1
|
Vestal KA, Kattamuri C, Koyiloth M, Ongaro L, Howard JA, Deaton AM, Ticau S, Dubey A, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. Activin E is a transforming growth factor β ligand that signals specifically through activin receptor-like kinase 7. Biochem J 2024; 481:547-564. [PMID: 38533769 PMCID: PMC11088876 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Activins are one of the three distinct subclasses within the greater Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. First discovered for their critical roles in reproductive biology, activins have since been shown to alter cellular differentiation and proliferation. At present, members of the activin subclass include activin A (ActA), ActB, ActC, ActE, and the more distant members myostatin and GDF11. While the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of most activins class members have been well-studied, the signaling potential of ActE has remained largely unknown. Here, we characterized the signaling capacity of homodimeric ActE. Molecular modeling of the ligand:receptor complexes showed that ActC and ActE shared high similarity in both the type I and type II receptor binding epitopes. ActE signaled specifically through ALK7, utilized the canonical activin type II receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, and was resistant to the extracellular antagonists follistatin and WFIKKN. In mature murine adipocytes, ActE invoked a SMAD2/3 response via ALK7, like ActC. Collectively, our results establish ActE as a specific signaling ligand which activates the type I receptor, ALK7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A. Vestal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Muhasin Koyiloth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Aditi Dubey
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perry AS, Zhao S, Gajjar P, Murthy VL, Lehallier B, Miller P, Nair S, Neill C, Carr JJ, Fearon W, Kapadia S, Kumbhani D, Gillam L, Lindenfeld J, Farrell L, Marron MM, Tian Q, Newman AB, Murabito J, Gerszten RE, Nayor M, Elmariah S, Lindman BR, Shah R. Proteomic architecture of frailty across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13978. [PMID: 37731195 PMCID: PMC10652351 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While frailty is a prominent risk factor in an aging population, the underlying biology of frailty is incompletely described. Here, we integrate 979 circulating proteins across a wide range of physiologies with 12 measures of frailty in a prospective discovery cohort of 809 individuals with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Our aim was to characterize the proteomic architecture of frailty in a highly susceptible population and study its relation to clinical outcome and systems-wide phenotypes to define potential novel, clinically relevant frailty biology. Proteomic signatures (specifically of physical function) were related to post-intervention outcome in AS, specifying pathways of innate immunity, cell growth/senescence, fibrosis/metabolism, and a host of proteins not widely described in human aging. In published cohorts, the "frailty proteome" displayed heterogeneous trajectories across age (20-100 years, age only explaining a small fraction of variance) and were associated with cardiac and non-cardiac phenotypes and outcomes across two broad validation cohorts (N > 35,000) over ≈2-3 decades. These findings suggest the importance of precision biomarkers of underlying multi-organ health status in age-related morbidity and frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Perry
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Priya Gajjar
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Patricia Miller
- Department of Medicine, and Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Colin Neill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin Hospital and ClinicsMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - J. Jeffrey Carr
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - William Fearon
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyStanford Medical CenterPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samir Kapadia
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Dharam Kumbhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Linda Gillam
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMorristown Medical CenterMorristownNew JerseyUSA
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Laurie Farrell
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Megan M. Marron
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Qu Tian
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical and Translational ScienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Joanne Murabito
- Sections of Cardiovascular Medicine and Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Matthew Nayor
- Sections of Cardiovascular Medicine and Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sammy Elmariah
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyThe University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brian R. Lindman
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Ravi Shah
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vestal KA, Kattamuri C, Koyiloth M, Ongaro L, Howard JA, Deaton A, Ticau S, Dubey A, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. Activin E is a TGFβ ligand that signals specifically through activin receptor-like kinase 7. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559288. [PMID: 37808681 PMCID: PMC10557571 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Activins are one of the three distinct subclasses within the greater Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. First discovered for their critical roles in reproductive biology, activins have since been shown to alter cellular differentiation and proliferation. At present, members of the activin subclass include activin A (ActA), ActB, ActC, ActE, and the more distant members myostatin and GDF11. While the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of most activins class members have been well-studied, the signaling potential of ActE has remained largely unknown. Here, we characterized the signaling capacity of homodimeric ActE. Molecular modeling of the ligand:receptor complexes showed that ActC and ActE shared high similarity in both the type I and type II receptor binding epitopes. ActE signaled specifically through ALK7, utilized the canonical activin type II receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, and was resistant to the extracellular antagonists follistatin and WFIKKN. In mature murine adipocytes, ActE invoked a SMAD2/3 response via ALK7, similar to ActC. Collectively, our results establish ActE as an ALK7 ligand, thereby providing a link between genetic and in vivo studies of ActE as a regulator of adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Vestal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Muhasin Koyiloth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James A Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Z, Zhang L, Jia Y, Bi B, Fang L, Cheng JC. GDF-11 downregulates placental human chorionic gonadotropin expression by activating SMAD2/3 signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:179. [PMID: 37480123 PMCID: PMC10362589 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by the placental trophoblast cells is essential for maintaining a normal pregnancy. Aberrant hCG levels are associated with reproductive disorders. The protein of hCG is a dimer consisting of an α subunit and a β subunit. The β subunit is encoded by the CGB gene and is unique to hCG. Growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, is expressed in the human placenta and can stimulate trophoblast cell invasion. However, whether the expression of CGB and the production of hCG are regulated by GDF-11 remains undetermined. METHODS Two human choriocarcinoma cell lines, BeWo and JEG-3, and primary cultures of human cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells were used as experimental models. The effects of GDF-11 on CGB expression and hCG production, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were explored by a series of in vitro experiments. RESULTS Our results show that treatment of GDF-11 downregulates the expression of CGB and the production of hCG in both BeWo and JEG-3 cells as well as in primary CTB cells. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA-mediated approach, we reveal that both ALK4 and ALK5 are required for the GDF-11-induced downregulation of CGB expression. In addition, treatment of GDF-11 activates SMAD2/3 but not SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathways. Moreover, both SMAD2 and SMAD3 are involved in the GDF-11-downregulated CGB expression. ELISA results show that the GDF-11-suppressed hCG production requires the ALK4/5-mediated activation of SMAD2/3 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study not only discovers the biological function of GDF-11 in the human placenta but also provides important insights into the regulation of the expression of hCG. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Beibei Bi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao M, Okunishi K, Bu Y, Kikuchi O, Wang H, Kitamura T, Izumi T. Targeting activin receptor-like kinase 7 ameliorates adiposity and associated metabolic disorders. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161229. [PMID: 36626233 PMCID: PMC9977491 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) is a type I receptor in the TGF-β superfamily preferentially expressed in adipose tissue and associated with lipid metabolism. Inactivation of ALK7 signaling in mice results in increased lipolysis and resistance to both genetic and diet-induced obesity. Human genetic studies have recently revealed an association between ALK7 variants and both reduced waist to hip ratios and resistance to development of diabetes. In the present study, treatment with a neutralizing mAb against ALK7 caused a substantial loss of adipose mass and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in both genetic and diet-induced mouse obesity models. The enhanced lipolysis increased fatty acid supply from adipocytes to promote fatty acid oxidation in muscle and oxygen consumption at the whole-body level. The treatment temporarily increased hepatic triglyceride levels, which resolved with long-term Ab treatment. Blocking of ALK7 signals also decreased production of its ligand, growth differentiation factor 3, by downregulating S100A8/A9 release from adipocytes and, subsequently, IL-1β release from adipose tissue macrophages. These findings support the feasibility of potential therapeutics targeting ALK7 as a treatment for obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Katsuhide Okunishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Yun Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee ES, Guo T, Srivastava RK, Shabbir A, Ibáñez CF. Activin receptor ALK4 promotes adipose tissue hyperplasia by suppressing differentiation of adipocyte precursors. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102716. [PMID: 36403856 PMCID: PMC9758429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy are the two main processes contributing to adipose tissue expansion, yet the mechanisms that regulate and balance their involvement in obesity are incompletely understood. Activin B/GDF-3 receptor ALK7 is expressed in mature adipocytes and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy upon nutrient overload by suppressing adrenergic signaling and lipolysis. In contrast, the role of ALK4, the canonical pan-activin receptor, in adipose tissue is unknown. Here, we report that, unlike ALK7, ALK4 is preferentially expressed in adipocyte precursors, where it suppresses differentiation, allowing proliferation and adipose tissue expansion. ALK4 expression in adipose tissue increases upon nutrient overload and positively correlates with fat depot mass and body weight, suggesting a role in adipose tissue hyperplasia during obesity. Mechanistically, ALK4 signaling suppresses expression of CEBPα and PPARγ, two master regulators of adipocyte differentiation. Conversely, ALK4 deletion enhances CEBPα/PPARγ expression and induces premature adipocyte differentiation, which can be rescued by CEBPα knockdown. These results clarify the function of ALK4 in adipose tissue and highlight the contrasting roles of the two activin receptors in the regulation of adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy during obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Soo Lee
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingqing Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Assim Shabbir
- Division of General Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University, Health System, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Life Science Park, Beijing, China; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular profile and response to energy deficit of leptin-receptor neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13374. [PMID: 35927440 PMCID: PMC9352899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16492-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin exerts its effects on energy balance by inhibiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure via leptin receptors in the hypothalamus. While LepR neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the primary target of leptin, have been extensively studied, LepR neurons in other hypothalamic nuclei remain understudied. LepR neurons in the lateral hypothalamus contribute to leptin's effects on food intake and reward, but due to the low abundance of this population it has been difficult to study their molecular profile and responses to energy deficit. We here explore the transcriptome of LepR neurons in the LH and their response to energy deficit. Male LepR-Cre mice were injected in the LH with an AAV carrying Cre-dependent L10:GFP. Few weeks later the hypothalami from fed and food-restricted (24-h) mice were dissected and the TRAP protocol was performed, for the isolation of translating mRNAs from LepR cells in the LH, followed by RNA sequencing. After mapping and normalization, differential expression analysis was performed with DESeq2. We confirm that the isolated mRNA is enriched in LepR transcripts and other known neuropeptide markers of LepRLH neurons, of which we investigate the localization patterns in the LH. We identified novel markers of LepRLH neurons with association to energy balance and metabolic disease, such as Acvr1c, Npy1r, Itgb1, and genes that are differentially regulated by food deprivation, such as Fam46a and Rrad. Our dataset provides a reliable and extensive resource of the molecular makeup of LH LepR neurons and their response to food deprivation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Goebel EJ, Ongaro L, Kappes EC, Vestal K, Belcheva E, Castonguay R, Kumar R, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. The orphan ligand, activin C, signals through activin receptor-like kinase 7. eLife 2022; 11:78197. [PMID: 35736809 PMCID: PMC9224996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin ligands are formed from two disulfide-linked inhibin β (Inhβ) subunit chains. They exist as homodimeric proteins, as in the case of activin A (ActA; InhβA/InhβA) or activin C (ActC; InhβC/InhβC), or as heterodimers, as with activin AC (ActAC; InhβA:InhβC). While the biological functions of ActA and activin B (ActB) have been well characterized, little is known about the biological functions of ActC or ActAC. One thought is that the InhβC chain functions to interfere with ActA production by forming less active ActAC heterodimers. Here, we assessed and characterized the signaling capacity of ligands containing the InhβC chain. ActC and ActAC activated SMAD2/3-dependent signaling via the type I receptor, activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7). Relative to ActA and ActB, ActC exhibited lower affinity for the cognate activin type II receptors and was resistant to neutralization by the extracellular antagonist, follistatin. In mature murine adipocytes, which exhibit high ALK7 expression, ActC elicited a SMAD2/3 response similar to ActB, which can also signal via ALK7. Collectively, these results establish that ActC and ActAC are active ligands that exhibit a distinct signaling receptor and antagonist profile compared to other activins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emily C Kappes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Kylie Vestal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Z, Fang L, Yang S, Gao Y, Wang Z, Meng Q, Dang X, Sun YP, Cheng JC. GDF-11 promotes human trophoblast cell invasion by increasing ID2-mediated MMP2 expression. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:89. [PMID: 35705978 PMCID: PMC9202197 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein-11, belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. GDF-11 was first identified as an important regulator during embryonic development. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that GDF-11 regulates the development of various organs and its aberrant expressions are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells invasion is a critical event for placenta development and needs to be finely regulated. However, to date, the biological function of GDF-11 in the human EVT cells remains unknown. METHODS HTR-8/SVneo, a human EVT cell line, and primary cultures of human EVT cells were used to examine the effect of GDF-11 on matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression. Matrigel-coated transwell invasion assay was used to examine cell invasiveness. A series of in vitro experiments were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms that mediate the effect of GDF-11 on MMP2 expression and cell invasion. RESULTS Treatment with GDF-11 stimulates MMP2 expression, in the HTR-8/SVneo and primary human EVT cells. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches, our results demonstrated that the stimulatory effect of GDF-11 on MMP2 expression was mediated by the ALK4/5-SMAD2/3 signaling pathways. In addition, the expression of inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2 (ID2) was upregulated by GDF-11 and that was required for the GDF-11-stimulated MMP2 expression and EVT cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS These findings discover a new biological function and underlying molecular mechanisms of GDF-11 in the regulation of human EVT cell invasion. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Sizhu Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qingxue Meng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Dang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and complex psychosomatic disease that is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. This study aimed to analyze whole methylation profiles to uncover the epigenetic mechanisms associated with obesity. DNA methylation profiles in blood samples from patients with obesity and normal controls were studied using the Illumina 850 K methylation microarray. The diagnostic value of the differentially methylated genes was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The expression of selected candidate genes was verified using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and pyrosequencing. A total of 9,371 significantly differentially methylated sites (7,974 hypermethylated sites and 1,397 hypomethylated sites) were identified in 4,571 genes. A difference in the distribution of differentially methylated sites (hypermethylated and hypomethylated) in both gene structures and CpG islands was observed. A total of 114 key differentially methylated sites were identified in the CpG islands. ROC results indicated that Inhibin Subunit Beta B (INHBB), Homeobox A9 (HOXA9), Troponin T3 (TNNT3), Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 7 B (ZBTB7B) could discriminate patients with obesity from normal controls. RT-qPCR results of CRTC1 and ZBTB7B were consistent with our methylation profile results. The pyrosequencing results showed that the methylation levels of CRTC1 CpG sites (CpG1 and CpG2-cg11660071) and INHBB CpG sites (CpG2) were significantly changed in patients with obesity compared with normal controls, which was consistent with our DNA methylation profile results. Our study provides new insights into the pathological mechanism of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhu Wang
- 17th Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- 17th Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- 17th Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumari R, Irudayam MJ, Al Abdallah Q, Jones TL, Mims TS, Puchowicz MA, Pierre JF, Brown CW. SMAD2 and SMAD3 differentially regulate adiposity and the growth of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22018. [PMID: 34731499 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, playing important roles in health. While adipose research largely focuses on obesity, fat also has other critical functions, producing adipocytokines and contributing to normal nutrient metabolism, which in turn play important roles in satiety and total energy homeostasis. SMAD2/3 proteins are downstream mediators of activin signaling, which regulate critical preadipocyte and mature adipocyte functions. Smad2 global knockout mice exhibit embryonic lethality, whereas global loss of Smad3 protects mice against diet-induced obesity. The direct contributions of Smad2 and Smad3 in adipose tissues, however, are unknown. Here, we sought to determine the primary effects of adipocyte-selective reduction of Smad2 or Smad3 on diet-induced adiposity using Smad2 or Smad3 "floxed" mice intercrossed with Adiponectin-Cre mice. Additionally, we examined visceral and subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation efficiency in vitro. Almost all wild type subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiated into mature adipocytes. In contrast, visceral preadipocytes differentiated poorly. Exogenous activin A suppressed differentiation of preadipocytes from both depots. Smad2 conditional knockout (Smad2cKO) mice did not exhibit significant effects on weight gain, irrespective of diet, whereas Smad3 conditional knockout (Smad3cKO) male mice displayed a trend of reduced body weight on high-fat diet. On both diets, Smad3cKO mice displayed an adipose depot-selective phenotype, with a significant reduction in subcutaneous fat mass but not visceral fat mass. Our data suggest that Smad3 is an important contributor to the maintenance of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in a sex-selective fashion. These findings have implications for understanding SMAD-mediated, depot selective regulation of adipocyte growth and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Johnson Irudayam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qusai Al Abdallah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tamekia L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tahliyah S Mims
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chester W Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo WJ, He SW, Zou WQ, Zhao Y, He QM, Yang XJ, Guo R, Mao YP. Epstein-Barr virus microRNA BART10-3p promotes dedifferentiation and proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting ALK7. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2618-2629. [PMID: 34424090 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211037261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the major subtype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, is characterized by low differentiation and a close relation to Epstein-Barr virus infection, which indicates a link between Epstein-Barr virus oncogenesis and loss of differentiation, and raises our interest in investigating the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma dedifferentiation. Our previous study showed abundant expression of an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA, BART10-3p, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues, but the association between BART10-3p and nasopharyngeal carcinoma differentiation remains unknown. Here, we examined the expression and prognostic value of BART10-3p, and undertook bioinformatics analysis and functional assays to investigate the influence of BART10-3p on nasopharyngeal carcinoma differentiation and proliferation and the underpinning mechanism. Microarray analysis identified BART10-3p as the most significantly upregulated Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and the upregulation was confirmed in two public datasets. The expression of BART10-3p was an independent unfavorable prognosticator in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its integration with the clinical stage showed improved prognosis predictive performance. Bioinformatics analysis suggested a potential role of BART10-3p in tumor differentiation and progression. Functional assays demonstrated that BART10-3p could promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell dedifferentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and proliferation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, BART10-3p directly targeted the 3'UTR of ALK7 and suppressed its expression. Reconstitution of ALK7 rescued BART10-3p-induced malignant phenotypes. Overall, our study demonstrates that BART10-3p promotes dedifferentiation and proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting ALK7, suggesting a promising therapeutic opportunity to reverse the malignant phenotypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shi-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wen-Qing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan-Ping Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Srivastava RK, Lee ES, Sim E, Sheng NC, Ibáñez CF. Sustained anti-obesity effects of life-style change and anti-inflammatory interventions after conditional inactivation of the activin receptor ALK7. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21759. [PMID: 34245608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002785rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Life-style change and anti-inflammatory interventions have only transient effects in obesity. It is not clear how benefits obtained by these treatments can be maintained longer term, especially during sustained high caloric intake. Constitutive ablation of the activin receptor ALK7 in adipose tissue enhances catecholamine signaling and lipolysis in adipocytes, and protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Here, we investigated the consequences of conditional ALK7 ablation in adipocytes of adult mice with pre-existing obesity. Although ALK7 deletion had little effect on its own, it synergized strongly with a transient switch to low-fat diet (life-style change) or anti-inflammatory treatment (Na-salicylate), resulting in enhanced lipolysis, increased energy expenditure, and reduced adipose tissue mass and body weight gain, even under sustained high caloric intake. By themselves, diet-switch and salicylate had only a temporary effect on weight gain. Mechanistically, combination of ALK7 ablation with either treatment strongly enhanced the levels of β3-AR, the main adrenergic receptor for catecholamine stimulation of lipolysis, and C/EBPα, an upstream regulator of β3-AR expression. These results suggest that inhibition of ALK7 can be combined with simple interventions to produce longer-lasting benefits in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Soo Lee
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - New Chih Sheng
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ibáñez CF. Regulation of metabolic homeostasis by the TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7. FEBS J 2021; 289:5776-5797. [PMID: 34173336 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ALK7 (Activin receptor-like kinase 7) is a member of the TGF-β receptor superfamily predominantly expressed by cells and tissues involved in endocrine functions, such as neurons of the hypothalamus and pituitary, pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. Recent studies have begun to delineate the processes regulated by ALK7 in these tissues and how these become integrated with the homeostatic regulation of mammalian metabolism. The picture emerging indicates that ALK7's primary function in metabolic regulation is to limit catabolic activities and preserve energy. Aside of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the function of ALK7 elsewhere in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum, where it is abundantly expressed, remains to be elucidated. Although our understanding of the basic molecular events underlying ALK7 signaling has benefited from the vast knowledge available on TGF-β receptor mechanisms, how these connect to the physiological functions regulated by ALK7 in different cell types is still incompletely understood. Findings of missense and nonsense variants in the Acvr1c gene, encoding ALK7, of some mouse strains and human subjects indicate a tolerance to ALK7 loss of function. Recent discoveries suggest that specific inhibitors of ALK7 may have therapeutic applications in obesity and metabolic syndrome without overt adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheng WL, Zhang Q, Cao JL, Chen XL, Li W, Zhang L, Chao SP, Zhao F. ALK7 Acts as a Positive Regulator of Macrophage Activation through Down-Regulation of PPARγ Expression. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:375-384. [PMID: 32641645 PMCID: PMC8147563 DOI: 10.5551/jat.54445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) acts as a key receptor for TGF-β family members, which play important roles in regulating cardiovascular activity. However, ALK7's potential role, and underlying mechanism, in the macrophage activation involved in atherogenesis remain unexplored. Methods: ALK7 expression in macrophages was tested by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence co-staining. The loss-of-function strategy using AdshALK7 was performed for functional study. Oil Red O staining was used to observe the foam cell formation, while inflammatory mediators and genes related to cholesterol efflux and influx were determined by RT-PCR and western blot. A PPARγ inhibitor (G3335) was used to reveal whether PPARγ was required for ALK7 to affect macrophage activation. Results: The results exhibited upregulated ALK7 expression in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) induced bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), isolated from ApoE-deficient mice, while ALK7's strong immunoreactivity in BMDMs was observed. ALK7 knockdown significantly attenuated pro-inflammatory, but promoted anti-inflammatory, macrophage markers expression. Additionally, ALK7 silencing decreased foam cell formation, accompanied by the up-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 involved in cholesterol efflux but the down-regulation of CD36 and SR-A implicated in cholesterol influx. Mechanistically, ALK7 knockdown upregulated PPARγ expression, which was required for the ameliorated effect of ALK7 silencing macrophage activation. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ALK7 was a positive regulator for macrophage activation, partially through down-regulation of PPARγ expression, which suggested that neutralizing ALK7 might be promising therapeutic strategy for treating atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jian-Lei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Xi-Lu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Sheng-Ping Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan hospital, Wuhan University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
ALK7 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Phenotypic Modulation by Negative Regulating PPARγ Expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76:237-245. [PMID: 32467530 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a receptor for transforming growth factor-β, nodal and activin, activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) previously acts as a suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis, which has emerged to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the potential effect and molecular mechanism of ALK7 on vascular smooth muscle cells' (VSMCs) phenotypic modulation have not been investigated. Using cultured mouse VSMCs with platelet-derived growth factor-BB administration, we observed that ALK7 showed a significantly increased expression in VSMCs accompanied by decreased VSMCs differentiation marker genes. Loss-of-function study demonstrated that ALK7 knockdown inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced VSMCs phenotypic modulation characterized by increased VSMCs differentiation markers, reduced proliferation, and migration of VSMCs. Such above effects were reversed by ALK7 overexpression. Notably, we noticed that ALK7 silencing dramatically enhanced PPARγ expression, which was required for the attenuated effect of ALK7 knockdown on VSMCs phenotypic modulation. Collected, we identified that ALK7 acted as a novel and positive regulator for VSMCs phenotypic modulation partially through inactivation of PPARγ, which suggested that neutralization of ALK7 might act as a promising therapeutic strategy of intimal hyperplasia.
Collapse
|
17
|
Antibiotics and Host-Tailored Probiotics Similarly Modulate Effects on the Developing Avian Microbiome, Mycobiome, and Host Gene Expression. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02171-19. [PMID: 31615957 PMCID: PMC6794479 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02171-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative approaches are greatly needed to reduce the need for antibiotic use in food animal production. This study utilized a pipeline for the development of a host-tailored probiotic to enhance performance in commercial turkeys and modulate their microbiota, similar to the effects of low-dose antibiotic administration. We determined that a host-tailored probiotic, developed in the context of the commercial turkey gut microbiome, was more effective at modulating these parameters than a nontailored probiotic cocktail. Furthermore, the host-tailored probiotic mimicked many of the effects of a low-dose antibiotic growth promoter. Surprisingly, the effects of the antibiotic growth promoter and host-tailored probiotic were observed across kingdoms, illustrating the coordinated interkingdom effects of these approaches. This work suggests that tailored approaches to probiotic development hold promise for modulating the avian host and its microbiota. The microbiome is important to all animals, including poultry, playing a critical role in health and performance. Low-dose antibiotics have historically been used to modulate food production animals and their microbiome. Identifying alternatives to antibiotics conferring similar modulatory properties has been elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine if a host-tailored probiotic could recapitulate effects of a low-dose antibiotic on host response and the developing microbiome. Over 13 days of life, turkey poults were supplemented continuously with a low-dose antibiotic or oral supplementation of a prebiotic with or without two different probiotics (8 cage units, n = 80 per group). Gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal communities of poults were characterized by 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 amplicon sequencing. Localized and systemic host gene expression was assessed using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), kinase activity was assessed by avian-specific kinome peptide arrays, and performance parameters were assessed. We found that development of the early-life microbiome of turkey poults was tightly ordered in a tissue- and time-specific manner. Low-dose antibiotic and turkey-tailored probiotic supplementation, but not nontailored probiotic supplementation, elicited similar shifts in overall microbiome composition during development compared to controls. Treatment-induced bacterial changes were accompanied by parallel shifts in the fungal community and host gene expression and enhanced performance metrics. These results were validated in pen trials that identified further additive effects of the turkey-tailored probiotic combined with different prebiotics. Alternative approaches to low-dose antibiotic use in poultry are feasible and can be optimized utilizing the indigenous poultry microbiome. Similar approaches may also be beneficial for humans.
Collapse
|
18
|
Justice AE, Karaderi T, Highland HM, Young KL, Graff M, Lu Y, Turcot V, Auer PL, Fine RS, Guo X, Schurmann C, Lempradl A, Marouli E, Mahajan A, Winkler TW, Locke AE, Medina-Gomez C, Esko T, Vedantam S, Giri A, Lo KS, Alfred T, Mudgal P, Ng MCY, Heard-Costa NL, Feitosa MF, Manning AK, Willems SM, Sivapalaratnam S, Abecasis G, Alam DS, Allison M, Amouyel P, Arzumanyan Z, Balkau B, Bastarache L, Bergmann S, Bielak LF, Blüher M, Boehnke M, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Böger CA, Bork-Jensen J, Bottinger EP, Bowden DW, Brandslund I, Broer L, Burt AA, Butterworth AS, Caulfield MJ, Cesana G, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Chen YDI, Chowdhury R, Christensen C, Chu AY, Collins FS, Cook JP, Cox AJ, Crosslin DS, Danesh J, de Bakker PIW, Denus SD, Mutsert RD, Dedoussis G, Demerath EW, Dennis JG, Denny JC, Di Angelantonio E, Dörr M, Drenos F, Dubé MP, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Elliott P, Evangelou E, Farmaki AE, Feng S, Ferrannini E, Ferrieres J, Florez JC, Fornage M, Fox CS, Franks PW, Friedrich N, Gan W, Gandin I, Gasparini P, Giedraitis V, Girotto G, Gorski M, Grallert H, Grarup N, Grove ML, Gustafsson S, Haessler J, Hansen T, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Heid IM, Holmen OL, Hovingh GK, Howson JMM, Hu Y, Hung YJ, Hveem K, Ikram MA, Ingelsson E, Jackson AU, Jarvik GP, Jia Y, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Justesen JM, Kahali B, Karaleftheri M, Kardia SLR, Karpe F, Kee F, Kitajima H, Komulainen P, Kooner JS, Kovacs P, Krämer BK, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lamparter D, Lange LA, Langenberg C, Larson EB, Lee NR, Lee WJ, Lehtimäki T, Lewis CE, Li H, Li J, Li-Gao R, Lin LA, Lin X, Lind L, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu DJ, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, MacGregor S, Mägi R, Männistö S, Marenne G, Marten J, Masca NGD, McCarthy MI, Meidtner K, Mihailov E, Moilanen L, Moitry M, Mook-Kanamori DO, Morgan A, Morris AP, Müller-Nurasyid M, Munroe PB, Narisu N, Nelson CP, Neville M, Ntalla I, O'Connell JR, Owen KR, Pedersen O, Peloso GM, Pennell CE, Perola M, Perry JA, Perry JRB, Pers TH, Ewing A, Polasek O, Raitakari OT, Rasheed A, Raulerson CK, Rauramaa R, Reilly DF, Reiner AP, Ridker PM, Rivas MA, Robertson NR, Robino A, Rudan I, Ruth KS, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Schreiner PJ, Schulze MB, Scott RA, Segura-Lepe M, Sim X, Slater AJ, Small KS, Smith BH, Smith JA, Southam L, Spector TD, Speliotes EK, Stefansson K, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups KE, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Stumvoll M, Sun L, Surendran P, Swart KMA, Tardif JC, Taylor KD, Teumer A, Thompson DJ, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thuesen BH, Tönjes A, Torres M, Tsafantakis E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van Duijn CM, Vanhala M, Varma R, Vermeulen SH, Vestergaard H, Vitart V, Vogt TF, Vuckovic D, Wagenknecht LE, Walker M, Wallentin L, Wang F, Wang CA, Wang S, Wareham NJ, Warren HR, Waterworth DM, Wessel J, White HD, Willer CJ, Wilson JG, Wood AR, Wu Y, Yaghootkar H, Yao J, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Young R, Zeggini E, Zhan X, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Zheng H, Zhou W, Zillikens MC, Rivadeneira F, Borecki IB, Pospisilik JA, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Lettre G, Mohlke KL, Rotter JI, Kutalik Z, Hirschhorn JN, Cupples LA, Loos RJF, North KE, Lindgren CM. Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body-fat distribution. Nat Genet 2019; 51:452-469. [PMID: 30778226 PMCID: PMC6560635 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Body-fat distribution is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular health consequences. We analyzed the association of body-fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, with 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries (discovery) and 132,177 European-ancestry individuals (validation). We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF ≥5%) and nine low-frequency or rare (MAF <5%) coding novel variants. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses identified lipid particle, adiponectin, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology and bone development and morphology as important contributors to fat distribution, while cross-trait associations highlight cardiometabolic traits. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdowns, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). We implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valérie Turcot
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul L Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca S Fine
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adelheid Lempradl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adam E Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Poorva Mudgal
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Vascular Medicine, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dewan S Alam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM U1167, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167, Lille, France
- U1167-RID-AGE, Universite de Lille - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
| | - Zorayr Arzumanyan
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de recherche en Épidemiologie et Sante des Populations (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amber A Burt
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - John C Chambers
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda J Cox
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - David S Crosslin
- Department of Biomedical Infomatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon de Denus
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joe G Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose C Florez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wei Gan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Ilaria Gandin, Research Unit, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oddgeir L Holmen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yucheng Jia
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Johanne M Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bratati Kahali
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health Research, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Hidetoshi Kitajima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pirjo Komulainen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Medical Department, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Lamparter
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Verge Genomics, San Fransico, CA, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Division of Biomedical and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nanette R Lee
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Social Work, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Huaixing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Li-An Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas G D Masca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Univeristy of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Karina Meidtner
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Morgan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Univeristy of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetric and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James A Perry
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ailith Ewing
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Dermot F Reilly
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Univeristy of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcelo Segura-Lepe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew J Slater
- Genetics, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- OmicSoft a QIAGEN Company, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kathleen E Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karin M A Swart
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department for Women's and Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mina Torres
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mauno Vanhala
- Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rohit Varma
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas F Vogt
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feijie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Carol A Wang
- Division of Obstetric and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Wessel
- Departments of Epidemiology & Medicine, Diabetes Translational Research Center, Fairbanks School of Public Health & School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indiana, IN, USA
| | - Harvey D White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - He Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Center of Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shebanits K, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Larsson I, Carlsson LMS, Feuk L, Larhammar D. Copy number of pancreatic polypeptide receptor gene NPY4R correlates with body mass index and waist circumference. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194668. [PMID: 29621259 PMCID: PMC5886410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple genetic studies have linked copy number variation (CNV) in different genes to body mass index (BMI) and obesity. A CNV on chromosome 10q11.22 has been associated with body weight. This CNV region spans NPY4R, the gene encoding the pancreatic polypeptide receptor Y4, which has been described as a satiety-stimulating receptor. We have investigated CNV of the NPY4R gene and analysed its relationship to BMI, waist circumference and self-reported dietary intake from 558 individuals (216 men and 342 women) representing a wide BMI range. The copy number for NPY4R ranged from 2 to 8 copies (average 4.6±0.8). Rather than the expected negative correlation, we observed a positive correlation between NPY4R copy number and BMI as well as waist circumference in women (Pearson’s r = 0.267, p = 2.65×10−7 and r = 0.256, p = 8×10−7, respectively). Each additional copy of NPY4R correlated with 2.6 kg/m2 increase in BMI and 5.67 cm increase in waist circumference (p = 2.8×10−5 and p = 6.2×10−5, respectively) for women. For men, there was no statistically significant correlation between CNV and BMI. Our results suggest that NPY4R genetic variation influences body weight in women, but the exact role of this receptor appears to be more complex than previously proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingrid Larsson
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena M. S. Carlsson
- Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Feuk
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maurizi G, Petäistö T, Maurizi A, Della Guardia L. Key-genes regulating the liposecretion process of mature adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3784-3793. [PMID: 28926092 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
White mature adipocytes (MAs) are plastic cells able to reversibly transdifferentiate toward fibroblast-like cells maintaining stem cell gene signatures. The main morphologic aspect of this transdifferentiation process, called liposecretion, is the secretion of large lipid droplets and the development of organelles necessary for exocrine secretion. There is a considerable interest in the adipocyte plastic properties involving liposecretion process, but the molecular details are incompletely explored. This review analyzes the gene expression of MAs isolated from human subcutaneous fat tissue with respect to bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) focusing on gene regulatory pathways involved into cellular morphology changes, cellular proliferation and transports of molecules through the membrane, suggesting potential ways to guide liposecretion. In particular, Wnt, MAPK/ERK, and AKT pathways were accurately described, studying up- and down-stream molecules involved. Moreover, adipogenic extra- and intra-cellular interactions were analyzed studying the role of CDH2, CDH11, ITGA5, E-Syt1, PAI-1, IGF1, and INHBB genes. Additionally, PLIN1 and PLIN2 could be key-genes of liposecretion process regulating molecules transport through the membrane. All together data demonstrated that liposecretion is regulated through a complex molecular networks that are able to respond to microenvironment signals, cytokines, and growth factors. Autocrine as well as external signaling molecules might activate liposecretion affecting adipocytes physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiina Petäistö
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Chirurgia Generale, ASUR Regione Marche, Ospedale "Carlo Urbani", Jesi, Italy
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense, Unità di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università degli stui di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Exome chip meta-analysis identifies novel loci and East Asian-specific coding variants that contribute to lipid levels and coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1722-1730. [PMID: 29083407 PMCID: PMC5899829 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most genome-wide association studies have been conducted in European individuals, even though most genetic variation in humans is seen only in non-European samples. To search for novel loci associated with blood lipid levels and clarify the mechanism of action at previously identified lipid loci, we examined protein-coding genetic variants in 47,532 East Asian individuals using an exome array. We identified 255 variants at 41 loci reaching chip-wide significance, including 3 novel loci and 14 East Asian-specific coding variant associations. After meta-analysis with > 300,000 European samples, we identified an additional 9 novel loci. The same 16 genes were identified by the protein-altering variants in both East Asians and Europeans, likely pointing to the functional genes. Our data demonstrate that most of the low-frequency or rare coding variants associated with lipids are population-specific, and that examining genomic data across diverse ancestries may facilitate the identification of functional genes at associated loci.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pettersson M, Viljakainen H, Loid P, Mustila T, Pekkinen M, Armenio M, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Mäkitie O, Lindstrand A. Copy Number Variants Are Enriched in Individuals With Early-Onset Obesity and Highlight Novel Pathogenic Pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3029-3039. [PMID: 28605459 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Only a few genetic causes for childhood obesity have been identified to date. Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to contribute to obesity, both syndromic (15q11.2 deletions, Prader-Willi syndrome) and nonsyndromic (16p11.2 deletions) obesity. OBJECTIVE To study the contribution of CNVs to early-onset obesity and evaluate the expression of candidate genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. DESIGN AND SETTING A case-control study in a tertiary academic center. PARTICIPANTS CNV analysis was performed on 90 subjects with early-onset obesity and 67 normal-weight controls. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from body mass index-discordant siblings was used for the gene expression analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We used custom high-density array comparative genomic hybridization with exon resolution in 1989 genes, including all known obesity loci. The expression of candidate genes was assessed using microarray analysis of messenger RNA from subcutaneous adipose tissue. RESULTS We identified rare CNVs in 17 subjects (19%) with obesity and 2 controls (3%). In three cases (3%), the identified variant involved a known syndromic lesion (22q11.21 duplication, 1q21.1 deletion, and 16p11.2 deletion, respectively), although the others were not known. Seven CNVs in 10 families were inherited and segregated with obesity. Expression analysis of 37 candidate genes showed discordant expression for 10 genes (PCM1, EFEMP1, MAMLD1, ACP6, BAZ2B, SORBS1, KLF15, MACROD2, ATR, and MBD5). CONCLUSIONS Rare CNVs contribute possibly pathogenic alleles to a substantial fraction of children with early-onset obesity. The involved genes might provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms and involved cellular pathways. These findings highlight the importance of CNV screening in children with early-onset obesity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Acid Phosphatase/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- Autistic Disorder/genetics
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Duplication/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrolases/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Male
- Megalencephaly/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Pediatric Obesity/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Siblings
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors, General
- Transcriptome
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Heli Viljakainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| | - Petra Loid
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| | - Taina Mustila
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki FI-60100, Finland
| | - Minna Pekkinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Miriam Armenio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Johanna C Andersson-Assarsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiao Y, Tomonaga S, Suenaga M, Matsui T, Funaba M. WITHDRAWN: Modulation of adipocyte function by the TGF-β family. Cytokine 2017:S1043-4666(17)30139-4. [PMID: 28527661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Qiao
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Suenaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao M, Zhang L, Liu L, Li Y, Wang D, Li YH, Wang ZH, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Tang MX. WITHDRAWN: Protective role of activin receptor-like kinase 7 gene silencing in renal fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016:S0006-291X(16)31431-0. [PMID: 27620491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Cardiology, Huangdao District People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Di Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Hui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Xiong Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alk7 Depleted Mice Exhibit Prolonged Cardiac Repolarization and Are Predisposed to Ventricular Arrhythmia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149205. [PMID: 26882027 PMCID: PMC4755580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK7) in regulating cardiac electrophysiology. Here, we showed that Alk7-/- mice exhibited prolonged QT intervals in telemetry ECG recordings. Furthermore, Langendorff-perfused Alk7-/- hearts had significantly longer action potential duration (APD) and greater incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (AV) induced by burst pacing. Using whole-cell patch clamp, we found that the densities of repolarizing K+ currents Ito and IK1 were profoundly reduced in Alk7-/- ventricular cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, the expression of Kv4.2 (a major subunit of Ito carrying channel) and KCHIP2 (a key accessory subunit of Ito carrying channel), was markedly decreased in Alk7-/- hearts. These findings suggest that endogenous expression of ALK7 is necessary to maintain repolarizing K+ currents in ventricular cardiomyocytes, and finally prevent action potential prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia.
Collapse
|
27
|
Taube M, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Lindberg K, Pereira MJ, Gäbel M, Svensson MK, Eriksson JW, Svensson PA. Evaluation of reference genes for gene expression studies in human brown adipose tissue. Adipocyte 2015; 4:280-5. [PMID: 26451284 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1039884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has during the last 5 year been subjected to an increasing research interest, due to its putative function as a target for future obesity treatments. The most commonly used method for molecular studies of human BAT is the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This method requires normalization to a reference gene (genes with uniform expression under different experimental conditions, e.g. similar expression levels between human BAT and WAT), but so far no evaluation of reference genes for human BAT has been performed. Two different microarray datasets with samples containing human BAT were used to search for genes with low variability in expression levels. Seven genes (FAM96B, GNB1, GNB2, HUWE1, PSMB2, RING1 and TPT1) identified by microarray analysis, and 8 commonly used reference genes (18S, B2M, GAPDH, LRP10, PPIA, RPLP0, UBC, and YWHAZ) were selected and further analyzed by quantitative PCR in both BAT containing perirenal adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results were analyzed using 2 different algorithms (Normfinder and geNorm). Most of the commonly used reference genes displayed acceptably low variability (geNorm M-values <0.5) in the samples analyzed, but the novel reference genes identified by microarray displayed an even lower variability (M-values <0.25). Our data suggests that PSMB2, GNB2 and GNB1 are suitable novel reference genes for qPCR analysis of human BAT and we recommend that they are included in future gene expression studies of human BAT.
Collapse
|
28
|
Li WB, Zhao J, Liu L, Wang ZH, Han L, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Tang MX. Silencing of activin receptor-like kinase 7 alleviates aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetic rats. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:717-26. [PMID: 25577243 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Arterial stiffness is an important feature of diabetic macrovascular complications. Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), a member of type I transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, is correlated with pathogenic risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and may be involved in cardiovascular remodeling. We aimed to investigate whether ALK7 is implicated in diabetes-induced aortic stiffness. METHODS Type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ; 27.5 mg/kg). Forty rats were separated into four groups: control, diabetes, diabetes with empty virus and diabetes treated with ALK7-shRNA. The metabolic index, ALK 7 expression and aortic stiffness were evaluated. We used gene silencing method to investigate the role of ALK7 in the pathological development. RESULTS Diabetic rats showed increased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, severe insulin resistance and ALK7 overexpression. Diabetes enhanced aortic stiffness, as demonstrated by the loss and disruption of elastic fibers as well as by an increase in collagen fibers in the aortic media. ALK7 gene silencing ameliorated metabolic hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. With ALK7 gene silencing, collagen content, elastin to collagen ratio, as well as collagen I-to-collagen III content ratio in diabetic rats were significantly decreased. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 was markedly decreased after ALK7 gene silencing. CONCLUSIONS ALK7 gene silencing has a protective effect on diabetes-induced aortic stiffness, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, thus implicating a new potential therapeutic approach to diabetic macrovascular stiffness.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Male
- RNA Interference/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Transgenic
- Streptozocin
- Vascular Stiffness/drug effects
- Vascular Stiffness/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
A novel crosstalk between Alk7 and cGMP signaling differentially regulates brown adipocyte function. Mol Metab 2015; 4:576-83. [PMID: 26266090 PMCID: PMC4529496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is an enormous burden for patients and health systems world-wide. Brown adipose tissue dissipates energy in response to cold and has been shown to be metabolically active in human adults. The type I transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (Alk7) is highly expressed in adipose tissues and is down-regulated in obese patients. Here, we studied the function of Alk7 in brown adipocytes. Methods Using pharmacological and genetic tools, Alk7 signaling pathway and its effects were studied in murine brown adipocytes. Brown adipocyte differentiation and activation was analyzed. Results Alk7 is highly upregulated during differentiation of brown adipocytes. Interestingly, Alk7 expression is increased by cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling, which enhances brown adipocyte differentiation. Activin AB effectively activates Alk7 and SMAD3 signaling. Activation of Alk7 in brown preadipocytes suppresses the master adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ and differentiation. Stimulation of Alk7 during late differentiation of brown adipocytes reduces lipid content and adipogenic marker expression but enhances UCP1 expression. Conclusions We found a so far unknown crosstalk between cGMP and Alk7 signaling pathways. Tight regulation of Alk7 is required for efficient differentiation of brown adipocytes. Alk7 has differential effects on adipogenic differentiation and the development of the thermogenic program in brown adipocytes. Alk7 expression in brown adipocytes is modulated by the cGMP/PKGI signaling pathway. Brown adipocyte differentiation requires tight regulation of Alk7 activation. Alk7 signaling via SMAD3 reduces PPARγ and attenuates adipogenic differentiation. Alk7 enhances UCP1 expression in mature brown adipocytes. We found a novel crosstalk between the Alk7 and cGMP signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gustafson B, Hammarstedt A, Hedjazifar S, Hoffmann JM, Svensson PA, Grimsby J, Rondinone C, Smith U. BMP4 and BMP Antagonists Regulate Human White and Beige Adipogenesis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1670-81. [PMID: 25605802 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The limited expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue, due to reduced ability to recruit and differentiate new adipocytes, prevents its buffering effect in obesity and is characterized by expanded adipocytes (hypertrophic obesity). Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) plays a key role in regulating adipogenic precursor cell commitment and differentiation. We found BMP4 to be induced and secreted by differentiated (pre)adipocytes, and BMP4 was increased in large adipose cells. However, the precursor cells exhibited a resistance to BMP4 owing to increased secretion of the BMP inhibitor Gremlin-1 (GREM1). GREM1 is secreted by (pre)adipocytes and is an inhibitor of both BMP4 and BMP7. BMP4 alone, and/or silencing GREM1, increased transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and promoted the preadipocytes to assume an oxidative beige/brown adipose phenotype including markers of increased mitochondria and PGC1α. Driving white adipose differentiation inhibited the beige/brown markers, suggesting the presence of multipotent adipogenic precursor cells. However, silencing GREM1 and/or adding BMP4 during white adipogenic differentiation reactivated beige/brown markers, suggesting that increased BMP4 preferentially regulates the beige/brown phenotype. Thus, BMP4, secreted by white adipose cells, is an integral feedback regulator of both white and beige adipogenic commitment and differentiation, and resistance to BMP4 by GREM1 characterizes hypertrophic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Gustafson
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahram Hedjazifar
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny M Hoffmann
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf Smith
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo T, Marmol P, Moliner A, Björnholm M, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Ibanez CF. Adipocyte ALK7 links nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance in obesity. eLife 2014; 3:e03245. [PMID: 25161195 PMCID: PMC4139062 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with blunted β-adrenoreceptor (β-AR)-mediated lipolysis and lipid oxidation in adipose tissue, but the mechanisms linking nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance are poorly understood. We report that targeted disruption of TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7 alleviates diet-induced catecholamine resistance in adipose tissue, thereby reducing obesity in mice. Global and fat-specific Alk7 knock-out enhanced adipose β-AR expression, β-adrenergic signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid oxidation, and lipolysis under a high fat diet, leading to elevated energy expenditure, decreased fat mass, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Conversely, activation of ALK7 reduced β-AR-mediated signaling and lipolysis cell-autonomously in both mouse and human adipocytes. Acute inhibition of ALK7 in adult mice by a chemical-genetic approach reduced diet-induced weight gain, fat accumulation, and adipocyte size, and enhanced adipocyte lipolysis and β-adrenergic signaling. We propose that ALK7 signaling contributes to diet-induced catecholamine resistance in adipose tissue, and suggest that ALK7 inhibitors may have therapeutic value in human obesity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03245.001 Adrenaline and noradrenaline are two hormones that trigger the burst of energy and increase in heart rate and blood pressure that are needed for the ‘fight-or-flight’ response. Both belong to a group of chemicals called catecholamines. These chemicals bind to cells carrying proteins called adrenoceptors on their surface and stimulate the breakdown of fat, which releases energy. However, when nutrients are plentiful, fat cells become resistant to catecholamines and instead store fat so it can be used for energy if food becomes scarce. In the industrialized world where food is easily and constantly accessible, this resistance can cause an unhealthy increase in body fat and result in obesity. Increasing fat metabolism by making fat cells more able to respond to catecholamines is an attractive strategy for combating obesity. Indeed, drugs that mimic the effect of catecholamines on an adrenoceptor found in mice reduce obesity caused by over-eating. However, these drugs are ineffective in humans and can cause harmful side effects to the cardiovascular system, including high blood pressure and an increased heart rate. Devising a strategy that specifically targets catecholamine resistance in fat cells is therefore desirable. A protein called ALK7 is a cell surface receptor that is predominantly found in fat cells and tissues involved in controlling the metabolism. Mice with a mutation in ALK7 that stops this protein from working properly accumulate less fat than mice with a functional version of the protein, but it is not known why. To understand ALK7's involvement in fat metabolism, Guo et al. created mice whose fat cells lack ALK7, but whose other cells all produce ALK7 as normal. When fed a diet rich in fat, these mice are leaner than regular mice and they burn more energy. The metabolic responses seen in ALK7 mutant mice are very similar to those seen in mice treated with drugs targeting adrenoceptors, suggesting that there may be a link between ALK7 and catecholamine resistance. Indeed, Guo et al. demonstrate that fat cells lacking ALK7 have an increased sensitivity to catecholamines when the mice are on a high fat diet, which decreases the amount of fat the mice accumulate. Conversely, increasing the activity of ALK7 reduces the ability of the cells to respond to catecholamines, and they accumulate more fat. Guo et al. also generated a second line of mice carrying a mutation in ALK7 that does not affect its function, but renders it sensitive to inhibition by a custom-made chemical. When these animals were on a high-fat diet, administering the chemical made the mice leaner, suggesting that inhibiting the ALK7 receptor can prevent obesity in adult animals. Guo et al. also performed experiments in human fat cells, which showed that the ALK7 receptor works in a similar way in human cells as it does in mice. As ALK7 is largely specific for fat cells and is not known to affect the cardiovascular system, drugs that inhibit ALK7 could potentially safely suppress catecholamine resistance and reduce human obesity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03245.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingqing Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Marmol
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annalena Moliner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Carlos F Ibanez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Svensson PA, Wahlstrand B, Olsson M, Froguel P, Falchi M, Bergman RN, McTernan PG, Hedner T, Carlsson LMS, Jacobson P. CDKN2B expression and subcutaneous adipose tissue expandability: possible influence of the 9p21 atherosclerosis locus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1126-31. [PMID: 24680834 PMCID: PMC4003348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2B is highly expressed in human adipose tissue. Risk alleles at the 9p21 locus modify CDKN2B expression in a BMI-dependent fashion. There is an inverse relationship between expression of CDKN2B and adipogenic genes. CDKN2B expression influences to postprandial triacylglycerol clearance. CDKN2B expression in adipose tissue is linked to markers of hepatic steatosis.
Risk alleles within a gene desert at the 9p21 locus constitute the most prevalent genetic determinant of cardiovascular disease. Previous research has demonstrated that 9p21 risk variants influence gene expression in vascular tissues, yet the biological mechanisms by which this would mediate atherosclerosis merits further investigation. To investigate possible influences of this locus on other tissues, we explored expression patterns of 9p21-regulated genes in a panel of multiple human tissues and found that the tumor suppressor CDKN2B was highly expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). CDKN2B expression was regulated by obesity status, and this effect was stronger in carriers of 9p21 risk alleles. Covariation between expression of CDKN2B and genes implemented in adipogenesis was consistent with an inhibitory effect of CDKN2B on SAT proliferation. Moreover, studies of postprandial triacylglycerol clearance indicated that CDKN2B is involved in down-regulation of SAT fatty acid trafficking. CDKN2B expression in SAT correlated with indicators of ectopic fat accumulation, including markers of hepatic steatosis. Among genes regulated by 9p21 risk variants, CDKN2B appears to play a significant role in the regulation of SAT expandability, which is a strong determinant of lipotoxicity and therefore might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arne Svensson
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Wahlstrand
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Olsson
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas Hedner
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena M S Carlsson
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ahlin S, Sjöholm K, Jacobson P, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Walley A, Tordjman J, Poitou C, Prifti E, Jansson PA, Borén J, Sjöström L, Froguel P, Bergman RN, Carlsson LMS, Olsson B, Svensson PA. Macrophage gene expression in adipose tissue is associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels independent of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E571-6. [PMID: 23512687 PMCID: PMC3763968 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is linked to both increased metabolic disturbances and increased adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. However, whether macrophage infiltration directly influences human metabolism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if there are obesity-independent links between adipose tissue macrophages and metabolic disturbances. DESIGN AND METHODS Expression of macrophage markers in adipose tissue was analyzed by DNA microarrays in the SOS Sib Pair study and in patients with type 2 diabetes and a BMI-matched healthy control group. RESULTS The expression of macrophage markers in adipose tissue was increased in obesity and associated with several metabolic and anthropometric measurements. After adjustment for BMI, the expression remained associated with insulin sensitivity, serum levels of insulin, C-peptide, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides. In addition, the expression of most macrophage markers was significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Our study shows that infiltration of macrophages in human adipose tissue, estimated by the expression of macrophage markers, is increased in subjects with obesity and diabetes and associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels independent of BMI. This indicates that adipose tissue macrophages may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ahlin
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Svensson PA, Olsson M, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Taube M, Pereira MJ, Froguel P, Jacobson P. The TGR5 gene is expressed in human subcutaneous adipose tissue and is associated with obesity, weight loss and resting metabolic rate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:563-6. [PMID: 23523790 PMCID: PMC3639367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue (AT) expresses the bile acid receptor TGR5. Human AT TGR5 expression is linked to obesity. Resting metabolic rate and AT TGR5 expression is positively correlated. TGR5 expression is not higher in brown compared to white human AT.
Bile acids have emerged as a new class of signaling molecules that play a role in metabolism. Studies in mice have shown that the bile acid receptor TGR5 mediates several of these effects but the metabolic function of TGR5 in humans is less well established. Here we show that human adipose tissue TGR5 expression is positively correlated to obesity and reduced during diet-induced weight loss. Adipose tissue TGR5 expression was also positively correlated to resting metabolic rate. Our study indicates that human adipose tissue contributes to the TGR5 mediated metabolic effects of bile acids and plays a role in energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Growth differentiation factor 9:bone morphogenetic protein 15 heterodimers are potent regulators of ovarian functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E776-85. [PMID: 23382188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily is the largest family of secreted proteins in mammals, and members of the TGF-β family are involved in most developmental and physiological processes. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), oocyte-secreted paralogs of the TGF-β superfamily, have been shown genetically to control ovarian physiology. Although previous studies found that GDF9 and BMP15 homodimers can modulate ovarian pathways in vitro, the functional species-specific significance of GDF9:BMP15 heterodimers remained unresolved. Therefore, we engineered and produced purified recombinant mouse and human GDF9 and BMP15 homodimers and GDF9:BMP15 heterodimers to compare their molecular characteristics and physiological functions. In mouse granulosa cell and cumulus cell expansion assays, mouse GDF9 and human BMP15 homodimers can up-regulate cumulus expansion-related genes (Ptx3, Has2, and Ptgs2) and promote cumulus expansion in vitro, whereas mouse BMP15 and human GDF9 homodimers are essentially inactive. However, we discovered that mouse GDF9:BMP15 heterodimer is ∼10- to 30-fold more biopotent than mouse GDF9 homodimer, and human GDF9:BMP15 heterodimer is ∼1,000- to 3,000-fold more bioactive than human BMP15 homodimer. We also demonstrate that the heterodimers require the kinase activities of ALK4/5/7 and BMPR2 to activate SMAD2/3 but unexpectedly need ALK6 as a coreceptor in the signaling complex in granulosa cells. Our findings that GDF9:BMP15 heterodimers are the most bioactive ligands in mice and humans compared with homodimers explain many puzzling genetic and physiological data generated during the last two decades and have important implications for improving female fertility in mammals.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nookaew I, Svensson PA, Jacobson P, Jernås M, Taube M, Larsson I, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Sjöström L, Froguel P, Walley A, Nielsen J, Carlsson LMS. Adipose tissue resting energy expenditure and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function are higher in women than in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E370-8. [PMID: 23264395 PMCID: PMC3633773 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Men and women differ in body fat distribution and adipose tissue metabolism as well as in obesity comorbidities and their response to obesity treatment. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was a search for sex differences in adipose tissue function. DESIGN AND SETTING This was an exploratory study performed at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and sc adipose tissue genome-wide expression were measured in the SOS Sib Pair study (n = 732). RESULTS The relative contribution of fat mass to RMR and the metabolic rate per kilogram adipose tissue was higher in women than in men (P value for sex by fat mass interaction = .0019). Women had increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, here referred to as a mitochondrial gene signature. Analysis of liver, muscle, and blood showed that the pronounced mitochondrial gene signature in women was specific for adipose tissue. Brown adipocytes are dense in mitochondria, and the expression of the brown adipocyte marker uncoupling protein 1 was 5-fold higher in women compared with men in the SOS Sib Pair Study (P = 7.43 × 10(-7)), and this was confirmed in a cross-sectional, population-based study (n = 83, 6-fold higher in women, P = .00256). CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of the brown adipocyte marker uncoupling protein 1 in women indicates that the higher relative contribution of the fat mass to RMR in women is in part explained by an increased number of brown adipocytes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mardinoglu A, Agren R, Kampf C, Asplund A, Nookaew I, Jacobson P, Walley AJ, Froguel P, Carlsson LM, Uhlen M, Nielsen J. Integration of clinical data with a genome-scale metabolic model of the human adipocyte. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:649. [PMID: 23511207 PMCID: PMC3619940 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence/absence of proteins encoded by 14 077 genes in adipocytes obtained from different tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. By combining this with previously published adipocyte-specific proteome data, we identified proteins associated with 7340 genes in human adipocytes. This information was used to reconstruct a comprehensive and functional genome-scale metabolic model of adipocyte metabolism. The resulting metabolic model, iAdipocytes1809, enables mechanistic insights into adipocyte metabolism on a genome-wide level, and can serve as a scaffold for integration of omics data to understand the genotype-phenotype relationship in obese subjects. By integrating human transcriptome and fluxome data, we found an increase in the metabolic activity around androsterone, ganglioside GM2 and degradation products of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate, and a decrease in mitochondrial metabolic activities in obese subjects compared with lean subjects. Our study hereby shows a path to identify new therapeutic targets for treating obesity through combination of high throughput patient data and metabolic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Kampf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Asplund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Walley
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8199, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Lena M Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yogosawa S, Mizutani S, Ogawa Y, Izumi T. Activin receptor-like kinase 7 suppresses lipolysis to accumulate fat in obesity through downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and C/EBPα. Diabetes 2013; 62:115-23. [PMID: 22933117 PMCID: PMC3526038 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a quantitative trait locus for adiposity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes 5 (Nidd5), on mouse chromosome 2. In the current study, we identified the actual genetic alteration at Nidd5 as a nonsense mutation of the Acvr1c gene encoding activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), one of the type I transforming growth factor-β receptors, which results in a COOH-terminal deletion of the kinase domain. We further showed that the ALK7 dysfunction causes increased lipolysis in adipocytes and leads to decreased fat accumulation. Conversely, ALK7 activation inhibits lipolysis by suppressing the expression of adipose lipases. ALK7 and activated Smads repress those lipases by downregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α. Although PPARγ and C/EBPα act as adipogenic transcription factors during adipocyte differentiation, they are lipolytic in sum in differentiated adipocytes and are downregulated by ALK7 in obesity to accumulate fat. Under the obese state, ALK7 deficiency improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by preferentially increasing fat combustion in mice. These findings have uncovered a net lipolytic function of PPARγ and C/EBPα in differentiated adipocytes and point to the ALK7-signaling pathway that is activated in obesity as a potential target of medical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Yogosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shin Mizutani
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Corresponding author: Tetsuro Izumi,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Murakami M, Shirai M, Ooishi R, Tsuburaya A, Asai K, Hashimoto O, Ogawa K, Nishino Y, Funaba M. Expression of activin receptor-like kinase 7 in adipose tissues. Biochem Genet 2012; 51:202-10. [PMID: 23264230 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of activin receptor-like kinase 7 (Alk7) expression, the signaling ability of Alk7 variants, and Alk7 expression in response to β3-adrenergic receptor activation were examined. Expression levels of Alk7 varied greatly among tissues but were highest in white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. In addition to full-length Alk7 (Alk7-v1), Alk7-v3, an Alk7 variant, was expressed in adipose tissues, brain, and ovary. Nodal transmits signals via Alk7 in cooperation with its coreceptor, Cripto. Evaluation of the ability of Alk7 variants to confer Nodal signaling using luciferase-based reporter assays showed that Alk7-v3 does not transmit Nodal-Cripto-mediated signals. Expression of Alk7 was down-regulated in brown but not in white adipose tissue treated with CL316,243, a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. These results suggest involvement of Alk7 in modulation of metabolism in the adipose tissues in response to β3-adrenergic receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Grigsby J, Betts B, Vidro-Kotchan E, Culbert R, Tsin A. A possible role of acrolein in diabetic retinopathy: involvement of a VEGF/TGFβ signaling pathway of the retinal pigment epithelium in hyperglycemia. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:1045-53. [PMID: 22906079 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.713152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acrolein has been implicated in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death, and has been associated with diabetic retinopathy. Our purpose was to investigate the potential effect of high glucose in influencing acrolein-mediated RPE cytokine production and cell death. We investigated the influence of the acrolein effect on ARPE-19 cells in high glucose conditions and quantified the release of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ1 and 2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We assessed the ability of N-benzylhydroxylamine(NBHA) as well as TGFβ pathway inhibitors SIS3 and SB431542 to prevent this effect of acrolein on ARPE-19 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent ARPE-19 cells were treated with acrolein and/or NBHA in both 5.5 and 18.8 mM glucose conditions. Cells were also pretreated with SIS3, a specific inhibitor of the SMAD3 pathway, and SB431542, a specific inhibitor of TGFβ signaling pathway, before treating them with acrolein. Viable cells were counted and ELISAs were performed to measure the cytokines TGFβ1 and 2, and VEGF released into the conditioned media. RESULTS In ARPE-19 cells exposed to acrolein and hyperglycemia there was reduced cell viability and an increase in the cell media of VEGF, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2, which was reversed by NBHA. Acrolein/hyperglycemia-induced cell viability reduction and cytokine overproduction was also reduced by TGFβ pathway blockade. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the effect of acrolein on the reduction of viability and VEGF increase by ARPE-19 cells in hyperglycemic media is conducted through the TGFβ signaling pathway. Our results suggest that benefits of sequestering acrolein by NBHA and the blockage of the TGFβ pathway by SB431542 and SIS3 offer suggestions as to potential useful pharmacological drug candidates for the prevention of diabetes-induced complications in the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Grigsby
- University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wiater E, Vale W. Roles of activin family in pancreatic development and homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:23-9. [PMID: 22406274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of ligands have been recognized as important signals in vertebrate embryonic development from the blastula stage to adulthood. In addition to roles in early development, TGF-β superfamily ligands, and particularly activin family ligands, are involved in specification, differentiation, and proliferation of multiple organ systems, including the pancreas. More recently, research has suggested that activin family ligands, binding proteins, receptors, and Smad signal transducers and modulators are involved in regulating adult pancreatic function and maintaining pancreatic islet homeostasis in the adult. This article will focus on outlining common themes in activin family regulation of embryonic pancreatic development and adult pancreatic homeostasis, particularly in activin family involvement in setting and maintaining populations of islet cells such as β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Wiater
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Eleftherohorinou H, de Smith AJ, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Couto Alves A, Hadjigeorgiou E, Walters RG, Asher JE, Bottolo L, Buxton JL, Sladek R, Meyre D, Dina C, Visvikis-Siest S, Jacobson P, Sjöström L, Carlsson LM, Walley A, Falchi M, Froguel P, Blakemore AI, Coin LJ. Novel association approach for variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) identifies DOCK5 as a susceptibility gene for severe obesity. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3727-38. [PMID: 22595969 PMCID: PMC3406755 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) constitute a relatively under-examined class of genomic variants in the context of complex disease because of their sequence complexity and the challenges in assaying them. Recent large-scale genome-wide copy number variant mapping and association efforts have highlighted the need for improved methodology for association studies using these complex polymorphisms. Here we describe the in-depth investigation of a complex region on chromosome 8p21.2 encompassing the dedicator of cytokinesis 5 (DOCK5) gene. The region includes two VNTRs of complex sequence composition which flank a common 3975 bp deletion, all three of which were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and fragment analysis in a total of 2744 subjects. We have developed a novel VNTR association method named VNTRtest, suitable for association analysis of multi-allelic loci with binary and quantitative outcomes, and have used this approach to show significant association of the DOCK5 VNTRs with childhood and adult severe obesity (P(empirical)= 8.9 × 10(-8) and P= 3.1 × 10(-3), respectively) which we estimate explains ~0.8% of the phenotypic variance. We also identified an independent association between the 3975 base pair (bp) deletion and obesity, explaining a further 0.46% of the variance (P(combined)= 1.6 × 10(-3)). Evidence for association between DOCK5 transcript levels and the 3975 bp deletion (P= 0.027) and both VNTRs (P(empirical)= 0.015) was also identified in adipose tissue from a Swedish family sample, providing support for a functional effect of the DOCK5 deletion and VNTRs. These findings highlight the potential role of DOCK5 in human obesity and illustrate a novel approach for analysis of the contribution of VNTRs to disease susceptibility through association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. de Smith
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Johanna C. Andersson-Assarsson
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | | | - Eleni Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Robin G. Walters
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Julian E. Asher
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Leonardo Bottolo
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 AZ, UK
| | - Jessica L. Buxton
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Rob Sladek
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, CanadaH3A 1A4
| | - David Meyre
- CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille 59000, France
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, CanadaL8S 4K1
| | - Christian Dina
- INSERM UMR 915, l'institut du thorax, CNRS ERL3147, University of Nantes, France and
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Unité de Recherche ‘Génétique Cardiovasculaire’, EA-4373, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lorraine, 30, rue Lionnois, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Lars Sjöström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Lena M.S. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Andrew Walley
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
- CNRS 8199-University Lille North of France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Alexandra I.F. Blakemore
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Lachlan J.M. Coin
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health Inperial College London, W12 ONN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Koncarevic A, Kajimura S, Cornwall-Brady M, Andreucci A, Pullen A, Sako D, Kumar R, Grinberg AV, Liharska K, Ucran JA, Howard E, Spiegelman BM, Seehra J, Lachey J. A novel therapeutic approach to treating obesity through modulation of TGFβ signaling. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3133-46. [PMID: 22549226 PMCID: PMC3791434 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity results from disproportionately high energy intake relative to energy expenditure. Many therapeutic strategies have focused on the intake side of the equation, including pharmaceutical targeting of appetite and digestion. An alternative approach is to increase energy expenditure through physical activity or adaptive thermogenesis. A pharmacological way to increase muscle mass and hence exercise capacity is through inhibition of the activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB). Muscle mass and strength is regulated, at least in part, by growth factors that signal via ActRIIB. Administration of a soluble ActRIIB protein comprised of a form of the extracellular domain of ActRIIB fused to a human Fc (ActRIIB-Fc) results in a substantial muscle mass increase in normal mice. However, ActRIIB is also present on and mediates the action of growth factors in adipose tissue, although the function of this system is poorly understood. In the current study, we report the effect of ActRIIB-Fc to suppress diet-induced obesity and linked metabolic dysfunctions in mice fed a high-fat diet. ActRIIB-Fc induced a brown fat-like thermogenic gene program in epididymal white fat, as shown by robustly increased expression of the thermogenic genes uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α. Finally, we identified multiple ligands capable of reducing thermogenesis that represent likely target ligands for the ActRIIB-Fc effects on the white fat depots. These data demonstrate that novel therapeutic ActRIIB-Fc improves obesity and obesity-linked metabolic disease by both increasing skeletal muscle mass and by inducing a gene program of thermogenesis in the white adipose tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Koncarevic
- Acceleron Pharma, Inc. Preclinical Pharmacology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
A genome-wide association study identifies rs2000999 as a strong genetic determinant of circulating haptoglobin levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32327. [PMID: 22403646 PMCID: PMC3293812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin released from erythrocytes to aid its elimination, and thereby haptoglobin prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species in the blood. Haptoglobin levels have been repeatedly associated with a variety of inflammation-linked infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, diabetes, carotid atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. However, a comprehensive genetic assessment of the inter-individual variability of circulating haptoglobin levels has not been conducted so far. We used a genome-wide association study initially conducted in 631 French children followed by a replication in three additional European sample sets and we identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2000999 located in the Haptoglobin gene (HP) as a strong genetic predictor of circulating Haptoglobin levels (Poverall = 8.1×10−59), explaining 45.4% of its genetic variability (11.8% of Hp global variance). The functional relevance of rs2000999 was further demonstrated by its specific association with HP mRNA levels (β = 0.23±0.08, P = 0.007). Finally, SNP rs2000999 was associated with decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 8,789 European children (Ptotal cholesterol = 0.002 and PLDL = 0.0008). Given the central position of haptoglobin in many inflammation-related metabolic pathways, the relevance of rs2000999 genotyping when evaluating haptoglobin concentration should be further investigated in order to improve its diagnostic/therapeutic and/or prevention impact.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Activins are secreted proteins members of the transforming growth factor-β family. They are involved in many biological responses including regulation of apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation of different cell types. Activins A, B and AB are highly expressed in adipose tissue, and in this review we will illustrate that activins have a role in several steps of physiological and pathological development of adipose tissue. Activin A has been shown to be a critical regulator of human adipocyte progenitor proliferation and a potent inhibitor of their differentiation. Activin A could also be a mediator of fibrosis observed in obese adipose tissue. Activin B/AB is proposed as a new adipokine having a role in energy balance and insulin insensitivity associated with obesity. Therefore, activin pathway could represent a potential therapeutic target both for controlling the size and the phenotype of the adipose precursor pool and for obesity-associated metabolic complications.
Collapse
|
46
|
Walley A, Jacobson P, Falchi M, Bottolo L, Andersson J, Petretto E, Bonnefond A, Vaillant E, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Jernas M, Balding D, Petteni M, Park Y, Aitman T, Richardson S, Sjostrom L, Carlsson LMS, Froguel P. Differential coexpression analysis of obesity-associated networks in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:137-47. [PMID: 21427694 PMCID: PMC3160485 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a unique obesity-discordant sib-pair study design to combine differential expression analysis, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) mapping and a coexpression regulatory network approach in subcutaneous human adipose tissue to identify genes relevant to the obese state. STUDY DESIGN Genome-wide transcript expression in subcutaneous human adipose tissue was measured using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and genome-wide genotyping data was obtained using an Applied Biosystems (Applied Biosystems; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) SNPlex linkage panel. SUBJECTS A total of 154 Swedish families ascertained through an obese proband (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg m(-2)) with a discordant sibling (BMI>10 kg m(-2) less than proband). RESULTS Approximately one-third of the transcripts were differentially expressed between lean and obese siblings. The cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) KEGG grouping contained the largest number of differentially expressed genes under cis-acting genetic control. By using a novel approach to contrast CAMs coexpression networks between lean and obese siblings, a subset of differentially regulated genes was identified, with the previously GWAS obesity-associated neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) as a central hub. Independent analysis using mouse data demonstrated that this finding of NEGR1 is conserved across species. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that in addition to its reported role in the brain, NEGR1 is also expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue and acts as a central 'hub' in an obesity-related transcript network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Walley
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - P. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-413 07 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - L. Bottolo
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Marys Hospital, 161 Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - J.C. Andersson
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-413 07 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Petretto
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Marys Hospital, 161 Norfolk Place, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - A. Bonnefond
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - E. Vaillant
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - C. Lecoeur
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - V. Vatin
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - M. Jernas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-413 07 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. Balding
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Genetics, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, 5 Gower Place, London, WC1 E6B, UK
| | - M. Petteni
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Y.S. Park
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - T. Aitman
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - S. Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Marys Hospital, 161 Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - L. Sjostrom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-413 07 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. M. S. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, SE-413 07 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P. Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aroua S, Maugars G, Jeng SR, Chang CF, Weltzien FA, Rousseau K, Dufour S. Pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH are oppositely regulated by the activin/follistatin system in a basal teleost, the eel. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:82-91. [PMID: 22019479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
European eels are blocked at a prepubertal silver stage due to a deficient production of pituitary gonadotropins. We investigated the potential role of activin/follistatin system in the control of eel gonadotropins. Through the development of qPCR assays for European eel activin β(B) and follistatin, we first analyzed the tissue distribution of the expression of these two genes. Both activin β(B) and follistatin are expressed in the brain, pituitary and gonads. In addition, a striking expression of both transcripts was also found in the retina and in adipose tissue. The effects of recombinant human activins and follistatin on eel gonadotropin gene expression were studied using primary cultures of eel pituitary cells. Activins A and B strongly stimulated FSHβ subunit expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, activin reduced LHβ expression, an inhibitory effect which was highlighted in the presence of testosterone, a known activator of eel LHβ expression. No effect of activin was observed on other pituitary hormones. Follistatin antagonized both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of activin on FSHβ and LHβ expression, respectively. Activin is the first major stimulator of FSH expression evidenced in the eel. These results in a basal teleost further support the ancient origin and strong conservation of the activin/follistatin system in the control of FSH in vertebrates. In contrast, the opposite regulation of FSH and LH may have emerged in the teleost lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Aroua
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, UMR CNRS 7208-IRD 207-UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP 32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zamani N, Brown CW. Emerging roles for the transforming growth factor-{beta} superfamily in regulating adiposity and energy expenditure. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:387-403. [PMID: 21173384 PMCID: PMC3365795 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the TGF-β superfamily regulate many aspects of development, including adipogenesis. Studies in cells and animal models have characterized the effects of superfamily signaling on adipocyte development, adiposity, and energy expenditure. Although bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 is generally considered a protein that promotes the differentiation of white adipocytes, BMP7 has emerged as a selective regulator of brown adipogenesis. Conversely, TGF-β and activin A inhibit adipocyte development, a process augmented in TGF-β-treated cells by Smads 6 and 7, negative regulators of canonical TGF-β signaling. Other superfamily members have mixed effects on adipogenesis depending on cell culture conditions, the timing of expression, and the cell type, and many of these effects occur by altering the expression or activities of proteins that control the adipogenic cascade, including members of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. BMP7, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 8, and GDF3 are versatile in their mechanisms of action, and altering their normal expression characteristics has significant effects on adiposity in vivo. In addition to their roles in adipogenesis, activins and BMP7 regulate energy expenditure by affecting the expression of genes that contribute to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. GDF8 signals through its own receptors during adipogenesis while antagonizing BMP7, an example of a ligand from one major branch of the superfamily regulating the other. With such intricate relationships that ultimately affect adiposity, TGF-β superfamily signaling holds considerable promise as a target for treating human obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Zamani
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Eleftherohorinou H, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Walters RG, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Coin L, Jacobson P, Carlsson LMS, Blakemore AIF, Froguel P, Walley AJ, Falchi M. famCNV: copy number variant association for quantitative traits in families. Bioinformatics 2011; 27:1873-5. [PMID: 21546396 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A program package to enable genome-wide association of copy number variants (CNVs) with quantitative phenotypes in families of arbitrary size and complexity. Intensity signals that act as proxies for the number of copies are modeled in a variance component framework and association with traits is assessed through formal likelihood testing. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The Java package is made available at www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/m.falchi/. CONTACT m.falchi@imperial.ac.uk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariklia Eleftherohorinou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Olsson M, Olsson B, Jacobson P, Thelle DS, Björkegren J, Walley A, Froguel P, Carlsson LM, Sjöholm K. Expression of the selenoprotein S (SELS) gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue and SELS genotype are associated with metabolic risk factors. Metabolism 2011; 60:114-20. [PMID: 20619427 PMCID: PMC3004038 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The selenoprotein S (SELS) is a putative receptor for serum amyloid A, and recent studies have suggested that SELS may be a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Genetic studies of SELS polymorphisms have revealed associations with circulating levels of inflammatory markers and hard end points of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we analyzed SELS expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue and SELS genotype in relation to metabolic risk factors. DNA microarray expression analysis was used to study the expression of SELS in lean and obese siblings from the Swedish Obese Subjects Sib Pair Study. TaqMan genotyping was used to analyze 3 polymorphisms, previously found to be associated with circulating levels of inflammatory markers, in the INTERGENE case-control study of myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris. Possible associations between SELS genotype and/or expression with anthropometry and measures of metabolic status were investigated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the SELS expression in isolated human adipocytes incubated with insulin. In lean subjects, we found correlations between SELS gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue and measures of obesity (waist, P = .045; sagittal diameter, P = .031) and blood pressure (diastolic, P = .016; systolic P = .015); and in obese subjects, we found correlations with measures of obesity (body mass index, P = .03; sagittal diameter, P = .008) and glycemic control (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, P = .011; insulin, P = .009) after adjusting for age and sex. The 5227GG genotype was associated with serum levels of insulin (P = .006) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = .007). The expression of SELS increased after insulin stimulation in isolated human adipocytes (P = .008). In this study, we found an association between both SELS gene expression in adipose tissue and SELS genotype with measures of glycemic control. In vitro studies demonstrated that the SELS gene is regulated by insulin in human subcutaneous adipocytes. This study further supports a role for SELS in the development of metabolic disease, especially in the context of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Olsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bob Olsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dag S. Thelle
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Björkegren
- The Computational Medicine Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Walley
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Lena M.S. Carlsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Sjöholm
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|