 1, 3 and 6 months of pitavastatin, whereas HDL cholesterol was even decreased after 6 months of atorvastatin. Cholesterol levels of most VLDL and LDL subclasses were decreased equally in both groups. However, only pitavastatin increased cholesterol of medium HDL subclass. Serum triglyceride and triglyceride contents in VLDL and LDL subclasses were decreased only by atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS The impact on lipoprotein subclass profiles was different between pitavastatin and atorvastatin. It may be beneficial to determine lipoprotein subclass profile and select the appropriate statin for each profile in patients with diabetes with an additional cardiovascular risk such as low HDL cholesterol or hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimabukuro
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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Bijland S, Rensen PCN, Pieterman EJ, Maas ACE, van der Hoorn JW, van Erk MJ, Havekes LM, Willems van Dijk K, Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL, Princen HMG. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cause alkyl chain length-dependent hepatic steatosis and hypolipidemia mainly by impairing lipoprotein production in APOE*3-Leiden CETP mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:290-303. [PMID: 21705711 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are stable perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFAS) surfactants, and PFHxS and PFOS are frequently detected in human biomonitoring studies. Some epidemiological studies have shown modest positive correlations of serum PFOS with non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C). This study investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of PFAS surfactants on lipoprotein metabolism. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet with PFBS, PFHxS, or PFOS (30, 6, and 3 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 4-6 weeks. Whereas PFBS modestly reduced only plasma triglycerides (TG), PFHxS and PFOS markedly reduced TG, non-HDL-C, and HDL-C. The decrease in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was caused by enhanced lipoprotein lipase-mediated VLDL-TG clearance and by decreased production of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B. Reduced HDL production, related to decreased apolipoprotein AI synthesis, resulted in decreased HDL. PFHxS and PFOS increased liver weight and hepatic TG content. Hepatic gene expression profiling data indicated that these effects were the combined result of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and pregnane X receptor activation. In conclusion, the potency of PFAS to affect lipoprotein metabolism increased with increasing alkyl chain length. PFHxS and PFOS reduce plasma TG and total cholesterol mainly by impairing lipoprotein production, implying that the reported positive correlations of serum PFOS and non-HDL-C are associative rather than causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bijland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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