1
|
He W, Wang H, Yang G, Zhu L, Liu X. The Role of Chemokines in Obesity and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1121. [PMID: 39334887 PMCID: PMC11430256 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health crisis that is closely interrelated to many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of specific chemokines involved in the development of obesity, including C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL14, and XCL1 (lymphotactin). These chemokines exacerbate the symptoms of obesity by either promoting the inflammatory response or by influencing metabolic pathways and recruiting immune cells. Additionally, the research highlights the positive effect of exercise on modulating chemokine expression in the obese state. Notably, it explores the potential effects of both aerobic exercises and combined aerobic and resistance training in lowering levels of inflammatory mediators, reducing insulin resistance, and improving metabolic health. These findings suggest new strategies for obesity intervention through the modulation of chemokine levels by exercise, providing fresh perspectives and directions for the treatment of obesity and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbi He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verhulst CEM, van Heck JIP, Fabricius TW, Stienstra R, Teerenstra S, McCrimmon RJ, Tack CJ, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, de Galan BE. Hypoglycaemia induces a sustained pro-inflammatory response in people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3114-3124. [PMID: 37485887 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the duration and the extension of the pro-inflammatory response to hypoglycaemia both in people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 47) and matched controls (n = 16) underwent a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic hypoglycaemic (2.8 ± 0.1 mmoL/L [49.9 ± 2.3 mg/dL]) glucose clamp. During euglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, and 1, 3 and 7 days later, blood was drawn to determine immune cell phenotype, monocyte function and circulating inflammatory markers. RESULTS Hypoglycaemia increased lymphocyte and monocyte counts, which remained elevated for 1 week. The proportion of CD16+ monocytes increased and the proportion of CD14+ monocytes decreased. During hypoglycaemia, monocytes released more tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, and less interleukin-10, after ex vivo stimulation. Hypoglycaemia increased the levels of 19 circulating inflammatory proteins, including high sensitive C-reactive protein, most of which remained elevated for 1 week. The epinephrine peak in response to hypoglycaemia was positively correlated with immune cell number and phenotype, but not with the proteomic response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, despite differences in prior exposure to hypoglycaemia, the pattern of the inflammatory responses to hypoglycaemia did not differ between people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. In conclusion, hypoglycaemia induces a range of pro-inflammatory responses that are sustained for at least 1 week in people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clementine E M Verhulst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia I P van Heck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Therese W Fabricius
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Teerenstra
- Section Biostatistics, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bastiaan E de Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Costa Fernandes CJ, da Cruz Rodrigues KC, de Melo DG, de Campos TDP, Dos Santos Canciglieri R, Simabuco FM, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, de Moura LP. Short-term strength exercise reduces the macrophage M1/M2 ratio in white adipose tissue of obese animals. Life Sci 2023; 329:121916. [PMID: 37419412 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity can exacerbate the systemic inflammatory process, leading to increased infiltration of monocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) and polarization of these cells into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, while reducing the population of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing the pro-inflammatory profile. However, the impact of strength training and the duration of training on macrophage polarization in the WAT of obese individuals have not been widely studied. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on macrophage infiltration and polarization in the epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese mice. We compared the following groups: Control (CT), Obese (OB), Obese 7-day strength training (STO7d), and Obese 15-day strength training (STO15d). Macrophage populations were evaluated by flow cytometry: total macrophages (F4/80+), M1 (CD11c), and M2 (CD206) macrophages. Our results demonstrated that both training protocols improved peripheral insulin sensitivity by increasing AKT phosphorylation (Ser473). Specifically, the 7-day training regimen reduced total macrophage infiltration and M2 macrophage levels without altering M1 levels. In the STO15d group, significant differences were observed in total macrophage levels, M1 macrophages, and the M1/M2 ratio compared to the OB group. In the epididymal tissue, a reduction in the M1/M2 ratio was observed in the STO7d group. Overall, our data demonstrate that 15 days of strength exercise can reduce the M1/M2 ratio of macrophages in white adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Kellen Cristina da Cruz Rodrigues
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes de Melo
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Thais Dantis Pereira de Campos
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dos Santos Canciglieri
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | | | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baumer Y, Pita MA, Turner BS, Baez AS, Ortiz-Whittingham LR, Gutierrez-Huerta CA, Neally SJ, Farmer N, Mitchell VM, Collins BS, Powell-Wiley TM. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and individual-level socioeconomic status are associated with dopamine-mediated changes to monocyte subset CCR2 expression via a cAMP-dependent pathway. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100640. [PMID: 37251548 PMCID: PMC10220312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Social determinants of health (SDoH) include socioeconomic, environmental, and psychological factors that impact health. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (NSD) and low individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) are SDoH that associate with incident heart failure, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood. Previous research has demonstrated an association between NSD, in particular, and key components of the neural-hematopoietic-axis including amygdala activity as a marker of chronic stress, bone marrow activity, and arterial inflammation. Our study further characterizes the role of NSD and SES as potential sources of chronic stress related to downstream immunological factors in this stress-associated biologic pathway. We investigated how NSD, SES, and catecholamine levels (as proxy for sympathetic nervous system activation) may influence monocytes which are known to play a significant role in atherogenesis. First, in an ex vivo approach, we treated healthy donor monocytes with biobanked serum from a community cohort of African Americans at risk for CVD. Subsequently, the treated monocytes were subjected to flow cytometry for characterization of monocyte subsets and receptor expression. We determined that NSD and serum catecholamines (namely dopamine [DA] and norepinephrine [NE]) associated with monocyte C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) expression (p < 0.05), a receptor known to facilitate recruitment of monocytes towards arterial plaques. Additionally, NSD associated with catecholamine levels, especially DA in individuals of low SES. To further explore the potential role of NSD and the effects of catecholamines on monocytes, monocytes were treated in vitro with epinephrine [EPI], NE, or DA. Only DA increased CCR2 expression in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01), especially on non-classical monocytes (NCM). Furthermore, linear regression analysis between D2-like receptor surface expression and surface CCR2 expression suggested D2-like receptor signaling in NCM. Indicative of D2-signaling, cAMP levels were found to be lower in DA-treated monocytes compared to untreated controls (control 29.78 pmol/ml vs DA 22.97 pmol/ml; p = 0.038) and the impact of DA on NCM CCR2 expression was abrogated by co-treatment with 8-CPT, a cAMP analog. Furthermore, Filamin A (FLNA), a prominent actin-crosslinking protein, that is known to regulate CCR2 recycling, significantly decreased in DA-treated NCM (p < 0.05), indicating a reduction of CCR2 recycling. Overall, we provide a novel immunological mechanism, driven by DA signaling and CCR2, for how NSD may contribute to atherogenesis. Future studies should investigate the importance of DA in CVD development and progression in populations disproportionately experiencing chronic stress due to SDoH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario A. Pita
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Briana S. Turner
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew S. Baez
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lola R. Ortiz-Whittingham
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristhian A. Gutierrez-Huerta
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sam J. Neally
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Farmer
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valerie M. Mitchell
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Billy S. Collins
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tamene W, Marconi VC, Abebe M, Wassie L, Belay Y, Kebede A, Sack U, Howe R. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on monocytes in TB and HIV S. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17202. [PMID: 37484366 PMCID: PMC10361379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we defined multiple chemokine receptors expressed by classical, intermediate and non-classical monocyte subsets in TB, HIV and TB/HIV co-infection and associate it with the perturbation of monocyte subsets due to the diseases. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from TB+ (n = 34), HIV+ (n = 35), TB + HIV+ (n = 12), as well as TB-HIV- healthy controls (n = 39), were tested for monocyte phenotyping by flow cytometry. Frequencies of intermediate and non-classical monocytes were significantly higher in TB and/or HIV disease relative to healthy controls. CCR2 and CX3CR1 were significantly higher on monocytes in TB disease, whereas CCR4 and CCR5 were present at higher levels in HIV disease. TB/HIV co-infected patients exhibited CCR2, CCR5 and CX3CR1 levels intermediate to TB and HIV subjects, while CCR4 was at a higher level than HIV. Despite the increase in the expression of chemokine receptors due to disease conditions, chemokine receptors maintained their original expression pattern on monocyte subsets. Our data provided new insight into the disease-specific but not monocyte subsets-specific modulation of chemokine receptors in TB and HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wegene Tamene
- TB and HIV Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meseret Abebe
- Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Wassie
- Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Belay
- TB and HIV Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amha Kebede
- TB and HIV Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Immunology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Bacterial and Viral Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McDougle JM, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Jajtner AR, Feito Y. Acute physiological outcomes of high-intensity functional training: a scoping review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14493. [PMID: 36620744 PMCID: PMC9817969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) have been conducted. However, due to a restricted pool of available research, these investigations are often limited in scope. As such, a scoping review investigating the present literature surrounding the acute physiological response to HIFT-based exercise was chosen as a more appropriate structured review. Methodology A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Three large scale databases were searched to reveal any article pertaining to HIFT and related exercise terminology. Results A total of 2,241 articles were found during the initial search. Following this, titles, then abstracts, and full-texts were reviewed to determine inclusion eligibility. A total of 60 articles which investigated a combined total of 35 unique HIFT workouts were included within this review. Conclusions A variety of physiological parameters and HIFT workouts have been examined. Markers of intensity (e.g., blood lactate concentrations, heart rate) have been most consistently assessed across all studies, and these support the idea that HIFT workouts are typically performed at high-intensity. In contrast, the inclusion of most other measures (e.g., hormonal, markers of inflammation and damage, energy expenditure, performance) has been inconsistent and has thus, limited the possibility for making generalized conclusions. Differences in study methodologies have further impacted conclusions, as different studies have varied in sample population characteristics, workouts assessed, and time points. Though it may be impossible to comprehensively research all possible HIFT workouts, consistent adoption of population definitions and workload quantification may overcome this challenge and assist with future comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States,American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inflammatory Response and Immune Regulation in Brain-Heart Interaction after Stroke. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:2406122. [PMID: 36474712 PMCID: PMC9683992 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2406122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrocardiac syndrome (CCS) is one of the secondary myocardial injuries after stroke. Cerebrocardiac syndrome may result in a poor prognosis with high mortality. Understanding the mechanism of the brain-heart interaction may be crucial for clinical treatment of pathological changes in CCS. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory response is involved in the brain-heart interaction after stroke. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) evoked by stroke may injure myocardial cells directly, in which the interplay between inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cardiac sympathetic/parasympathetic dysfunction, and splenic immunoregulation may be also the key pathophysiology factor. This review article summarizes the current understanding of inflammatory response and immune regulation in brain-heart interaction after stroke.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kurowski M, Seys S, Bonini M, Del Giacco S, Delgado L, Diamant Z, Kowalski ML, Moreira A, Rukhadze M, Couto M. Physical exercise, immune response, and susceptibility to infections-current knowledge and growing research areas. Allergy 2022; 77:2653-2664. [PMID: 35485959 DOI: 10.1111/all.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps for future research in the area of exercise-associated modifications of infection susceptibility. Regular moderate-intensity exercise is believed to have beneficial effects on immune health through lowering inflammation intensity and reducing susceptibility to respiratory infections. However, strenuous exercise, as performed by professional athletes, may promote infection: in about half of athletes presenting respiratory symptoms, no causative pathogen can be identified. Acute bouts of exercise enhance the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, which may induce infection-like respiratory symptoms. Relatively few studies have assessed the influence of regularly repeated exercise on the immune response and systemic inflammation compared to the effects of acute exercise. Additionally, ambient and environmental conditions may modify the systemic inflammatory response and infection susceptibility, particularly in outdoor athletes. Both acute and chronic regular exercise influence humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms, resulting in decreased specific and non-specific response in competitive athletes. The most promising areas of further research in exercise immunology include detailed immunological characterization of infection-prone and infection-resistant athletes, examining the efficacy of nutritional and pharmaceutical interventions as countermeasures to infection symptoms, and determining the influence of various exercise loads on susceptibility to infections with respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. By establishing a uniform definition of an "elite athlete," it will be possible to make a comparable and straightforward interpretation of data from different studies and settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sven Seys
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Bonini
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luis Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit- Instituto de Saúde Pública, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maia Rukhadze
- Allergy & Immunology Centre, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Teaching University Geomedi LLC, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariana Couto
- Allergy Unit, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sex differences in monocyte CCR2 expression and macrophage polarization following acute exercise. Life Sci 2022; 299:120557. [PMID: 35447130 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and phosphorylated extra-cellular regulated kinase 1 & 2 (ERK1/2) impact macrophage differentiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Whereas aerobic exercise favorably modulates the immune system and reduces atherosclerotic risk, it is unknown whether sex differences exist in the monocyte/macrophage response to acute aerobic exercise. AIMS To determine the impact of an acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on monocyte and macrophage CCR2 expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and macrophage polarization in pre-menopausal women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected in 24 people (Women/Men; n = 12) prior to (PRE), immediately after a bout of moderate intensity cycle ergometry (POST), and 2 h (2H) following exercise. Monocyte and macrophage CCR2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 as well as macrophage CD86 and CD206 were analyzed by flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS PRE classical monocyte CCR2 expression was greater in women compared to men (Women: 20546.2 ± 2306.4 vs. Men: 14437.6 ± 1201.9 AUF; p = 0.028) and was reduced in women at 2H (PRE: 20546.2 ± 2306.4 vs. 2H: 15856.9 ± 1314.4 AUF; p = 0.027). POST classical monocyte CCR2 expression was inversely associated (r = -0.697, p = 0.012) with POST classical monocyte ERK1/2 phosphorylation in women only. The percentage of CCR2+ macrophages was lower in women at POST (Women: 62.0 ± 8.9 vs. Men: 83.6 ± 3.1; p = 0.031) and at 2H (Women: 60.3 ± 8.4 vs. Men: 83.5 ± 3.0%; p = 0.016). SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that a single bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise differentially impacts monocyte CCR2 expression and macrophage polarization in women compared to men.
Collapse
|
10
|
Suzuki K. Recent Progress in Applicability of Exercise Immunology and Inflammation Research to Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124299. [PMID: 34959851 PMCID: PMC8709237 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on how nutrition may help prevent and/or assist with recovery from the harmful effects of strenuous acute exercise and physical training (decreased immunity, organ injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fatigue), with a focus on nutritional supplements. First, the effects of ketogenic diets on metabolism and inflammation are considered. Second, the effects of various supplements on immune function are discussed, including antioxidant defense modulators (vitamin C, sulforaphane, taheebo), and inflammation reducers (colostrum and hyperimmunized milk). Third, how 3-hydroxy-3-methyl butyrate monohydrate (HMB) may offset muscle damage is reviewed. Fourth and finally, the relationship between exercise, nutrition and COVID-19 infection is briefly mentioned. While additional verification of the safety and efficacy of these supplements is still necessary, current evidence suggests that these supplements have potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention among athletes and more diverse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okutsu M, Yamada M, Tokizawa K, Marui S, Suzuki K, Lira VA, Nagashima K. Regular exercise stimulates endothelium autophagy via IL-1 signaling in ApoE deficient mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21698. [PMID: 34085350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002790rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise maintains arterial endothelial cell homeostasis and protects the arteries from vascular disease, such as peripheral artery disease and atherosclerosis. Autophagy, which is a cellular process that degrades misfolded or aggregate proteins and damaged organelles, plays an important role in maintaining organ and cellular homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether regular exercise stimulates autophagy in aorta endothelial cells of mice prone to atherosclerosis independently of their circulating lipid profile. Here, we observed that 16 weeks of voluntary exercise reduced high-fat diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aortic root of ApoE deficient mice, and that this protection occurred without changes in circulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, and lipoproteins. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that voluntary exercise increased levels of the autophagy protein LC3 in aortic endothelial cells. Interestingly, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to serum from voluntarily exercised mice displayed significantly increased LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels. Analysis of circulating cytokines demonstrated that voluntary exercise caused changes directly relevant to IL-1 signaling (ie, decreased interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra] while also increasing IL-1α). HUVECs exposed to IL-1α and IL-1β recombinant protein significantly increased LC3 mRNA expression, LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels, and autophagy flux. Collectively, these results suggest that regular exercise protects arteries from ApoE deficient mice against atherosclerosis at least in part by stimulating endothelial cell autophagy via enhanced IL-1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Okutsu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Tokizawa
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuri Marui
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Vitor A Lira
- Department of Health & Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kei Nagashima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van de Wouw M, Sichetti M, Long-Smith CM, Ritz NL, Moloney GM, Cusack AM, Berding K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Acute stress increases monocyte levels and modulates receptor expression in healthy females. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:463-468. [PMID: 33705869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing recognition of the involvement of the immune system in stress-related disorders. Acute stress leads to the activation of neuroendocrine systems, which in turn orchestrate a large-scale redistribution of innate immune cells, such as monocytes. Even though acute stress/monocyte interactions have been well-characterized in mice, this is not the case for humans. As such, this study aimed to investigate whether acute stress modulates blood monocyte levels in a subtype-dependent manner and whether the receptor expression of stress-related receptors is affected in humans. Blood was collected from healthy female volunteers at baseline and 1 h after the socially evaluated cold pressor test, after which blood monocyte levels and receptor expression were assessed by flow cytometry. Our results reveal a stress-induced increase in blood monocyte levels, which was independent of monocyte subtypes. Furthermore, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) and CD29 receptor expression was increased, while CD62L showed a trend towards increased expression. These results provide novel insights into how acute stress affects the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzia Sichetti
- Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernández-Lázaro D, González-Bernal JJ, Sánchez-Serrano N, Navascués LJ, Ascaso-del-Río A, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Physical Exercise as a Multimodal Tool for COVID-19: Could It Be Used as a Preventive Strategy? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228496. [PMID: 33212762 PMCID: PMC7697788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus not previously recognized in humans until late 2019. On 31 December 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unspecified etiology was reported to the World Health Organization in China. The availability of adequate SARS-CoV-2 drugs is also limited, and the efficacy and safety of these drugs for COVID-2019 pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials. For these reasons, there is a need for other strategies against COVID-19 that are capable of prevention and treatment. Physical exercise has proven to be an effective therapy for most chronic diseases and microbial infections with preventive/therapeutic benefits, considering that exercise involves primary immunological mediators and/or anti-inflammatory properties. This review aimed to provide an insight into how the implementation of a physical exercise program against COVID-19 may be a useful complementary tool for prevention, which can also enhance recovery, improve quality of life, and provide immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in the long term. In summary, physical exercise training exerts immunomodulatory effects, controls the viral gateway, modulates inflammation, stimulates nitric oxide synthesis pathways, and establishes control over oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-975-129-185
| | | | - Nerea Sánchez-Serrano
- Microbiology Unit of the Santa Bárbara Hospital, Castilla-Léon Health (SACyL), 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Lourdes Jiménez Navascués
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Ana Ascaso-del-Río
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, IdISSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wells AJ, Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Kozlowski GJ, Frosti CL, Boffey D, Harat I, Jahani S, Gepner Y, Hoffman JR. Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on Monocyte Recruitment and Cognition During a 24-Hour Simulated Military Operation. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3042-3054. [PMID: 33105353 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wells, AJ, Varanoske, AN, Coker, NA, Kozlowski, GJ, Frosti, CL, Boffey, D, Harat, I, Jahani, S, Gepner, Y, and Hoffman, JR. Effect of β-alanine supplementation on monocyte recruitment and cognition during a 24-hour simulated military operation. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3042-3054, 2020-Sustained military operations (SUSOPs) result in psychological stress and cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to the recruitment of classical monocytes into the brain. This study examined the effect of beta-alanine (BA) on cognition and monocyte recruitment during a simulated 24-hour SUSOP. Nineteen healthy men ingested 12-g/d BA or placebo for 14 days before an SUSOP. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), and macrophage-1-antigen (CD11b) expression were assessed through multiplex assay and flow cytometry. Psychological stress and cognition were assessed through Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM). A composite measure of cognition (COGcomp) was generated from throughput scores extracted from 7 ANAM cognitive tests. Assessments occurred at baseline (0H), 12 hours (12H), 18 hours (18H), and 24 hours (24H). Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. No significant effect of BA was noted for any variable (p's > 0.05). The frequency and severity of symptoms of psychological stress increased significantly at 18 and 24H compared with 0 and 12H (p's < 0.05). COGcomp decreased significantly at 18 and 24H compared with 0 and 12H (p's ≤ 0.001). MCP-1 peaked at 18H was significantly lower at 24H compared with 18H but remained elevated at 24H compared with 0H (p's < 0.001). CCR2 expression was significantly lower at 12 (p = 0.031), 18, and 24H (p's < 0.001). CD11b expression was significantly higher at 12H (p = 0.039) and 24H (p's = 0.003). MCP-1 was negatively associated with COGcomp (β = -0.395, p = 0.002, r2 = 0.174). Neither CCR2 or CD11b was related to COGcomp (p's > 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction during SUSOPs is related to serum concentrations of MCP-1 but is not influenced by BA supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Nicholas A Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gregory J Kozlowski
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Cheyanne L Frosti
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David Boffey
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Idan Harat
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Shiva Jahani
- Accreditation, Assessment and Analytics, College of Community Innovation and Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; and
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Melatonin ingestion before intradialytic exercise improves immune responses in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:553-562. [PMID: 32965623 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin (MEL) intake on systemic inflammation and immune responses during intradialytic exercise. METHODS Thirteen hemodialysis (HD) patients volunteered to participate in the current randomized-crossover study. Immunological responses were monitored in four HD sessions at different conditions: [Exercise (EX) + MEL], [EX + Placebo (PLA)], [Control (CON) + MEL] and [CON + PLA]. MEL (3 mg) or PLA was ingested 1 h before starting exercise or the equivalent time in CON condition. During all sessions, peripheral blood samples were collected to assess c-reactive protein, complete blood count, and immune cells phenotypes before HD (T0), immediately after exercise (T1) and 1 h after exercise (T2) or at corresponding times in the CON condition. RESULTS HD therapy induced a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) (p = 0.001, d = 0.85; p < 0.001, d = 1.19, respectively) and CD8+ T-lymphocytes rates (p = 0.001, d = 0.57; p < 0.001, d = 0.75, respectively) at T1 and T2 compared to T0. MEL intake prevented the decrease in NK and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, increased the proportion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes at T1 and T2 compared to T0 (p = 0.002, d = 1.18; p = 0.001, d = 1.04, respectively) and decreased the proportion of CD14++CD16+ Monocytes at T2 compared to T0 (p = 0.02, d = 1.57) in peripheral blood during HD therapy. Similar results were found in [EX + MEL] and [EX + PLA] conditions. CONCLUSION This pilot study provides the first evidence that MEL intake alone or associated with intradialytic exercise displays potential immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination of MEL with intradialytic exercise may be an appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy for HD patients.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG. Potential Importance of Immune System Response to Exercise on Aging Muscle and Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:350-356. [PMID: 32500480 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The age-related loss of skeletal muscle and bone tissue decreases functionality and increases the risk for falls and injuries. One contributing factor of muscle and bone loss over time is chronic low-grade inflammation. Exercise training is an effective countermeasure for decreasing the loss of muscle and bone tissue, possibly by enhancing immune system response. Herein, we discuss key interactions between the immune system, muscle, and bone in relation to exercise perturbations, and we identify that there is substantial "cross-talk" between muscle and bone and the immune system in response to exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in our understanding of the "cross-talk" between muscle and bone and the immune system indicate that exercise is likely to mediate many of the beneficial effects on muscle and bone via their interactions with the immune system. The age-related loss of muscle and bone tissue may be partially explained by an impaired immune system via chronic low-grade inflammation. Exercise training has a beneficial effect on immune system function and aging muscle and bone. Theoretically, the "cross-talk" between the immune system, muscle, and bone in response to exercise enhances aging musculoskeletal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Cornish
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, 117 Frank Kennedy Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Blanks AM, Wagamon TT, Lafratta L, Sisk MG, Senter MB, Pedersen LN, Bohmke N, Shah A, Mihalick VL, Franco RL. Impact of physical activity on monocyte subset CCR2 expression and macrophage polarization following moderate intensity exercise. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100033. [PMID: 38377416 PMCID: PMC8474621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an immune-mediated disease in which CCR2 attracts classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes to the arterial intima where they differentiate to macrophages. Balance between pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages contributes to CAD prevention. Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) elicits an immune response and reduces the incidence of CAD, however, the impact of prior MVPA on monocyte subset CCR2 expression and macrophage polarization following acute exercise is unknown. Purpose To determine the impact of physical activity status on monocyte subset CCR2 surface expression and macrophage polarization in response to an acute bout of moderate intensity cycle ergometry. Methods 24 healthy women and men (12 high physically active [HIACT]: ≥1500 METmin/wk MVPA & 12 low physically active [LOACT]: <600 METmin/wk MVPA) underwent an acute moderate intensity (60% VO2peak) bout of cycle ergometry for 30 min. Blood samples were collected prior to (PRE), immediately (POST), 1 h (1H), and 2 h (2H) following exercise. Monocyte CCR2 and macrophage CD86 (M1) and CD206 (M2) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Intermediate monocyte CCR2 decreased in response to exercise in the HIACT group (PRE: 11409.0 ± 1084.0 vs. POST: 9524.3 ± 1062.4; p = 0.034). Macrophage CD206 was lower in the LOACT compared to the HIACT group at 1H (HIACT: 67.2 ± 5.6 vs. LOACT: 50.1 ± 5.2%; p = 0.040). Macrophage CD206 at 1H was associated with both PRE (r = 0.446, p = 0.043) and POST (r = 0.464, p = 0.034) non-classical monocyte CCR2. Conclusion These data suggest that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity positively impacts both monocytes and macrophages following acute moderate intensity exercise and that this impact may contribute to the prevention of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anson M. Blanks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Thomas T. Wagamon
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lindsay Lafratta
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mabel G. Sisk
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Morgan B. Senter
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lauren N. Pedersen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Natalie Bohmke
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Attiya Shah
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Virginia L. Mihalick
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - R. Lee Franco
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Immune response mediates the cardiac damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113093. [PMID: 31676318 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a common adverse effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Autopsy of SAH patients shows immunocyte infiltration into the heart. In this study, a SAH model of endovascular perforation was performed in adult male mice in order to test whether SAH causes cardiac dysfunction in non-primary cardiac disease young adult male mice and whether immune response mediates SAH induced cardiac and neurological deficit. Splenectomy was performed on a subpopulation of mice one week prior to induction of the SAH. Neurological functional tests, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were performed to investigate neurological and cardiac function and immune/inflammatory effects of SAH in mice with or without splenectomy. We found that SAH significantly induces ventricular fibrillation and cardiac dysfunction identified by significantly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, decreased heart rate, as well as increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into heart and inflammatory factor expression in the heart compared to sham control mice. SAH also induces neurological deficit, increases astrocyte and microglial activity, and inflammatory cell infiltration into brain as well as up-regulates inflammatory factor expression in the brain tissue. Splenectomy not only significantly improves neurological function, but also reduces cardiac dysfunction compared to SAH alone mice. Splenectomy in SAH mice significantly reduces inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreases NADPH oxidase-2 and macrophage chemokine protein-1 expression in heart and brain when compared to non-splenectomy SAH mice. Our data suggest that, SAH induces acute cardiac dysfunction in non-primary cardiac disease mice. Secondary immune response may play an important role in mediating brain-heart damage after SAH.
Collapse
|
21
|
van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ajjimaporn A, Chaunchaiyakul R, Pitsamai S, Widjaja W. Effect of Cold Shower on Recovery From High-Intensity Cycling in the Heat. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2233-2240. [PMID: 31343603 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ajjimaporn, A, Chaunchaiyakul, R, Pitsamai, S, and Widjaja, W. Effect of cold shower on recovery from high-intensity cycling in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2233-2240, 2019-Post-exercise cooling, e.g., cold water immersion has shown beneficial cardiovascular and hormonal effects during recovery from exercise in a hot environment. However, not much is known about the effects of a cold water shower (CWS) as a recovery intervention. This study examined the effects of a CWS on heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tc), salivary cortisol, and thermal comfort sensation (TCS) after exercise in the heat. Nine healthy male subjects (age, 21 ± 1 year) performed 45 minutes of cycling in a hot environment (35° C, 40-60% relative humidity) at 65% of peak oxygen uptake. Thereafter, subjects underwent the CWS condition (15 minutes, 15° C water shower) or control (SIT25; 15 minutes passive recovery in 25° C room) in a randomized crossover design. After each 15 minutes, subjects sat in a 25° C room for another 2-hour recovery. Heart rate, Tc, and TCS were recorded before and immediately after exercise, immediately after CWS or SIT25, and at 30 minutes, 1, and 2 hours during additional recovery. Salivary cortisol was collected at the same time points except at 30 minutes of the additional recovery period. Thermal comfort sensation was higher immediately after CWS (+4; very comfortable) than SIT25 (+1; just comfortable). The change of HR decreased faster with CWS (-18.3 ± 2.3%) than with SIT25 (-7.0 ± 4.6%) at the first 30-minute recovery time point (p < 0.01). No differences between recovery conditions were observed for the Tc or salivary cortisol at any time point during the 2-hour recovery period. The findings demonstrate that a 15-minute, 15° C CWS was not effective in reducing Tc or salivary cortisol during recovery from exercise in a hot environment. However, CWS can promote TCS by facilitating a faster HR recovery after 30-minute postintervention compared with passive recovery. The cooling benefits of a CWS could be only recommended to reduce cardiac stress after routine workout in a hot environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amornpan Ajjimaporn
- Department of Sports Physiology, College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
- Department of Sports Physiology, College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Sirikun Pitsamai
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Institute of Physical Education Phetchabun, Muang District, Phetchabun, Thailand
| | - Waree Widjaja
- Department of Sports Physiology, College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Endurance Exercise-Induced IL-6 Producing Macrophage Infiltration in Mice Muscle. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071496. [PMID: 31262006 PMCID: PMC6682949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during exercise attenuates exercise-induced increases in plasma Interleukin (IL)-6 concentration. However, the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise with a special focus on the IL-6 producing cells. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups—sedentary with water ingestion group as the control (Con; n = 10), exercise with water ingestion group (Ex; n = 10), and exercise with 6% glucose ingestion group (Ex + glucose; n = 10). The Ex and Ex + glucose groups completed 3 h of treadmill running (24 m/min, 7% incline) and were sacrificed immediately after exercise. Results: The exercise-induced increases of plasma IL-6 concentration and gastrocnemius IL-6 gene expression were attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the increases of soleus IL-6 gene expression and gastrocnemius and soleus IL-6 protein expression were not attenuated by glucose ingestion. Furthermore, we observed that macrophages that infiltrated muscle produce IL-6 and glucose ingestion attenuated the infiltration of IL-6-producing macrophages. Conclusion: This study revealed that infiltrating macrophages may be one type of IL-6-producing cells during endurance exercise, and the infiltration of these cells in muscle was attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the effects of glucose ingestion on muscle IL-6 production were limited.
Collapse
|
24
|
Grisanti LA, de Lucia C, Thomas TP, Stark A, Strony JT, Myers VD, Beretta R, Yu D, Sardu C, Marfella R, Gao E, Houser SR, Koch WJ, Hamad EA, Tilley DG. Prior β-blocker treatment decreases leukocyte responsiveness to injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:99485. [PMID: 30920389 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following injury, leukocytes are released from hematopoietic organs and migrate to the site of damage to regulate tissue inflammation and repair, however leukocytes lacking β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) expression have marked impairments in these processes. β-blockade is a common strategy for the treatment of many cardiovascular etiologies, therefore the objective of our study was to assess the impact of prior β-blocker treatment on baseline leukocyte parameters and their responsiveness to acute injury. In a temporal and βAR isoform-dependent manner, chronic β-blocker infusion increased splenic vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and leukocyte accumulation (monocytes/macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils) and decreased chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression, migration of bone marrow cells (BMC) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), as well as infiltration into the heart following acute cardiac injury. Further, CCR2 expression and migratory responsiveness was significantly reduced in the PBL of patients receiving β-blocker therapy compared to β-blocker-naïve patients. These results highlight the ability of chronic β-blocker treatment to alter baseline leukocyte characteristics that decrease their responsiveness to acute injury and suggest that prior β-blockade may act to reduce the severity of innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Celestino Sardu
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Piazza Miraglia, 2, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Piazza Miraglia, 2, Naples, Italy
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Carroll L, Wardrop B, Murphy RP, Ross MD, Harrison M. Circulating angiogenic cell response to sprint interval and continuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:743-752. [PMID: 30673849 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although commonly understood as immune cells, certain T lymphocyte and monocyte subsets have angiogenic potential, contributing to blood vessel growth and repair. These cells are highly exercise responsive and may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits seen with exercise. PURPOSE To compare the effects of a single bout of continuous (CONTEX) and sprint interval exercise (SPRINT) on circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) in healthy recreationally active adults. METHODS Twelve participants (aged 29 ± 2 years, BMI 25.5 ± 0.9 kg m- 2, [Formula: see text]peak 44.3 ± 1.8 ml kg- 1 min- 1; mean ± SEM) participated in the study. Participants completed a 45-min bout of CONTEX at 70% peak oxygen uptake and 6 × 20 s sprints on a cycle ergometer, in a counterbalanced design. Blood was sampled pre-, post-, 2 h and 24 h post-exercise for quantification of CAC subsets by whole blood flow cytometric analysis. Angiogenic T lymphocytes (TANG) and angiogenic Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEM) were identified by the expression of CD31 and Tie2, respectively. RESULTS Circulating (cells µL- 1) CD3+CD31+ TANG increased immediately post-exercise in both trials (p < 0.05), with a significantly greater increase (p < 0.05) following SPRINT (+ 57%) compared to CONTEX (+ 14%). Exercise increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on TANG at 24 h. Tie2-expressing classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocytes and circulating CD34+CD45dim progenitor cells were higher post-exercise in SPRINT, but unchanged in CONTEX. All post-exercise increases in SPRINT were back to pre-exercise levels at 2 h and 24 h. CONCLUSION Acute exercise transiently increases circulating TANG, TEM and progenitor cells with greater increases evident following very high intensity sprint exercise than following prolonged continuous paced endurance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis O'Carroll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Bruce Wardrop
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Ronan P Murphy
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark D Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Harrison
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Campbell JP, Turner JE. There is limited existing evidence to support the common assumption that strenuous endurance exercise bouts impair immune competency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:105-109. [PMID: 30430884 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1548933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James E Turner
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gupta P, Bigley AB, Markofski M, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. Autologous serum collected 1 h post-exercise enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:81-92. [PMID: 29656052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural Killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Exercise enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA), yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Exercise-induced shifts in NK-cell subsets has been proposed as one mechanism. Alternatively, exercise alters stress hormone and cytokine levels, which are also known to affect NKCA. AIM Determine the role(s) of exercise-induced shifts in the proportions of NK-cell subsets found in the blood, and changes in serum IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α and cortisol, on exercise-induced changes in NKCA. METHODS Twelve adults cycled 30 min at 115% of their lactate threshold power. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were isolated from blood collected pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise. To investigate the effect of shifts in NK-cell subsets, pre-, post- and 1 h post-exercise NK cells were incubated with target cells (K562 and U266) in the presence of autologous pre-exercise serum. The effects of hormones and cytokines released during exercise were determined by incubating pre-exercise PBMCs with tumor target cells (K562 and U266) in the presence of pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise serum. NKCA and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Although exercise mobilized high-differentiated NK cell subsets (NKG2A-/KIR+), NKCA per cell was not altered post-exercise in the presence of pre-exercise serum. Conversely, 1 h post-exercise serum significantly increased the cytotoxicity of pre-exercise NK cells against HLA-expressing target cells (U266). This increase associated with lower levels of cortisol, and occurred when serum contained higher levels of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced shifts in NK-cell subsets did not fully explain changes in NKCA. Rather, factors present in serum during exercise recovery enhanced NKCA against target cells. Our results suggest lower cortisol and higher IFN-γ levels may explain exercise-induced changes in NKCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin B Bigley
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Markofski
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jurberg AD, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Temerozo JR, Savino W, Bou-Habib DC, Riederer I. Neuroendocrine Control of Macrophage Development and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1440. [PMID: 29988513 PMCID: PMC6026652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages carry out numerous physiological activities that are essential for both systemic and local homeostasis, as well as innate and adaptive immune responses. Their biology is intricately regulated by hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, establishing distinct neuroendocrine axes. The control is pleiotropic, including maturation of bone marrow-derived myeloid precursors, cell differentiation into functional subpopulations, cytotoxic activity, phagocytosis, production of inflammatory mediators, antigen presentation, and activation of effector lymphocytes. Additionally, neuroendocrine components modulate macrophage ability to influence tumor growth and to prevent the spreading of infective agents. Interestingly, macrophage-derived factors enhance glucocorticoid production through the stimulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These bidirectional effects highlight a tightly controlled balance between neuroendocrine stimuli and macrophage function in the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss how components of neuroendocrine axes impact on macrophage development and function and may ultimately influence inflammation, tissue repair, infection, or cancer progression. The knowledge of the crosstalk between macrophages and endocrine or brain-derived components may contribute to improve and create new approaches with clinical relevance in homeostatic or pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo Ramos Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingo Riederer
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rooney BV, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, Laughlin M, Pedlar C, Simpson RJ. Lymphocytes and monocytes egress peripheral blood within minutes after cessation of steady state exercise: A detailed temporal analysis of leukocyte extravasation. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:260-267. [PMID: 29885920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise evokes an almost instantaneous lymphocytosis, followed by sustained lymphopenia that occurs within just 30-60 min after exercise cessation. The aim of this study was to characterize the immediate (order of minutes) post-exercise kinetics of lymphocyte and monocyte egress, and to determine whether this egress is associated with heart rate recovery following a single bout of steady state dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy subjects cycled for 30-min at ~70% of their estimated peak power. Blood samples were collected from an intravenous catheter before exercise, during exercise (E) at +15 and +30 min, and during passive recovery (R) at exactly +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 and +10 min after exercise cessation. Complete blood counts and flow cytometry were used to enumerate total monocytes, lymphocytes: CD3+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and γδ T-cells in whole blood. Both lymphocytes and monocytes displayed rapid egress kinetics, by R+3 the total numbers of all cell types examined were significantly lower than E+30. NK-cells egressed more rapidly than other lymphocyte subtypes, followed by CD8+, γδ, and then CD4+ T-cells. Further, the egress of NK-cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells positively correlated with heart rate recovery after exercise cessation. In conclusion, lymphocyte and monocyte egress is rapid and occurs within minutes of exercise recovery, underscoring both the importance of collection time for post exercise blood samples, and the use of intravenous catheters to capture peak cell mobilization. The rate of egress may be dependent on how quickly hemodynamic equilibrium is restored on cessation of exercise and is, therefore, likely to be influenced by individual fitness levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette V Rooney
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin B Bigley
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Richard J Simpson
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cavalcante PAM, Gregnani MF, Henrique JS, Ornellas FH, Araújo RC. Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:42. [PMID: 29185059 PMCID: PMC5705532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them. METHODS PubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involving humans and 13 based on rodents. RESULTS In acute resistance exercise studies, 75% reported a decrease in TLR4 or TLR2 expression and 25% did not find differences. For chronic resistance exercise studies, 67% reported a reduction of expression and 33% did not find differences. Studies of both types reported reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In acute aerobic exercise studies, 40% revealed a decline in the expression of the receptors, 7% reported no significant difference, 40% showed an increase, and 13% did not evaluate their expression. Fifty-eight percent of studies of chronic aerobic exercise revealed a reduction in expression, 17% did not find a difference, and 25% reported increases; they also suggested that the expression of the receptors might be correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. In studies on combined exercise, 50% reported a decline in receptors expression and 50% did not find a difference. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the articles (54%) link different types of exercise to a decline in TLR4 and TLR2 expression. However, aerobic exercise may induce inflammations through its influence on these receptor pathways. Higher levels of inflammation were seen in acute sessions (40%) than regular sessions (25%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andréa Malveira Cavalcante
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669/9and., 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Salles Henrique
- Neurology/Neuroscience Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Neurophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Ornellas
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araújo
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wells AJ, Hoffman JR, Jajtner AR, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Boone CH, Baker KM, Beyer KS, Mangine GT, Oliveira LP, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Monocyte Recruitment after High-Intensity and High-Volume Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1169-78. [PMID: 26784277 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The innate immune response is generally considered to have an important role in tissue remodeling after resistance exercise. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare changes in markers of monocyte recruitment after an acute bout of high-intensity (HVY) versus high-volume (VOL) lower-body resistance exercise. METHODS Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 yr, 90.1 ± 11.3 kg, 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) performed each protocol in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately (IP), 30 min (30P), 1 h (1H), 2 h (2H), and 5 h (5H) postexercise. Plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), myoglobin, and cortisol were measured via assay. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFr1), macrophage-1 antigen (cluster of differentiation 11b [CD11b]), and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression levels were measured using flow cytometry. TNFr1 and CD11b were assessed on CD14CD16 monocytes, whereas CCR2 was assessed on CD14 monocytes. RESULTS Plasma myoglobin concentrations were significantly greater after HVY compared with VOL (P < 0.001). Changes in plasma TNF-α, MCP-1, and expression levels of CCR2 and CD11b were similar between HVY and VOL. When collapsed across groups, TNF-α was significantly increased at IP, 30P, 1H, and 2H (P values < 0.05), whereas MCP-1 was significantly elevated at all postexercise time points (P values < 0.05). CCR2 expression on CD14 monocytes was significantly lower at IP, 1H, 2H, and 5H (P values < 0.05). CD11b expression on CD14 CD16 was significantly greater at IP (P < 0.014) and 1H (P = 0.009). TNFr1 expression did not differ from baseline at any time point. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not seem to be related to receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that both HVY and VOL protocols stimulate a robust proinflammatory response. However, no differences were noted between resistance exercise training paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- 1School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA; 2Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL; 3Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY; and 4Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Leicht CA, Paulson TAW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC. Arm and Intensity-Matched Leg Exercise Induce Similar Inflammatory Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1161-8. [PMID: 26765632 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of active muscle mass can influence the acute inflammatory response to exercise, associated with reduced risk for chronic disease. This may affect those restricted to upper body exercise, for example, due to injury or disability. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses for arm exercise and intensity-matched leg exercise. METHODS Twelve male individuals performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak A) and cycling (V˙O2peak C): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak A, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak C, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak A. Cytokine, adrenaline, and flow cytometric analysis of monocyte subsets were performed before and up to 4 h postexercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 increased from resting concentrations in all trials; however, postexercise concentrations were higher for arm exercise (1.73 ± 1.04 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (1.73 ± 0.95 pg·mL) compared with easy cycling (0.87 ± 0.41 pg·mL; P < 0.04). Similarly, the plasma IL-1ra concentration in the recovery period was higher for arm exercise (325 ± 139 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (316 ± 128 pg·mL) when compared with easy cycling (245 ± 77 pg·mL, P < 0.04). Arm exercise and moderate cycling induced larger increases in monocyte numbers and larger increases of the classical monocyte subset in the recovery period than easy cycling (P < 0.05). The postexercise adrenaline concentration was lowest for easy cycling (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Arm exercise and cycling at the same relative exercise intensity induces a comparable acute inflammatory response; however, cycling at the same absolute oxygen uptake as arm exercise results in a blunted cytokine, monocyte, and adrenaline response. Relative exercise intensity appears to be more important to the acute inflammatory response than modality, which is of major relevance for populations restricted to upper body exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
BARRY JULIANNEC, SIMTCHOUK SVETLANA, DURRER CODY, JUNG MARYE, LITTLE JONATHANP. Short-Term Exercise Training Alters Leukocyte Chemokine Receptors in Obese Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1631-1640. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
35
|
Peres A, Lima D, Dorneles G, Teixeira B, Vianna P, Chies J, Stocchero C. Expression of CCr5 on immune cells after eccentric or concentric isokinetic exercise. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Peres
- Research Center, Methodist University Center IPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Health Basic Science, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D.D.D. Lima
- Research Center, Methodist University Center IPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - G.P. Dorneles
- Department of Health Basic Science, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B.C. Teixeira
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P. Vianna
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J.A.B. Chies
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C.M. Stocchero
- Federal Institution of Education, Science and Technology of RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
β2-Adrenergic receptor-dependent chemokine receptor 2 expression regulates leukocyte recruitment to the heart following acute injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15126-15131. [PMID: 27956622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611023114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following cardiac injury, early immune cell responses are essential for initiating cardiac remodeling and tissue repair. We previously demonstrated the importance of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) in the regulation of immune cell localization following acute cardiac injury, with deficient leukocyte infiltration into the damaged heart. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which immune cell-expressed β2ARs regulate leukocyte recruitment to the heart following acute cardiac injury. Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression and responsiveness to C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)-mediated migration were abolished in β2AR knockout (KO) bone marrow (BM), both of which were rescued by β2AR reexpression. Chimeric mice lacking immune cell-specific CCR2 expression, as well as wild-type mice administered a CCR2 antagonist, recapitulated the loss of monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to the heart following myocardial infarction (MI) observed in mice with immune cell-specific β2AR deletion. Converse to β2AR ablation, β2AR stimulation increased CCR2 expression and migratory responsiveness to CCL2 in BM. Mechanistically, G protein-dependent β2AR signaling was dispensable for these effects, whereas β-arrestin2-biased β2AR signaling was required for the regulation of CCR2 expression. Additionally, activator protein 1 (AP-1) was shown to be essential in mediating CCR2 expression in response to β2AR stimulation in both murine BM and human monocytes. Finally, reconstitution of β2ARKO BM with rescued expression of a β-arrestin-biased β2AR in vivo restored BM CCR2 expression as well as cardiac leukocyte infiltration following MI. These results demonstrate the critical role of β-arrestin2/AP-1-dependent β2AR signaling in the regulation of CCR2 expression and recruitment of leukocytes to the heart following injury.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mathews MJ, Mathews EH, Mathews GE. The integrated effect of moderate exercise on coronary heart disease. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 28:125-133. [PMID: 27942693 PMCID: PMC5488057 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2016-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate exercise is associated with a lower risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). A suitable integrated model of the CHD pathogenetic pathways relevant to moderate exercise may help to elucidate this association. Such a model is currently not available in the literature. METHODS An integrated model of CHD was developed and used to investigate pathogenetic pathways of importance between exercise and CHD. Using biomarker relative-risk data, the pathogenetic effects are representable as measurable effects based on changes in biomarkers. RESULTS The integrated model provides insight into higherorder interactions underlying the associations between CHD and moderate exercise. A novel 'connection graph' was developed, which simplifies these interactions. It quantitatively illustrates the relationship between moderate exercise and various serological biomarkers of CHD. The connection graph of moderate exercise elucidates all the possible integrated actions through which risk reduction may occur. CONCLUSION An integrated model of CHD provides a summary of the effects of moderate exercise on CHD. It also shows the importance of each CHD pathway that moderate exercise influences. The CHD risk-reducing effects of exercise appear to be primarily driven by decreased inflammation and altered metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Mathews
- Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Edward H Mathews
- Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - George E Mathews
- Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pilat C, Krüger K, Frech T, Mooren FC. Exercise-induced cytokine changes in antigen stimulated whole-blood cultures compared to serum. J Immunol Methods 2016; 440:58-66. [PMID: 27876507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is followed by an elevation of many cytokines with inflammation regulating properties. Since most cytokines act at pico- or nanomolar concentrations many investigations failed to detect their concentrations in vivo. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of cytokine measurements (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1ra, IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL8) in a stimulated whole-blood culture (sWBC) compared to serum with respect to their exercise-induced kinetics and detection rates. 40 male volunteers (age: 25,5±4,3years, BMI: 24,00±2,24, VO2peak: 46,9±4,1mL/kg×min) performed 60min of intensive bicycle exercise (80% VO2peak). Blood samples were taken before and for up to 24h after exercise. All cytokines were determined by a multiplex ELISA. There were weak to moderate correlations between cytokines in sWBC and serum. While exercise did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, in sWBC only IL-1β was increased 1.2-fold at 3h (p<0,05). All other cytokines increased both in sWBC and serum. The detection rate was superior in sWBC vs serum for most cytokines. Exercise-induced cytokine kinetics in sWBC do not reflect systemic changes. Both approaches provide a synergistic insight into inflammatory processes on the cytokine level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Pilat
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany.
| | - K Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - T Frech
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - F C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gillum T, Kuennen M, McKenna Z, Castillo M, Jordan-Patterson A, Bohnert C. Exercise does not increase salivary lymphocytes, monocytes, or granulocytes, but does increase salivary lysozyme. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1294-1299. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1221522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
40
|
Yeager MP, Pioli PA, Collins J, Barr F, Metzler S, Sites BD, Guyre PM. Glucocorticoids enhance the in vivo migratory response of human monocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:86-94. [PMID: 26790757 PMCID: PMC4828285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are best known for their potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, an emerging model for glucocorticoid (GC) regulation of in vivo inflammation also includes a delayed, preparatory effect that manifests as enhanced inflammation following exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. When GCs are transiently elevated in vivo following exposure to a stressful event, this model proposes that a subsequent period of increased inflammatory responsiveness is adaptive because it enhances resistance to a subsequent stressor. In the present study, we examined the migratory response of human monocytes/macrophages following transient in vivo exposure to stress-associated concentrations of cortisol. Participants were administered cortisol for 6h to elevate in vivo cortisol levels to approximate those observed during major systemic stress. Monocytes in peripheral blood and macrophages in sterile inflammatory tissue (skin blisters) were studied before and after exposure to cortisol or placebo. We found that exposure to cortisol induced transient upregulation of monocyte mRNA for CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) as well as for the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. At the same time, mRNA for the transcription factor IκBα was decreased. Monocyte surface expression of CCR2 but not CX3CR1 increased in the first 24h after cortisol exposure. Transient exposure to cortisol also led to an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils in fluid derived from a sterile inflammatory site in vivo. These findings suggest that the delayed, pro-inflammatory effects of cortisol on the human inflammatory responses may include enhanced localization of effector cells at sites of in vivo inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Yeager
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Patricia A. Pioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jane Collins
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Fiona Barr
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sara Metzler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian D. Sites
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Paul M. Guyre
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R. Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:355-80. [PMID: 26477922 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has a profound effect on the normal functioning of the immune system. It is generally accepted that prolonged periods of intensive exercise training can depress immunity, while regular moderate intensity exercise is beneficial. Single bouts of exercise evoke a striking leukocytosis and a redistribution of effector cells between the blood compartment and the lymphoid and peripheral tissues, a response that is mediated by increased hemodynamics and the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids following the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Single bouts of prolonged exercise may impair T-cell, NK-cell, and neutrophil function, alter the Type I and Type II cytokine balance, and blunt immune responses to primary and recall antigens in vivo. Elite athletes frequently report symptoms associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) during periods of heavy training and competition that may be due to alterations in mucosal immunity, particularly reductions in secretory immunoglobulin A. In contrast, single bouts of moderate intensity exercise are "immuno-enhancing" and have been used to effectively increase vaccine responses in "at-risk" patients. Improvements in immunity due to regular exercise of moderate intensity may be due to reductions in inflammation, maintenance of thymic mass, alterations in the composition of "older" and "younger" immune cells, enhanced immunosurveillance, and/or the amelioration of psychological stress. Indeed, exercise is a powerful behavioral intervention that has the potential to improve immune and health outcomes in the elderly, the obese, and patients living with cancer and chronic viral infections such as HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Hawley Kunz
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nadia Agha
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Graff
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mathews MJ, Mathews EH, Liebenberg L. The mechanisms by which antidepressants may reduce coronary heart disease risk. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26231223 PMCID: PMC4522054 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is known to increase the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) likely through various pathogenetic actions. Understanding the links between depression and CHD and the effects of mediating these links may prove beneficial in CHD prevention. METHODS An integrated model of CHD was used to elucidate pathogenetic pathways of importance between depression and CHD. Using biomarker relative risk data the pathogenetic effects are representable as measurable effects based on changes in biomarkers. RESULTS A 'connection graph' presents interactions by illustrating the relationship between depression and the biomarkers of CHD. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is postulated to have potential to decrease CHD risk. Comparing the 'connection graph' of SSRI's to that of depression elucidates the possible actions through which risk reduction may occur. CONCLUSIONS The CHD effects of depression appear to be driven by increased inflammation and altered metabolism. These effects might be mediated with the use of SSRI's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Mathews
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| | - Edward H Mathews
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| | - Leon Liebenberg
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Singh AM, Staines WR. The Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on the Primary Motor Cortex. J Mot Behav 2015; 47:328-39. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.983450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
44
|
Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E, Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical and immunological aspects of exercise in chronic diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1145-57. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be independent risk factors for the occurrence of numerous diseases, including, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health, all leading to substantial morbidity and/or premature death. It has been found that regular exercise, is associated with better quality of life and health outcomes, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we review the effects regular exercise has on mental health and well-being, on the immune system and in cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome. Is exercise the new immunotherapy to treat diseases?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- VA Consulting Services, PO Box 6437, Melbourne, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Erika Borkoles
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Okutsu M, Ishii K, Niu K, Nagatomi R. Cortisol is not the primary mediator for augmented CXCR4 expression on natural killer cells after acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:199-204. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00176.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand, stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α; also known as CXCL12), are crucial for the redistribution of immune cells after acute exercise. We investigated the relationships between acute exercise and CXCR4 expression on natural killer (NK) cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with cortisol and analyzed for CXCR4 expression on CD3−/CD56+ NK cells and NK cell migration activity. To determine the effect of exercise, we isolated PBMCs from subjects before and after a 90-min exercise at 70% peak O2 uptake (V̇o2peak) and determined the changes in CXCR4 expression on NK cells after exercise. We cultured PBMCs with plasma obtained before and after exercise and with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486 to determine NK cell migration activity and the effects of cortisol on CXCR4 expression in vitro. Cortisol treatment increased CXCR4 expression ( P < 0.05) and migration activity ( P < 0.05) of NK cells. Exercise did not affect CXCR4 expression on NK cells, whereas incubating them with postexercise plasma significantly increased CXCR4 expression ( P < 0.05) and migration activity ( P < 0.05). RU-486 blocked cortisol-induced CXCR4 upregulation on NK cells, but only partially blocked (7%) CXCR4 upregulation when PMBCs were incubated with postexercise plasma. Thus acute exercise increases CXCR4 expression on NK cells and their migration activity and may contribute to NK cell redistribution after acute exercise; however, cortisol did not appear to be the primary mediator of augmented CXCR4 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Okutsu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Nanodevice Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Diet supplementation with DHA-enriched food in football players during training season enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant capabilities in blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:35-49. [PMID: 24643755 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise induces oxidative stress and causes adaptations in antioxidant defenses. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a 2-month diet supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during football training and after acute exercise. METHODS Fifteen male football players, in a randomized double-blind trial, ingested a beverage enriched with DHA or a placebo for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected in basal conditions before and after the training period and after an acute and intense exercise. RESULTS The training season increased the carbonyl and nitrotyrosine index but decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Basal catalase activity decreased in both groups after 8 weeks of training, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity increased mainly in the placebo group. Protein levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP2 and UCP3) and inducible nitric oxide synthase significantly increased after the training period. Acute exercise induced redistribution in the number of circulating cells, increased the MDA levels and nitrotyrosine index, and decreased the levels of nitrate. Acute exercise also increased PBMCs reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after immune stimulation. Diet supplementation with DHA significantly increased the UCP3 levels after training and the superoxide dismutase protein levels after acute exercise, and reduced the production of ROS after acute exercise. CONCLUSION Docosahexaenoic acid increased the antioxidant capabilities while reducing the mitochondrial ROS production in a regular football training period and reduced the oxidative damage markers in response to acute exercise.
Collapse
|
47
|
Uchida M, Oyanagi E, Miyachi M, Yamauchi A, Yano H. Relationship between macrophage differentiation and the chemotactic activity toward damaged myoblast cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 393:61-9. [PMID: 23603617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of macrophage differentiation on the chemotactic activity to invade local damaged myoblasts using in vitro models of muscle injury. We found that: 1) the chemotactic activity of macrophages toward areas of damaged myoblasts might be induced more by live myoblasts than dead ones, 2) the chemotactic activity of macrophages is not due to velocity, but depends on the directionality toward damaged myoblast cells, and 3) macrophage differentiation strongly influence the chemotactic activity toward damaged myoblast cells through the expression of CCR2 and/or F-actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Uchida
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dhabhar FS, Malarkey WB, Neri E, McEwen BS. Stress-induced redistribution of immune cells--from barracks to boulevards to battlefields: a tale of three hormones--Curt Richter Award winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1345-68. [PMID: 22727761 PMCID: PMC3412918 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surveillance and effector functions of the immune system are critically dependent on the appropriate distribution of immune cells in the body. An acute or short-term stress response induces a rapid and significant redistribution of immune cells among different body compartments. Stress-induced leukocyte redistribution may be a fundamental survival response that directs leukocyte subpopulations to specific target organs during stress, and significantly enhances the speed, efficacy and regulation of an immune response. Immune responses are generally enhanced in compartments (e.g., skin) that are enriched with leukocytes, and suppressed in compartments that are depleted of leukocytes during/following stress. The experiments described here were designed to elucidate the: (1) Time-course, trajectory, and subpopulation-specificity of stress-induced mobilization and trafficking of blood leukocytes. (2) Individual and combined actions of the principal stress hormones, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and corticosterone (CORT), in mediating mobilization or trafficking of specific leukocyte subpopulations. (3) Effects of stress/stress hormones on adhesion molecule, L-selectin (CD62L), expression by each subpopulation to assess its adhesion/functional/maturation status. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were stressed (short-term restraint, 2-120 min), or adrenalectomized and injected with vehicle (VEH), NE, EPI, CORT, or their combinations, and blood was collected for measurement of hormones and flow cytometric quantification of leukocyte subpopulations. RESULTS Acute stress induced an early increase/mobilization of neutrophils, lymphocytes, helper T cells (Th), cytolytic T cells (CTL), and B cells into the blood, followed by a decrease/trafficking of all cell types out of the blood, except neutrophil numbers that continued to increase. CD62L expression was increased on neutrophils, decreased on Th, CTL, and natural killer (NK) cells, and showed a biphasic decrease on monocytes & B cells, suggesting that CD62L is involved in mediating the redistribution effects of stress. Additionally, we observed significant differences in the direction, magnitude, and subpopulation specificity of the effects of each hormone: NE increased leukocyte numbers, most notably CD62L⁻/⁺ neutrophils and CD62L⁻ B cells. EPI increased monocyte and neutrophil numbers, most notably CD62L⁻/⁺ neutrophils and CD62L⁻ monocytes, but decreased lymphocyte numbers with CD62L⁻/⁺ CTL and CD62L⁺ B cells being especially sensitive. CORT decreased monocyte, lymphocyte, Th, CTL, and B cell numbers with CD62L⁻ and CD62L⁺ cells being equally affected. Thus, naïve (CD62L⁺) vs. memory (CD62L⁻) T cells, classical (CD62L⁺) vs. non-classical (CD62L⁻) monocytes, and similarly distinct functional subsets of other leukocyte populations are differentially mobilized into the blood and trafficked to tissues by stress hormones. CONCLUSION Stress hormones orchestrate a large-scale redistribution of immune cells in the body. NE and EPI mobilize immune cells into the bloodstream, and EPI and CORT induce traffic out of the blood possibly to tissue surveillance pathways, lymphoid tissues, and sites of ongoing or de novo immune activation. Immune cell subpopulations appear to show differential sensitivities and redistribution responses to each hormone depending on the type of leukocyte (neutrophil, monocyte or lymphocyte) and its maturation/functional characteristics (e.g., non-classical/resident or classical/inflammatory monocyte, naïve or central/effector memory T cell). Thus, stress hormones could be administered simultaneously or sequentially to induce specific leukocyte subpopulations to be mobilized into the blood, or to traffic from blood to tissues. Stress- or stress hormone-mediated changes in immune cell distribution could be clinically harnessed to: (1) Direct leukocytes to sites of vaccination, wound healing, infection, or cancer and thereby enhance protective immunity. (2) Reduce leukocyte traffic to sites of inflammatory/autoimmune reactions. (3) Sequester immune cells in relatively protected compartments to minimize exposure to cytotoxic treatments like radiation or localized chemotherapy. (4) Measure biological resistance/sensitivity to stress hormones in vivo. In keeping with the guidelines for Richter Award manuscripts, in addition to original data we also present a model and synthesis of findings in the context of the literature on the effects of short-term stress on immune cell distribution and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus S Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5135, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Physical activity is beneficial for children with positive outcomes for mental and physical well-being. Allergic conditions unique to the sporting arena may serve as an impediment to participation in physical activity for allergic children. A common example is exercise-induced asthma; less common activity-related allergic conditions include food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and exercise-induced urticaria. Allergic children may also be at risk of allergic reactions when exposed to allergens that are more commonly found in the sports environment, e.g., latex, sports drinks, and medications such as NSAIDs. Recent advances in our understanding of the patho-physiological and immunologic mechanisms that may account for these conditions have facilitated more effective and safer management strategies. There are also important immunologic lessons to be learnt with respect to specific physical factors that may result in diminished allergen tolerance; indeed, these lessons may facilitate safer allergen desensitisation regimens. The role of the immune system in exercise-induced immunoallergic syndromes, clinical aspects, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fatouros I, Chatzinikolaou A, Paltoglou G, Petridou A, Avloniti A, Jamurtas A, Goussetis E, Mitrakou A, Mougios V, Lazaropoulou C, Margeli A, Papassotiriou I, Mastorakos G. Acute resistance exercise results in catecholaminergic rather than hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation during exercise in young men. Stress 2010; 13:461-8. [PMID: 20666650 DOI: 10.3109/10253891003743432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a paradigm of a stress situation. The adaptive response to stressors comprises the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and components of the autonomic sympathetic system. An aseptic inflammatory reaction is triggered by exercise, involving the stimulation of the so-called proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-8, and IL-10 increase moderately during resistance exercise. To investigate the effect of a short bout of resistance exercise on components of the stress and inflammatory responses during the exercise period, 17 healthy, young, untrained male volunteers were studied during 3 equal consecutive cycles of resistance exercises of 30 min total duration. Blood sampling was performed at baseline and at the end of each cycle. Lactate, cortisol, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured at all time-points. Circulating levels of catecholamines and lactate increased significantly (P < 0.05) whereas cortisol did not. During the time course of the exercise, circulating levels of TNFα, IL-2, and EGF increased, whereas MCP-1 decreased significantly. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 levels did not change significantly. Statistically significant positive linear correlations were found between areas under the curve for increases in levels of IL-2 and TNFα, TNFα and cortisol, as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine. We conclude that acute resistance exercise results in catecholaminergic, but not HPA axis stimulation during exercise, in parallel with a mild inflammatory reaction. The absence of a major inflammatory reaction and of a cortisol increase during acute resistance exercise makes this a good candidate for the exercise of sedentary individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|