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Wen H, Yang C, Shang T, Pang Y. Electrophysiological and behavioral differences of general and food-specific inhibitory control in people with different levels of intuitive eating. Appetite 2024; 199:107402. [PMID: 38754767 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Intuitive eating influences health-related behaviors (including calorie and nutritional intake) that are modulated by inhibitory control, producing implications for physical, mental, and emotional health. However, little is known about the relationship between intuitive eating habits and inhibitory control. Therefore, we tested intuitive eating's influence on measures of general and food-related inhibitory control using behavioral and event-related potentials (N2 and P3 components). We included 40 healthy participants: 23 had a higher level of intuitive eating, and 17 had a lower level. They participated in food-specific go/no-go and general go/no-go tasks for which we recorded electroencephalogram data. As expected, in the food-specific go/no-go task, the P3 component amplitude in the lower intuitive eating group was significantly larger than in the higher intuitive eating group; there were no significant between-group differences in the N2 amplitudes or behavioral measures. Moreover, there were no ERP or behavioral difference between groups in the general go/no-go task. Further research is needed to understand the role of positive eating behaviors in food-specific inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyan Wen
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Tianzhan Shang
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yazhi Pang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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2
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Wittleder S, Reinelt T, Milanowski L, Viglione C, Jay M, Oettingen G. Testing Go/No-Go training effects on implicit evaluations of unhealthy and healthy snack foods. Psychol Health 2024; 39:573-593. [PMID: 35946400 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite intending to eat healthy foods, people often yield to temptation. In environments rife with unhealthy food options, a positive implicit evaluation of unhealthy foods may inadvertently influence unhealthy choices. This study investigates if and under which conditions implicit evaluations of unhealthy and healthy foods can be influenced by a computer-based Go/No-Go (GNG) training. DESIGN Undergraduate student participants (N = 161 participants; 117 females, 44 males; Mage = 19 years, SD = 2 years) completed a GNG training with two healthy (grape and nut) and two unhealthy (potato chip and cookie) stimuli. Participants were either instructed to inhibit their responses to the potato chip (No-Go Chips/Go Grape) or to a grape (No-Go Grape/Go Chips). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Implicit evaluations of chips and grapes were assessed using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. RESULTS This GNG training impacted implicit evaluations of chips, but not grapes. GNG training effects were stronger for participants with lower sensitivity for behavioural inhibition measured with the Behavioural Inhibition System scale. CONCLUSION GNG training might help people change implicit food evaluations. More research is needed to understand how individual and training characteristics affect outcomes with the goal of tailoring and optimising the GNG training to produce the strongest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilman Reinelt
- Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Center for Neurodevelopment, Growth, and Nutrition of the Newborn, Department of Neonatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luiça Milanowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clare Viglione
- UC San Diego Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, San Diego University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Jay
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Response inhibition training as an intervention to modify liking and wanting for foods based on energy density: a proof of concept study. J Behav Med 2024; 47:271-281. [PMID: 37814036 PMCID: PMC10944450 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of energy-dense, processed foods has been implicated as a salient feature of the modern 'obesogenic' environment. Cognitive strategies, such as response inhibition training, have been demonstrated to reduce the hedonic value of such foods in previous studies. However, this effect has generally been inconsistent or heterogenous, depending on the outcome measure, characteristics of the sample, and the specificity of food stimuli. Characterising the extent of generalised effects may help define the application of this type of intervention in natural settings. A repeated-measures, proof-of-concept study, using mobile app-based response inhibition training (RIT) versus a control app-based activity (N = 25), was undertaken to establish the valid application of a food reward measure to assess intervention efficacy. Liking (i.e., affect) and wanting (i.e., motivation) for food stimuli categorised by energy density were taken concurrently pre- and post-training. A statistically significant reduction in explicit liking, but not implicit wanting, for foods irrespective of their energy density was observed during the RIT app-based training session relative to the control (p = .041, ηp2 = .16). However, effect sizes associated with devaluation of energy-dense relative to low calorie food stimuli, although non-significant, were higher when measured as implicitly wanting (p = .098, ηp2 = .11) than explicit liking (p = .756, ηp2 = .00). Trends in explicit stimulus evaluations were empirically discordant from implicit evaluations for low calorie foods in particular. Additional research is needed to investigate whether these trends are reproducible with larger samples, trained and novel food stimuli in outcome measures, and more comprehensive training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
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4
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McGreen J, Kemps E, Tiggemann M. The effectiveness of Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training in reducing food consumption and choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2024; 195:107215. [PMID: 38309625 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal tasks have been used to reduce excess food intake via repeated pairing of food cues with response inhibition. A meta analysis of 32 studies was conducted to determine whether, and under which conditions, the Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training tasks are effective in reducing food consumption or choice. Moderators included task parameters (e.g., number of sessions, stop signal), sample differences (e.g., age, weight), and the measure of food consumption or choice. Overall, there was a small effect for Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training in reducing food consumption or choice, g = -0.21, CI95 = [-0.31, -0.11], p < .001, with this holding individually only for a single session of the Go/No-Go Task, g = -0.31, CI95 = [-0.45, -0.18], p < .001. Comprehensive investigation of the impact of varying moderators indicated that the effect for Go/No-Go training was robust. Nevertheless, there was significant variation in the specific parameters of the task. Overall, the present meta-analysis extends previous findings by providing comprehensive evidence that the Go/No-Go Task is effective in reducing food consumption and choice, as well as providing optimal parameter recommendations for the task.
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5
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Berebbi S, Naftalovich H, Weinbach N, Kalanthroff E. Fostering positive attitudes toward food in individuals with restrained eating: the impact of flexible food-related inhibition. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:41. [PMID: 38509611 PMCID: PMC10956199 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals exhibiting restrained eating behaviors demonstrate increased inhibitory control when exposed to food-related stimuli, indicating the presence of an automatic food-inhibition association. Existing literature proposes that this association contributes to the devaluation of food within this population. Efforts to disrupt this association by promoting the complete elimination of the inhibition of food responses have resulted in increased food consumption but have also led to heightened food-related anxiety in individuals with restrained eating behaviors. In the current investigation, we investigated whether a novel flexible food response/inhibition computerized task could yield favorable changes in attitudes toward food in individuals with restrained eating. We randomly assigned 78 females who engage in restrained eating to one of three training groups. In the flexible response/inhibition group, participants were instructed to equally inhibit or respond to food stimuli. In the response group, participants consistently responded to food stimuli, while in the inhibition group, participants consistently inhibited their response to food cues. Implicit attitudes toward food were assessed both before and after the manipulation. To examine the stability of the effect of the training, participants also engaged in a seemingly unrelated bogus taste test. Our results revealed that only the flexible response/inhibition group demonstrated a significant improvement in positive attitudes toward high-calorie foods after eating, while there were no observable changes in negative attitudes among the other two groups. These findings suggest that promoting a balance between the responding and inhibiting responses to food stimuli can increase positive attitudes toward food amongst individuals with restrained eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Berebbi
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hadar Naftalovich
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Weinbach
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Can smartphone-based response inhibition training elicit sustained changes in appetite, preference, and cravings for energy-dense foods? A free-living randomized controlled trial. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:165-184. [PMID: 37704590 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-specific response inhibition training has been implemented as a strategy to modify food choices and reward-related eating behaviours, but short-term studies have produced equivocal findings. OBJECTIVE To longitudinally assess the effect of a smartphone-based response inhibition intervention on food reward, hedonic eating drive, and cravings in a free-living setting. METHODS 84 adults (Mage = 30.49, SDage = 13.01, 52 female) with high responsivity to food cues or overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to a response inhibition training intervention (n = 45) or a control game (n = 39) at home during a training week, followed by a week with no training. Primary analyses compared groups on measures of explicit liking and implicit wanting for food of different energy densities, food cravings, and reward-related eating throughout this two-week period. RESULTS A reduction was observed in explicit liking and implicit wanting for energy-dense foods from baseline to post-training independent of condition (ps < .001). These changes from baseline were sustained after a 1-week latency period, also independent of condition (ps < .001). These effects coincided with similar observations of hedonic eating drive, tonic cravings, and control over cravings during the observation period (ps < .01). CONCLUSIONS Although significant reductions in reward-related appetite were observed, free-living response inhibition training did not offer additional benefit over a control activity. Future intervention studies with observable food intake are needed to investigate which appetitive mechanisms most reliably predict eating behaviour over time. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered with ANZCTR [ACTRN12622001502729].
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie J White
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ostende MMVDH, Schwarz U, Gawrilow C, Kaup B, Svaldi J. Practice makes perfect: Restrained eaters' heightened control for food images. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024; 32:90-98. [PMID: 37612812 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restrained eaters (RE) show behaviourally unregulated food intake, which is often explained by a deficit in inhibitory control. Despite evidence for general inhibitory deficits in RE, it remains unclear how the variety of (food) cues in our environment can influence cognitive control. METHOD In this re-analysis, we explored the inhibitory capacity of RE and unrestrained eaters (URE) on a stop-signal task with modal (pictures) and amodal (word) food and non-food stimuli. RESULTS Although we did not find the expected inhibitory deficits in RE compared to URE, we found a significant Group × Modality × Stimulus Type interaction. This indicated that RE have relatively good inhibitory control for food, compared to non-food modal cues, and that this relationship is reversed for amodal cues. CONCLUSIONS Hence, we showed differential processing of information based on food-specificity and presentation format in RE. The format of food cues is thus an important new avenue to understand how the food environment impedes those struggling with regulating their eating behaviour.
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Yokum S, Stice E. Relation of BOLD response to food-specific and generic motor response inhibition tasks to body fat gain in adults with overweight and obesity. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114206. [PMID: 37094746 PMCID: PMC10205669 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low inhibitory control has been theorized to contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Knowledge on the neurobiological indicators of inhibitory control deficits predicting future weight gain is limited. The current study examined if individual differences in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activity associated with food-specific and general motor response inhibition predict future body fat change in adults with overweight or obesity. METHODS BOLD activity and behavioral responses of adults with overweight or obesity (N = 160) were recorded while performing a food-specific stop signal task (n = 92) or a generic stop signal task (n = 68). Percent body fat was measured at baseline, posttest, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Elevated BOLD activity in somatosensory (postcentral gyrus), and attention (precuneus) regions during successful inhibition in the food-specific stop signal task and elevated BOLD activity in a motor region (anterior cerebellar lobe) in the generic stop signal task predicted greater body fat gain over 6-month follow-up. Elevated BOLD activity in inhibitory control regions (inferior-, middle-, superior frontal gyri) and error monitoring regions (anterior cingulate cortex, insula) during erroneous responses in the generic stop signal task predicted body fat loss. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that improving motor response inhibition and error monitoring may facilitate weight loss in adults with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, 3800 Sports Way, Springfield OR 97477, USA.
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford CA 94305, USA
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9
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Najberg H, Mouthon M, Coppin G, Spierer L. Reduction in sugar drink valuation and consumption with gamified executive control training. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10659. [PMID: 37391448 PMCID: PMC10313656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The overvaluation of high-energy, palatable food cues contributes to unhealthy eating and being overweight. Reducing the valuation of unhealthy food may thus constitute a powerful lever to improve eating habits and conditions characterized by unhealthy eating. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized intervention trial assessing the efficacy of a five to twenty days online cognitive training intervention to reduce sugary drink perceived palatability and consumption. Our intervention involved a recently identified action-to-valuation mechanism of action, in which the repeated inhibition of prepotent motor responses to hedonic food cues in a Go/NoGo (GNG) and an attentional bias modification (ABM) task eventually reduces their valuation and intake. Confirming our hypotheses, the experimental intervention with consistent (100%) mapping between motor inhibition and the targeted unhealthy sugary drinks cues induced a larger decrease in their valuation than the control intervention with inconsistent (50%) mapping (- 27.6% vs. - 19%), and a larger increase of the (water) items associated with response execution (+ 11% vs + 4.2%). Exploratory analyses suggest that the effect of training on unhealthy items valuation may persist for at least one month. Against our hypothesis, we observed equivalent reductions in self-reported consumption of sugary drinks following the two interventions (exp: - 27% vs. ctrl: - 19%, BF01 = 4.7), suggesting a dose-independent effect of motor inhibition on self-reported consumption. Our collective results corroborate the robustness and large size of the devaluation effects induced by response inhibition on palatable items, but challenge the assumption of a linear relationship between such effects and the actual consumption of the target items. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 30/03/2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5ESMP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Najberg
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Coppin
- UniDistance Suisse, Schinerstrasse 18, 3900, Brigue, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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10
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McCurley JL, Buckholtz JW, Roberto CA, Levy DE, Anderson EM, Chang Y, Thorndike AN. The association of impulsivity with effects of the ChooseWell 365 workplace nudge intervention on diet and weight. Transl Behav Med 2023; 13:281-288. [PMID: 36548448 PMCID: PMC10182420 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with unhealthy food choices. Nudge interventions in the food environment may be particularly helpful for individuals with high impulsivity. To examine if trait, choice, and action impulsivity were associated with the effectiveness of a workplace-based nudge intervention to improve diet and weight. This was a planned secondary analysis of 487 participants of ChooseWell 365, a randomized controlled trial that tested a 12-month nudge intervention to improve cafeteria purchases among hospital employees. Trait impulsivity was measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Choice and action impulsivity were assessed with delay discounting and response inhibition tasks, respectively. Tertiles were generated for each measure. Multivariable regression models examined the association of impulsivity with cafeteria purchases [Healthy Purchasing Score (HPS)] over 12 months, dietary intake [Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) score], and body mass index (BMI) measured at 12 months. Interaction terms tested differences in intervention effect by level of impulsivity. Participants with higher trait (p = .02) and choice (p < .001) impulsivity had lower baseline HPS than those with lower impulsivity. Employees of all impulsivity levels increased healthy eating, but higher trait impulsivity was associated with smaller increase in HPS over 12 months (p = .03). In the highest action impulsivity tertile, 12-month BMI increased less for intervention vs. control participants (0.3 vs. 0.5 kg/m2; p-interaction = .04). There were no interaction effects for trait or choice impulsivity. A workplace nudge intervention improved food choices among employees of all impulsivity levels and attenuated weight gain in those with higher action impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L McCurley
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Joshua W Buckholtz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Yuchiao Chang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anne N Thorndike
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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11
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Houben K. How does Go/No-Go training lead to food devaluation? Separating the effects of motor inhibition and response valence. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:763-776. [PMID: 37144522 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2208339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Palatable, unhealthy food stimuli can be devalued via Go/No-Go (GNG) training that consistently pairs such stimuli with motor inhibition. However, it remains unclear whether this devaluation is caused via learned associations with motor inhibition or via inferential learning based on the valence of emitted motor responses. The present research disentangles the effects of motor assignment and response valence in GNG training through task instructions. In two studies, chocolate stimuli were consistently paired with motor inhibition ("no-go") or with motor excitation ("go"). Task instructions indicated that no-go responses were negatively valenced ("do not take") and that go responses were positively valenced ("take"), or identified no-go responses as positively valenced ("keep") and go as negatively valenced ("throw away"). The results show an effect of response valence on chocolate evaluations, but no effect of motor assignment: Chocolate stimuli were consistently devalued following pairings with a negatively valenced response, regardless of whether this response entailed motor inhibition or excitation. These findings align best with an inferential account of GNG training, suggesting that devaluation effects critically depend on inferential processes regarding motor response valence. GNG training procedures may, therefore, be optimised by disambiguating the valence of go and no-go motor responses prior to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Houben
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Houben K, Aulbach M. Is there a difference between stopping and avoiding? A review of the mechanisms underlying Go/No-Go and Approach-Avoidance training for food choice. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Kirsten H, Dechant M, Gibbons H, Friehs MA. Tasting inhibition: A proof-of-concept study of the food stop-signal game. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 279:57-80. [PMID: 37661163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-Control is an important skill in everyday life when attention is automatically drawn toward certain stimuli. For instance, food stimuli automatically capture visual attention and are processed preferentially. Therefore, efficient response inhibition is crucial to refrain from careless overeating. In the present proof-of-concept study we use a novel adaptation of a previously evaluated Stop-Signal Game (SSG) to measure reactive, food-specific, response inhibition in healthy adults. We analyzed a sample of 83 participants (60 female, mean age=24.1, mean BMI=21.71kg/m2) split into three groups. In a gamified stop-signal task, participants navigated an avatar in an urban environment toward high-calorie food, low-calorie food, or non-food stimuli in go-trials and were asked to inhibit the approach reaction in stop-trials. Hunger, eating styles, food craving, and impulsivity were assessed via self-reports to investigate their relationship with (food-specific) response inhibition. Results showed that response inhibition (in terms of stop-signal reaction time, SSRT) did not differ between the high-calorie, low-calorie, and non-food SSG which might be explained by characteristics of the sample. However, impulsivity was positively correlated with SSRT in the low-calorie SSG, whereas food-craving and hunger were positively related to response inhibition in the high-calorie SSG. Future studies could build upon the food SSG to measure and train food-specific response inhibition in the treatment of overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kirsten
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Dechant
- ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany; UCLIC, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maximilian Achim Friehs
- School of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Law, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Lise-Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Psychology of Conflict, Risk, and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
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Forman EM, Butryn ML, Chwyl C, Crane MM, Dart H, Hagerman CJ, Manasse SM, Onu M, Sun J, Veling H, Zhang F. Gamification and neurotraining to engage men in behavioral weight loss: Protocol for a factorial randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 124:107010. [PMID: 36396065 PMCID: PMC9839628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 70% of men are overweight, and most desire weight loss; however, men are profoundly underrepresented in weight loss programs. Gamification represents a novel approach to engaging men and may enhance efficacy through two means: (1) game-based elements (e.g., streaks, badges, team-based competition) to motivate weight control behaviors and (2) arcade-style "neurotraining" to enhance neurocognitive capacities to resist the temptation of unhealthy foods and more automatically select healthy foods. This study will use a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine the independent and combinatory efficacy of gamification and inhibitory control training (ICT). Men with overweight/obesity (N = 228) will receive a 12-month mobile weight loss program that incorporates behavioral weight loss strategies (e.g., self-monitoring, goal setting, stimulus control). Men will be randomly assigned to a non-gamified or gamified version, and an active or sham ICT. A game design company will create the program, with input from a male advisory panel. Aims of the project are to test whether a gamified (versus non-gamified) weight loss program and/or ICT (versus sham) promotes greater improvements in weight, diet, and physical activity; whether these treatment factors have combinatory or synergistic effects; to test whether postulated mechanisms of action (increased engagement, for gamification, and inhibitory control, for ICT) mediate treatment effects; and whether baseline gameplay frequency and implicit preferences for ICT-targeted foods moderate effects. It is hoped this study will contribute to improved mHealth programs for men and enhance our understanding of the impact of gamified elements and neurocognitive training on weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Forman
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Meghan L Butryn
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Chwyl
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa M Crane
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Hannah Dart
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charlotte J Hagerman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Manasse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Onu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine Sun
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harm Veling
- Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
| | - Fengqing Zhang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Potter C, Pechey R, Clark M, Frie K, Bateman PA, Cook B, Stewart C, Piernas C, Lynch J, Rayner M, Poore J, Jebb SA. Effects of environmental impact labels on the sustainability of food purchases: Two randomised controlled trials in an experimental online supermarket. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272800. [PMID: 36327277 PMCID: PMC9632881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing consumers with product-specific environmental impact information for food products (ecolabels) may promote more sustainable purchasing, needed to meet global environmental targets. Two UK studies investigated the effectiveness of different ecolabels using an experimental online supermarket platform. Study 1 (N = 1051 participants) compared three labels against control (no label), while Study 2 (N = 4979) tested four designs against control. Study 1 found significant reductions in the environmental impact score (EIS) for all labels compared to control (labels presented: values for four environmental indicators [-3.9 percentiles, 95%CIs: -5.2,-2.6]; a composite score [taking values from A to E; -3.9, 95%CIs: -5.2,-2.5]; or both together [-3.2, 95%CIs: -4.5,-1.9]). Study 2 showed significant reductions in EIS compared to control for A-E labels [-2.3, 95%CIs: -3.0,-1.5], coloured globes with A-E scores [-3.2, 95%CIs:-3.9,-2.4], and red globes highlighting ’worse’ products [-3.2, 95%CIs:-3.9,-2.5]. There was no evidence that green globes highlighting ’better’ products were effective [-0.5, 95%CIs:-1.3,0.2]. Providing ecolabels is a promising intervention to promote the selection of more sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Potter
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Pechey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Clark
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography & Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Smith School of Enterprise and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Frie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Bateman
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Cook
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Stewart
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Piernas
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rayner
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Poore
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography & Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan A. Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Garcia-Burgos D. Associative learning and high-level cognitive processes in the control of food-related behaviors. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Exploring acute and non-specific effects of mobile app-based response inhibition training on food evaluation and intake. Appetite 2022; 178:106181. [PMID: 35870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that response inhibition training can modify the appeal of palatable and energy-dense foods, thus serving as a potential intervention for weight management, via changes in food selection and intake. However, empirical findings of efficacy have been inconsistent across studies due to heterogenous approaches to measuring salient appetitive outcomes, training implementation strategies, and sample recruitment. Systematic assessment of both affective and motivational components of food reward may help characterise to what extent devaluation can be generalised to nutritionally similar foods post-training. In this mixed factorial experiment, a non-clinical, adult sample completed time-matched single sessions with mobile app-based response inhibition training and control tasks of short (12 min; n = 27) or long (20 min; n = 25) duration. Participants were assessed on two discrete facets of food reward pre- and post-training: pleasure (i.e., explicit liking) and desire (i.e., implicit wanting) for non-specific (i.e., novel) food stimuli differing in energy-density. Consumption of snacks categorised by energy density was also assessed in a laboratory ad libitum taste test post-training. No significant differences were found between intervention and control sessions on explicit liking or implicit wanting for non-specific energy-dense foods. Moreover, participants ate a similar volume of snack foods during both sessions. Training duration did not significantly moderate differences between intervention and control sessions in primary outcomes. Variance between intervention and control sessions in chocolate intake and frequency of choice for energy-dense foods, but not explicit liking, was associated with a higher BMI. Methodological and theoretical implications for appropriate intervention implementation and underlying mechanisms, respectively, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counselling, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
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18
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Navas JF, Verdejo-García A, Vadillo MA. The evidential value of research on cognitive training to change food-related biases and unhealthy eating behavior: A systematic review and p-curve analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13338. [PMID: 34617392 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive bias modification (CBM), which retrains implicit biases towards unhealthy foods, has been proposed as a promising adjunct to improve the efficacy of weight loss interventions. We conducted a systematic review of research on three CBM approaches (i.e., cue-specific inhibitory control, approach bias modification, and attentional bias modification) for reducing unhealthy eating biases and behavior. We performed a p-curve analysis to determine the evidential value of this research; this method is optimally suited to clarify whether published results reflect true effects or false positives due to publication and reporting biases. When considering all CBM approaches, our results suggested that the findings of CBM trials targeting unhealthy eating are unlikely to be false positives. However, only research on attentional bias modification reached acceptable levels of power. These results suggest that CBM interventions may be an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of weight loss interventions. However, there is room for improvement in the methodological standards of this area of research, especially increasing the statistical power can help to fully clarify the clinical potential of CBM, and determine the role of potential moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Navas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Memarian S, Moradi A, Hasani J, Mullan B. Can sweet food-specific inhibitory control training via a mobile application improve eating behavior in children with obesity? Br J Health Psychol 2021; 27:645-665. [PMID: 34676624 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of excess sugar, a common energy-dense nutrient-poor food, is a risk factor for obesity in school-aged children. Food-specific inhibition training, where responses to palatable food stimuli, such as sweet foods, are consistently and repeatedly inhibited, reduces sweet food intake in adults. However, no studies have yet examined the effectiveness of inhibitory control training specifically targeting sweet foods among children with high sugar cravings. We examined whether sweet food-specific inhibitory control training (SF-ICT), administered via a mobile app, reduced choice and consumption of sweet foods, and weight in a sample of children aged 7-11 with overweight or obesity and who had high sugar cravings (N = 46). DESIGN This study was designed as a 2 × 3 between-within design. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to a single-blind design with two conditions: they either received 7 sessions of active or control go/no-go training in which either sweet foods or non-food cues were paired with no-go signals. Participants' weight, sweet food choice, and consumption were measured pre and post-training, and at three-month follow-up. RESULTS The results revealed that participants in the active group showed a significant reduction in sweet food choice and intake from pre to post-training relative to the control group. The effects of the training on reducing sweet food intake persisted over the 3-month follow-up No significant changes in weight loss were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence that sweet food-specific inhibitory control training (SF-ICT) via a mobile app is effective in modifying eating behavior among children with excessive consumption of sugary foods. Further research is required to clarify under what conditions the benefits of training would expand to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Memarian
- Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University and the Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Hasani
- Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Iran
| | - Barbara Mullan
- Psychology, Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
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20
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Tzavella L, Lawrence NS, Button KS, Hart EA, Holmes NM, Houghton K, Badkar N, Macey E, Braggins AJ, Murray FC, Chambers CD, Adams RC. Effects of go/no-go training on food-related action tendencies, liking and choice. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210666. [PMID: 34457346 PMCID: PMC8385366 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control training effects on behaviour (e.g. 'healthier' food choices) can be driven by changes in affective evaluations of trained stimuli, and theoretical models indicate that changes in action tendencies may be a complementary mechanism. In this preregistered study, we investigated the effects of food-specific go/no-go training on action tendencies, liking and impulsive choices in healthy participants. In the training task, energy-dense foods were assigned to one of three conditions: 100% inhibition (no-go), 0% inhibition (go) or 50% inhibition (control). Automatic action tendencies and liking were measured pre- and post-training for each condition. We found that training did not lead to changes in approach bias towards trained foods (go and no-go relative to control), but we warrant caution in interpreting this finding as there are important limitations to consider for the employed approach-avoidance task. There was only anecdotal evidence for an effect on food liking, but there was evidence for contingency learning during training, and participants were on average less likely to choose a no-go food compared to a control food after training. We discuss these findings from both a methodological and theoretical standpoint and propose that the mechanisms of action behind training effects be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Tzavella
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nina Badkar
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Ellie Macey
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rachel C. Adams
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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21
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Food-related inhibitory control training reduces food liking but not snacking frequency or weight in a large healthy adult sample. Appetite 2021; 167:105601. [PMID: 34284065 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control training has recently been used as an intervention to aid healthy eating and encourage weight loss. The aim of this pre-registered study was to explore the effects of training on food liking, food consumption and weight loss in a large (n = 366), predominantly healthy-weight sample. Participants received four training sessions within a week, in which they had to inhibit their responses to either energy-dense foods (active group) or non-food images (control group). Subjective food ratings, food consumption frequency and weight were measured pre- and post-training. At two-weeks post-training, the active group reported a greater reduction in liking for energy-dense foods, compared to the control group. Active participants also reported a significantly greater increase in healthy food liking, immediately post-training, relative to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for the change in consumption of trained foods or for weight loss. These findings are partially consistent with previous research conducted in smaller, more overweight samples. Exploratory analyses suggest that some effects of training may be driven by awareness effects. Methodological differences across findings and avenues for future investigation are discussed.
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22
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Requero B, Santos D, Cancela A, Briñol P, Petty RE. Promoting Healthy Eating Practices through Persuasion Processes. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1929987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Najberg H, Rigamonti M, Mouthon M, Spierer L. Modifying food items valuation and weight with gamified executive control training. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:191288. [PMID: 34084536 PMCID: PMC8150012 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent lines of research suggest that repeated executive control of motor responses to food items modifies their perceived value and in turn their consumption. Cognitive interventions involving the practice of motor control and attentional tasks have thus been advanced as potential approach to improve eating habits. Yet, their efficacy remains debated, notably due to a lack of proper control for the effects of expectations. We examined whether a one-month intervention combining the practice of Go/NoGo and Cue approach training modified the perceived palatability of food items (i.e. decrease in unhealthy and increase in healthy food items' palatability ratings), and in turn participants' weights. We assessed our hypotheses with a parallel, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Motivation and adherence to the intervention were maximized by a professional-level gamification of the training tasks. The control intervention differed from the experimental intervention only in the biasing of the stimulus-response mapping rules, enabling to balance expectations between the two groups and thus to conclude on the causal influence of motoric control on items valuation. We found a larger decrease of the unhealthy items' palatability ratings in the experimental (20.6%) than control group (13.1%). However, we did not find any increase of the healthy items' ratings or weight loss. Overall, the present registered report confirms that the repeated inhibition of motor responses to food cues, together with the development of attentional biases away from these cues, reduces their perceived value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Najberg
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Rigamonti
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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24
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Aulbach MB, Knittle K, van Beurden SB, Haukkala A, Lawrence NS. App-based food Go/No-Go training: User engagement and dietary intake in an opportunistic observational study. Appetite 2021; 165:105315. [PMID: 34015308 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Food Go/No-Go training aims to alter implicit food biases by creating associations between perceiving unhealthy foods and withholding a dominant response. Asking participants to repeatedly inhibit an impulse to approach unhealthy foods can decrease unhealthy food intake in laboratory settings. Less is known about how people engage with app-based Go/No-Go training in real-world settings and how this might relate to dietary outcomes. This pragmatic observational study investigated associations between the number of completed app-based food Go/No-Go training trials and changes in food intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire; FFQ) for different healthy and unhealthy food categories from baseline to one-month follow-up. In total, 1234 participants (m(BMI) = 29 kg/m2, m(age) = 43years, 69% female) downloaded the FoodT app and completed food-Go/No-Go training at their own discretion (mean number of completed sessions = 10.7, sd = 10.3, range: 1-122). In pre-registered analyses, random-intercept linear models predicting intake of different foods, and controlled for baseline consumption, BMI, age, sex, smoking, metabolic syndrome, and dieting status, revealed small, significant associations between the number of completed training trials and reductions in unhealthy food intake (b = -0.0005, CI95= [-0.0007;-0.0003]) and increases in healthy food intake (b = 0.0003, CI95 = [0.0000; 0.0006]). These relationships varied by food category, and exploratory analyses suggest that more temporally spaced training was associated with greater changes in dietary intake. Taken together, these results imply a positive association between the amount of training completed and beneficial changes in food intake. However, the results of this pragmatic study should be interpreted cautiously, as self-selection biases, motivation and other engagement-related factors that could underlie these associations were not accounted for. Experimental research is needed to rule out these possible confounds and establish causal dose-response relationships between patterns of engagement with food Go/No-Go training and changes in dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Burkard Aulbach
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Keegan Knittle
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ari Haukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 24, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QG, Exeter, United Kingdom
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25
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Selective attention to real-world objects drives their emotional appraisal. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:122-132. [PMID: 33128216 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attentional manipulations have been shown to influence subsequent evaluations of objects and images. For example, images used as distractors in a visual search task are subsequently rated more negatively than are target images. One powerful manipulation of attention occurs when we plan and execute movements toward objects in our environment. Here, in two experiments, we show that selective attention to real-world objects subsequently improves emotional appraisal of those objects-an effect we term "target appreciation." Participants were presented with abstract images on three-dimensional objects, and were cued to either reach and grasp one of the two objects, or to respond to the cued object with a keyboard. Images presented on target objects were appraised more positively when compared with novel images. In contrast, images associated with obstacles or distractor objects were not appraised differently than novel images, despite the attentional suppression thought to be required to successfully avoid or ignore these objects. We speculate that this automatic appreciation of the objects of selective attention may be adaptive for organisms acting in complex environments.
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26
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McKean B, Flavell JC, Over H, Tipper SP. Three minutes to change preferences: perceptual fluency and response inhibition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200766. [PMID: 33204454 PMCID: PMC7657893 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual fluency and response inhibition are well-established techniques to unobtrusively manipulate preference: objects are devalued following association with disfluency or inhibition. These approaches to preference change are extensively studied individually, but there is less research examining the impact of combining the two techniques in a single intervention. In short (3 min) game-like tasks, we examine the preference and memory effects of perceptual fluency and inhibition individually, and then the cumulative effects of combining the two techniques. The first experiment confirmed that perceptual fluency and inhibition techniques influence immediate preference judgements but, somewhat surprisingly, combining these techniques did not lead to greater effects than either technique alone. The second experiment replicated the first but with changes to much more closely imitate a real-world application: measuring preference after 20 min of unrelated intervening tasks, modifying the retrieval context via room change, and generalization from computer images of objects to real-world versions of those objects. Here, the individual effects of perceptual fluency and inhibition were no longer detected, whereas combining these techniques resulted in preference change. These results demonstrate the potential of short video games as a means of influencing behaviour, such as food choices to improve health and well-being.
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27
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Hayashi Y, Washio Y. Text-Message Dependency, Executive Function, and Impulsivity in College Students: A Cluster Analysis. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:794-799. [PMID: 32780586 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether text-message users would differ in levels of executive function, a trait of impulsivity, and impulsive decision making. A sample of 167 college students (57 percent of whom were female and the mean age was 19.9 years with the standard deviation of 4.1) participated. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis with levels of text-message dependency, the participants were grouped into excessive and dependent users (dependent users), excessive but nondependent users (excessive users), or nonexcessive and nondependent users (normal users). The groups were then compared on the extent to which they differed in levels of executive function, impulsivity, and impulsive decision making. The results showed that, relative to excessive users, dependent users were lower on levels of executive function and higher on levels of the trait of impulsivity. The moderating effects of gender on these differences were also examined, but gender did not significantly moderate the differences. This study demonstrated that excessive text-message users are not necessarily dependent text-message users and executive function and impulsivity may play an important role in differentiating the two types of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hayashi
- Division of Social Sciences and Education, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yukiko Washio
- Substance Use, Gender and Applied Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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28
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Manasse SM, Lampe EW, Gillikin L, Payne-Reichert A, Zhang F, Juarascio AS, Forman EM. The project REBOOT protocol: Evaluating a personalized inhibitory control training as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1007-1013. [PMID: 32221989 PMCID: PMC7283009 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) are suboptimal. One potential explanation is that CBT fails to adequately target inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to withhold an automatic response), which is a key maintenance factor for binge eating. Computerized inhibitory control training (ICT) is a promising method for improving inhibitory control but is relatively untested in BN/BED. The present study will evaluate a computer-based ICT as an adjunct to CBT for BN/BED. Participants with BN (n = 30) or BED (n = 30) will be randomized to 12 weeks of either CBT + ICT or CBT + a sham training. Trainings will be completed daily for 4 weeks and weekly for 8 weeks. Primary aims include the following: (a) confirm target engagement (evaluate whether ICT improves inhibitory control), (b) test target validation (evaluate whether improvements in inhibitory control are associated with improvements in binge eating), and (c) evaluate the incremental efficacy of ICT on binge eating. Secondary aims include the following: (a) evaluate ICT feasibility and acceptability and (b) assess the moderating effects of approach tendencies on highly palatable food, dietary restraint, and diagnosis. Data will be used to shape a fully powered clinical trial designed to assess efficacy and dose-response effects of ICT for BN/BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Manasse
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth W. Lampe
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay Gillikin
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Payne-Reichert
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fengqing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrienne S. Juarascio
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan M. Forman
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chami R, Treasure J, Cardi V, Lozano-Madrid M, Eichin KN, McLoughlin G, Blechert J. Exploring Changes in Event-Related Potentials After a Feasibility Trial of Inhibitory Training for Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1056. [PMID: 32536891 PMCID: PMC7269126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a feasibility trial comparing two forms of combined inhibitory control training and goal planning (i.e., food-specific and general) among patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED), we found evidence of symptomatic benefit, with stronger effects among participants receiving a food-specific intervention. The aim of the present study was to examine changes in behavioral outcomes and event-related potentials (ERPs; N2 and P3 amplitudes) from baseline to post-intervention that might suggest the mechanisms underpinning these effects. Fifty-five participants completed go/no-go tasks during two electroencephalography (EEG) sessions, at baseline and post-intervention. The go/no-go task included "go" cues to low energy-dense foods and non-foods, and "no-go" cues to high energy-dense foods and non-foods. Datasets with poor signal quality and/or outliers were excluded, leaving 48 participants (N = 24 BN; N = 24 BED) in the analyses. Participants allocated to the food-specific, compared to the general intervention group, showed significantly greater reductions in reaction time to low energy-dense foods, compared to non-foods, by post-intervention. Commission errors significantly increased from baseline to post-intervention, regardless of stimulus type (food vs. non-food) and intervention group (food-specific vs. general). There were no significant changes in omission errors. P3 amplitudes to "no-go" cues marginally, but non-significantly, decreased by post-intervention, but there was no significant interaction with stimulus type (high energy-dense food vs. non-food) or intervention group (food-specific vs. general). There were no significant changes in N2 amplitudes to "no-go" cues, N2 amplitudes to "go" cues, or P3 amplitudes to "go" cues from baseline to post-intervention. Training effects were only marginally captured by these event-related potentials. We discuss limitations to the task paradigm, including its two-choice nature, ease of completion, and validity, and give recommendations for future research exploring ERPs using inhibitory control paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Institut d’Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CiberObn, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Grainne McLoughlin
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Padilla MM, Fernández-Serrano MJ, Verdejo García A, Reyes Del Paso GA. Negative Social Evaluation Impairs Executive Functions in Adolescents With Excess Weight: Associations With Autonomic Responses. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:383-391. [PMID: 29939202 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with excess weight suffer social stress more frequently than their peers with normal weight. PURPOSE To examine the impact of social stress, specifically negative social evaluation, on executive functions in adolescents with excess weight. We also examined associations between subjective stress, autonomic reactivity, and executive functioning. METHODS Sixty adolescents (aged 13-18 years) classified into excess weight or normal weight groups participated. We assessed executive functioning (working memory, inhibition, and shifting) and subjective stress levels before and after the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST). The TSST was divided into two phases according to the feedback of the audience: positive and negative social evaluation. Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded. RESULTS Adolescents with excess weight showed poorer executive functioning after exposure to TSST compared with adolescents with normal weight. Subjective stress and autonomic reactivity were also greater in adolescents with excess weight than adolescents with normal weight. Negative social evaluation was associated with worse executive functioning and increased autonomic reactivity in adolescents with excess weight. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that adolescents with excess weight are more sensitive to social stress triggered by negative evaluations. Social stress elicited deterioration of executive functioning in adolescents with excess weight. Evoked increases in subjective stress and autonomic responses predicted decreased executive function. Deficits in executive skills could reduce cognitive control abilities and lead to overeating in adolescents with excess weight. Strategies to cope with social stress to prevent executive deficits could be useful to prevent future obesity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Verdejo García
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wolz I, Nannt J, Svaldi J. Laboratory-based interventions targeting food craving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12996. [PMID: 31944559 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of laboratory-based interventions targeting specific mechanisms of food craving, to identify moderators of effects, and to qualitatively summarize findings. The study was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixty-nine studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and separate meta-analyses were conducted for the outcomes self-reported craving and objective food intake. Results show small to medium positive effects across specific craving interventions on both outcomes. Effect sizes were partly moderated by intervention type. The most effective intervention regarding food intake was in sensu cue exposure. For subjective craving, the most robust evidence was found for beneficial effects of cognitive regulation strategies (ie, reappraisal, suppression, and distraction). Results further indicate that training inhibitory control through behavioral inhibition might be more effective than approach-avoidance training when considering its effect on subjective craving and food intake. People with external eating habits, overeating, or loss-of-control eating might benefit from these types of specific craving interventions. Future research should focus on long-term effects, transferability, and effectiveness in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Nannt
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Walker LA, Chambers CD, Veling H, Lawrence NS. Cognitive and environmental interventions to encourage healthy eating: evidence-based recommendations for public health policy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190624. [PMID: 31824693 PMCID: PMC6837205 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Policymakers are focused on reducing the public health burden of obesity. The UK average percentage of adults classified as obese is 26%, which is double that of the global average. Over a third of UK adults report using at least one weight management aid. Yet, many people still struggle to change their diet-related behaviour, despite having the awareness, intention and capability to do so. This 'intention-behaviour gap' may be because most existing dietary-choice interventions focus on individual decision-making, ignoring the effects of environmental cues on human behaviour. Behaviour change interventions that 'nudge' people into making healthier choices by modifying the food environment have been shown to be effective. However, this type of intervention is typically challenging for policymakers to implement for economic, ethical and public accessibility reasons. To overcome these concerns, policymakers should consider 'boosting' interventions. Boosting involves enhancing competences that help people make decisions consistent with their goals. Here, we outline cognitive training as a boosting intervention to tackle obesity. We synthesize the evidence for one type of cognitive training (go/no-go training) that may be effective at modifying food-related decisions and reducing body weight. We offer evidence-based recommendations for an obesity-focused Public Health Wales behaviour change programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Walker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher D. Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Harm Veling
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Giving pork the chop: Response inhibition training to reduce meat intake. Appetite 2019; 141:104315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tschuemperlin RM, Stein M, Batschelet HM, Moggi F, Soravia LM. Learning to resist the urge: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial investigating alcohol-specific inhibition training in abstinent patients with alcohol use disorder. Trials 2019; 20:402. [PMID: 31277683 PMCID: PMC6612135 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) leads to a significant individual and societal burden. To achieve higher therapy success rates, therapeutic interventions still need to be improved. Most current neuroscientific conceptualizations of AUD focus on the imbalance between an enhanced automatic reaction to alcohol cues and impaired inhibition. Complementary to traditional relapse prevention strategies, novel computerized training interventions aim to directly alter these processes. This study tests a computerized alcohol-specific inhibition training in a large clinical sample and investigates its effects on behavioral, experimental and neurophysiological outcomes. It also analyzes whether variations in inhibition difficulty and/or endogenous cortisol levels during training impact these effects. Methods This is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 246 inpatients with AUD participating. After baseline assessment, participants are randomly assigned to one of three computerized Go-NoGo-based inhibition training interventions (two alcohol-specific versions with different Go/NoGo ratios, or neutral control training) and one of two intervention times (morning/afternoon), resulting in six study arms. All patients perform six training sessions within 2 weeks. Endogenous cortisol is measured in 80 patients before and after the first training session. Inhibitory control and implicit associations towards alcohol are assessed pre and post training, at which point electroencephalography (EEG) is additionally measured in 60 patients. Patients’ alcohol consumption and relevant psychological constructs (e.g., craving, self-efficacy, treatment motivation) are measured at discharge and at 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Fifty healthy participants are assessed (20 with EEG) at one time point as a healthy control group. Discussion This study investigates the effects of a computerized, alcohol-specific inhibition training for the first time in patients with AUD. Results should give insight into the effectiveness of this potential add-on to standard AUD treatment, including proximal and distal measures and effects on behavioral, experimental and neurophysiological measures. Information about working mechanisms and potential optimizations of this training are gathered through variations regarding difficulty of inhibition training and training time. This study may thus contribute to a deepened understanding of AUD and the improvement of its evidence-based treatment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02968537. Registered on 18 November 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3505-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela M Tschuemperlin
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center for Treatment of Addictive Disorders, Clinic Suedhang, Kirchlindach, Switzerland
| | - Maria Stein
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hallie M Batschelet
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Moggi
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leila M Soravia
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center for Treatment of Addictive Disorders, Clinic Suedhang, Kirchlindach, Switzerland
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Smith T, Panfil K, Bailey C, Kirkpatrick K. Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. ANIMAL LEARNING AND COGNITION 2019; 45:259-279. [PMID: 31070430 PMCID: PMC6716382 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review article discusses various cognitive and behavioral interventions that have been developed with the goal of promoting self-controlled responding. Self-control can exert a significant impact on human health and impulsive behaviors are associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders, leading to the suggestion that impulsivity is a trans-disease process. The self-control interventions include effort exposure, reward discrimination, reward bundling, interval schedules of reinforcement, impulse control training, and mindfulness training. Most of the interventions have been consistently shown to increase self-control, except for mindfulness training. Some of the successful interventions are long-lasting, whereas others may be transient. Most interventions are domain-specific, targeting specific cognitive and behavioral processes that relate to self-control rather than targeting overall self-control. For example, effort exposure appears to primarily increase effort tolerance, which in turn can improve self-control. Similarly, interval schedules primarily target interval timing, which promotes self-controlled responses. A diagram outlining a proposed set of intervention effects on self-control is introduced to motivate further research in this area. The diagram suggests that the individual target processes of the interventions may potentially summate to produce general self-control, or perhaps even produce synergistic effects. In addition, it is suggested that developing a self-control profile may be advantageous for aligning specific interventions to mitigate specific deficits. Overall, the results indicate that interventions are a promising avenue for promoting self-control and may help to contribute to changing health outcomes associated with a wide variety of diseases and disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Carbine KA, Larson MJ. Quantifying the presence of evidential value and selective reporting in food-related inhibitory control training: a p-curve analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 13:318-343. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1622144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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37
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Adams RC, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Do restrained eaters show increased BMI, food craving and disinhibited eating? A comparison of the Restraint Scale and the Restrained Eating scale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190174. [PMID: 31312488 PMCID: PMC6599805 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being used interchangeably, different measures of restrained eating have been associated with different dietary behaviours. These differences have impeded replicability across the restraint literature and have made it difficult for researchers to interpret results and use the most appropriate measure for their research. Across a total sample of 1731 participants, this study compared the Restraint Scale (RS), and its subscales, to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) across several traits related to overeating. The aim was to explore potential differences between these two questionnaires so that we could help to identify the most suitable measure as a prescreening tool for eating-related interventions. Results revealed that although the two measures are highly correlated with one another (rs = 0.73-0.79), the RS was more strongly associated with external (rs = -0.07 to 0.11 versus -0.18 to -0.01) and disinhibited eating (rs = 0.46 versus 0.31), food craving (rs = 0.12-0.27 versus 0.02-0.13 and 0.22 versus -0.06) and body mass index (rs = 0.25-0.34 versus -0.13 to 0.15). The results suggest that, compared to the DEBQ, the RS is a more appropriate measure for identifying individuals who struggle the most to control their food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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Computerized neurocognitive training for improving dietary health and facilitating weight loss. J Behav Med 2019; 42:1029-1040. [PMID: 30891657 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 70% of Americans are overweight, in large part because of overconsumption of high-calorie foods such as sweets. Reducing sweets is difficult because powerful drives toward reward overwhelm inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to withhold a prepotent response) capacities. Computerized inhibitory control trainings (ICTs) have shown positive outcomes, but impact on real-world health behavior has been variable, potentially because of limitations inherent in existing paradigms, e.g., low in frequency, intrinsic enjoyment, personalization, and ability to adapt to increasing ability. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a gamified and non-gamified, daily, personalized, and adaptive ICT designed to facilitate weight loss by targeting consumption of sweets. Participants (N = 106) were randomized to one of four conditions in a 2 (gamified vs. non-gamified) by 2 (ICT vs. sham) factorial design. Participants were prescribed a no-added-sugar diet and completed 42 daily, at-home trainings, followed by two weekly booster trainings. Results indicated that the ICTs were feasible and acceptable. Surprisingly, compliance to the 44 trainings was excellent (88.8%) and equivalent across both gamified and non-gamified conditions. As hypothesized, the impact of ICT on weight loss was moderated by implicit preference for sweet foods [F(1,95) = 6.17, p = .02] such that only those with higher-than-average implicit preference benefited (8-week weight losses for ICT were 3.1% vs. 2.2% for sham). A marginally significant effect was observed for gamification to reduce the impact of ICT. Implications of findings for continued development of ICTs to impact health behavior are discussed.
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Aulbach MB, Knittle K, Haukkala A. Implicit process interventions in eating behaviour: a meta-analysis examining mediators and moderators. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 13:179-208. [PMID: 30676235 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1571933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-process models integrate deliberative and impulsive mental systems and predict dietary behaviours better than deliberative processes alone. Computerised tasks such as the Go/No-Go, Stop-Signal, Approach-Avoidance, and Evaluative Conditioning have been used as interventions to directly alter implicit biases. This meta-analysis examines the effects of these tasks on dietary behaviours, explores potential moderators of effectiveness, and examines implicit bias change as a proposed mechanism. Thirty randomised controlled trials testing implicit bias interventions (47 comparisons) were included in a random-effects meta-analysis, which indicated small cumulative effects on eating-related behavioural outcomes (g = -0.17, CI95 = [-0.29; -0.05], p = .01) and implicit biases (g = -0.18, CI95 = [-0.34; -0.02], p = .02). Task type moderated these effects, with Go/No-Go tasks producing larger effects than other tasks. Effects of interventions on implicit biases were positively related to effects on eating behaviour (B = 0.42, CI95 = [0.02; 0.81], p = .03). Go/No-Go tasks seem to have most potential for altering dietary behaviours through implicit processes. While changes in implicit biases seem related to the effects of these interventions on dietary outcomes, more research should explore whether repeated exposure to implicit bias interventions may have any practical intervention value in real world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Aulbach
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Keegan Knittle
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ari Haukkala
- a Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Best M, McLaren IPL, Verbruggen F. Instructed and Acquired Contingencies in Response-Inhibition Tasks. J Cogn 2019; 2:4. [PMID: 31517225 PMCID: PMC6634444 DOI: 10.5334/joc.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control can be triggered directly via the retrieval of previously acquired stimulus-stop associations from memory. However, a recent study suggests that this item-specific stop learning may be mediated via expectancies of the contingencies in play (Best, Lawrence, Logan, McLaren, & Verbruggen, 2016). This could indicate that stimulus-stop learning also induces strategic proactive changes in performance. We further tested this hypothesis in the present study. In addition to measuring expectancies following task completion, we introduced a between-subjects expectancy manipulation in which one group of participants were informed about the stimulus-stop contingencies and another group did not receive any information about the stimulus-stop contingencies. Moreover, we combined this instruction manipulation with a distractor manipulation that was previously used to examine strategic proactive adjustments. We found that the stop-associated items slowed responding in both conditions. Furthermore, participants in both conditions generated expectancies following task completion that were consistent with the stimulus-stop contingencies. The distractor manipulation was ineffective. However, we found differences in the relationship between the expectancy ratings and task performance: in the instructed condition, the expectancies reliably correlated with the response slowing for the stop-associated items, whereas in the uninstructed condition we found no reliable correlation. These differences between the correlations were reliable, and our conclusions were further supported by Bayesian analyses. We conclude that stimulus-stop associations that are acquired either via task instructions or via task practice have similar effects on behaviour but could differ in how they elicit response slowing.
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Crespi C, Laureiro-Martínez D, Dodich A, Cappa SF, Brusoni S, Zollo M, Falini A, Canessa N. Improving innovative decision-making: Training-induced changes in fronto-parietal networks. Brain Cogn 2018; 128:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Beating uncontrolled eating: Training inhibitory control to reduce food intake and food cue sensitivity. Appetite 2018; 131:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ganor-Moscovitz N, Weinbach N, Canetti L, Kalanthroff E. The effect of food-related stimuli on inhibition in high vs. low restrained eaters. Appetite 2018; 131:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Staiger PK, Hayden MJ, Guo K, Hughes LK, Bos J, Lawrence NS. A randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of smoking-related response inhibition training in smokers: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1226. [PMID: 30390646 PMCID: PMC6215605 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of illness and premature death worldwide. Despite a variety of effective treatments, relapse rates remain high, and novel, innovative interventions are needed in order to reduce the global prevalence of smoking. Research has indicated that deficits in the ability to inhibit a response (referred to as response inhibition) is a predictor of relapse and subsequently, targeting this potentially modifiable risk factor may lead to improvements in smoking outcomes. Indeed, in recent years, stimulus-specific response inhibition training has emerged as a potentially efficacious intervention to reduce unwanted/unhealthy behaviours such as alcohol and unhealthy food consumption. As such, the present trial is the first to evaluate the real-world efficacy of response inhibition smoking training (INST) in a sample of adult heavy smokers. METHODS/DESIGN This randomised controlled trial will recruit nicotine dependent smokers aged between 18 and 60 using social media and advertisements in Victoria, Australia. The sample target was 150 to account for drop out and non-adherence. Once informed consent has been obtained, participants complete a range of baseline measures during a face to face interview. Participants are randomly allocated to one of two online training conditions: an intervention training group (INST), which requires participants to exercise response inhibition towards smoking-related stimuli; or an active control group, which requires participants to exercise response inhibition towards household items and does not include any smoking-related stimuli. They complete the first training session during the interview to ensure the training protocol is clear. Both groups are instructed to complete a further 13 training sessions (1 per day) at home on their computer and follow-up phone calls will be conducted at three time points: post-intervention, one-month and three months. The primary outcomes are: a) rates of smoking cessation and; b) reduction in the quantity of average daily smoking at post-intervention, one and three months follow-up. DISCUSSION There is a pressing need to develop novel and innovative smoking interventions. If proven to be effective, INST could make a highly cost-effective contribution to improvements in smoking intervention outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 17th February 2017. Trial ID: ACTRN12617000252314 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra K. Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social behaviour Research (CEDAAR), Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Melissa J. Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social behaviour Research (CEDAAR), Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC Australia
| | - Karen Guo
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Laura K. Hughes
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Jason Bos
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
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Houben K, Giesen JC. Will work less for food: Go/No-Go training decreases the reinforcing value of high-caloric food. Appetite 2018; 130:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Harrington DL, Shen Q, Theilmann RJ, Castillo GN, Litvan I, Filoteo JV, Huang M, Lee RR. Altered Functional Interactions of Inhibition Regions in Cognitively Normal Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:331. [PMID: 30405399 PMCID: PMC6206214 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient inhibitory control in Parkinson's disease (PD) is often observed in situations requiring inhibition of impulsive or prepotent behaviors. Although activation of the right-hemisphere frontal-basal ganglia response inhibition network is partly altered in PD, disturbances in interactions of these regions are poorly understood, especially in patients without cognitive impairment. The present study investigated context-dependent connectivity of response inhibition regions in PD patients with normal cognition and control participants who underwent fMRI while performing a stop signal task. PD participants were tested off antiparkinsonian medication. To determine if functional disturbances depended on underlying brain structure, aberrant connectivity was correlated with brain volume and white-matter tissue diffusivity. We found no group differences in response inhibition proficiency. Yet the PD group showed functional reorganization in the long-range connectivity of inhibition regions, despite preserved within network connectivity. Successful inhibition in PD differed from the controls by strengthened connectivity of cortical regions, namely the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area and right caudal inferior frontal gyrus, largely with ventral and dorsal attention regions, but also the substantia nigra and default mode network regions. Successful inhibition in controls was distinguished by strengthened connectivity of the right rostral inferior frontal gyrus and subcortical inhibition nodes (right caudate, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus). In both groups, the strength of context-dependent connectivity correlated with various indices of response inhibition performance. Mechanisms that may underlie aberrantly stronger context-specific connectivity include reduced coherence within reorganized systems, compensatory mechanisms, and/or the reorganization of intrinsic networks. In PD, but not controls, abnormally strengthened connectivity was linked to individual differences in underlying brain volumes and tissue diffusivity, despite no group differences in structural variables. The pattern of structural-functional associations suggested that subtle decreases in tissue diffusivity of underlying tracts and posterior cortical volumes may undermine the enhancement of normal cortical-striatal connectivity or cause strengthening in cortical-cortical connectivity. These novel findings demonstrate that functionally reorganized interactions of inhibition regions predates the development of inhibition deficits and clinically significant cognitive impairment in PD. We speculate that altered interactions of inhibition regions with attention-related networks and the dopaminergic system may presage future decline in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Harrington
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Qian Shen
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Theilmann
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel N. Castillo
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J. Vincent Filoteo
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Roland R. Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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Hatfield J, Williamson A, Kehoe EJ, Lemon J, Arguel A, Prabhakharan P, Job RFS. The effects of training impulse control on simulated driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 119:1-15. [PMID: 29966858 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in young driver training that addresses age-related factors, including incompletely developed impulse control. Two studies investigated whether training of response inhibition can reduce risky simulated driving in young drivers (aged 16-24 years). Each study manipulated aspects of response inhibition training then assessed transfer of training using simulated driving measures including speeding, risky passing, and compliance with traffic controls. Study 1 (n = 65) used a Go/No-go task, Stop Signal Task and a Collision Detection Task. Designed to promote engagement, learning, and transfer, training tasks were driving-relevant and adaptive (i.e. difficulty increased as performance improved), included performance feedback, and were distributed over five days. Control participants completed matching "filler" tasks. Performance on trained tasks improved with training, but there was no significant improvement in simulated driving. Study 2 enhanced response inhibition training using Go/No-go and SST tasks, with clearer performance feedback, and 10 days of training. Control participants completed testing only, in order to avoid any possibility of training response inhibition in the filler tasks. Again performance on trained tasks improved, but there was no evidence of transfer of training to simulated driving. These findings suggest that although training of sufficient interest and duration can improve response inhibition task performance, a training schedule that is likely to be acceptable to the public does not result in improvements in simulated driving. Further research is needed to investigate whether response inhibition training can improve risky driving in the context of real-world motivations for risky driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hatfield
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ann Williamson
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - E James Kehoe
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Lemon
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amaël Arguel
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia; Department of Educational Studies, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Prasannah Prabhakharan
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - R F Soames Job
- World Bank and Global Road Safety Facility, United States
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Zhang W, Mai C, Chen H, Zhang H. Impulsiveness in Reactive Dieters: Evidence From Delay Discounting in Orthodontic Patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:347. [PMID: 30233343 PMCID: PMC6127247 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Researchers have made efforts to distinguish the behavioral differences and underlying mechanisms that explain the various possible outcomes of dieting (success, failure and relapse). Although extensive research has demonstrated that eating behavior and individual impulsiveness are closely related to subjective appetite and decision making, very few studies have investigated how subjective and appetite impulsiveness is affected by reactive dieting. Methods: In the present study, we utilized the power of food scale (PFS) and the intertemporal choice task and to examine subjective appetite and impulsivity of decision making in orthodontic patients. As a result of their orthodontic devices and the subsequent pain and discomfort caused by eating, these patients become reactive dieters. In order to explore the dynamic influence of orthodontic treatment on appetite and impulsiveness, we collected data for both patients and control participants across three testing sections. We also computed a regression model for further exploration in explaining how potential factors contributed to different choices. Results: We found that the orthodontic group scored significantly lower in PFS than the control group, which indicated a suppression in appetite. Besides, reward and waiting time were significant factors in computational perspective. Moreover, although patients showed a bias in choosing smaller, immediate reward options, they exhibited a decrease in the delay discounting rate as treatment progressed. These findings confirm that subjective appetite and impulsiveness were inhibited due to reactive dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Mai
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Mental Quality Education Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen PHA, Kelley WM, Lopez RB, Heatherton TF. Reducing reward responsivity and daily food desires in female dieters through domain-specific training. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:470-483. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1495667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hao A. Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - William M. Kelley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | | | - Todd F. Heatherton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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Development and validation of the Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr17). Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2558-2567. [PMID: 29759100 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a child and adolescent version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr17) and to assess its psychometric properties and factor structure. We also examined associations between the CTFEQr17 and BMI and food preferences. DESIGN A two-phase approach was utilized, employing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. SETTING Primary and secondary schools, UK. SUBJECTS In phase 1, seventy-six children (thirty-nine boys; mean age 12·3 (sd 1·4) years) were interviewed to ascertain their understanding of the original TFEQr21 and to develop accessible and understandable items to create the CTFEQr17. In phase 2, 433 children (230 boys; mean age 12·0 (sd 1·7) years) completed the CTFEQr17 and a food preference questionnaire, a sub-sample (n 253; 131 boys) had their height and weight measured, and forty-five children (twenty-three boys) were interviewed to determine their understanding of the CTFEQr17. RESULTS The CTFEQr17 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0·85) and the three-factor structure was retained: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE). Qualitative data demonstrated a high level of understanding of the questionnaire (95 %). High CR was found to be significantly associated with a higher body weight, BMI and BMI percentile. High UE and EE scores were related to a preference for high-fat savoury and high-fat sweet foods. The relationships between CTFEQr17, anthropometry and food preferences were stronger for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS The CTFEQr17 is a psychometrically sound questionnaire for use in children and adolescents, and associated with anthropometric and food preference measures.
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