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Shang Z, Liu N, Ouyang H, Cai X, Yan W, Wang J, Zhan J, Jia Y, Xing C, Huang L, Wu L, Liu W. Sex-based differences in brain morphometry under chronic stress: A pilot MRI study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30354. [PMID: 38726160 PMCID: PMC11079087 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sex-based differences are known to be a significant feature of chronic stress; however, the morphological mechanisms of the brain underlying these differences remain unclear. The present study aimed to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the effects of sex on gray matter volume (GMV) changes under conditions of chronic stress. Methods A total of 32 subjects were included for analysis in the present study: 16 participants experiencing chronic stress and 16 healthy controls. T1-weighted (T1WI) images from a 3 T MRI scanner were extracted from the OpenfMRI database. Images were segmented into gray matter using VBM analysis. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 2 × 2 full factorial design was used to evaluate the main and interaction effects of chronic stress and sex on GMV changes, and then post hoc testing was used to verify each simple effect. Results Two-way ANOVA showed a chronic stress × sex interaction effect on GMV. Simple effects analysis indicated that the GMV of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right cuneus and superior occipital gyrus was decreased in males, whereas that of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right superior occipital gyrus and the left middle frontal gyrus and orbital middle frontal gyrus was increased in females, under chronic stress. Additionally, in the control group, the GMV of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right cuneus and superior occipital gyrus was greater in males than females. While in the chronic stress group, the above sex-based differences were no longer significant. Conclusions This study preliminarily shows that there are significant differences in gray matter volume changes between males and females under chronic stress. These findings provide a basis for future studies investigating the volumetric mechanisms of sex differences under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Shang
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nianqi Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Educational Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Department of Radiology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingye Zhan
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanpu Jia
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chenqi Xing
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- Department of Radiology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Crawley JAH, Nandar H, Zaw HT, Lahdenperä M, Franco dos Santos DJ, Seltmann MW, Brown JL, Goodsell RM, Oo ZM, Htut W, Nyein UK, Aung HH, Lummaa V. Asian elephant calf physiology and mahout perspectives during taming in Myanmar. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231172. [PMID: 38601029 PMCID: PMC11004675 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A quarter of Asian elephants are captive, with greater than 90% of these tamed and cared for by handlers (mahouts) in Asia. Although taming is a much-discussed welfare issue, no studies to our knowledge have empirically assessed its impact on calves, and dialogue surrounding taming often lacks perspectives of those involved. Here, we interviewed mahouts involved in taming and monitored five physiological measures (faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), serum cortisol, glucose, creatine kinase (CK) and heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L)) over the first 10 days of taming and following six months in 41 calves undergoing taming and 16 control individuals. These measures assess the duration and intensity of stress during taming. Interviews suggested mahouts had major concerns for their safety when discussing changing taming practices, an important consideration for future management. Calf physiological measures were elevated by 50-70% (FGMs/cortisol/glucose), 135% (H:L) and greater than 500% (CK) over the first few days of taming, indicative of elevated stress, not seen to the same extent in control adults. Some measures stabilized sooner (glucose/cortisol/CK/FGM: 7-10 days) than others (H:L: one-two months), indicating mostly acute stress. Our findings inform the welfare of approximately 15 000 captive elephants around the world. Future studies should compare taming in different populations and consider calf and mahout welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hnin Nandar
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon11011, Myanmar
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, , Yunnan650023, People's Republic of China
| | - Htet T. Zaw
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon11011, Myanmar
| | - Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku20014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku20521, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku20521, Finland
| | | | | | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA22630, USA
| | - Robert M. Goodsell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, UK
- Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm 4011418, Sweden
| | - Zaw M. Oo
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon11011, Myanmar
| | - Win Htut
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon11011, Myanmar
| | - U. K. Nyein
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon11011, Myanmar
| | | | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku20014, Finland
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Emotional and experiential factors that determine civilizational diseases. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2023. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr/159283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe effects of adverse childhood experiences may persist in adult life and manifest themselves in various areas of function-ing. The aim of the study was to identify the emotional and experiential factors that determine civilizational diseases and the methods of regulating emotions and functioning in society.Participants and procedureThe surveyed group was composed of 141 adults. The respondents defined the existence of adverse experiences and their attachment styles in retrospective. The methods of regulating emotions were also measured, as well as the presence of civilizational diseases.ResultsThe authors found a correlation between the style of attachment and the traumatic events experienced during the first 18 years of life and the existence of civilizational diseases. Adverse experiences in childhood and attachment styles proved to be predictors of specific social behaviour aimed at regulating emotions.ConclusionsThe results emphasised the importance of the bond with a parent and of traumatic childhood experiences for the future health condition and for the social and emotional functioning. The study demonstrated that persons who experienced traumatic events in their families or in the peer environment in the first 18 years of their lives reported the presence of civilizational diseases. A correlation was found between peer violence, the threat of being abandoned by a caregiver, and diagnosed civilizational diseases in respondents. The fearful-ambivalent style in the relationship with the father proved to be a predictor of reported civilizational diseases. Adverse childhood experiences are linked to regulating emotions by tak-ing perspective. The attachment style developed in the relationship with parents determined the ways of regulating nega-tive and positive emotions in contact with other people. Persons who developed an avoidant attachment style in the rela-tionships with the mother or the father less frequently seek social support when they experience negative emotions.
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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e-Estesia: A Serious Game for Reducing Arousal, Improving Emotional Regulation and Increasing Wellbeing in Individuals with Gambling Disorder. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226798. [PMID: 36431275 PMCID: PMC9699009 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) is associated with deficits in emotion regulation and impulsivity-related personality traits. In recent years there has been an increase in the use of serious games (SG) to address these factors with positive results. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the intervention with a new SG (e-Estesia), as an adjunct to a CBT intervention for GD. The sample comprised two groups (experimental group (n = 40) and control group (n = 64)) of patients with GD diagnosis. Both groups received 16 weekly CBT sessions and, concurrently, only the experimental group received 15 additional sessions with e-Estesia. Pre-post treatment with e-Estesia administered in both groups were: DSM-5 Criteria, South Oaks Gambling Screen, Symptom Checklist-Revised and measure of relapses, dropout and compliance of treatment. As regards the experimental group were also administered: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Impulsive Behavior Scale. No statistically significant differences in the general psychopathological state, emotion regulation or impulsivity were found when comparing the groups. However, patients enrolled in the e-Estesia intervention had significantly less relapses and better indicators of treatment compliance than the control group. Considering these results, the use of complementary tools such as SG are useful for addressing GD.
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Wang S, Quan L, Chavarro JE, Slopen N, Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC, Kang JH, Weisskopf MG, Branch-Elliman W, Roberts AL. Associations of Depression, Anxiety, Worry, Perceived Stress, and Loneliness Prior to Infection With Risk of Post-COVID-19 Conditions. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:1081-1091. [PMID: 36069885 PMCID: PMC9453634 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Few risk factors for long-lasting (≥4 weeks) COVID-19 symptoms have been identified. Objective To determine whether high levels of psychological distress before SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterized by depression, anxiety, worry, perceived stress, and loneliness, are prospectively associated with increased risk of developing post-COVID-19 conditions (sometimes called long COVID). Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study used data from 3 large ongoing, predominantly female cohorts: Nurses' Health Study II, Nurses' Health Study 3, and the Growing Up Today Study. Between April 2020 and November 2021, participants were followed up with periodic surveys. Participants were included if they reported no current or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at the April 2020 baseline survey when distress was assessed and returned 1 or more follow-up questionnaires. Exposures Depression, anxiety, worry about COVID-19, perceived stress, and loneliness were measured at study baseline early in the pandemic, before SARS-CoV-2 infection, using validated questionnaires. Main Outcomes and Measures SARS-CoV-2 infection was self-reported during each of 6 monthly and then quarterly follow-up questionnaires. COVID-19-related symptoms lasting 4 weeks or longer and daily life impairment due to these symptoms were self-reported on the final questionnaire, 1 year after baseline. Results Of 54 960 participants, 38.0% (n = 20 902) were active health care workers, and 96.6% (n = 53 107) were female; the mean (SD) age was 57.5 (13.8) years. Six percent (3193 participants) reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result during follow-up (1-47 weeks after baseline). Among these, probable depression (risk ratio [RR], 1.32; 95% CI = 1.12-1.55), probable anxiety (RR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.23-1.65), worry about COVID-19 (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.17-1.61), perceived stress (highest vs lowest quartile: RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.18-1.81), and loneliness (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.61) were each associated with post-COVID-19 conditions (1403 cases) in generalized estimating equation models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and comorbidities. Participants with 2 or more types of distress prior to infection were at nearly 50% increased risk for post-COVID-19 conditions (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.23-1.80). All types of distress were associated with increased risk of daily life impairment (783 cases) among individuals with post-COVID-19 conditions (RR range, 1.15-1.51). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that preinfection psychological distress may be a risk factor for post-COVID-19 conditions in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future work should examine the biobehavioral mechanism linking psychological distress with persistent postinfection symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luwei Quan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Psychiatric Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jae Hee Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc G. Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Westyn Branch-Elliman
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Esmaealzadeh N, Iranpanah A, Sarris J, Rahimi R. A literature review of the studies concerning selected plant-derived adaptogens and their general function in body with a focus on animal studies. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154354. [PMID: 35932607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptogens are generally referred to the substances, mostly found in plants, which non-specifically increase resilience and chances of survival by activation of signaling pathways in affected cells. PURPOSE This literature review was conducted to summarize the investigation, until March 2021, on selected adaptogenic plants and plant-derived substances. STUDY DESIGN Electronic databases were searched (up to March 2021) for in vitro and animal studies, as well as clinical trials. Moreover, all modes of action connected with the adaptogenic effects of plants and phytochemicals were collected. METHODS The search of relevant studies was performed within electronic databases including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Cochrane library. The most important keywords were adaptogen, plant, phytochemical, and plant-derived. RESULTS The most investigated medicinal herbs for their adaptogenic activity are Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Withania somnifera, Schisandra chinensis, and Rhodiola spp., salidroside, ginsenosides, andrographolide, methyl jasmonate, cucurbitacin R, dichotosin, and dichotosininare are phytochemicals that have shown a considerable adaptogenic activity. Phytochemicals that have been demonstrated adaptogenic properties mainly belong to flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoid glycosides. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the main modes of action of the selected adaptogenic plants are stress modulatory, antioxidant, anti-fatigue, and physical endurance enhancement. Other properties were nootropic, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular, and radioprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417653761, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah USERN Office, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health & The Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417653761, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Becker L, Kaltenegger HC, Nowak D, Rohleder N, Weigl M. Differences in stress system (re-)activity between single and dual- or multitasking in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:78-103. [PMID: 35477383 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the age of digitization, multitasking requirements are ubiquitous, especially in the workplace. Multitasking (MT) describes the activity of performing multiple (at least two) tasks at the same time. Dual tasking (DT) refers to the sequential switching between two tasks. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was first to investigate whether physiological stress systems become activated in response to or during MT/DT and, secondly, whether this (re-)activity is higher compared to single tasking. We focused on the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system. The systematic review has been pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181415). A total of twenty-five articles were identified as eligible, in which n = 26 studies were reported, with N = 1,142 participants. Our main findings are that SNS activity is significantly higher and PNS activity is significantly lower during MT/DT than during single tasking. Only two studies were found, in which HPA axis (re-)activity was surveyed. No eligible study was identified in which immune system (re-)activity was investigated. This is the first systematic synthesis of the literature base showing that stress system activity is increased during MT/DT in comparison to single-tasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena C Kaltenegger
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany.,Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Sezer I, Pizzagalli DA, Sacchet MD. Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity and mindfulness in clinical and non-clinical contexts: A review and synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104583. [PMID: 35202647 PMCID: PMC9083081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review synthesizes relations between mindfulness and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity of brain networks. Mindfulness is characterized by present-moment awareness and experiential acceptance, and relies on attention control, self-awareness, and emotion regulation. We integrate studies of functional connectivity and (1) trait mindfulness and (2) mindfulness meditation interventions. Mindfulness is related to functional connectivity in the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) networks. Specifically, mindfulness-mediated functional connectivity changes include (1) increased connectivity between posterior cingulate cortex (DMN) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (FPN), which may relate to attention control; (2) decreased connectivity between cuneus and SN, which may relate to self-awareness; (3) increased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMN) and decreased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and amygdala region, both of which may relate to emotion regulation; and lastly, (4) increased connectivity between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (SN) and anterior insula (SN) which may relate to pain relief. While further study of mindfulness is needed, neural signatures of mindfulness are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Sezer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University/CNRS/INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Becker L, Kaltenegger HC, Nowak D, Weigl M, Rohleder N. Physiological stress in response to multitasking and work interruptions: Study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263785. [PMID: 35134093 PMCID: PMC8824354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biopsychological response patterns to digital stress have been sparsely investigated so far. Important potential stressors in modern working environments due to increased digitalization are multitasking and work interruptions. In this study protocol, we present a protocol for a laboratory experiment, in which we will investigate the biopsychological stress response patterns to multitasking and work interruptions. METHODS In total, N = 192 healthy, adult participants will be assigned to six experimental conditions in a randomized order (one single-task, three dual-task (two in parallel and one as interruption), one multitasking, and one passive control condition). Salivary alpha-amylase as well as heart rate as markers for Sympathetic Nervous System Activity, heart rate variability as measure for Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activity, and cortisol as measure for activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis will be assessed at six time points throughout the experimental session. Furthermore, inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and secretory immunoglobulin-A) will be assessed before and after the task as well as 24 hours after it (IL-6 and CRP only). Main outcomes will be the time course of these physiological stress markers. Reactivity of these measures will be compared between the experimental conditions (dual-tasking, work interruptions, and multitasking) with the control conditions (single-tasking and passive control). DISCUSSION With this study protocol, we present a comprehensive experiment, which will enable an extensive investigation of physiological stress-responses to multitasking and work interruptions. Our planned study will contribute to a better understanding of physiological response patterns to modern (digital) stressors. Potential risks and limitations are discussed. The findings will have important implications, especially in the context of digital health in modern working and living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena C. Kaltenegger
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Associations of parental and perinatal factors with subsequent risk of stress-related disorders: a nationwide cohort study with sibling comparison. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1712-1719. [PMID: 34974524 PMCID: PMC9095463 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of pregnancy-related parental and perinatal factors to the development of stress-related disorders. We aimed to investigate whether parental/perinatal adversities entail higher risks of stress-related disorders in the offspring, later in life, by accounting for genetic and early environmental factors. Based on the nationwide Swedish registers, we conducted a population-based cohort study of 3,435,747 singleton births (of which 2,554,235 were full siblings), born 1973-2008 and survived through the age of 5 years. Using both population- and sibling designs, we employed Cox regression to assess the association between parental and perinatal factors with subsequent risk of stress-related disorders. We identified 55,511 individuals diagnosed with stress-related disorders in the population analysis and 37,433 in the sibling analysis. In the population-based analysis we observed increased risks of stress-related disorders among offspring of maternal/paternal age <25, single mothers, parity ≥4, mothers with BMI ≥ 25 or maternal smoking in early pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and offspring born moderately preterm (GA 32-36 weeks), or small-for-gestational-age. These associations were significantly attenuated toward null in the sibling analysis. Cesarean-section was weakly associated with offspring stress-related disorders in population [hazard ratio (HR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.12] and sibling analyses (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.20). Our findings suggest that most of the observed associations between parental and perinatal factors and risk of stress-related disorders in the population analysis are driven by shared familial environment or genetics, and underscore the importance of family designs in epidemiological studies on the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
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12
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Guelmami N, Tannoubi A, Chalghaf N, Saidane M, Kong J, Puce L, Fairouz A, Bragazzi NL, Alroobaea R. Latent Profile Analysis to Survey Positive Mental Health and Well-Being: A Pilot Investigation Insight Tunisian Facebook Users. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:824134. [PMID: 35463494 PMCID: PMC9021554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.824134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine mental health during COVID-19 peaks, lockdown, and times of curfew, many studies have used the LPA/LCA person-centered approach to uncover and explore unobserved groups. However, the majority of research has focused only on negative psychological concepts to explain mental health. In this paper, we take another perspective to explore mental health. In addition, the study focuses on a period of peak decline in the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The present paper aim (a) empirically identifies different profiles among a cohort of Facebook users in Tunisia based on positive factors of mental health using a person-centered approach, (b) outline identified profiles across sociodemographic, internet use, and physical activity, and (c) establish predictors of these profiles. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected through an online survey among 950 Facebook users were female (n = 499; 52.53%) and male (n = 451; 47.47) with an average age =31.30 ± 9.42. Subjects filled Arabic version of Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Happiness (SWLS), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and the Spirituel Well-Being Scale (SWBS). RESULTS The LPA results revealed three clusters. The first cluster (n = 489, 51,47%) contains individuals who have low scores on the positive psychology scales. The second cluster (n = 357, 37,58%) contained individuals with moderate positive psychology scores. However, a third cluster (n = 104, 10,95%) had high positive psychology scores. The selected variables in the model were put to a comparison test to ensure that the classification solution was adequate. Subsequently, the clusters were compared for the variables of socio-demographics, use of the internet for entertainment and physical activity, the results showed significant differences for gender (low mental well-being for the female gender), socio-economic level (low for the low-income class), and physical activity (low mental well-being for the non-exerciser). However, no significant differences were found for the variables age, location, and use of the Internet for entertainment. CONCLUSION Our results complement person-centered studies (LPA/LCA) related to the COVID-19 pandemic and can serve researchers and mental health practitioners in both diagnostic and intervention phases for the public. In addition, the GQ6 scale is a valid and reliable tool that can be administered to measure gratitude for culturally similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noomen Guelmami
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Group for the Study of Development and Social Environment (GEDES), Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Human and Social Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Amayra Tannoubi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Group for the Study of Development and Social Environment (GEDES), Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Human and Social Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia.,Department of Human Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nasr Chalghaf
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Group for the Study of Development and Social Environment (GEDES), Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Human Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Saidane
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Jude Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Azaiez Fairouz
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Group for the Study of Development and Social Environment (GEDES), Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Human Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roobaea Alroobaea
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Evans M, Tang PY, Bhushan N, Fisher EB, Dreyer Valovcin D, Castellano C. Standardization and adaptability for dissemination of telephone peer support for high-risk groups: general evaluation and lessons learned. Transl Behav Med 2021; 10:506-515. [PMID: 32542342 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond demonstrated effectiveness, research needs to identify how peer support can be implemented in real-world settings. Telephone peer support offers one approach to this. The purpose of this study is to evaluate telephone peer support provided by trained peer staff for high-risk groups, implemented according to key tasks or functions of the Reciprocal Peer Support model (RPS) providing both standardization and adaptability. The methods used in the study include the review of contact data for years 2015-2016 from telephone peer support services of Rutgers Health University Behavioral Health Care, serving veterans, police, mothers of children with special needs, and child protection workers; structured interviews with peer supporters and clients; and audit of case notes. Across 2015-2016, peer supporters made 64,786 contacts with a total of 5,616 callers. Adaptability was apparent in 22% of callers' relationships lasting ≤1 month and 43% ≥1 year, voicemails valued as communicating presence, 92% of callers receiving support with psychosocial issues, 65% with concrete problems, such as medical or other services, 88% receiving social support, and 88% either resolving an issue (e.g., finding employment) or making documented progress (e.g., getting professional treatment, insurance, or children's services). With the balance of standardization and adaptability provided by the RPS, telephone peer support can address diverse needs and provide diverse contact patterns, assistance, support, and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Evans
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Y Tang
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nivedita Bhushan
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edwin B Fisher
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dawn Dreyer Valovcin
- Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care National Call Center for Peer Support, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Cherie Castellano
- Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care National Call Center for Peer Support, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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14
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Folyovich A, Mátis R, Al-Muhanna N, Jarecsny T, Dudás E, Jánoska D, Pálosi M, Béres-Molnár AK, Toldi G. Christmas, acute ischemic stroke and stroke-related mortality in Hungary. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02104. [PMID: 33687768 PMCID: PMC8119813 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risk factors for stroke include psychological effects, such as depression. Festive occasions (such as Christmas in Hungary) may carry a significant emotional impact and may therefore contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. Thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke has a narrow time window and allows for the precise assessment of stroke incidence. MATERIALS & METHODS We analyzed anonymized national data of the number of thrombolytic treatments for acute ischemic stroke and the number of stroke-related deaths between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016 in Hungary within 2-day, 5-day, and 1-month periods preceding and following 24 December each year. Analysis of subgroups based on age (below and over 65 years) and sex was also performed. RESULTS The number of thrombolytic treatments was higher in all three periods preceding Christmas compared to the corresponding period that follows the feast. This increase was particularly prominent in men below 65 years of age. While overall stroke-associated mortality was increased 1 month after Christmas, the death rate was higher a month before rather than after Christmas in men below 65 years of age and in women both below and over 65 years of age 5 days before Christmas. CONCLUSIONS These findings may predominantly relate to emotional and psychological factors. In case of women, the anxiety secondary to festive preparations, while in men below 65 years, the increased psychological stress of providing financial security for the celebration may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Folyovich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Mátis
- Faculty of Public Governance and International Studies, University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nadim Al-Muhanna
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Jarecsny
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Dudás
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Jánoska
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gergely Toldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Jentsch VL, Wolf OT. The impact of emotion regulation on cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses. Biol Psychol 2020; 154:107893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection Related Death: an Autopsy Database Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2391-2399. [PMID: 32548697 PMCID: PMC7471188 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute aortic catastrophes (AAC), mainly ruptured aneurysms and dissections, lead all other vascular conditions in morbidity and mortality, even if intervention occurs. The aim of our study was to give a descriptive overview of the demographic and pathological characteristics of AAC. Between 1994 and 2013, 80,469 autopsies were performed at Semmelweis University hospitals in Budapest. After collecting the autopsy reports we were able to create the AAC database upon which we conducted our analysis. We found 567 cases of AAC. The cause of death in 120 of them was classified as a non-ruptured aorta with malperfusion or distal embolization. Of the remaining 447 cases, in 305 the cause of death was a ruptured aortic aneurysm (rAA), and in 142 it was a ruptured aortic dissection (rAD). The distribution of rAA cases was 34.4% thoracal, 4.3% thoracoabdominal, and 61.3% abdominal. We found female dominance where the rAA was thoracal. In rAD cases, 84% were Stanford A and 16% Stanford B type. In both groups we found different pathological distributions. In the prehospital group, the number of thoracal ruptures was considerable. 88% of the patients with Stanford A dissection died in the prehospital or perioperative period. The most progressive AACs were ruptures of intrapericardial aneurysms and Stanford A dissections., however survival rate can be elevated by using rapid imaging examination and immediate surgical intervention. We want to highlight that our study contains such gender differences, which are worth to be taken into consideration.
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17
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Loeb EL, Davis AA, Narr RK, Uchino BN, Kent de Grey RG, Allen JP. The developmental precursors of blunted cardiovascular responses to stress. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:247-261. [PMID: 32419144 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Blunted cardiovascular responses to stress have been associated with both mental and physical health concerns. This multi-method, longitudinal study examined the role of chronic social-developmental stress from adolescence onward as a precursor to these blunted stress responses. Using a diverse community sample of 184 adolescents followed from age 13 to 29 along with friends and romantic partners, this study found that high levels of parental psychological control at age 13 directly predicted a blunted heart rate response and indirectly predicted blunted respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity under stress. Heart rate effects were mediated via indicators of a developing passive response style, including observational measures of withdrawal during conflict with friends and romantic partners, social disengagement, and coping with stressors by using denial. RSA effects were mediated via withdrawal during conflict with romantic partners and coping by using denial. The current findings are interpreted as suggesting a mechanism by which a key social/developmental stressor in adolescence may alter relational and ultimately physiological patterns of stress responding into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Loeb
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Cuevas AG, Levine S, Purtle J. What Predicts a Mayoral Official's Opinion about the Role of Stress in Health Disparities? J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:109-116. [PMID: 31686369 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High stress is a public health issue in the United States (US), that disproportionately affects socially-marginalized group members, including racial and ethnic minorities and those of low socioeconomic status. While city governments have the potential to reduce stress exposure and health disparities through municipal policies, very little is known about factors that are associated with mayor officials' beliefs about stress as a determinant of disparities. This information is important because it can inform the design of interventions to educate city policymakers about evidence related to stress and health disparities. Using data from a 2016 survey of 230 mayor officials (101 mayors, 129 senior staff), multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the extent to which respondents' individual characteristics (e.g., ideology, highest level of education) and the characteristics of their city's population (e.g., percentage of residents non-white) were associated with their identification of stress as a factor that has a "very strong effect" on health disparities. Forty-four percent of respondents identified stress as having a very strong effect on health disparities. In the fully adjusted model, every percentage point increase in the proportion of a respondent's city population that was non-White increased the odds of identifying stress as having a very strong effect on health disparities by 2% [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00,1.04]. Interventions are needed to increase city policymakers' knowledge about the role of stress in the production of health disparities, which could, in turn, help cultivate political will for city policies that reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo G Cuevas
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, 574 Boston Ave, Suite 208, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Sarah Levine
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, 574 Boston Ave, Suite 208, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jonathan Purtle
- Department of Health Management & Policy, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Scheiring G, Irdam D, King L. The wounds of post-socialism: a systematic review of the social determinants of mortality in Hungary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/25739638.2017.1401285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Scheiring
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darja Irdam
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence King
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Kozela M, Pająk A, Micek A, Besala A, Kubinova R, Malyutina S, Tamosiunas A, Pikhart H, Peasey A, Nikitin Y, Marmot M, Bobak M. Impact of perceived control on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in three urban populations of Central and Eastern Europe: the HAPIEE study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:771-778. [PMID: 28515210 PMCID: PMC5537505 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-208992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Inverse associations between perceived control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been reported in studies from Western Europe and the USA. To assess this relationship across different populations, we investigated the association between perceived control and all-cause and CVD mortality in three population-based cohorts of Eastern European countries. Methods We analysed data from a prospective cohort study in random population samples in Krakow (Poland), Novosibirsk (Russia) and six Czech towns. Baseline survey included structured questionnaire and objective examination in a clinic. Perceived control was assessed using an 11-item scale developed by the MacArthur Foundation Programme on Successful Midlife. Information on vital status was obtained from death registers. Effect of perceived control on mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 2377 deaths (1003 from CVD) occurred among 27 249 participants over a median 7-year follow-up. In the Czech and Polish cohorts, perceived control was inversely associated with mortality; the adjusted HRs for the lowest versus highest control quintiles were 1.71 (1.34 to 2.19) in men and 1.63 (1.14 to 2.35) in women for all-cause mortality and 2.31 (1.48 to 3.59) and 5.50 (2.14 to 14.13) for CVD deaths. There was no association between perceived control and mortality in Russia; the adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.03 (0.79 to 1.34) in men and 1.29 (0.82 to 2.02) in women. Conclusions Low perceived control was associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in Czech and Polish cohorts but not in Russia. It is possible that this inconsistency may partly reflect a different sociocultural understanding of the concept of control in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kozela
- Chair of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pająk
- Chair of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Micek
- Chair of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Besala
- Chair of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sofia Malyutina
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuri Nikitin
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Michael Marmot
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Davis MT, Holmes SE, Pietrzak RH, Esterlis I. Neurobiology of Chronic Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Molecular Imaging Studies. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2017; 1:2470547017710916. [PMID: 29862379 PMCID: PMC5976254 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017710916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress accounts for billions of dollars of economic loss annually in the United States alone, and is recognized as a major source of disability and mortality worldwide. Robust evidence suggests that chronic stress plays a significant role in the onset of severe and impairing psychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Application of molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography in recent years has begun to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which chronic stress confers risk for these disorders. The present paper provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of all positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography imaging publications focused on the examination of molecular targets in individuals with major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorder to date. Critical discussion of discrepant findings and broad strengths and weaknesses of the current body of literature is provided. Recommended future directions for the field of molecular imaging to further elucidate the neurobiological substrates of chronic stress-related disorders are also discussed. This article is part of the inaugural issue for the journal focused on various aspects of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of
Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophie E. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of
Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of
Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs National
Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,
USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of
Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs National
Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,
USA
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22
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Garland EL. The Meaning of Mindfulness: A Second-Order Cybernetics of Stress, Metacognition, and Coping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1533210107301740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related illness presents an ever-increasing burden to society, and thus has become the target of numerous complementary and integrative medicine interventions. One such clinical intervention, mindfulness meditation, has gained eminence for its demonstrated efficacy in reducing stress and improving health outcomes. Despite its prominence, little is known about the mechanics through which it exerts its treatment effects. This article details the therapeutic mechanisms of mindfulness with a novel causal model of stress, metacognition, and coping. Mindfulness is hypothesized to bolster coping processes by augmenting positive reappraisal, mitigating catastrophizing, and engendering self-transcendence. Reviews of stress and mindfulness are then framed by the perspective of second-order cybernetics, a transdisciplinary conceptual framework which builds on extant theory by highlighting the recursion between the individual and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garland
- 301 Pittsboro Street, Campus Box 3550, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599-3550; Telephone: 919-943-6022,
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23
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Cowley J, Kiely J, Collins D. Unravelling the Glasgow effect: The relationship between accumulative bio- psychosocial stress, stress reactivity and Scotland's health problems. Prev Med Rep 2016; 4:370-5. [PMID: 27512652 PMCID: PMC4979043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, multiple hypotheses have been proposed for the Scottish effect and, more specifically, Glasgow's high mortality rate and the associated Glasgow effect. Previous authors have highlighted the improbability of a single factor as responsible for this effect with seventeen possible hypotheses presented. These have ranged from socio-economic factors, lifestyle and cultural factors such as sectarianism, and political and economic factors. Although these may all be contributory factors to this paradox, the underpinning reasons for the observed effect remain relatively unexplained. In this paper, we suggest that the compounding effect of a unique blend of accumulating life stressors may predispose Scots, and particularly socially-disadvantaged Glaswegians, to a wide-range of health disorders. In short, a confluence of social, environmental, attitudinal and cultural stressors perhaps combine to negatively influence biological health. Future directions should consider the stress remediating role of physical activity, and the problems presented by barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise during key transitional stages of life. Evidence explaining the Scotland and associated Glasgow effects remains elusive. We suggest that accumulating life stressors predispose Scots to a wide-range of health disorders. Physical Activity (PA) and stress are bidirectional, we highlight the remediating role of PA. Future work should focus on barriers and facilitators of PA. Overcoming barriers to participation in PA and exercise at transitional stages of life is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Cowley
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Lipowicz A, Szklarska A, Mitas AW. Biological costs of economic transition: Stress levels during the transition from communism to capitalism in Poland. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 21:90-9. [PMID: 26799229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the 1980s, Poland began the transformation from an essentially one-party communist system to a politically pluralistic democratic system. These political and economic changes had major social consequences, among others unemployment and a sharp decrease in real personal income. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible relationship between stress in adult men, measured by the Allostatic Load, and the socio-economic deterioration during the first part of the economic transition. The Allostatic Load included eleven markers assessing adverse nutritional intake, cardiovascular activity, inflammatory processes, and lung, hepatic and renal functions. The results indicate a significantly higher risk of metabolic dysregulation in men examined after 1990, compared to men from previous years. After adjustment for socioeconomic variables and lifestyle variables, men examined in 1991 had a 31% greater risk of higher Allostatic Load compared with men examined in 1985 (OR=1.31; p=0.0541), in 1992, this risk was 50% greater (OR=1.50; p<0.01), and in 1993, the risk was 66% greater (OR=1.66; p<0.05). The conclusion is drawn that significantly more stressogenic factors for men were those directly connected with the financial situation of their families, than a sudden but short increase of prices for goods and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lipowicz
- Department of Anthropology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Szklarska
- Unit of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Mitas
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Informatics and Medical Equipment, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Folyovich A, Biczó D, Bajnok A, Bessenyei D, Kis I, Gimesi-Országh J, Béres-Molnár AK, Toldi G. Higher Incidence of Stroke on the Last Day of the Month in Hungary-a Role for Psychosocial Factors and Financial Insecurity? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:1192-1195. [PMID: 26935123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seasonal cumulation of acute ischemic stroke events is a well-known phenomenon. Critical days are determined by both biological and psychosocial factors. We hypothesized that the financial stability of those with a monthly income living in an economically unpredictable environment rises upon the arrival of their salary and decreases in the preceding days, leading to anxiety and existential insecurity, which may increase the incidence of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We assessed the daily average number of thrombolytic treatments due to acute ischemic stroke in Hungary between December 1, 2005, and November 30, 2013, calculating the ratio of thrombolytic treatments on the last day of the month (irrespectively whether it was the 28th-31st days) to thrombolytic treatments on the other days, and determined 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In this period, 7880 thrombolytic treatments were performed nationwide (2.70/day), out of which 1867 occurred on the last day of the month (19.45/day). If the 28th, 29th, or 30th was not the last day of the month, 15.8, 20.6, and 22 times less thrombolytic treatments, respectively, were performed than on the last day of that month. CONCLUSION We propose that financial insecurity on the days prior to the receipt of a salary might play a role in the elevation of stroke incidence observed on the last day of the month in Hungary. Further analysis of this phenomenon and its psychosocial effects is needed to adequately allocate healthcare resources and to take preventive measures in the high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Folyovich
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Center, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Biczó
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Center, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Bajnok
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bessenyei
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Center, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Kis
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Center, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Gimesi-Országh
- Department of Strategic Analysis, National Health Insurance Fund, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna K Béres-Molnár
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Center, Szent János Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Toldi
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Larsen JR, Siersma VD, Davidsen AS, Waldorff FB, Reventlow S, de Fine Olivarius N. The excess mortality of patients with diabetes and concurrent psychiatric illness is markedly reduced by structured personal diabetes care: A 19-year follow up of the randomized controlled study Diabetes Care in General Practice (DCGP). Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016; 38:42-52. [PMID: 26602087 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of an intervention in Type 2 diabetic patients with concurrent psychiatric illness (PI) and compare this with the effectiveness in patients without PI. METHOD In the Diabetes Care in General Practice trial, 1381 patients newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes were randomized to 6 years of structured personal diabetes care or routine diabetes care (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01074762). In this observational post-hoc analysis, the effectiveness of the intervention for diabetes in 179 patients with concurrent PI was analyzed. RESULTS During the 19-year follow-up period, patients with PI in the structured personal care group experienced a lower risk for all-cause mortality [105.3 vs. 140.4 events per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio (HR): 0.63, P=0.023, multivariably adjusted], diabetes-related death (66.0 vs. 95.1; HR: 0.57, P=0.015), any diabetes-related endpoint (169.5 vs. 417.5; HR: 0.47, P=0.0009) and myocardial infarction (54.1 vs. 104.4; HR: 0.48, P=0.013), compared to patients with PI in the routine care group. This translates into a number needed to treat over 10 years of three or lower for these outcomes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in primary care, structured diabetes care allowing for individualization was highly effective among diabetic patients with co-occurring PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rask Larsen
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Volkert D Siersma
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette S Davidsen
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Frans B Waldorff
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Susanne Reventlow
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Niels de Fine Olivarius
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Walther A, Rice T, Kufert Y, Ehlert U. Neuroendocrinology of a Male-Specific Pattern for Depression Linked to Alcohol Use Disorder and Suicidal Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 28096796 PMCID: PMC5206577 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show low rates of diagnosed depression in men compared to women. At the same time, high rates of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and completed suicide are found among men. These data suggest that a male-specific pattern for depression may exist that is linked to AUDs and suicidal behavior. To date, no underlying neuroendocrine model for this specific pattern of male depression has been suggested. In this paper, we integrate findings related to this specific pattern of depression with underlying steroid secretion patterns, polymorphisms, and methylation profiles of key genes in order to detail an original neuroendocrine model of male-specific depression. Low circulating levels of sex steroids seem to increase the vulnerability for male depression, while concomitant high levels of glucocorticoids further intensify this vulnerability. Interactions of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis-related hormones seem to be highly relevant for a male-specific pattern of depression linked to AUDs and suicidal behavior. Moreover, genetic variants and the epigenetic profiles of the androgen receptor gene, well-known depression related genes, and HPA axis-related genes were shown to further interact with men's steroid secretion and thus may further contribute to the proposed male-specific pattern for depression. This mini-review points out the multilevel interactions between the HPG and HPA axis for a male-specific pattern of depression linked to AUDs and suicidal behavior. An integration of multilevel interactions within the three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Timothy Rice
- Department of Psychiatry - Child and Adolescent Inpatient Service, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Yael Kufert
- Department of Psychiatry - Child and Adolescent Inpatient Service, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Sharifi V, Eaton WW, Wu LT, Roth KB, Burchett BM, Mojtabai R. Psychotic experiences and risk of death in the general population: 24-27 year follow-up of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207:30-6. [PMID: 25953893 PMCID: PMC4486819 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic experiences are common in the general population and are associated with adverse psychiatric and social outcomes, even in the absence of a psychotic disorder. AIMS To examine the association between psychotic experiences and mortality over a 24-27 year period. METHOD We used data on 15 049 adult participants from four sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area baseline survey in the USA in the early 1980s, linked to the National Death Index and other sources of vital status up until 2007. Psychotic experiences were assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS Lifetime psychotic experiences at baseline (n = 855; weighted prevalence, 5.5%) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality at follow-up after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia spectrum disorders (P<0.05). Baseline psychotic experiences were associated with over 5 years' shorter median survival time. Among the underlying causes of death, suicide had a particularly high hazard ratio (9.16, 95% CI 3.19-26.29). CONCLUSIONS Future research needs to explore the association of psychotic experiences with physical health and lifestyle factors that may mediate the relationship of psychotic experiences with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandad Sharifi
- Vandad Sharifi, MD, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; William W. Eaton, PhD, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Li Tzy Wu, ScD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Kimberly B. Roth, MHS, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Bruce M. Burchett, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Ramin Mojtabai, MD, PhD, MPH, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Aldwin CM, Jeong YJ, Igarashi H, Choun S, Spiro A. Do hassles mediate between life events and mortality in older men? Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. Exp Gerontol 2014; 59:74-80. [PMID: 24995936 PMCID: PMC4253863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether hassles mediated the effect of life events on mortality in a sample of 1293 men (Mage=65.58, SD=7.01), participants in the VA Normative Aging Study. We utilized measures of stressful life events (SLE) and hassles from 1989 to 2004, and men were followed for mortality until 2010. For life events and hassles, previous research identified three and four patterns of change over time, respectively, generally indicating low, moderate, and high trajectories, with one moderate, non-linear pattern for hassles (shallow U curve). Controlling for demographics and health behaviors, we found that those with moderate SLE trajectories (38%) more likely to die than those with low SLE trajectories, HR=1.42, 95% CI [1.16, 3.45]. Including the hassles classes showed that those with the moderate non-linear hassles trajectory were 63% more likely to die than those with low hassles trajectory, HR=1.63, 95% CI [1.19, 2.23], while those with consistently high hassles trajectory were over 3 times more likely to die, HR=3.30, 95% CI [1.58, 6.89]. However, the HR for moderate SLE trajectory decreased only slightly to 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.68], suggesting that the two types of stress have largely independent effects on mortality. Research is needed to determine the physiological and behavioral pathways through which SLE and hassles differentially affect mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Avron Spiro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, United States
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Konkolÿ Thege B, Rafael B, Rohánszky M. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional health locus of control scale form C in a non-Western culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107108. [PMID: 25202967 PMCID: PMC4159290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales (MHLC-C) was designed to investigate health-related control beliefs of persons with an existing medical condition. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of this instrument in a culture characterized by external control beliefs and learned helplessness—contrary to the societal context of original test development. Altogether, 374 Hungarian patients with cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders were enrolled in the study. Besides the MHLC-C, instruments measuring general control beliefs, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and health behaviors were also administered to evaluate the validity of the scale. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic techniques were used to investigate the factor structure of the scale. Our results showed that the Hungarian adaptation of the instrument had a slightly different structure than the one originally hypothesized: in the present sample, a three-factor structure emerged where the items of the Doctors and the Others subscales loaded onto a single common component. Internal reliability of all three subscales was adequate (alphas between .71 and .79). Data concerning the instrument's validity were comparable with previous results from Western countries. These findings may suggest that health locus of control can be construed very similarly to Western countries even in a post-communist society—regardless of the potential differences in general control beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Konkolÿ Thege
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Firebird Foundation, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatrix Rafael
- Psychiatric Clinic, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Special Hospital of Chest Illnesses, Deszk, Hungary
| | - Magda Rohánszky
- Firebird Foundation, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology, Szent László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
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Slezak P, Puzserova A, Balis P, Sestakova N, Majzunova M, Dovinova I, Kluknavsky M, Bernatova I. Genotype-related effect of crowding stress on blood pressure and vascular function in young female rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:413629. [PMID: 24729972 PMCID: PMC3963217 DOI: 10.1155/2014/413629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of chronic crowding stress on nitric oxide (NO) production, vascular function and oxidative status in young Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), borderline hypertensive (BHR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) female rats. Five-week old rats were exposed to crowding for two weeks. Crowding elevated plasma corticosterone (P<0.05) and accelerated BP (P<0.01 versus basal) only in BHR. NO production and superoxide concentration were significantly higher in the aortas of control BHR and SHR versus WKY. Total acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in the femoral artery was reduced in control SHR versus WKY and BHR, and stress did not affect it significantly in any genotype. The attenuation of ACh-induced relaxation in SHR versus WKY was associated with reduction of its NO-independent component. Crowding elevated NO production in all strains investigated but superoxide concentration was increased only in WKY, which resulted in reduced NO-dependent relaxation in WKY. In crowded BHR and SHR, superoxide concentration was either unchanged or reduced, respectively, but NO-dependent relaxation was unchanged in both BHR and SHR versus their respective control group. This study points to genotype-related differences in stress vulnerability in young female rats. The most pronounced negative influence of stress was observed in BHR despite preserved endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Slezak
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Angelika Puzserova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Balis
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natalia Sestakova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Majzunova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ima Dovinova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Kluknavsky
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Abstract
Abstract
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Székely A, Konkolÿ Thege B, Mergl R, Birkás E, Rózsa S, Purebl G, Hegerl U. How to decrease suicide rates in both genders? An effectiveness study of a community-based intervention (EAAD). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75081. [PMID: 24086443 PMCID: PMC3781024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The suicide rate in Hungary is high in international comparison. The two-year community-based four-level intervention programme of the European Alliance Against Depression (EAAD) is designed to improve the care of depression and to prevent suicidal behaviour. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a regional community-based four-level suicide prevention programme on suicide rates. Method The EAAD programme was implemented in Szolnok (population 76,311), a town in a region of Hungary with an exceptionally high suicide rate. Effectiveness was assessed by comparing changes in suicide rates in the intervention region after the intervention started with changes in national suicide rates and those in a control region (Szeged) in the corresponding period. Results For the duration of the programme and the follow-up year, suicide rates in Szolnok were significantly lower than the average of the previous three years (p = .0076). The suicide rate thus went down from 30.1 per 100,000 in 2004 to 13.2 in 2005 (−56.1 %), 14.6 in 2006 (−51.4 %) and 12.0 in 2007 (−60.1 %). This decrease of annual suicide rates in Szolnok after the onset of the intervention was significantly stronger than that observed in the whole country (p = .017) and in the control region (p = .0015). Men had the same decrease in suicide rates as women. As secondary outcome, an increase of emergency calls to the hotline service (200%) and outpatient visits at the local psychiatry clinic (76%) was found. Conclusions These results seem to provide further support for the effectiveness of the EAAD concept. Whilst the majority of suicide prevention programs mainly affect female suicidal behaviour, this programme seems to be beneficial for both sexes. The sustainability and the role of the mediating factors (social service and health care utilization, community attitudes about suicide) should be key points in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Székely
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Barna Konkolÿ Thege
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Roland Mergl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AoR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma Birkás
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Rózsa
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Purebl
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AoR, Leipzig, Germany
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Obesity and african americans: physiologic and behavioral pathways. ISRN OBESITY 2013; 2013:314295. [PMID: 24533220 PMCID: PMC3901988 DOI: 10.1155/2013/314295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although progress has been made to understand the association between physiological and lifestyle behaviors with regard to obesity, ethnic differences in markers of obesity and pathways towards obesity remain somewhat unexplained. However, obesity remains a serious growing concern. This paper highlights ethnic differences in African Americans and Caucasians that may contribute to the higher prevalence of obesity among African Americans. Understanding ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome criteria, functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, variations in glucocorticoid sensitivity and insulin resistance, and physical activity and cardiovascular fitness levels may help to inform practical clinical and public health interventions and reduce obesity disparities.
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Co-occurrence of diabetes and depression: conceptual considerations for an emerging global health challenge. J Affect Disord 2012; 142 Suppl:S56-66. [PMID: 23062858 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(12)70009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the relationships between diabetes and depression may enhance programs to reduce their individual and shared disease burden. METHODS This paper discusses relationships between diabetes and depression, the range of influences on each, conceptual issues central to their definition, and interventions including comprehensive, population approaches to their prevention and management. Foundational and exemplary literature was identified by the writing team according to their areas of expertise. RESULTS Diabetes and depression influence each other while sharing a broad range of biological, psychological, socioeconomic and cultural determinants. They may be viewed as: (a) distinct but sometimes comorbid entities, (b) dimensions, (c) parts of broader categories, e.g., metabolic/cardiovascular abnormalities or negative emotions, or (d) integrated so that comprehensive treatment of diabetes includes depression or negative emotions, and that of depression routinely considers possible diabetes or other chronic diseases. LIMITATIONS The choice of literature relied primarily on the authors' knowledge of the issues addressed. Some important perspectives and research may have been overlooked. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Collaboration among primary care and specialist clinicians as well as program and public health managers should reflect the commonalities among diabetes, depression, and other chronic mental and physical disorders. Interventions should include integrated clinical care and self-management programs along with population approaches to prevention and management. Self management and problem solving may provide a coherent framework for integrating the diverse tasks and objectives of those living with diabetes and depression or many other varieties of multi-morbidity.
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Pikó B, Piczil M. [Study of stress, coping and psychosomatic health among baccalaureate nurses-to-be]. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:1225-33. [PMID: 22846491 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress is a risk factor that may endanger our quality of life and health. Certain occupational groups are particularly concerned, such as health care workers. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the stress load and coping strategies of nurses as well as their psychosomatic health. METHOD The questionnaire survey was performed at the University of Szeged. The sample consisted of 208 nursing students (136 part-time and 72 full-time students). The self-completed questionnaire included items of psychosomatic symptoms, coping strategies and stress load. RESULTS Persons characterized by high level of stress and more frequent psychosomatic symptoms tended to use inadaptive ways of coping more often; whereas those with a relatively lower stress level and fewer symptoms were not characterized by a more frequent use of active ways of coping but instead a lack of the inadaptive coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that vulnerability of the would-be baccalaureate nurses in this sample was especially high because they even used less effectively the ways of coping that otherwise aimed at both problem solving and maintaining their own health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pikó
- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Magatartástudományi Intézet Szeged Szentháromság.
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Costa-Font J, Hernández-Quevedo C. Measuring inequalities in health: what do we know? What do we need to know? Health Policy 2012; 106:195-206. [PMID: 22607941 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We argue that policy analysis aiming at curving inequalities in health calls for a better understanding of what we know about its measurement pathways. Assuming that health is a good that individuals trade off against other goods, unavoidable health inequalities result when after controlling for unavoidable factors (e.g., age and gender), differences in socioeconomic status of an individual systemically engender differences in health outcomes. However, the measurement of such inequality and underpinning reasons behind are not suggestive of a clear picture. In reviewing the literature, we conclude that it is unclear what the evidence suggests about the reasons for health inequalities as well as the best possible instruments to measure both inequality and socioeconomic health gradients. We provide an evaluation of the different sources of health inequity and we draw upon measurement issues and their policy significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Costa-Font
- London School of Economics, Health and Social Care, London, UK.
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Tolmay CM, Malan L, van Rooyen JM. The relationship between cortisol, C-reactive protein and hypertension in African and Causcasian women: the POWIRS study. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23:78-84. [PMID: 22447476 PMCID: PMC3721929 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2011-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the roles that C-reactive protein (CRP) and other risk factors such as cortisol and obesity play in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in African and Caucasian women has become increasingly imperative when one considers the prevalence of hypertension in these groups. CRP and cortisol have been associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension and obesity. Cortisol has also been linked with both hypertension and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response. African women have previously presented with an increased vascular reactivity. Conversely, Caucasian women have displayed an increased central cardiac reactivity. We included African (n = 102) and Caucasian (n = 115) women in the study, matched for age and body mass index. Elevated CRP levels were observed in African women compared to Caucasian women. A trend of hypocortisolism was exhibited in both hypertensive ethnic groups. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a vascular marker, arterial compliance (Cw), predicted hypertension in African women. Conversely, in Caucasian women, only SBP predicted hypertension. These results suggest the apparently diverse roles that dysregulation by the HPA axis, in conjunction with the respective cardiac and vascular responses in both Caucasian and African women, can play in future cardiovascular risk for these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Tolmay
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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39
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A challenging epigenetic message: telomerase activity is associated with complex changes in lifestyle. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:1079-83. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Aldwin CM, Molitor NT, Avron S, Levenson MR, Molitor J, Igarashi H. Do Stress Trajectories Predict Mortality in Older Men? Longitudinal Findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:896109. [PMID: 21961066 PMCID: PMC3180855 DOI: 10.4061/2011/896109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined long-term patterns of stressful life events (SLE) and their impact on mortality contrasting two theoretical models: allostatic load (linear relationship) and hormesis (inverted U relationship) in 1443 NAS men (aged 41-87 in 1985; M = 60.30, SD = 7.3) with at least two reports of SLEs over 18 years (total observations = 7,634). Using a zero-inflated Poisson growth mixture model, we identified four patterns of SLE trajectories, three showing linear decreases over time with low, medium, and high intercepts, respectively, and one an inverted U, peaking at age 70. Repeating the analysis omitting two health-related SLEs yielded only the first three linear patterns. Compared to the low-stress group, both the moderate and the high-stress groups showed excess mortality, controlling for demographics and health behavior habits, HRs = 1.42 and 1.37, ps <.01 and <.05. The relationship between stress trajectories and mortality was complex and not easily explained by either theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Aldwin
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nuoo-Ting Molitor
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Spiro Avron
- Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System (151MAV), 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, 715 Albany Street T 3E, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael R. Levenson
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - John Molitor
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Heidi Igarashi
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Simon K, Dobó E, Szépvölgyi A, Szalczer E, Kazup S, Papp L, Varga E. [Questions in diabetology to be elucidated]. Orv Hetil 2011; 152:1353-61. [PMID: 21835741 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2011.29169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the management of cardiovascular diseases, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases is increasing both in developed and developing world. This phenomenon is associated with the worldwide pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes; both are related to the life style of urbanization. The association between life conduct of civilization and chronic stress resulting in augmentation of cardiovascular risk is detailed. Therapeutic policy practiced nowadays (polypill administration, achieving target values) in order to reduce cardiovascular risk is criticized. Primary causal role of chronic stress and life style, and secondary resultant nature of cardiovascular risk factors are stressed out in the pathogenesis of increased cardiovascular risk; therefore, limited value of an approach focusing on the management of cardiovascular risk factors, instead of targeting the primary cause, i.e. chronic stress and life conduct is emphasized. A short account is given about the similarities and dissimilarities in the pathogenesis of macro- and microangiopathy. The primary causal role of chronic stress in fetal and adult diabetes, furthermore possible triggers evoking chronic stress is discussed. Supportive experimental and clinical data are reported about the nature of basic metabolic dysregulation (dysmetabolism) in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Besides the well documented significance of ischemic clinical manifestations of diabetes, the role of non-ischemic diabetic cardiomyopathy as an independent risk factor in evoking the total burden of cardiovascular risk in diabetes is emphasized. In reducing the cardiovascular risk in diabetics the management of high blood pressure and dyslipidemia is more effective compared to that of hyperglycemia. Besides managing cardiovascular risk factors, the successful treatment of dysmetabolism is importantly needed to eliminate the total excessive cardiovascular risk in diabetes. In order to achieve this goal the potential role of metabolic promoters is stressed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Simon
- Siófok Város Kórház-Rendelőintézete, Belgyógyászati Osztály, Siófok.
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Shivpuri S, Gallo LC, Crouse JR, Allison MA. The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: does gender make a difference? J Behav Med 2011; 35:74-85. [PMID: 21503709 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-011-9345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine how chronic stress in major life domains [relationship, work, sympathetic-caregiving, financial] relates to CVD risk, operationalized using the inflammatory marker C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and whether gender differences exist. Participants were 6,583 individuals aged 45-84 years, recruited as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Demographic and behavioral factors, health history, and chronic stress were self-reported. CRP was obtained through venous blood draw. In aggregate, gender by chronic stress interaction effects accounted for a significant, albeit small, amount of variance in CRP (P < .01). The sympathetic-caregiving stress by gender interaction was significant (P < .01); the work stress by gender effect approached significance (P = .05). Women with sympathetic-caregiving stress had higher CRP than those without, whereas no difference in CRP by stress group was observed for men. Findings underscore the importance of considering gender as an effect modifier in analyses of stress-CVD risk relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shivpuri
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego, 9245 Sky Park Ct., San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Drinking Motives among Spanish and Hungarian Young Adults: A Cross-National Study. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:261-9. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Talala KM, Huurre TM, Laatikainen TKM, Martelin TP, Ostamo AI, Prättälä RS. The contribution of psychological distress to socio-economic differences in cause-specific mortality: a population-based follow-up of 28 years. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:138. [PMID: 21356041 PMCID: PMC3053248 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological factors associated with low social status have been proposed as one possible explanation for the socio-economic gradient in health. The aim of this study is to explore whether different indicators of psychological distress contribute to socio-economic differences in cause-specific mortality. METHODS The data source is a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional survey, "Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population" (AVTK). The survey results were linked with socio-economic register data from Statistics Finland (from the years 1979-2002) and mortality follow-up data up to 2006 from the Finnish National Cause of Death Register. The data included 32,451 men and 35,420 women (response rate 73.5%). Self-reported measures of depression, insomnia and stress were used as indicators of psychological distress. Socio-economic factors included education, employment status and household income. Mortality data consisted of unnatural causes of death (suicide, accidents and violence, and alcohol-related mortality) and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using the Cox regression model. RESULTS In unnatural mortality, psychological distress accounted for some of the employment status (11-31%) and income level (4-16%) differences among both men and women, and for the differences related to the educational level (5-12%) among men; the educational level was associated statistically significantly with unnatural mortality only among men. Psychological distress had minor or no contribution to socio-economic differences in CHD mortality. CONCLUSIONS Psychological distress partly accounted for socio-economic disparities in unnatural mortality. Further studies are needed to explore the role and mechanisms of psychological distress associated with socio-economic differences in cause-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M Talala
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
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Kopp MS, Skrabski Á, László KD, Janszky I. Gender Patterns of Socioeconomic Differences in Premature Mortality: Follow-up of the Hungarian Epidemiological Panel. Int J Behav Med 2010; 18:22-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-010-9126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Puzserova A, Bernatova I. Chronic social stress increases nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in normotensive rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2010; 3:109-17. [PMID: 21331175 PMCID: PMC3035566 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine oxidative load and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the serotonin pre-constricted femoral artery (FA) of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exposed to chronic social stress produced by crowding in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid (AsA) in working solution. Adult male rats were randomly divided into control (living space: 480 cm(2)/rat) or stressed (living space: 200 cm(2)/rat) groups for 8 weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate, determined using tail-cuff plethysmography, were not influenced by stress vs. control. Conjugated dienes (CD) and concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in the left ventricle and liver (for assessment of oxidative load) and were found unchanged by chronic crowding. The nitric oxide (NO)-dependent component of endothelium-dependent relaxation was investigated in the FA using a wire myograph. In both the presence and absence of AsA, acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the FA of stressed rats significantly exceeded that of the controls, which was associated with an increase of the NO-dependent component. In conclusion, the data showed that chronic crowding did not produce oxidative stress in the organs investigated and indicate that elevation of NO production during chronic stress is an important way of adaptation, which may prevent normotensive rats from the development of stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Puzserova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Kopp MS, Thege BK, Balog P, Stauder A, Salavecz G, Rózsa S, Purebl G, Adám S. Measures of stress in epidemiological research. J Psychosom Res 2010; 69:211-25. [PMID: 20624521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive assessment of psychosocial stress often poses significant challenges due to diversity in conceptualization of stress. Consequently, a number of instruments that measure psychosocial stress, its stressors, and its impact at the individual, organizational, and societal levels have been developed. This article aims to provide a brief review of such instruments, focusing on established questionnaire and interview measures in line with the environmentalist and psychological conceptualizations of stress. This includes measures of major life events; work, marital, and social stress; the individual's coping abilities; and psychological and somatic outcomes of stress. We provide a general description of selected instruments and discuss their administration, scoring, and psychometric properties. Appropriate application of these instruments in epidemiological and clinical research, as well as in inpatient care, can aid the detection of psychosocial stress, support thorough assessment and management of the individual's illness, and ensure accurate identification of individuals who would benefit from specific behavioral (psychotherapeutic) interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária S Kopp
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Holmes ME, Ekkekakis P, Eisenmann JC. The physical activity, stress and metabolic syndrome triangle: a guide to unfamiliar territory for the obesity researcher. Obes Rev 2010; 11:492-507. [PMID: 19895413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research aimed at deciphering the aetiology of obesity and the metabolic syndrome remains focused on two behavioural factors, namely diet and physical activity, even though epidemiologic research suggests that these two cornerstones of treatment and prevention account for only a small-to-moderate portion of the variance in these phenotypes. In recent years, this observation has prompted the intensified investigation of the pathogenic potential of factors that extend beyond the traditional concept of energy imbalance and examine the putative causes of this imbalance. Psychosocial stress has emerged as one such factor, raising the need for researchers to be informed about this expansive and complex literature. The purpose of this review is twofold (i) To introduce obesity researchers to fundamental concepts and historically important theoretical developments in the stress field and (ii) To outline the dyadic and triadic interactions between stress, physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. Although the expansion of the research focus to multiple, diverse and interacting putative causal agents will certainly increase the complexity of the research enterprise, this step seems essential for the comprehension and effective response to the continuing rise in the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Physical Activity and Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
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Psychosocial factors of coronary heart disease and quality of life among Roma coronary patients: a study matched by socioeconomic position. Int J Public Health 2010; 55:373-80. [PMID: 20473546 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-010-0153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess whether psychosocial factors and health-related quality of life (HRQL) differ between Roma and non-Roma coronary patients and to what degree socioeconomic status (SES) explains these differences. METHODS We included 138 patients out of 437 interviewed: 46 Roma, all with low SES, 46 non-Roma with low SES, and 46 non-Roma with high SES. Groups were matched for age, gender and education. The GHQ-28 was used for measuring psychological well-being, the Maastricht interview for vital exhaustion, the type D questionnaire and the Cook-Medley scale for personality and the SF-36 for HRQL. SES was indicated by income and education, and disease severity by ejection fraction. ANOVA and linear regression were used. RESULTS Roma scored poorly compared to non-Roma in psychological well-being, vital exhaustion and HRQL (p ≤ 0.001); however, these differences could be to a substantial extent explained by SES. With regard to personality traits, ethnicity and SES played a less significant role. CONCLUSIONS The adverse quality of life among Roma coronary patients may warrant additional care, which should target their low SES but also other factors related to their ethnic background, such as culture and living conditions.
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Dzúrová D, Spilková J, Pikhart H. Social inequalities in alcohol consumption in the Czech Republic: a multilevel analysis. Health Place 2010; 16:590-7. [PMID: 20149713 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Czech Republic traditionally ranks among the countries with the highest alcohol, consumption. This paper examines both risk and protective factors for frequent of alcohol, consumption in the Czech population using multilevel analysis. Risk factors were measured at the, individual level and at the area level. The individual-level data were obtained from a survey for a, sample of 3526 respondents aged 18-64 years. The area-level data were obtained from the Czech, Statistical Office. The group most inclinable to risk alcohol consumption and binge drinking are mainly, men, who live as single, with low education and also unemployed. Only the variable for divorce rate, showed statistical significance at both levels, thus the individual and the aggregated one. No cross-level interactions were found to be statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Dzúrová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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