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Yang Z, Chen J, Han H, Wang Y, Shi X, Zhang B, Mao Y, Li AN, Yuan W, Yao J, Li MD. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs148582811 regulates its host gene ARVCF expression to affect nicotine-associated hippocampus-dependent memory. iScience 2023; 26:108335. [PMID: 38025780 PMCID: PMC10679859 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous susceptibility loci are nominated for nicotine dependence (ND), no report showed any association of ARVCF with ND. Through genome-wide sequencing analysis, we first identified genetic variants associated nominally with ND and then replicated them in an independent sample. Of the six replicated variants, rs148582811 in ARVCF located in the enhancer-associated marker peak is attractive. The effective-median-based Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that ARVCF is a causal gene for ND. RNA-seq analysis detected decreased ARVCF expression in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that rs148582811 and its located DNA fragment allele-specifically regulated ARVCF expression. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that transcription factor X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5 (XRCC5) bound to the DNA fragment containing rs148582811 and allele-specifically regulated ARVCF expression at the mRNA and protein levels. With the Arvcf knockout mouse model, we showed that Arvcf deletion not only impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, but also alleviated nicotine-induced memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Joint Institute of Smoking and Health, Kunming, Yunnan 650024, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Haijun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ying Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Andria N. Li
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Wenji Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Joint Institute of Smoking and Health, Kunming, Yunnan 650024, China
| | - Ming D. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Pan C, Liu J, Gao Y, Yang M, Hu H, Liu C, Qian M, Yuan HY, Yang S, Zheng MH, Wang L. Hepatocyte CHRNA4 mediates the MASH-promotive effects of immune cell-produced acetylcholine and smoking exposure in mice and humans. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2231-2249.e7. [PMID: 38056431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a leading risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report that CHRNA4, a subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is an accelerator of MASH progression. CHRNA4 also mediates the MASH-promotive effects induced by smoking. Chrna4 was expressed specifically in hepatocytes and exhibited increased levels in mice and patients with MASH. Elevated CHRNA4 levels were positively correlated with MASH severity. We further revealed that during MASH development, acetylcholine released from immune cells or nicotine derived from smoking functioned as an agonist to activate hepatocyte-intrinsic CHRNA4, inducing calcium influx and activation of inflammatory signaling. The communication between immune cells and hepatocytes via the acetylcholine-CHRNA4 axis led to the production of a variety of cytokines, eliciting inflammation in liver and promoting the pathogenesis of MASH. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of CHRNA4 protected mice from diet-induced MASH. Targeting CHRNA4 might be a promising strategy for MASH therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyue Pan
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Yingsheng Gao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Maohui Yang
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Minyi Qian
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su 211198, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yuan
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lirui Wang
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Fan R, Cui W, Chen J, Ma Y, Yang Z, Payne TJ, Ma JZ, Li MD. Gene-based association analysis reveals involvement of LAMA5 and cell adhesion pathways in nicotine dependence in African- and European-American samples. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12898. [PMID: 32281736 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence (ND) is a chronic brain disorder that causes heavy social and economic burdens. Although many susceptibility genetic loci have been reported, they can explain only approximately 5%-10% of the genetic variance for the disease. To further explore the genetic etiology of ND, we genotyped 242 764 SNPs using an exome chip from both European-American (N = 1572) and African-American (N = 3371) samples. Gene-based association analysis revealed 29 genes associated significantly with ND. Of the genes in the AA sample, six (i.e., PKD1L2, LAMA5, MUC16, MROH5, ATP8B1, and FREM1) were replicated in the EA sample with p values ranging from 0.0031 to 0.0346. Subsequently, gene enrichment analysis revealed that cell adhesion-related pathways were significantly associated with ND in both the AA and EA samples. Considering that LAMA5 is the most significant gene in cell adhesion-related pathways, we did in vitro functional analysis of this gene, which showed that nicotine significantly suppressed its mRNA expression in HEK293T cells (p < 0.001). Further, our cell migration experiment showed that the migration rate was significantly different in wild-type and LAMA5-knockout (LAMA5-KO)-HEK293T cells. Importantly, nicotine-induced cell migration was abolished in LAMA5-KO cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that LAMA5, as well as cell adhesion-related pathways, play an important role in the etiology of smoking addiction, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Jiali Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi USA
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Ming D. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Liu Q, Xu Y, Mao Y, Ma Y, Wang M, Han H, Cui W, Yuan W, Payne TJ, Xu Y, Li MD, Yang Z. Genetic and Epigenetic Analysis Revealing Variants in the NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 Cluster Associated Significantly With Nicotine Dependence in Chinese Han Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1301-1309. [PMID: 31867628 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Although studies have demonstrated that the NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster plays essential roles in addictions in subjects of European and African origin, study of Chinese Han subjects is limited. Further, the underlying biological mechanisms of detected associations are largely unknown. METHODS Sixty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this cluster were analyzed for association with Fagerstrőm Test for Nicotine Dependence score (FTND) and cigarettes per day (CPD) in male Chinese Han smokers (N = 2616). Next-generation bisulfite sequencing was used to discover smoking-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Both cis-eQTL and cis-mQTL analyses were applied to assess the cis-regulatory effects of these risk SNPs. RESULTS Association analysis revealed that rs4648317 was significantly associated with FTND and CPD (p = .00018; p = .00072). Moreover, 14 additional SNPs were marginally significantly associated with FTND or CPD (p = .05-.01). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that one haplotype in DRD2, C-T-A-G, formed by rs4245148, rs4581480, rs4648317, and rs11214613, was significantly associated with CPD (p = .0005) and marginally associated with FTND (p = .003). Further, we identified four significant smoking-associated DMRs, three of which are located in the DRD2/ANKK1 region (p = .0012-.00005). Finally, we found five significant CpG-SNP pairs (p = 7.9 × 10-9-6.6 × 10-6) formed by risk SNPs rs4648317, rs11604671, and rs2734849 and three methylation loci. CONCLUSIONS We found two missense variants (rs11604671; rs2734849) and an intronic variant (rs4648317) with significant effects on ND and further explored their mechanisms of action through expression and methylation analysis. We found the majority of smoking-related DMRs are located in the ANKK1/DRD2 region, indicating a likely causative relation between non-synonymous SNPs and DMRs. IMPLICATIONS This study shows that there exist significant association of variants and haplotypes in ANKK1/DRD2 region with ND in Chinese male smokers. Further, this study also shows that DNA methylation plays an important role in mediating such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maiqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Yizhou Xu
- The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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5
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A regulatory variant of CHRM3 is associated with cannabis-induced hallucinations in European Americans. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:309. [PMID: 31740666 PMCID: PMC6861240 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug, can induce hallucinations. Our understanding of the biology of cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) is limited. We used the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) to identify cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) among long-term cannabis users (used cannabis ≥1 year and ≥100 times). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by analyzing European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs) in Yale-Penn 1 and 2 cohorts individually, then meta-analyzing the two cohorts within population. In the meta-analysis of Yale-Penn EAs (n = 1917), one genome-wide significant (GWS) signal emerged at the CHRM3 locus, represented by rs115455482 (P = 1.66 × 10-10), rs74722579 (P = 2.81 × 10-9), and rs1938228 (P = 1.57 × 10-8); signals were GWS in Yale-Penn 1 EAs (n = 1092) and nominally significant in Yale-Penn 2 EAs (n = 825). Two SNPs, rs115455482 and rs74722579, were available from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data (COGA; 3630 long-term cannabis users). The signals did not replicate, but when meta-analyzing Yale-Penn and COGA EAs, the two SNPs' association signals were increased (meta-P-values 1.32 × 10-10 and 2.60 × 10-9, respectively; n = 4291). There were no significant findings in AAs, but in the AA meta-analysis (n = 3624), nominal significance was seen for rs74722579. The rs115455482*T risk allele was associated with lower CHRM3 expression in the thalamus. CHRM3 was co-expressed with three psychosis risk genes (GABAG2, CHRNA4, and HRH3) in the thalamus and other human brain tissues and mouse GABAergic neurons. This work provides strong evidence for the association of CHRM3 with Ca-HL and provides insight into the potential involvement of thalamus for this trait.
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Wang SC, Chen YC, Lee CH, Cheng CM. Opioid Addiction, Genetic Susceptibility, and Medical Treatments: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174294. [PMID: 31480739 PMCID: PMC6747085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a chronic and complex disease characterized by relapse and remission. In the past decade, the opioid epidemic or opioid crisis in the United States has raised public awareness. Methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone have proven their effectiveness in treating addicted individuals, and each of them has different effects on different opioid receptors. Classic and molecular genetic research has provided valuable information and revealed the possible mechanism of individual differences in vulnerability for opioid addiction. The polygenic risk score based on the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) may be a promising tool to evaluate the association between phenotypes and genetic markers across the entire genome. A novel gene editing approach, clustered, regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), has been widely used in basic research and potentially applied to human therapeutics such as mental illness; many applications against addiction based on CRISPR are currently under research, and some are successful in animal studies. In this article, we summarized the biological mechanisms of opioid addiction and medical treatments, and we reviewed articles about the genetics of opioid addiction, the promising approach to predict the risk of opioid addiction, and a novel gene editing approach. Further research on medical treatments based on individual vulnerability is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cheng Wang
- Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Yuan-Chuan Chen
- Program in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chun-Hung Lee
- Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Department of Informative Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ming Cheng
- Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, NanHua University, Chiayi 622, Taiwan
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7
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Brazel DM, Jiang Y, Hughey JM, Turcot V, Zhan X, Gong J, Batini C, Weissenkampen JD, Liu M, Barnes DR, Bertelsen S, Chou YL, Erzurumluoglu AM, Faul JD, Haessler J, Hammerschlag AR, Hsu C, Kapoor M, Lai D, Le N, de Leeuw CA, Loukola A, Mangino M, Melbourne CA, Pistis G, Qaiser B, Rohde R, Shao Y, Stringham H, Wetherill L, Zhao W, Agrawal A, Bierut L, Chen C, Eaton CB, Goate A, Haiman C, Heath A, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Polderman TJ, Reiner A, Rice J, Schlessinger D, Scholte HS, Smith JA, Tardif JC, Tindle HA, van der Leij AR, Boehnke M, Chang-Claude J, Cucca F, David SP, Foroud T, Howson JMM, Kardia SLR, Kooperberg C, Laakso M, Lettre G, Madden P, McGue M, North K, Posthuma D, Spector T, Stram D, Tobin MD, Weir DR, Kaprio J, Abecasis GR, Liu DJ, Vrieze S. Exome Chip Meta-analysis Fine Maps Causal Variants and Elucidates the Genetic Architecture of Rare Coding Variants in Smoking and Alcohol Use. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:946-955. [PMID: 30679032 PMCID: PMC6534468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and alcohol use have been associated with common genetic variants in multiple loci. Rare variants within these loci hold promise in the identification of biological mechanisms in substance use. Exome arrays and genotype imputation can now efficiently genotype rare nonsynonymous and loss of function variants. Such variants are expected to have deleterious functional consequences and to contribute to disease risk. METHODS We analyzed ∼250,000 rare variants from 16 independent studies genotyped with exome arrays and augmented this dataset with imputed data from the UK Biobank. Associations were tested for five phenotypes: cigarettes per day, pack-years, smoking initiation, age of smoking initiation, and alcoholic drinks per week. We conducted stratified heritability analyses, single-variant tests, and gene-based burden tests of nonsynonymous/loss-of-function coding variants. We performed a novel fine-mapping analysis to winnow the number of putative causal variants within associated loci. RESULTS Meta-analytic sample sizes ranged from 152,348 to 433,216, depending on the phenotype. Rare coding variation explained 1.1% to 2.2% of phenotypic variance, reflecting 11% to 18% of the total single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of these phenotypes. We identified 171 genome-wide associated loci across all phenotypes. Fine mapping identified putative causal variants with double base-pair resolution at 24 of these loci, and between three and 10 variants for 65 loci. Twenty loci contained rare coding variants in the 95% credible intervals. CONCLUSIONS Rare coding variation significantly contributes to the heritability of smoking and alcohol use. Fine-mapping genome-wide association study loci identifies specific variants contributing to the biological etiology of substance use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brazel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Hughey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Valérie Turcot
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - J Dylan Weissenkampen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - MengZhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nhung Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Beenish Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yaming Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Heather Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Tinca J Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Reiner
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H Steven Scholte
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andries R van der Leij
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pamela Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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8
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Zhang X, Lan T, Wang T, Xue W, Tong X, Ma T, Liu G, Lu Q. Considering Genetic Heterogeneity in the Association Analysis Finds Genes Associated With Nicotine Dependence. Front Genet 2019; 10:448. [PMID: 31164900 PMCID: PMC6534062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While substantial progress has been made in finding genetic variants associated with nicotine dependence (ND), a large proportion of the genetic variants remain undiscovered. The current research focuses have shifted toward uncovering rare variants, gene-gene/gene-environment interactions, and structural variations predisposing to ND, the impact of genetic heterogeneity in ND has been nevertheless paid less attention. The study of genetic heterogeneity in ND not only could enhance the power of detecting genetic variants with heterogeneous effects in the population but also improve our understanding of genetic etiology of ND. As an initial step to understand genetic heterogeneity in ND, we applied a newly developed heterogeneity weighted U (HWU) method to 26 ND-related genes, investigating heterogeneous effects of these 26 genes in ND. We found no strong evidence of genetic heterogeneity in genes such as CHRNA5. However, results from our analysis suggest heterogeneous effects of CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 on nicotine dependence in males and females. Following the gene-based analysis, we further conduct a joint association analysis of two gene clusters, CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and CHRNB3-CHRNA6. While both CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and CHRNB3-CHRNA6 clusters are significantly associated with ND, there is a much stronger association of CHRNB3-CHRNA6 with ND when considering heterogeneous effects in gender (p-value = 2.11E-07).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tongtong Lan
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xiaoran Tong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Guifen Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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9
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Garcia‐Rivas V, Deroche‐Gamonet V. Not all smokers appear to seek nicotine for the same reasons: implications for preclinical research in nicotine dependence. Addict Biol 2019; 24:317-334. [PMID: 29480575 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use leads to 6 million deaths every year due to severe long-lasting diseases. The main component of tobacco, nicotine, is recognized as one of the most addictive drugs, making smoking cessation difficult, even when 70 percent of smokers wish to do so. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated consistently that nicotine seeking is a complex behavior involving various psychopharmacological mechanisms. Evidence supports that the population of smokers is heterogeneous, particularly as regards the breadth of motives that determine the urge to smoke. Here, we review converging psychological, genetic and neurobiological data from clinical and preclinical studies supporting that the mechanisms controlling nicotine seeking may vary from individual to individual. It appears timely that basic neuroscience integrates this heterogeneity to refine our understanding of the neurobiology of nicotine seeking, as tremendous progress has been made in modeling the various psychopharmacological mechanisms driving nicotine seeking in rodents. For a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive nicotine seeking, we emphasize the need for individual-based research strategies in which nicotine seeking, and eventually treatment efficacy, are determined while taking into account individual variations in the mechanisms of nicotine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Garcia‐Rivas
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
| | - Véronique Deroche‐Gamonet
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
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10
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Hancock DB, Guo Y, Reginsson GW, Gaddis NC, Lutz SM, Sherva R, Loukola A, Minica CC, Markunas CA, Han Y, Young KA, Gudbjartsson DF, Gu F, McNeil DW, Qaiser B, Glasheen C, Olson S, Landi MT, Madden PAF, Farrer LA, Vink J, Saccone NL, Neale MC, Kranzler HR, McKay J, Hung RJ, Amos CI, Marazita ML, Boomsma DI, Baker TB, Gelernter J, Kaprio J, Caporaso NE, Thorgeirsson TE, Hokanson JE, Bierut LJ, Stefansson K, Johnson EO. Genome-wide association study across European and African American ancestries identifies a SNP in DNMT3B contributing to nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1911-1919. [PMID: 28972577 PMCID: PMC5882602 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. Nicotine dependence, which reduces the likelihood of quitting smoking, is a heritable trait with firmly established associations with sequence variants in nicotine acetylcholine receptor genes and at other loci. To search for additional loci, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of nicotine dependence, totaling 38,602 smokers (28,677 Europeans/European Americans and 9925 African Americans) across 15 studies. In this largest-ever GWAS meta-analysis for nicotine dependence and the largest-ever cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis for any smoking phenotype, we reconfirmed the well-known CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 genes and further yielded a novel association in the DNA methyltransferase gene DNMT3B. The intronic DNMT3B rs910083-C allele (frequency=44-77%) was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence at P=3.7 × 10-8 (odds ratio (OR)=1.06 and 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04-1.07 for severe vs mild dependence). The association was independently confirmed in the UK Biobank (N=48,931) using heavy vs never smoking as a proxy phenotype (P=3.6 × 10-4, OR=1.05, and 95% CI=1.02-1.08). Rs910083-C is also associated with increased risk of squamous cell lung carcinoma in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (N=60,586, meta-analysis P=0.0095, OR=1.05, and 95% CI=1.01-1.09). Moreover, rs910083-C was implicated as a cis-methylation quantitative trait locus (QTL) variant associated with higher DNMT3B methylation in fetal brain (N=166, P=2.3 × 10-26) and a cis-expression QTL variant associated with higher DNMT3B expression in adult cerebellum from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (N=103, P=3.0 × 10-6) and the independent Brain eQTL Almanac (N=134, P=0.028). This novel DNMT3B cis-acting QTL variant highlights the importance of genetically influenced regulation in brain on the risks of nicotine dependence, heavy smoking and consequent lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Y Guo
- Center for Genomics in Public Health and Medicine, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - N C Gaddis
- Research Computing Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C Minica
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Y Han
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - K A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - F Gu
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D W McNeil
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Glasheen
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Olson
- Public Health Informatics Program, eHealth, Quality and Analytics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M T Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - R J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C I Amos
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N E Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - J E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - E O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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11
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Marees AT, Hammerschlag AR, Bastarache L, de Kluiver H, Vorspan F, van den Brink W, Smit DJ, Denys D, Gamazon ER, Li-Gao R, Breetvelt EJ, de Groot MCH, Galesloot TE, Vermeulen SH, Poppelaars JL, Souverein PC, Keeman R, de Mutsert R, Noordam R, Rosendaal FR, Stringa N, Mook-Kanamori DO, Vaartjes I, Kiemeney LA, den Heijer M, van Schoor NM, Klungel OH, Maitland-Van der Zee AH, Schmidt MK, Polderman TJC, van der Leij AR, Posthuma D, Derks EM. Exploring the role of low-frequency and rare exonic variants in alcohol and tobacco use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 188:94-101. [PMID: 29758381 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and tobacco use are heritable phenotypes. However, only a small number of common genetic variants have been identified, and common variants account for a modest proportion of the heritability. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of low-frequency and rare variants in alcohol and tobacco use. METHODS We meta-analyzed ExomeChip association results from eight discovery cohorts and included 12,466 subjects and 7432 smokers in the analysis of alcohol consumption and tobacco use, respectively. The ExomeChip interrogates low-frequency and rare exonic variants, and in addition a small pool of common variants. We investigated top variants in an independent sample in which ICD-9 diagnoses of "alcoholism" (N = 25,508) and "tobacco use disorder" (N = 27,068) had been assessed. In addition to the single variant analysis, we performed gene-based, polygenic risk score (PRS), and pathway analyses. RESULTS The meta-analysis did not yield exome-wide significant results. When we jointly analyzed our top results with the independent sample, no low-frequency or rare variants reached significance for alcohol consumption or tobacco use. However, two common variants that were present on the ExomeChip, rs16969968 (p = 2.39 × 10-7) and rs8034191 (p = 6.31 × 10-7) located in CHRNA5 and AGPHD1 at 15q25.1, showed evidence for association with tobacco use. DISCUSSION Low-frequency and rare exonic variants with large effects do not play a major role in alcohol and tobacco use, nor does the aggregate effect of ExomeChip variants. However, our results confirmed the role of the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 cluster of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries T Marees
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; QIMR Berghofer, Translational Neurogenomics Group, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Center for Precision Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Hilde de Kluiver
- GGZ inGeest and Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, 200 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, Paris, France; Inserm umr-s 1144, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark C H de Groot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division of Laboratory and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan L Poppelaars
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Keeman
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Najada Stringa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H Maitland-Van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tinca J C Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eske M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; QIMR Berghofer, Translational Neurogenomics Group, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Saccone NL, Baurley JW, Bergen AW, David SP, Elliott HR, Foreman MG, Kaprio J, Piasecki TM, Relton CL, Zawertailo L, Bierut LJ, Tyndale RF, Chen LS. The Value of Biosamples in Smoking Cessation Trials: A Review of Genetic, Metabolomic, and Epigenetic Findings. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:403-413. [PMID: 28472521 PMCID: PMC5896536 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human genetic research has succeeded in definitively identifying multiple genetic variants associated with risk for nicotine dependence and heavy smoking. To build on these advances, and to aid in reducing the prevalence of smoking and its consequent health harms, the next frontier is to identify genetic predictors of successful smoking cessation and also of the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments ("pharmacogenomics"). More broadly, additional biomarkers that can be quantified from biosamples also promise to aid "Precision Medicine" and the personalization of treatment, both pharmacological and behavioral. Aims and Methods To motivate ongoing and future efforts, here we review several compelling genetic and biomarker findings related to smoking cessation and treatment. Results These Key results involve genetic variants in the nicotinic receptor subunit gene CHRNA5, variants in the nicotine metabolism gene CYP2A6, and the nicotine metabolite ratio. We also summarize reports of epigenetic changes related to smoking behavior. Conclusions The results to date demonstrate the value and utility of data generated from biosamples in clinical treatment trial settings. This article cross-references a companion paper in this issue that provides practical guidance on how to incorporate biosample collection into a planned clinical trial and discusses avenues for harmonizing data and fostering consortium-based, collaborative research on the pharmacogenomics of smoking cessation. Implications Evidence is emerging that certain genotypes and biomarkers are associated with smoking cessation success and efficacy of smoking cessation treatments. We review key findings that open potential avenues for personalizing smoking cessation treatment according to an individual's genetic or metabolic profile. These results provide important incentive for smoking cessation researchers to collect biosamples and perform genotyping in research studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marilyn G Foreman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Siteman Cancer Center, Institute of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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13
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Maher BS, Latendresse S, Vanyukov MM. Informing Prevention and Intervention Policy Using Genetic Studies of Resistance. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2018; 19:49-57. [PMID: 27943075 PMCID: PMC5466512 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The common paradigm for conceptualizing the influence of genetic and environmental factors on a particular disease relies on the concept of risk. Consequently, the bulk of etiologic, including genetic, work focuses on "risk" factors. These factors are aggregated at the high end of the distribution of liability to disease, the latent variable underlying the distribution of probability and severity of a disorder. However, liability has a symmetric but distinct aspect to risk, resistance to disorder. Resistance factors, aggregated at the low end of the liability distribution and supporting health and recovery, appear to be more promising for effective prevention and intervention. Herein, we discuss existing work on resistance factors, highlighting those with known genetic influences. We examine the utility of incorporating resistance genetics in prevention and intervention trials and compare the statistical power of a series of ascertainment schemes to develop a general framework for examining resistance outcomes in genetically informative designs. We find that an approach that samples individuals discordant on measured liability, a low-risk design, is the most feasible design and yields power equivalent to or higher than commonly used designs for detecting resistance genetic and environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Shawn Latendresse
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Vanyukov
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Psychiatry, and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Melroy-Greif WE, Simonson MA, Corley RP, Lutz SM, Hokanson JE, Ehringer MA. Examination of the Involvement of Cholinergic-Associated Genes in Nicotine Behaviors in European and African Americans. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:417-425. [PMID: 27613895 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cigarette smoking is a physiologically harmful habit. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are bound by nicotine and upregulated in response to chronic exposure to nicotine. It is known that upregulation of these receptors is not due to a change in mRNA of these genes, however, more precise details on the process are still uncertain, with several plausible hypotheses describing how nAChRs are upregulated. We have manually curated a set of genes believed to play a role in nicotine-induced nAChR upregulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that these genes are associated with and contribute risk for nicotine dependence (ND) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). Methods Studies with genotypic data on European and African Americans (EAs and AAs, respectively) were collected and a gene-based test was run to test for an association between each gene and ND and CPD. Results Although several novel genes were associated with CPD and ND at P < 0.05 in EAs and AAs, these associations did not survive correction for multiple testing. Previous associations between CHRNA3, CHRNA5, CHRNB4 and CPD in EAs were replicated. Conclusions Our hypothesis-driven approach avoided many of the limitations inherent in pathway analyses and provided nominal evidence for association between cholinergic-related genes and nicotine behaviors. Implications We evaluated the evidence for association between a manually curated set of genes and nicotine behaviors in European and African Americans. Although no genes were associated after multiple testing correction, this study has several strengths: by manually curating a set of genes we circumvented the limitations inherent in many pathway analyses and tested several genes that had not yet been examined in a human genetic study; gene-based tests are a useful way to test for association with a set of genes; and these genes were collected based on literature review and conversations with experts, highlighting the importance of scientific collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Sharon M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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15
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Yin X, Bizon C, Tilson J, Lin Y, Gizer IR, Ehlers CL, Wilhelmsen KC. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies a novel susceptibility signal at CACNA2D3 for nicotine dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:557-567. [PMID: 28440896 PMCID: PMC5656555 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence (ND) has a reported heritability of 40-70%. Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing was conducted in 1,889 samples from the UCSF Family study. Linear mixed models were used to conduct genome-wide association (GWA) tests of ND in this and five cohorts obtained from the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes. Fixed-effect meta-analysis was carried out separately for European (n = 14,713) and African (n = 3,369) participants, and then in a combined analysis of both ancestral groups. The meta-analysis of African participants identified a significant and novel susceptibility signal (rs56247223; p = 4.11 × 10-8 ). Data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) study suggested the protective allele is associated with reduced mRNA expression of CACNA2D3 in three human brain tissues (p < 4.94 × 10-2 ). Sequence data from the UCSF Family study suggested that a rare nonsynonymous variant in this gene conferred increased risk for ND (p = 0.01) providing further support for CACNA2D3 involvement in ND. Suggestive associations were observed in six additional regions in both European and merged populations (p < 5.00 × 10-6 ). The top variants were found to regulate mRNA expression levels of genes in human brains using GTEx data (p < 0.05): HAX1 and CHRNB2 (rs1760803), ADAMTSL1 (rs17198023), PEX2 (rs12680810), GLIS3 (rs12348139), non-coding RNA for LINC00476 (rs10759883), and GABBR1 (rs56020557 and rs62392942). A gene-based association test further supported the relation between GABBR1 and ND (p = 6.36 × 10-7 ). These findings will inform the biological mechanisms and development of therapeutic targets for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Yin
- Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, United States
| | - Chris Bizon
- Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, United States
| | - Jeffrey Tilson
- Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, United States
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, United States
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, United States,Correspondence to: Kirk C. Wilhelmsen, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road 5000 D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA. Tel: 1-919-966-1373; Fax: 1-919-843-4682;
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16
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Zuo L, Tan Y, Li CSR, Wang Z, Wang K, Zhang X, Lin X, Chen X, Zhong C, Wang X, Guo X, Wang J, Lu L, Luo X. Associations of rare nicotinic cholinergic receptor gene variants to nicotine and alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:1057-1071. [PMID: 27473937 PMCID: PMC5587505 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine's rewarding effects are mediated through distinct subunits of nAChRs, encoded by different nicotinic cholinergic receptor (CHRN) genes and expressed in discrete regions in the brain. In the present study, we aimed to test the associations between rare variants at CHRN genes and nicotine dependence (ND), and alcohol dependence (AD). A total of 26,498 subjects with nine different neuropsychiatric disorders in 15 independent cohorts, which were genotyped on Illumina, Affymetrix, or PERLEGEN microarray platforms, were analyzed. Associations between rare variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) <0.05) at CHRN genes and nicotine dependence, and alcohol dependence were tested. The mRNA expression of all Chrn genes in whole mouse brain and 10 specific brain areas was investigated. All CHRN genes except the muscle-type CHRNB1, including eight genomic regions containing 11 neuronal CHRN genes and three genomic regions containing four muscle-type CHRN genes, were significantly associated with ND, and/or AD. All of these genes were expressed in the mouse brain. We conclude that CHRNs are associated with ND (mainly) and AD, supporting the hypothesis that the full catalog of ND/AD risk genes may contain most neuronal nAChRs-encoding genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, China
- Departments of Genetics, Genomics, Informatics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Converging findings from linkage and association analyses on susceptibility genes for smoking and other addictions. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:992-1008. [PMID: 27166759 PMCID: PMC4956568 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to genetic studies of complex traits evolve with technological advances. How do discoveries using different approaches advance our knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying complex diseases/traits? Do most of the findings of newer techniques, such as genome-wide association study (GWAS), provide more information than older ones, for example, genome-wide linkage study? In this review, we address these issues by developing a nicotine dependence (ND) genetic susceptibility map based on the results obtained by the approaches commonly used in recent years, namely, genome-wide linkage, candidate gene association, GWAS and targeted sequencing. Converging and diverging results from these empirical approaches have elucidated a preliminary genetic architecture of this intractable psychiatric disorder and yielded new hypotheses on ND etiology. The insights we obtained by putting together results from diverse approaches can be applied to other complex diseases/traits. In sum, developing a genetic susceptibility map and keeping it updated are effective ways to keep track of what we know about a disease/trait and what the next steps may be with new approaches.
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18
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Thorgeirsson TE, Steinberg S, Reginsson GW, Bjornsdottir G, Rafnar T, Jonsdottir I, Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, Helgadottir H, Jonsson S, Matthiasson SE, Gislason T, Tyrfingsson T, Gudbjartsson T, Isaksson HJ, Hardardottir H, Sigvaldason A, Kiemeney LA, Haugen A, Zienolddiny S, Wolf HJ, Franklin WA, Panadero A, Mayordomo JI, Hall IP, Rönmark E, Lundbäck B, Dirksen A, Ashraf H, Pedersen JH, Masson G, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. A rare missense mutation in CHRNA4 associates with smoking behavior and its consequences. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:594-600. [PMID: 26952864 PMCID: PMC5414061 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using Icelandic whole-genome sequence data and an imputation approach we searched for rare sequence variants in CHRNA4 and tested them for association with nicotine dependence. We show that carriers of a rare missense variant (allele frequency=0.24%) within CHRNA4, encoding an R336C substitution, have greater risk of nicotine addiction than non-carriers as assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (P=1.2 × 10(-4)). The variant also confers risk of several serious smoking-related diseases previously shown to be associated with the D398N substitution in CHRNA5. We observed odds ratios (ORs) of 1.7-2.3 for lung cancer (LC; P=4.0 × 10(-4)), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P=9.3 × 10(-4)), peripheral artery disease (PAD; P=0.090) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs; P=0.12), and the variant associates strongly with the early-onset forms of LC (OR=4.49, P=2.2 × 10(-4)), COPD (OR=3.22, P=2.9 × 10(-4)), PAD (OR=3.47, P=9.2 × 10(-3)) and AAA (OR=6.44, P=6.3 × 10(-3)). Joint analysis of the four smoking-related diseases reveals significant association (P=6.8 × 10(-5)), particularly for early-onset cases (P=2.1 × 10(-7)). Our results are in agreement with functional studies showing that the human α4β2 isoform of the channel containing R336C has less sensitivity for its agonists than the wild-type form following nicotine incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - T Rafnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - S Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - T Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Tyrfingsson
- SAA National Center of Addiction Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Gudbjartsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H J Isaksson
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H Hardardottir
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A Sigvaldason
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - L A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Haugen
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Zienolddiny
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H J Wolf
- Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - W A Franklin
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A Panadero
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital Ciudad de Coria, Coria, Spain
| | - J I Mayordomo
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - I P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - E Rönmark
- The OLIN studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - B Lundbäck
- The OLIN studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Dirksen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - H Ashraf
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University, Hellerup, Denmark
- Centre for Diagnostic Imaging—Thoracic Section, Akershus University Hospital, Loerenskog, Norway
| | - J H Pedersen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery RT, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Masson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - P Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - K Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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19
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Kamens HM, Corley RP, Richmond PA, Darlington TM, Dowell R, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Brown SA, Ehringer MA. Evidence for Association Between Low Frequency Variants in CHRNA6/CHRNB3 and Antisocial Drug Dependence. Behav Genet 2016; 46:693-704. [PMID: 27085880 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Common SNPs in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRN genes) have been associated with drug behaviors and personality traits, but the influence of rare genetic variants is not well characterized. The goal of this project was to identify novel rare variants in CHRN genes in the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD) samples and to determine if low frequency variants are associated with antisocial drug dependence. Two samples of 114 and 200 individuals were selected using a case/control design including the tails of the phenotypic distribution of antisocial drug dependence. The capture, sequencing, and analysis of all variants in 16 CHRN genes (CHRNA1-7, 9, 10, CHRNB1-4, CHRND, CHRNG, CHRNE) were performed independently for each subject in each sample. Sequencing reads were aligned to the human reference sequence using BWA prior to variant calling with the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK). Low frequency variants (minor allele frequency < 0.05) were analyzed using SKAT-O and C-alpha to examine the distribution of rare variants among cases and controls. In our larger sample, the region containing the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene cluster was significantly associated with disease status using both SKAT-O and C-alpha (unadjusted p values <0.05). More low frequency variants in the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene region were observed in cases compared to controls. These data support a role for genetic variants in CHRN genes and antisocial drug behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Todd M Darlington
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Robin Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. .,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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20
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Esterlis I, Hillmer AT, Bois F, Pittman B, McGovern E, O'Malley SS, Picciotto MR, Yang BZ, Gelernter J, Cosgrove KP. CHRNA4 and ANKK1 Polymorphisms Influence Smoking-Induced Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Upregulation. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1845-52. [PMID: 27611310 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking leads to increased numbers of β2*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2*-nAChRs) throughout the brain, which return to nonsmoker levels over extended abstinence. The goal of the current study was to determine whether the degree of tobacco smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChR availability is genetically influenced. METHODS In this study, 113 European Americans participated in one or two [(123)I]5-IA-85380 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans. Smokers (n = 58) participated in one scan at 7-9 days of abstinence and those who remained abstinent (n = 27) were imaged again at 6-8 weeks of abstinence. Age- and sex-matched nonsmokers (n = 55) participated in one scan. Blood samples were collected for DNA analysis and genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNA4 and ANKK1 gene loci. β2*-nAChR availability was measured in the thalamus, striatum, cortical regions, and cerebellum. RESULTS The CHRNA4 SNP rs2236196 and ANKK1 SNP rs4938015 were associated with significantly higher cerebellar and cortical β2*-nAChR availability in smokers versus nonsmokers for specific genotypes. There were no significant differences by carrier status in the change in β2*-nAChR availability in smokers from 7-9 days to 6-8 weeks of abstinence. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for genetic regulation of tobacco smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChR availability and suggests that β2*-nAChR availability could be an endophenotype mediating influences of CHRNA4 variants on nicotine dependence. These results highlight individual differences in the neurochemistry of nicotine dependence and may suggest the need for individualized programs for smoking cessation. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates genetic regulation of smoking-induced changes in β2*-nAChRs throughout the brain and highlights the need for personalized programs for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Frederic Bois
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Erin McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;
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21
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Melroy-Greif WE, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:89-107. [PMID: 26351737 PMCID: PMC4780670 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Yang J, Wang S, Yang Z, Hodgkinson CA, Iarikova P, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Goldman D, Li MD. The contribution of rare and common variants in 30 genes to risk nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1467-78. [PMID: 25450229 PMCID: PMC4452458 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and functional studies have revealed that both common and rare variants of several nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are associated with nicotine dependence (ND). In this study, we identified variants in 30 candidate genes including nicotinic receptors in 200 sib pairs selected from the Mid-South Tobacco Family population with equal numbers of African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs). We selected 135 of the rare and common variants and genotyped them in the Mid-South Tobacco Case-Control (MSTCC) population, which consists of 3088 AAs and 1430 EAs. None of the genotyped common variants showed significant association with smoking status (smokers vs non-smokers), Fagerström Test for ND scores or indexed cigarettes per day after Bonferroni correction. Rare variants in NRXN1, CHRNA9, CHRNA2, NTRK2, GABBR2, GRIN3A, DNM1, NRXN2, NRXN3 and ARRB2 were significantly associated with smoking status in the MSTCC AA sample, with weighted sum statistic (WSS) P-values ranging from 2.42 × 10(-3) to 1.31 × 10(-4) after 10(6) phenotype rearrangements. We also observed a significant excess of rare nonsynonymous variants exclusive to EA smokers in NRXN1, CHRNA9, TAS2R38, GRIN3A, DBH, ANKK1/DRD2, NRXN3 and CDH13 with WSS P-values between 3.5 × 10(-5) and 1 × 10(-6). Variants rs142807401 (A432T) and rs139982841 (A452V) in CHRNA9 and variants V132L, V389L, rs34755188 (R480H) and rs75981117 (N549S) in GRIN3A are of particular interest because they are found in both the AA and EA samples. A significant aggregate contribution of rare and common coding variants in CHRNA9 to the risk for ND (SKAT-C: P=0.0012) was detected by applying the combined sum test in MSTCC EAs. Together, our results indicate that rare variants alone or combined with common variants in a subset of 30 biological candidate genes contribute substantially to the risk of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Zhongli Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39213
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH; Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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23
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Hancock DB, Reginsson GW, Gaddis NC, Chen X, Saccone NL, Lutz SM, Qaiser B, Sherva R, Steinberg S, Zink F, Stacey SN, Glasheen C, Chen J, Gu F, Frederiksen BN, Loukola A, Gudbjartsson DF, Brüske I, Landi MT, Bickeböller H, Madden P, Farrer L, Kaprio J, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Baker TB, Kraft P, Amos CI, Caporaso NE, Hokanson JE, Bierut LJ, Thorgeirsson TE, Johnson EO, Stefansson K. Genome-wide meta-analysis reveals common splice site acceptor variant in CHRNA4 associated with nicotine dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e651. [PMID: 26440539 PMCID: PMC4930126 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a 1000 Genomes-imputed genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for nicotine dependence, defined by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in 17 074 ever smokers from five European-ancestry samples. We followed up novel variants in 7469 ever smokers from five independent European-ancestry samples. We identified genome-wide significant association in the alpha-4 nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRNA4) gene on chromosome 20q13: lowest P=8.0 × 10(-9) across all the samples for rs2273500-C (frequency=0.15; odds ratio=1.12 and 95% confidence interval=1.08-1.17 for severe vs mild dependence). rs2273500-C, a splice site acceptor variant resulting in an alternate CHRNA4 transcript predicted to be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay, was associated with decreased CHRNA4 expression in physiologically normal human brains (lowest P=7.3 × 10(-4)). Importantly, rs2273500-C was associated with increased lung cancer risk (N=28 998, odds ratio=1.06 and 95% confidence interval=1.00-1.12), likely through its effect on smoking, as rs2273500-C was no longer associated with lung cancer after adjustment for smoking. Using criteria for smoking behavior that encompass more than the single 'cigarettes per day' item, we identified a common CHRNA4 variant with important regulatory properties that contributes to nicotine dependence and smoking-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA,Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | | | - N C Gaddis
- Research Computing Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - X Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - F Zink
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - S N Stacey
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - C Glasheen
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - F Gu
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - A Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - I Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology I, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M T Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Göttingen—Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA CT Healthcare Center, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - T B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanoven, NH, USA
| | - N E Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - E O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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24
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Bühler KM, Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, Calleja-Conde J, de Fonseca FR, López-Moreno JA. Common single nucleotide variants underlying drug addiction: more than a decade of research. Addict Biol 2015; 20:845-71. [PMID: 25603899 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug-related phenotypes are common complex and highly heritable traits. In the last few years, candidate gene (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a huge number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with drug use, abuse or dependence, mainly related to alcohol or nicotine. Nevertheless, few of these associations have been replicated in independent studies. The aim of this study was to provide a review of the SNPs that have been most significantly associated with alcohol-, nicotine-, cannabis- and cocaine-related phenotypes in humans between the years of 2000 and 2012. To this end, we selected CGAS, GWAS, family-based association and case-only studies published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals (using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Addiction GWAS Resource databases) in which a significant association was reported. A total of 371 studies fit the search criteria. We then filtered SNPs with at least one replication study and performed meta-analysis of the significance of the associations. SNPs in the alcohol metabolizing genes, in the cholinergic gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4, and in the DRD2 and ANNK1 genes, are, to date, the most replicated and significant gene variants associated with alcohol- and nicotine-related phenotypes. In the case of cannabis and cocaine, a far fewer number of studies and replications have been reported, indicating either a need for further investigation or that the genetics of cannabis/cocaine addiction are more elusive. This review brings a global state-of-the-art vision of the behavioral genetics of addiction and collaborates on formulation of new hypothesis to guide future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kora-Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
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25
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Clark SL, McClay JL, Adkins DE, Aberg KA, Kumar G, Nerella S, Xie L, Collins AL, Crowley JJ, Quakenbush CR, Hillard CE, Gao G, Shabalin AA, Peterson RE, Copeland WE, Silberg JL, Maes H, Sullivan PF, Costello EJ, van den Oord EJ. Deep Sequencing of Three Loci Implicated in Large-Scale Genome-Wide Association Study Smoking Meta-Analyses. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:626-31. [PMID: 26283763 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genome-wide association study meta-analyses have robustly implicated three loci that affect susceptibility for smoking: CHRNA5\CHRNA3\CHRNB4, CHRNB3\CHRNA6 and EGLN2\CYP2A6. Functional follow-up studies of these loci are needed to provide insight into biological mechanisms. However, these efforts have been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the specific causal variant(s) involved. In this study, we prioritized variants in terms of the likelihood they account for the reported associations. METHODS We employed targeted capture of the CHRNA5\CHRNA3\CHRNB4, CHRNB3\CHRNA6, and EGLN2\CYP2A6 loci and flanking regions followed by next-generation deep sequencing (mean coverage 78×) to capture genomic variation in 363 individuals. We performed single locus tests to determine if any single variant accounts for the association, and examined if sets of (rare) variants that overlapped with biologically meaningful annotations account for the associations. RESULTS In total, we investigated 963 variants, of which 71.1% were rare (minor allele frequency < 0.01), 6.02% were insertion/deletions, and 51.7% were catalogued in dbSNP141. The single variant results showed that no variant fully accounts for the association in any region. In the variant set results, CHRNB4 accounts for most of the signal with significant sets consisting of directly damaging variants. CHRNA6 explains most of the signal in the CHRNB3\CHRNA6 locus with significant sets indicating a regulatory role for CHRNA6. Significant sets in CYP2A6 involved directly damaging variants while the significant variant sets suggested a regulatory role for EGLN2. CONCLUSIONS We found that multiple variants implicating multiple processes explain the signal. Some variants can be prioritized for functional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Clark
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
| | - Joseph L McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Daniel E Adkins
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Karolina A Aberg
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Sri Nerella
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Linying Xie
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Ann L Collins
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Corey R Quakenbush
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christopher E Hillard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Guimin Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - William E Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Judy L Silberg
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Hermine Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth J Costello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Edwin J van den Oord
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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26
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Androsova G, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:112. [PMID: 26106326 PMCID: PMC4460425 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly surgical patients frequently experience postoperative delirium (POD) and the subsequent development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Clinical features include deterioration in cognition, disturbance in attention and reduced awareness of the environment and result in higher morbidity, mortality and greater utilization of social financial assistance. The aging Western societies can expect an increase in the incidence of POD and POCD. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have been studied on the molecular level albeit with unsatisfying small research efforts given their societal burden. Here, we review the known physiological and immunological changes and genetic risk factors, identify candidates for further studies and integrate the information into a draft network for exploration on a systems level. The pathogenesis of these postoperative cognitive impairments is multifactorial; application of integrated systems biology has the potential to reconstruct the underlying network of molecular mechanisms and help in the identification of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Androsova
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Roland Krause
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Georg Winterer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medicine BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
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27
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Brunzell DH, Stafford AM, Dixon CI. Nicotinic receptor contributions to smoking: insights from human studies and animal models. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:33-46. [PMID: 26301171 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that a variety of factors contribute to smoking behavior. Nicotine is a constituent of tobacco smoke that exerts its psychoactive effects via binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain. Human genetic studies have identified polymorphisms in nAChR genes, which predict vulnerability to risk for tobacco dependence. In vitro studies and animal models have identified the functional relevance of specific polymorphisms. Together with animal behavioral models, which parse behaviors believed to contribute to tobacco use in humans, these studies demonstrate that nicotine action at a diversity of nAChRs is important for expression of independent behavioral phenotypes, which support smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene H Brunzell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Claire I Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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28
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Herman AI, DeVito EE, Jensen KP, Sofuoglu M. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine addiction: role of dopamine. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:221-34. [PMID: 24444411 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a central role in addictive disorders, including nicotine addiction. Specific DA-related gene variants have been studied to identify responsiveness to treatment for nicotine addiction. Genetic variants in DRD2, DRD4, ANKK1, DAT1, COMT and DBH genes show some promise in informing personalized prescribing of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. However, many trials studying these variants had small samples, used retrospective design or were composed of mainly self-identified Caucasian individuals. Furthermore, many of these studies lacked a comprehensive measurement of nicotine metabolism rate, did not assess the roles of sex or the menstrual cycle, and did not investigate the role of rare variants and/or epigenetic factors. Future work should be conducted addressing these limitations to more effectively utilize DA genetic information to unlock the potential of smoking cessation pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh I Herman
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & VA Connecticut Healthcare System, VA Medical Center, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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29
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Abstract
Virtually all psychiatric traits are genetically complex. This article discusses the genetics of complex traits in psychiatry. The complexity is accounted for by numerous factors, including multiple risk alleles, epistasis, and epigenetic effects such as methylation. Risk alleles can individually be common or rare, and can include, for example, single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants that are transmitted or are new mutations, and other kinds of variation. Many different kinds of variation can be important for trait risk, either together in various proportions or as different factors in different subjects. Until more recently, approaches to complex traits were limited, and consequently only a few variants, usually of individually minor effect, were identified. At the present time, a much richer armamentarium exists that includes the routine application of genome-wide association studies and next-generation high-throughput sequencing and the combination of this information with other biologically relevant information, such as expression data. We have also seen the emergence of large meta-analysis and mega-analysis consortia. These developments are extremely important for psychiatric genetics, have advanced the field substantially, and promise formidable gains in the years to come as they are applied more widely.
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30
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Xie P, Kranzler HR, Krystal JH, Farrer LA, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Deep resequencing of 17 glutamate system genes identifies rare variants in DISC1 and GRIN2B affecting risk of opioid dependence. Addict Biol 2014; 19:955-64. [PMID: 23855403 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors play important roles in the pathophysiology of substance dependence (SD), but no strong genetic evidence has associated common variants in NMDAR-related genes to SD. We hypothesized that rare variants (RVs) with minor allele frequency <1% in the NMDAR-related genes might exert large effects on SD risk. We sequenced 34 544 bp of coding and flanking intronic regions of 17 genes involved in the NMDA system in 760 subjects, all with co-occurring alcohol dependence, cocaine dependence and opioid dependence (OD), and 760 healthy control subjects. One hundred percent of the target regions were sequenced at >1000× coverage. We identified 454 variants, including 380 RVs. Based on case-control allele count differences, we genotyped 11 exonic RVs in 6751 additional subjects, and the 1520 subjects from the sequencing stage for validation. All alleles of the 11 RVs called in the sequencing stage were confirmed. We found a statistically significant association of the 11 RVs with OD in African Americans (P = 0.00080). Results from gene-based association tests showed that the association signal derived mostly from DISC1 (P = 0.0010) and GRIN2B (P = 0.00085). DISC1 is a well-validated schizophrenia risk gene. This is the first demonstration that RVs affect the risk of OD and the first demonstration of biological convergence of schizophrenia and OD risk-via DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxing Xie
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC; Philadelphia VAMC; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - John H. Krystal
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Genomics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- Department of Biostatistics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
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31
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Zakharov S, Wang X, Liu J, Teo YY. Improving power for robust trans-ethnic meta-analysis of rare and low-frequency variants with a partitioning approach. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:238-44. [PMID: 24801758 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While genome-wide association studies have discovered numerous bona fide variants that are associated with common diseases and complex traits; these variants tend to be common in the population and explain only a small proportion of the phenotype variance. The search for the missing heritability has thus switched to rare and low-frequency variants, defined as <5% in the population, but which are expected to have a bigger impact on phenotypic outcomes. The rarer nature of these variants coupled with the curse of testing multiple variants across the genome meant that large sample sizes will still be required despite the assumption of bigger effect sizes. Combining data from multiple studies in a meta-analysis will continue to be the natural approach in boosting sample sizes. However, the population genetics of rare variants suggests that allelic and effect size heterogeneity across populations of different ancestries is likely to pose a greater challenge to trans-ethnic meta-analysis of rare variants than to similar analyses of common variants. Here, we introduce a novel method to perform trans-ethnic meta-analysis of rare and low-frequency variants. The approach is centered on partitioning the studies into distinct clusters using local inference of genomic similarity between population groups, with the aim to minimize both the number of clusters and between-study heterogeneity in each cluster. Through a series of simulations, we show that our approach either performs similarly to or outperforms conventional and recently introduced meta-analysis strategies, particularly in the presence of allelic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Zakharov
- 1] Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [2] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- 1] Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [2] Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [5] Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Haller G, Li P, Esch C, Hsu S, Goate AM, Steinbach JH. Functional characterization improves associations between rare non-synonymous variants in CHRNB4 and smoking behavior. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96753. [PMID: 24804708 PMCID: PMC4013067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Accordingly, effort has been devoted to determining the genetic variants that contribute to smoking risk. Genome-wide association studies have identified several variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes that contribute to nicotine dependence risk. We previously undertook pooled sequencing of the coding regions and flanking sequence of the CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4, CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 genes and found that rare missense variants at conserved residues in CHRNB4 are associated with reduced risk of nicotine dependence among African Americans. We identified 10 low frequency (<5%) non-synonymous variants in CHRNB4 and investigated functional effects by co-expression with normal α3 or α4 subunits in human embryonic kidney cells. Voltage-clamp was used to obtain acetylcholine and nicotine concentration–response curves and qRT-PCR, western blots and cell-surface ELISAs were performed to assess expression levels. These results were used to functionally weight genetic variants in a gene-based association test. We find that there is a highly significant correlation between carrier status weighted by either acetylcholine EC50 (β = −0.67, r2 = 0.017, P = 2×10−4) or by response to low nicotine (β = −0.29, r2 = 0.02, P = 6×10−5) when variants are expressed with the α3 subunit. In contrast, there is no significant association when carrier status is unweighted (β = −0.04, r2 = 0.0009, P = 0.54). These results highlight the value of functional analysis of variants and the advantages to integrating such data into genetic studies. They also suggest that an increased sensitivity to low concentrations of nicotine is protective from the risk of developing nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Haller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Caroline Esch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joe Henry Steinbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dash B, Lukas RJ, Li MD. A signal peptide missense mutation associated with nicotine dependence alters α2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:715-25. [PMID: 24467848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cytosine to thymidine (C → T) missense mutation in the signal peptide (SP) sequence (rs2472553) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α2 subunit produces a threonine-to-isoleucine substitution (T22I) often associated with nicotine dependence (ND). We assessed effects on function of α2*-nAChR ('*'indicates presence of additional subunits) of this mutation, which could alter SP cleavage, RNA/protein secondary structure, and/or efficiency of transcription, translation, subunit assembly, receptor trafficking or cell surface expression. Two-electrode voltage clamp analyses indicate peak current responses to ACh or nicotine are decreased 2.8-5.8-fold for putative low sensitivity (LS; 10:1 ratio of α:β subunit cRNAs injected) α2β2- or α2β4-nAChR and increased for putative high sensitivity (HS; 1:10 α:β subunit ratio) α2β2- (5.7-15-fold) or α2β4- (1.9-2.2-fold) nAChR as a result of the mutation. Agonist potencies are decreased 1.6-4-fold for putative LS or HS α2(T22I)β2-nAChR or for either α2*-nAChR subtype formed in the presence of equal amounts of subunit cRNA, slightly decreased for LS α2(T22I)β4-nAChR, but increased 1.4-2.4-fold for HS α2(T22I)β4-nAChR relative to receptors containing wild-type α2 subunits. These effects suggest that the α2 subunit SP mutation generally favors formation of LS receptor isoforms. We hypothesize that lower sensitivity of human α2*-nAChR to nicotine could contribute to increased susceptibility to ND. To our knowledge this is the first report of a SP mutation having a functional effect in a member of cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagirathi Dash
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Ronald J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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Abstract
Regular smoking is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cancers, and thus is one of the most preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intake of nicotine, its central nervous system effects, and its metabolism are regulated by biological pathways; some of these are well known, but others are not. Genetic studies offer a method for developing insights into the genes contributing to those pathways. In recent years, large genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses have consistently revealed that the strongest genetic contribution to smoking-related traits comes from variation in the nicotinic receptor subunit genes. Many other genes, including those coding for enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism, also have been implicated. However, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the identified genetic variants is very modest. This review intends to cover progress made in genetics and genetic epidemiology of smoking behavior in recent years, and focuses on studies revealing the nicotinic receptor gene cluster on chromosome 15q25. Evidence supporting the involvement of a novel pathway in the shared pathophysiology of nicotine dependence and schizophrenia is also briefly reviewed. A summary of the current knowledge on gene-environment interactions involved in smoking behavior is included.
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McClure-Begley TD, Papke RL, Stone KL, Stokes C, Levy AD, Gelernter J, Xie P, Lindstrom J, Picciotto MR. Rare human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit (CHRNA4) variants affect expression and function of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 348:410-20. [PMID: 24385388 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, produces its behavioral effects through interactions with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). α4β2 nAChRs are the most abundant in mammalian brain, and converging evidence shows that this subtype mediates the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine. A number of rare variants in the CHRNA4 gene that encode the α4 nAChR subunit have been identified in human subjects and appear to be underrepresented in a cohort of smokers. We compared three of these variants (α4R336C, α4P451L, and α4R487Q) to the common variant to determine their effects on α4β2 nAChR pharmacology. We examined [(3)H]epibatidine binding, interacting proteins, and phosphorylation of the α4 nAChR subunit with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in HEK 293 cells and voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We observed significant effects of the α4 variants on nAChR expression, subcellular distribution, and sensitivity to nicotine-induced receptor upregulation. Proteomic analysis of immunopurified α4β2 nAChRs incorporating the rare variants identified considerable differences in the intracellular interactomes due to these single amino acid substitutions. Electrophysiological characterization in X. laevis oocytes revealed alterations in the functional parameters of activation by nAChR agonists conferred by these α4 rare variants, as well as shifts in receptor function after incubation with nicotine. Taken together, these experiments suggest that genetic variation at CHRNA4 alters the assembly and expression of human α4β2 nAChRs, resulting in receptors that are more sensitive to nicotine exposure than those assembled with the common α4 variant. The changes in nAChR pharmacology could contribute to differences in responses to smoked nicotine in individuals harboring these rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D McClure-Begley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (T.D.M.-B., A.D.L., J.G., M.R.P.); Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado (T.D.M.-B.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (R.L.P., C.S.); W.M. Keck Biotechnology Research Laboratory (K.S.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.D.L., M.R.P.), Department of Genetics (J.G., P.X.), and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (M.R.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut (J.G.); Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.X.); and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L.)
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Haller G, Kapoor M, Budde J, Xuei X, Edenberg H, Nurnberger J, Kramer J, Brooks A, Tischfield J, Almasy L, Agrawal A, Bucholz K, Rice J, Saccone N, Bierut L, Goate A. Rare missense variants in CHRNB3 and CHRNA3 are associated with risk of alcohol and cocaine dependence. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:810-9. [PMID: 24057674 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have demonstrated that variants in nicotinic receptor genes are associated with nicotine, alcohol and cocaine dependence. Because of the substantial comorbidity, it has often been unclear whether a variant is associated with multiple substances or whether the association is actually with a single substance. To investigate the possible contribution of rare variants to the development of substance dependencies other than nicotine dependence, specifically alcohol and cocaine dependence, we undertook pooled sequencing of the coding regions and flanking sequence of CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4, CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 in 287 African American and 1028 European American individuals from the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). All members of families for whom any individual was sequenced (2504 African Americans and 7318 European Americans) were then genotyped for all variants identified by sequencing. For each gene, we then tested for association using FamSKAT. For European Americans, we find increased DSM-IV cocaine dependence symptoms (FamSKAT P = 2 × 10(-4)) and increased DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms (FamSKAT P = 5 × 10(-4)) among carriers of missense variants in CHRNB3. Additionally, one variant (rs149775276; H329Y) shows association with both cocaine dependence symptoms (P = 7.4 × 10(-5), β = 2.04) and alcohol dependence symptoms (P = 2.6 × 10(-4), β = 2.04). For African Americans, we find decreased cocaine dependence symptoms among carriers of missense variants in CHRNA3 (FamSKAT P = 0.005). Replication in an independent sample supports the role of rare variants in CHRNB3 and alcohol dependence (P = 0.006). These are the first results to implicate rare variants in CHRNB3 or CHRNA3 in risk for alcohol dependence or cocaine dependence.
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Bierut LJ, Johnson EO, Saccone NL. A glimpse into the future - Personalized medicine for smoking cessation. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:592-9. [PMID: 24055496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The devastating consequences of tobacco smoking for individuals and societies motivate studies to identify and understand the biological pathways that drive smoking behaviors, so that more effective preventions and treatments can be developed. Cigarette smokers respond to nicotine in different ways, with a small number of smokers remaining lifelong low-level smokers who never exhibit any symptoms of dependence, and a larger group becoming nicotine dependent. Whether or not a smoker transitions to nicotine dependence has clear genetic contributions, and variants in the genes encoding the α5-α3-β4 nicotinic receptor subunits most strongly contribute to differences in the risk for developing nicotine dependence among smokers. More recent work reveals a differential response to pharmacologic treatment for smoking cessation based on these same genetic variants in the α5-α3-β4 nicotinic receptor gene cluster. We anticipate a continuing acceleration of the translation of genetic discoveries into more successful treatment for smoking cessation. Given that over 400,000 people in the United States and over 5 million people world-wide die each year from smoking related illnesses, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying smoking behavior and smoking cessation must be a high public health priority so we can best intervene at both the public health level and the individual level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jean Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wang S, Yang Z, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Li MD. Introduction to deep sequencing and its application to drug addiction research with a focus on rare variants. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:601-14. [PMID: 23990377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through linkage analysis, candidate gene approach, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), many genetic susceptibility factors for substance dependence have been discovered such as the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) for alcohol dependence (AD) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit variants on chromosomes 8 and 15 for nicotine dependence (ND). However, these confirmed genetic factors contribute only a small portion of the heritability responsible for each addiction. Among many potential factors, rare variants in those identified and unidentified susceptibility genes are supposed to contribute greatly to the missing heritability. Several studies focusing on rare variants have been conducted by taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technologies, which revealed that some rare variants of nAChR subunits are associated with ND in both genetic and functional studies. However, these studies investigated variants for only a small number of genes and need to be expanded to broad regions/genes in a larger population. This review presents an update on recently developed methods for rare-variant identification and association analysis and on studies focused on rare-variant discovery and function related to addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurobiology Science, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
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Combined genotype and haplotype tests for region-based association studies. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:569. [PMID: 23964661 PMCID: PMC3852120 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although single-SNP analysis has proven to be useful in identifying many disease-associated loci, region-based analysis has several advantages. Empirically, it has been shown that region-based genotype and haplotype approaches may possess much higher power than single-SNP statistical tests. Both high quality haplotypes and genotypes may be available for analysis given the development of next generation sequencing technologies and haplotype assembly algorithms. Results As generally it is unknown whether genotypes or haplotypes are more relevant for identifying an association, we propose to use both of them with the purpose of preserving high power under both genotype and haplotype disease scenarios. We suggest two approaches for a combined association test and investigate the performance of these two approaches based on a theoretical model, population genetics simulations and analysis of a real data set. Conclusions Based on a theoretical model, population genetics simulations and analysis of a central corneal thickness (CCT) Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) data set we have shown that combined genotype and haplotype approach has a high potential utility for applications in association studies.
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor variation and response to smoking cessation therapies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:94-103. [PMID: 23249876 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835cdabd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with 7-day point prevalence abstinence (abstinence) in randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies in individuals grouped by pharmacotherapy randomization to inform the development of personalized smoking cessation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified association of four SNPs at three nAChRs with abstinence in eight randomized clinical trials. Participants were 2633 outpatient treatment-seeking, self-identified European ancestry individuals smoking at least 10 cigarettes/day, recruited through advertisement, prescribed pharmacotherapy, and provided with behavioral therapy. Interventions included nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, placebo (PLA), or combined NRT and bupropion, and five modes of group and individual behavioral therapy. Outcome measures tested in multivariate logistic regression were end of treatment and 6 month (6MO) abstinence, with demographic, behavioral, and genetic covariates. RESULTS 'Risk' alleles previously associated with smoking heaviness were significantly (P<0.05) associated with reduced abstinence in the PLA pharmacotherapy group (PG) at 6MO [for rs588765, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.41 (0.17-0.99)], and at end of treatment and at 6MO [for rs1051730, 0.42 (0.19-0.93) and 0.31 (0.12-0.80)], and with increased abstinence in the NRT PG at 6MO [for rs588765, 2.07 (1.11-3.87) and for rs1051730, 2.54 (1.29-4.99)]. We observed significant heterogeneity in rs1051730 effects (F=2.48, P=0.021) between PGs. CONCLUSION chr15q25.1 nAChR SNP risk alleles for smoking heaviness significantly increase relapse with PLA treatment and significantly increase abstinence with NRT. These SNP-PG associations require replication in independent samples for validation, and testing in larger sample sizes to evaluate whether similar effects occur in other PGs.
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Clarke TK, Crist RC, Kampman KM, Dackis CA, Pettinati HM, O'Brien CP, Oslin DW, Ferraro TN, Lohoff FW, Berrettini WH. Low frequency genetic variants in the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) affect risk for addiction to heroin and cocaine. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:71-5. [PMID: 23454283 PMCID: PMC3640707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) binds exogenous and endogenous opioids and is known to mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. Numerous genetic studies have sought to identify common genetic variation in the gene encoding MOR (OPRM1) that affects risk for drug addiction. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of rare coding variants in OPRM1 to the risk for addiction. Rare and low frequency variants were selected using the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Exome Sequencing Project (NHLBI-ESP) database, which has screened the exomes of over 6500 individuals. Two SNPs (rs62638690 and rs17174794) were selected for genotyping in 1377 European American individuals addicted to heroin and/or cocaine. Two different SNPs (rs1799971 and rs17174801) were genotyped in 1238 African American individuals addicted to heroin and/or cocaine. Using the minor allele frequencies from the NHLBI-ESP dataset as a comparison group, case-control association analyses were performed. Results revealed an association between rs62638690 and cocaine and heroin addiction in European Americans (p=0.02; 95% C.I. 0.47 [0.24-0.92]). This study suggests a potential role for rare OPRM1 variants in addiction disorders and highlights an area worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Kim Clarke
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Choquet H, Joslyn G, Lee A, Kasberger J, Robertson M, Brush G, Schuckit MA, White R, Jorgenson E. Examination of rare missense variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster to level of response to alcohol in the San Diego Sibling Pair study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1311-6. [PMID: 23458267 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster have been shown to be associated with nicotine dependence and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and related traits, including the level of response (LR) to alcohol. Recently, rare variants (MAF < 0.05) in CHRNB4 have been reported to be associated with a decreased risk of developing nicotine dependence. However, the role of rare variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster to the LR to alcohol has not yet been established. METHODS To determine whether rare variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster contribute to the LR to alcohol, the coding regions of these 3 genes were sequenced in 538 subjects from the San Diego Sibling Pair study. RESULTS The analyses identified 16 rare missense variants, 9 of which were predicted to be damaging using in silico analysis tools. Carriers of these variants were compared to noncarriers using a family-based design for each gene and for the gene cluster as a whole. In these analyses, a CHRNA5 carrier status was significantly associated with the phenotype related to the feeling of intoxication experienced during the alcohol challenge (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that rare genetic variation in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster contributes modestly to the LR to alcohol in the San Diego Sibling Pair study and may protect against AUDs. However, replication studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Turner JR, Gold A, Schnoll R, Blendy JA. Translational research in nicotine dependence. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012153. [PMID: 23335115 PMCID: PMC3579204 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. Furthermore, although smoking represents a significant health burden in the United States, at present there are only three FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently on the market: (1) nicotine replacement therapy, (2) bupropion, and (3) varenicline. Despite this obvious gap in the market, the complexity of nicotine addiction in addition to the increasing cost of drug development makes targeted drug development prohibitive. Furthermore, using combinations of mouse and human studies, additional treatments could be developed from off-the-shelf, currently approved medication lists. This article reviews translational studies targeting manipulations of the cholinergic system as a viable therapeutic target for nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kamens HM, Corley RP, McQueen MB, Stallings MC, Hopfer CJ, Crowley TJ, Brown SA, Hewitt JK, Ehringer MA. Nominal association with CHRNA4 variants and nicotine dependence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:297-304. [PMID: 23350800 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and studies in animal models have shown that α4β2 receptors mediate many behavioral effects of nicotine. Human genetics studies have provided support that variation in the gene that codes for the α4 subunit influences nicotine dependence (ND), but the evidence for the involvement of the β2 subunit gene is less convincing. In this study, we examined the genetic association between variation in the genes that code for the α4 (CHRNA4) and β2 (CHRNB2) subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and a quantitative measure of lifetime DSM-IV ND symptom counts. We performed this analysis in two longitudinal family-based studies focused on adolescent antisocial drug abuse: the Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD, N = 313 families) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD, N = 111 families). Family-based association tests were used to examine associations between 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 and ND symptoms. Symptom counts were corrected for age, sex and clinical status prior to the association analysis. Results, when the samples were combined, provided modest evidence that SNPs in CHRNA4 are associated with ND. The minor allele at both rs1044394 (A; Z = 1.988, P = 0.047, unadjusted P-value) and rs1044396 (G; Z = 2.398, P = 0.017, unadjusted P-value) was associated with increased risk of ND symptoms. These data provide suggestive evidence that variation in the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor may influence ND liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kamens
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Zakharov S, Salim A, Thalamuthu A. Comparison of similarity-based tests and pooling strategies for rare variants. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:50. [PMID: 23343094 PMCID: PMC3600007 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As several rare genomic variants have been shown to affect common phenotypes, rare variants association analysis has received considerable attention. Several efficient association tests using genotype and phenotype similarity measures have been proposed in the literature. The major advantages of similarity-based tests are their ability to accommodate multiple types of DNA variations within one association test, and to account for the possible interaction within a region. However, not much work has been done to compare the performance of similarity-based tests on rare variants association scenarios, especially when applied with different rare variants pooling strategies. Results Based on the population genetics simulations and analysis of a publicly-available sequencing data set, we compared the performance of four similarity-based tests and two rare variants pooling strategies. We showed that weighting approach outperforms collapsing under the presence of strong effect from rare variants and under the presence of moderate effect from common variants, whereas collapsing of rare variants is preferable when common variants possess a strong effect. We also demonstrated that the difference in statistical power between the two pooling strategies may be substantial. The results also highlighted consistently high power of two similarity-based approaches when applied with an appropriate pooling strategy. Conclusions Population genetics simulations and sequencing data set analysis showed high power of two similarity-based tests and a substantial difference in power between the two pooling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Zakharov
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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Han S, Yang BZ, Kranzler HR, Oslin D, Anton R, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Linkage analysis followed by association show NRG1 associated with cannabis dependence in African Americans. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:637-44. [PMID: 22520967 PMCID: PMC3699339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genetic contribution to cannabis dependence (CaD) has been established but susceptibility genes for CaD remain largely unknown. METHODS We employed a multistage design to identify genetic variants underlying CaD. We first performed a genome-wide linkage scan for CaD in 384 African American (AA) and 354 European American families ascertained for genetic studies of cocaine and opioid dependence. We then conducted association analysis under the linkage peak, first using data from a genome-wide association study from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment, followed by replication studies of prioritized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in independent samples. RESULTS We identified the strongest linkage evidence with CaD (logarithm of odds = 2.9) on chromosome 8p21.1 in AAs. In the association analysis of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment sample under the linkage peak, we identified one SNP (rs17664708) associated with CaD in both AAs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.93, p = .0022) and European Americans (OR = 1.38, p = .02). This SNP, located at NRG1, a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, was prioritized for further study. We replicated the association of rs17664708 with CaD in an independent AAs sample (OR = 2.81, p = .0068). The joint analysis of the two AA samples demonstrated highly significant association between rs17664708 and CaD with adjustment for either global (p = .00044) or local ancestry (p = .00075). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that NRG1 is probably a susceptibility gene for CaD, based on convergent evidence of linkage and replicated associations in two independent AA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut. USA
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut. USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Oslin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond Anton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics & Genomics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut. USA
- Departments of Genetics and of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Wang F, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Zhang H. Identification of POMC exonic variants associated with substance dependence and body mass index. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45300. [PMID: 23028917 PMCID: PMC3444488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk of substance dependence (SD) and obesity has been linked to the function of melanocortin peptides encoded by the proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC). Methods and Results POMC exons were Sanger sequenced in 280 African Americans (AAs) and 308 European Americans (EAs). Among them, 311 (167 AAs and 114 EAs) were affected with substance (alcohol, cocaine, opioid and/or marijuana) dependence and 277 (113 AAs and164 EAs) were screened controls. We identified 23 variants, including two common polymorphisms (rs10654394 and rs1042571) and 21 rare variants; 12 of which were novel. We used logistic regression to analyze the association between the two common variants and SD or body mass index (BMI), with sex, age, and ancestry proportion as covariates. The common variant rs1042571 in the 3′UTR was significantly associated with BMI in EAs (Overweight: Padj = 0.005; Obese: Padj = 0.018; Overweight+Obese: Padj = 0.002) but not in AAs. The common variant, rs10654394, was not associated with BMI and neither common variant was associated with SD in either population. To evaluate the association between the rare variants and SD or BMI, we collapsed rare variants and tested their prevalence using Fisher’s exact test. In AAs, rare variants were nominally associated with SD overall and with specific SD traits (SD: PFET,1df = 0.026; alcohol dependence: PFET,1df = 0.027; cocaine dependence: PFET,1df = 0.007; marijuana dependence: PFET,1df = 0.050) (the P-value from cocaine dependence analysis survived Bonferroni correction). There was no such effect in EAs. Although the frequency of the rare variants did not differ significantly between the normal-weight group and the overweight or obese group in either population, certain rare exonic variants occurred only in overweight or obese subjects without SD. Conclusion These findings suggest that POMC exonic variants may influence risk for both SD and elevated BMI, in a population-specific manner. However, common and rare variants in this gene may exert different effects on these two phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Agrawal A, Verweij KJH, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Martin NG, Nelson EC, Slutske WS, Whitfield JB, Lynskey MT. The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e140. [PMID: 22806211 PMCID: PMC3410620 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictions are serious and common psychiatric disorders, and are among the leading contributors to preventable death. This selective review outlines and highlights the need for a multi-method translational approach to genetic studies of these important conditions, including both licit (alcohol, nicotine) and illicit (cannabis, cocaine, opiates) drug addictions and the behavioral addiction of disordered gambling. First, we review existing knowledge from twin studies that indicates both the substantial heritability of substance-specific addictions and the genetic overlap across addiction to different substances. Next, we discuss the limited number of candidate genes which have shown consistent replication, and the implications of emerging genomewide association findings for the genetic architecture of addictions. Finally, we review the utility of extensions to existing methods such as novel phenotyping, including the use of endophenotypes, biomarkers and neuroimaging outcomes; emerging methods for identifying alternative sources of genetic variation and accompanying statistical methodologies to interpret them; the role of gene-environment interplay; and importantly, the potential role of genetic variation in suggesting new alternatives for treatment of addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
A large segment of the population suffers from addiction to alcohol, smoking, or illicit drugs. Not only do substance abuse and addiction pose a threat to health, but the consequences of addiction also impose a social and economic burden on families, communities, and nations. Genome-wide linkage and association studies have been used for addiction research with varying degrees of success. The most well-established genetic factors associated with alcohol dependence are in the genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which oxidizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), which oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate. Recently emerging genetic studies have linked variants in the genes encoding the α3, α5, and β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits to smoking risk. However, the influence of these well-established genetic variants accounts for only a small portion of the heritability of alcohol and nicotine addiction, and it is likely that there are both common and rare risk variants yet to be identified. Newly developed DNA sequencing technologies could potentially advance the detection of rare variants with a larger impact on addiction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Thanos P, Delis F, Rosko L, Volkow ND. Passive Response to Stress in Adolescent Female and Adult Male Mice after Intermittent Nicotine Exposure in Adolescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 6:007. [PMID: 24619539 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.s6-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is frequently co-morbid with depression. Although it is recognized that depression increases the risk for smoking, it is unclear if early smoking exposure may increase the risk for depression. To test this possibility we assessed the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on the Forced Swim Test (FST), which is used as a measure of passive coping, and depressive-like behavior in rodents, and on the open field test (OFT), which is used as a measure of locomotion and exploratory behavior. Male and female mice received daily saline or nicotine (0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg) injections from postnatal day (PD) 30 to PD 44. FST and OFT were performed either 1 or 30 days after the last injection (PD 45 and PD 74, respectively). In females, treatment with 0.3 mg/kg nicotine lead to increased FST immobility (64%) and decreased OFT locomotor activity (12%) one day following the last nicotine injection (PD 45); while no effects were observed in adulthood (PD 74). In contrast, on PD45, nicotine treatment did not change the male FST immobility but lead to lower OFT locomotor activity (0.6 mg/kg, 10%). In adulthood (PD 74), both nicotine doses lead to higher FST immobility (87%) in males while 0.6 mg/kg nicotine to lower OFT locomotor activity (13%). The results (i) identify females as more vulnerable to the immediate withdrawal that follows nicotine discontinuation in adolescence and (ii) suggest that adolescent nicotine exposure may enhance the risk for passive response towards unavoidable stress in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis Thanos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, NIAAA, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Foteini Delis
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Rosko
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, NIAAA, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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