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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Aguilar-Bretones M, den Hartog Y, van Dijk LLA, Malahe SRK, Dieterich M, Mora HT, Mueller YM, Koopmans MPG, Reinders MEJ, Baan CC, van Nierop GP, de Vries RD. SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses converge in kidney disease patients and controls with hybrid immunity. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:93. [PMID: 38806532 PMCID: PMC11133345 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy individuals with hybrid immunity, due to a SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to first vaccination, have stronger immune responses compared to those who were exclusively vaccinated. However, little is known about the characteristics of antibody, B- and T-cell responses in kidney disease patients with hybrid immunity. Here, we explored differences between kidney disease patients and controls with hybrid immunity after asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We studied the kinetics, magnitude, breadth and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses against primary mRNA-1273 vaccination in patients with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis, kidney transplant recipients, and controls with hybrid immunity. Although vaccination alone is less immunogenic in kidney disease patients, mRNA-1273 induced a robust immune response in patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast, kidney disease patients with hybrid immunity develop SARS-CoV-2 antibody, B- and T-cell responses that are equally strong or stronger than controls. Phenotypic analysis showed that Spike (S)-specific B-cells varied between groups in lymph node-homing and memory phenotypes, yet S-specific T-cell responses were phenotypically consistent across groups. The heterogeneity amongst immune responses in hybrid immune kidney patients warrants further studies in larger cohorts to unravel markers of long-term protection that can be used for the design of targeted vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvette den Hartog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Reshwan K Malahe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Héctor Tejeda Mora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhang TT, Cheng RYH, Ott AR, Dahl NP, Suchland ER, Stoffers CM, Asher GD, Hou D, Thouvenel CD, Hill TF, Rawlings DJ, James RG. BCR signaling is required for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in immunodeficient mice receiving human B cells. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadh8846. [PMID: 38598616 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh8846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a major therapeutic challenge that has been difficult to study using human cells because of a lack of suitable models for mechanistic characterization. Here, we show that ex vivo-differentiated B cells isolated from a subset of healthy donors can elicit pathologies similar to PTLD when transferred into immunodeficient mice. The primary driver of PTLD-like pathologies were IgM-producing plasmablasts with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes that expressed genes commonly associated with EBV latency. We show that a small subset of EBV+ peripheral blood-derived B cells expressing self-reactive, nonmutated B cell receptors (BCRs) expand rapidly in culture in the absence of BCR stimulation. Furthermore, we found that in vitro and in vivo expansion of EBV+ plasmablasts required BCR signaling. Last, treatment of immunodeficient mice with the BCR pathway inhibitor, ibrutinib, delays onset of PTLD-like pathologies in vivo. These data have implications for the diagnosis and care of transplant recipients who are at risk of developing PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andee R Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Noelle P Dahl
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Emmaline R Suchland
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Claire M Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gregory D Asher
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Deyin Hou
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Tyler F Hill
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- MSTP and MCB Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard G James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Liao CC, Ku JC, Lin CL, Li JW, Tsai FJ, Li JM. Investigating causal relationships between extensive peripheral immune cell phenotypes and preeclampsia: A bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13840. [PMID: 38606695 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Preeclampsia, a multifaceted condition during pregnancy characterized by hypertension and organ dysfunction, poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. This study aims to investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between peripheral immune cell phenotypes and preeclampsia using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHOD OF STUDY Genetic data from two sizable cohorts were utilized: 3757 individuals from Sardinia, providing information on 731 immune traits, and 200 929 Finnish adult females, encompassing 6663 preeclampsia cases. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms served as instrumental variables. The MR analyses employed the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method as the primary tool, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods to enhance reliability and address potential heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS Among the 731 immune cell phenotypes studied, 18 displayed a suggestive positive association (IVW p < .05) with heightened preeclampsia risk, while 20 exhibited a suggestive negative association linked to reduced risk. Following false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment, four immune phenotypes showed significant associations with decreased preeclampsia risk: CD27 on CD24+ CD27+ B cells (B-cell panel) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.927, PFDR = 0.061), CD33+ HLA DR+ CD14- absolute count (OR = 0.963, PFDR = 0.061), CD80 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (OR = 0.923, PFDR = 0.061); and CD80 on CD62L+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (OR = 0.923, PFDR = 0.061). In the reverse-direction MR analysis, no significant causal effects of preeclampsia on immune cell phenotypes were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study provides quantifiable evidence linking specific immune cell phenotypes to the risk of developing preeclampsia. This novel understanding of the immunological aspects underlying preeclampsia's pathogenesis could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies centered on immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chih Liao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chuyuan Chinese Medicine Clinic, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chun Ku
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wan Li
- Anxin Postpartum Nursing Home, Lee Women's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Miao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Duan C, Liu L, Wang T, Wang G, Jiang Z, Li H, Zhang G, Ye L, Li C, Cao Y. Evidence linking COVID-19 and the health/well-being of children and adolescents: an umbrella review. BMC Med 2024; 22:116. [PMID: 38481207 PMCID: PMC10938697 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences during childhood and adolescence have enduring impacts on physical and mental well-being, overall quality of life, and socioeconomic status throughout one's lifetime. This underscores the importance of prioritizing the health of children and adolescents to establish an impactful healthcare system that benefits both individuals and society. It is crucial for healthcare providers and policymakers to examine the relationship between COVID-19 and the health of children and adolescents, as this understanding will guide the creation of interventions and policies for the long-term management of the virus. METHODS In this umbrella review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023401106), systematic reviews were identified from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; EMBASE (OvidSP); and MEDLINE (OvidSP) from December 2019 to February 2023. Pairwise and single-arm meta-analyses were extracted from the included systematic reviews. The methodological quality appraisal was completed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Single-arm meta-analyses were re-presented under six domains associated with COVID-19 condition. Pairwise meta-analyses were classified into five domains according to the evidence classification criteria. Rosenberg's FSN was calculated for both binary and continuous measures. RESULTS We identified 1551 single-arm and 301 pairwise meta-analyses from 124 systematic reviews that met our predefined criteria for inclusion. The focus of the meta-analytical evidence was predominantly on the physical outcomes of COVID-19, encompassing both single-arm and pairwise study designs. However, the quality of evidence and methodological rigor were suboptimal. Based on the evidence gathered from single-arm meta-analyses, we constructed an illustrative representation of the disease severity, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatments, and outcomes from 2020 to 2022. Additionally, we discovered 17 instances of strong or highly suggestive pairwise meta-analytical evidence concerning long-COVID, pediatric comorbidity, COVID-19 vaccines, mental health, and depression. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study advocate for the implementation of surveillance systems to track health consequences associated with COVID-19 and the establishment of multidisciplinary collaborative rehabilitation programs for affected younger populations. In future research endeavors, it is important to prioritize the investigation of non-physical outcomes to bridge the gap between research findings and clinical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Evidence-Based Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Evidence-Based Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Serebrovskaya EO, Bryushkova EA, Lukyanov DK, Mushenkova NV, Chudakov DM, Turchaninova MA. Toolkit for mapping the clonal landscape of tumor-infiltrating B cells. Semin Immunol 2024; 72:101864. [PMID: 38301345 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Our current understanding of whether B cell involvement in the tumor microenvironment benefits the patient or the tumor - in distinct cancers, subcohorts and individual patients - is quite limited. Both statements are probably true in most cases: certain clonal B cell populations contribute to the antitumor response, while others steer the immune response away from the desired mechanics. To step up to a new level of understanding and managing B cell behaviors in the tumor microenvironment, we need to rationally discern these roles, which are cumulatively defined by B cell clonal functional programs, specificities of their B cell receptors, specificities and isotypes of the antibodies they produce, and their spatial interactions within the tumor environment. Comprehensive analysis of these characteristics of clonal B cell populations is now becoming feasible with the development of a whole arsenal of advanced technical approaches, which include (1) methods of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics; (2) methods of massive identification of B cell specificities; (3) methods of deep error-free profiling of B cell receptor repertoires. Here we overview existing techniques, summarize their current application for B cells studies and propose promising future directions in advancing B cells exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Serebrovskaya
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Current position: Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - E A Bryushkova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D K Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Mushenkova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Unicorn Capital Partners, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Chudakov
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - M A Turchaninova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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8
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Pool ES, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, van Unen V, Falkenburg JF, Koning F, Heemskerk MHM, Tjon JML. Mass cytometric analysis unveils a disease-specific immune cell network in the bone marrow in acquired aplastic anemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274116. [PMID: 38094307 PMCID: PMC10716190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is considered an immune-mediated syndrome of bone marrow failure since approximately 70% of patients respond to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) consisting of a course of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) followed by long-term use of ciclosporin. However, the immune response that underlies the pathogenesis of AA remains poorly understood. In this study, we applied high-dimensional mass cytometry on bone marrow aspirates of AA patients pre-ATG, AA patients post-ATG and healthy donors to decipher which immune cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of AA. We show that the bone marrow of AA patients features an immune cell composition distinct from healthy donors, with significant differences in the myeloid, B-cell, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells lineages. Specifically, we discovered that AA pre-ATG is characterized by a disease-specific immune cell network with high frequencies of CD16+ myeloid cells, CCR6++ B-cells, Th17-like CCR6+ memory CD4+ T-cells, CD45RA+CCR7+CD38+ CD8+ T-cells and KLRG1+ terminally differentiated effector memory (EMRA) CD8+ T-cells, compatible with a state of chronic inflammation. Successful treatment with IST strongly reduced the levels of CD16+ myeloid cells and showed a trend toward normalization of the frequencies of CCR6++ B-cells, CCR6+ memory CD4+ T-cells and KLRG1+EMRA CD8+ T-cells. Altogether, our study provides a unique overview of the immune landscape in bone marrow in AA at a single-cell level and proposes CCR6 as a potential new therapeutic target in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S. Pool
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent van Unen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer M-L. Tjon
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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9
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D’Orso S, Pirronello M, Verdiani A, Rossini A, Guerrera G, Picozza M, Sambucci M, Misiti A, De Marco L, Salvia A, Caltagirone C, Giardina E, Battistini L, Borsellino G. Primary and Recall Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Breakthrough Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1705. [PMID: 38006037 PMCID: PMC10675240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthrough infections in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals are an ideal circumstance for the simultaneous exploration of both the vaccine-induced memory reaction to the spike (S) protein and the primary response to the membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins generated by natural infection. We monitored 15 healthcare workers who had been vaccinated with two doses of Pfizer BioNTech BNT162b2 and were then later infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2. (Delta) variant, analysing the antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. Natural infection determined an immediate and sharp rise in anti-RBD antibody titres and in the frequency of both S-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B lymphocytes. T cells responded promptly to infection by activating and expanding already at 2-5 days. S-specific memory and emerging M- and N-specific T cells both expressed high levels of activation markers and showed effector capacity with similar kinetics but with different magnitude. The results show that natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated individuals induces fully functional and rapidly expanding T and B lymphocytes in concert with the emergence of novel virus-specific T cells. This swift and punctual response also covers viral variants and captures a paradigmatic case of a healthy adaptive immune reaction to infection with a mutating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D’Orso
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Marta Pirronello
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Alice Verdiani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Angelo Rossini
- Medical Services, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Gisella Guerrera
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Andrea Misiti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Lorenzo De Marco
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Antonino Salvia
- Medical Services, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (M.P.); (A.V.); (G.G.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (L.D.M.); (L.B.)
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10
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Planchais C, Molinos-Albert LM, Rosenbaum P, Hieu T, Kanyavuz A, Clermont D, Prazuck T, Lefrou L, Dimitrov JD, Hüe S, Hocqueloux L, Mouquet H. HIV-1 treatment timing shapes the human intestinal memory B-cell repertoire to commensal bacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6326. [PMID: 37816704 PMCID: PMC10564866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes severe alterations of gut mucosa, microbiota and immune system, which can be curbed by early antiretroviral therapy. Here, we investigate how treatment timing affects intestinal memory B-cell and plasmablast repertoires of HIV-1-infected humans. We show that only class-switched memory B cells markedly differ between subjects treated during the acute and chronic phases of infection. Intestinal memory B-cell monoclonal antibodies show more prevalent polyreactive and commensal bacteria-reactive clones in late- compared to early-treated individuals. Mirroring this, serum IgA polyreactivity and commensal-reactivity are strongly increased in late-treated individuals and correlate with intestinal permeability and systemic inflammatory markers. Polyreactive blood IgA memory B cells, many of which egressed from the gut, are also substantially enriched in late-treated individuals. Our data establish gut and systemic B-cell polyreactivity to commensal bacteria as hallmarks of chronic HIV-1 infection and suggest that initiating treatment early may limit intestinal B-cell abnormalities compromising HIV-1 humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Luis M Molinos-Albert
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, F-75015, Paris, France
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Rosenbaum
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Kanyavuz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Clermont
- Collection of the Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Laurent Lefrou
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Hüe
- INSERM U955-Équipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, F-75015, Paris, France.
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11
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Grimsholm O. CD27 on human memory B cells-more than just a surface marker. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:164-172. [PMID: 36508329 PMCID: PMC10361737 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory protects the human body from re-infection with an earlier recognized pathogen. This memory comprises the durable serum antibody titres provided by long-lived plasma cells and the memory T and B cells with help from other cells. Memory B cells are the main precursor cells for new plasma cells during a secondary infection. Their formation starts very early in life, and they continue to form and undergo refinements throughout our lifetime. While the heterogeneity of the human memory B-cell pool is still poorly understood, specific cellular surface markers define most of the cell subpopulations. CD27 is one of the most commonly used markers to define human memory B cells. In addition, there are molecular markers, such as somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and isotype switching to, for example, IgG. Although not every memory B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation or isotype switching, most of them express these molecular traits in adulthood. In this review, I will focus on the most recent knowledge regarding CD27+ human memory B cells in health and disease, and describe how Ig sequencing can be used as a tool to decipher the evolutionary pathways of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Piano Mortari E, Pulvirenti F, Marcellini V, Terreri S, Salinas AF, Ferrari S, Di Napoli G, Guadagnolo D, Sculco E, Albano C, Guercio M, Di Cecca S, Milito C, Garzi G, Pesce AM, Bonanni L, Sinibaldi M, Bordoni V, Di Cecilia S, Accordini S, Castilletti C, Agrati C, Quintarelli C, Zaffina S, Locatelli F, Carsetti R, Quinti I. Functional CVIDs phenotype clusters identified by the integration of immune parameters after BNT162b2 boosters. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194225. [PMID: 37304298 PMCID: PMC10248522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessing the response to vaccinations is one of the diagnostic criteria for Common Variable Immune Deficiencies (CVIDs). Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 offered the unique opportunity to analyze the immune response to a novel antigen. We identify four CVIDs phenotype clusters by the integration of immune parameters after BTN162b2 boosters. Methods We performed a longitudinal study on 47 CVIDs patients who received the 3rd and 4th vaccine dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine measuring the generation of immunological memory. We analyzed specific and neutralizing antibodies, spike-specific memory B cells, and functional T cells. Results We found that, depending on the readout of vaccine efficacy, the frequency of responders changes. Although 63.8% of the patients have specific antibodies in the serum, only 30% have high-affinity specific memory B cells and generate recall responses. Discussion Thanks to the integration of our data, we identified four functional groups of CVIDs patients with different B cell phenotypes, T cell functions, and clinical diseases. The presence of antibodies alone is not sufficient to demonstrate the establishment of immune memory and the measurement of the in-vivo response to vaccination distinguishes patients with different immunological defects and clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Pulvirenti
- Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sara Terreri
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ferrari
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Napoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Guadagnolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sculco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Albano
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Guercio
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Cecca
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Garzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pesce
- Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Bonanni
- Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Matilde Sinibaldi
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Accordini
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Friman V, Quinti I, Davydov AN, Shugay M, Farroni C, Engström E, Pour Akaber S, Barresi S, Mohamed A, Pulvirenti F, Milito C, Granata G, Giorda E, Ahlström S, Karlsson J, Marasco E, Marcellini V, Bocci C, Cascioli S, Scarsella M, Phad G, Tilevik A, Tartaglia M, Bemark M, Chudakov DM, Carsetti R, Grimsholm O. Defective peripheral B cell selection in common variable immune deficiency patients with autoimmune manifestations. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112446. [PMID: 37119135 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by recurrent infections, low levels of serum immunoglobulins, and impaired vaccine responses. Autoimmune manifestations are common, but B cell central and peripheral selection mechanisms in CVID are incompletely understood. Here, we find that receptor editing, a measure of central tolerance, is increased in transitional B cells from CVID patients and that these cells have a higher immunoglobulin κ:λ ratio in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations than in those with infection only. Contrariwise, the selection pressure in the germinal center on CD27bright memory B cells is decreased in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations. Finally, functionally, T cell-dependent activation showed that naive B cells in CVID patients are badly equipped for activation and induction of mismatch repair genes. We conclude that central tolerance is functional whereas peripheral selection is defective in CVID patients with autoimmune manifestations, which could underpin the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Friman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mikhail Shugay
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Chiara Farroni
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erik Engström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shirin Pour Akaber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Federica Pulvirenti
- Centre for Primary Immune Deficiency, AUO Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Granata
- Clinical and Research Department for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ahlström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bocci
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ganesh Phad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Unit of Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Reusch L, Angeletti D. Memory B-cell diversity: From early generation to tissue residency and reactivation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250085. [PMID: 36811174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) have a crucial function in providing an enhanced response to repeated infections. Upon antigen encounter, MBC can either rapidly differentiate to antibody secreting cells or enter germinal centers (GC) to further diversify and affinity mature. Understanding how and when MBC are formed, where they reside and how they select their fate upon reactivation has profound implications for designing strategies to improve targeted, next-generation vaccines. Recent studies have crystallized much of our knowledge on MBC but also reported several surprising discoveries and gaps in our current understanding. Here, we review the latest advancements in the field and highlight current unknowns. In particular, we focus on timing and cues leading to MBC generation before and during the GC reaction, discuss how MBC become resident in mucosal tissues, and finally, provide an overview of factors shaping MBC fate-decision upon reactivation in mucosal and lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Bautista D, Romero-Sánchez C, Franco M, Angel J. Expression of Homing Receptors in IgM +IgD +CD27 + B Cells and Their Frequencies in Appendectomized and/or Tonsillectomized Individuals. Immunol Invest 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36943113 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2187303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, blood circulating IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells are considered analogous to those described in the marginal zone of the spleen and are involved in important immunological processes. The homing receptors they express, and the organs involved in their development (for example, intestinal organs in rabbits) are only partially known. We recently reported that this population is heterogeneous and composed of at least two subsets: one expressing high levels of IgM - IgMhi B cells - and another low levels - IgMlo B cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression of homing receptors on IgD+CD27+ IgMhi and IgMlo B cells and quantify their frequencies in blood of control and appendectomized and/or tonsillectomized volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using spectral flow cytometry, the simultaneous expression of 12 previously reported markers that differentiate IgMhi B cells and IgMlo B cells and of α4β7, CCR9, CD22 and CCR10 were evaluated in blood circulating B cells of control and appendectomized and/or tonsillectomized volunteers. RESULTS The existence of phenotypically defined IgMlo and IgMhi B cell subsets was confirmed. They differentially expressed intestinal homing receptors, and the expression of α4β7 and CCR9 seems to determine new IgM subpopulations. IgMlo and IgMhi B cells were detected at lower frequencies in the appendectomized and/or tonsillectomized volunteers relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS Human blood circulating IgD+CD27+ IgMlo and IgMhi B cell subsets differentially express homing receptors, and it is necessary to investigate if mucosal organs are important in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bautista
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- GIBAT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Consuelo Romero-Sánchez
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/INMUBO, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- Clinical Immunology Group, Hospital Militar Central/Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Franco
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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16
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Pillai A, Nayak A, Tiwari D, Pillai PK, Pandita A, Sakharkar S, Balasubramanian H, Kabra N. COVID-19 Disease in Under-5 Children: Current Status and Strategies for Prevention including Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:693. [PMID: 36992278 PMCID: PMC10058749 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic hit the globe in early 2020, we have steadily gained insight into its pathogenesis; thereby improving surveillance and preventive measures. In contrast to other respiratory viruses, neonates and young children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a milder clinical presentation, with only a small proportion needing hospitalization and intensive care support. With the emergence of novel variants and improved testing services, there has been a higher incidence of COVID-19 disease reported among children and neonates. Despite this, the proportion of young children with severe disease has not increased. Key mechanisms that protect young children from severe COVID-19 disease include the placental barrier, differential expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, immature immune response, and passive transfer of antibodies via placenta and human milk. Implementing mass vaccination programs has been a major milestone in reducing the global disease burden. However, considering the lower risk of severe COVID-19 illness in young children and the limited evidence about long-term vaccine safety, the risk-benefit balance in children under five years of age is more complex. In this review, we do not support or undermine vaccination of young children but outline current evidence and guidelines, and highlight controversies, knowledge gaps, and ethical issues related to COVID-19 vaccination in young children. Regulatory bodies should consider the individual and community benefits of vaccinating younger children in their local epidemiological setting while planning regional immunization policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Pillai
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Anuja Nayak
- Bai Jerabai Wadia Hospital for Children, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel East, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika Tiwari
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratichi Kadam Pillai
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aakash Pandita
- Medanta Super Specialty Hospital, Sector-A, Pocket-1, Amar Shaheed Path, Golf City, Lucknow 226030, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Sakharkar
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Nandkishor Kabra
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Abdulla ZA, Al-Bashir SM, Alzoubi H, Al-Salih NS, Aldamen AA, Abdulazeez AZ. The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Protection Generated by COVID-19 Vaccines in Different Age Groups. Pathogens 2023; 12:329. [PMID: 36839601 PMCID: PMC9967364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is greatly dependent on the reaction orchestrated by the immune system. This is clearly obvious in relation to the clinical status of COVID-19 infection, which can be symptomless, mild, moderate, or severe. Even the complications of the disease show a proportional pattern in relation to the immune response. On the contrary, the commonly used anti-COVID-19 vaccines generate protective humoral and cellular immunity. The magnitude of this immunity and the components involved in it are discussed in detail. Furthermore, many of the adverse effects of these vaccines can be explained on the basis of immune reactions against the different components of the vaccines. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccine for different age groups, many factors have to be considered. This is a cornerstone, particularly in the following age groups: 1 day to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years. Many factors are involved in deciding the route, doses, and schedule of vaccination for children. Another important issue in this dilemma is the hesitancy of families in making the decision about whether to vaccinate their children. Added to these difficulties is the choice by health authorities and governments concerning whether to make children's vaccination compulsory. In this respect, although rare and limited, adverse effects of vaccines in children have been detected, some of which, unfortunately, have been serious or even fatal. However, to achieve comprehensive control over COVID-19 in communities, both children and adults have to be vaccinated, as the former group represents a reservoir for viral transmission. The understanding of the various immunological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the preparation and application of its vaccines has given the sciences a great opportunity to further deepen and expand immunological knowledge. This will hopefully be reflected positively on other diseases through gaining an immunological background that may aid in diagnosis and therapy. Humanity is still in continuous conflict with SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be for a while, but the future is expected to be in favor of the prevention and control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaf M. Al-Bashir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Hiba Alzoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Noor S. Al-Salih
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ala A. Aldamen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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18
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Sollid LM, Iversen R. Tango of B cells with T cells in the making of secretory antibodies to gut bacteria. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:120-128. [PMID: 36056203 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric IgA and IgM are transported across the epithelial barrier from plasma cells in the lamina propria to exert a function in the gut lumen as secretory antibodies. Many secretory antibodies are reactive with the gut bacteria, and mounting evidence suggests that these antibodies are important for the host to control gut bacterial communities. However, we have incomplete knowledge of how bacteria-reactive secretory antibodies are formed. Antibodies from gut plasma cells often show bacterial cross-species reactivity, putting the degree of specificity behind anti-bacterial antibody responses into question. Such cross-species reactive antibodies frequently recognize non-genome-encoded membrane glycan structures. On the other hand, the T cell epitopes are peptides encoded in the bacterial genomes, thereby allowing a higher degree of predictable specificity on the T cell side of anti-bacterial immune responses. In this Perspective, we argue that the production of bacteria-reactive secretory antibodies is mainly controlled by the antigen specificity of T cells, which provide help to B cells. To be able to harness this system (for instance, for manipulation with vaccines), we need to obtain insight into the bacterial epitopes recognized by T cells in addition to characterizing the reactivity of the antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig M Sollid
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rasmus Iversen
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Aranburu A, Engström E, Gerasimcik N, Alsén S, Camponeschi A, Yrlid U, Grimsholm O, Mårtensson IL. Clonal relationships of memory B cell subsets in autoimmune mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129234. [PMID: 36936947 PMCID: PMC10015592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory protects our body from re-infection and it is composed of a cellular and a humoral arm. The B-cell branch with its memory B cells (MBCs), plasma cells and antibodies, formed either in a germinal centre (GC) -dependent or -independent manner, ensure that we can rapidly mount a recall immune response. Previous work in immunised wildtype (WT) mice have identified several subsets of MBCs whereas less is known under autoimmune conditions. Here, we have investigated the heterogeneity of the MBC compartment in autoimmune mouse models and examined the clonal relationships between MBC subsets and GC B cells in one of the models. We demonstrate the presence of at least four different MBC subsets based on their differential expression pattern of CD73, CD80 and PD-L2 in surrogate light chain-deficient (SLC-/-), MRL+/+ and MRLlpr/lpr mice, where most of the MBCs express IgM. Likewise, four MBC subsets could be identified in WT immunised mice. In SLC-/- mice, high-throughput sequencing of Ig heavy chains demonstrates that the two CD73-positive subsets are generally more mutated. Lineage tree analyses on expanded clones show overlaps between all MBC subsets and GC B cells primarily in the IgM sequences. Moreover, each of the three IgM MBC subsets could be found both as ancestor and progeny to GC B cells. This was also observed in the IgG sequences except for the CD73-negative subset. Thus, our findings demonstrate that several MBC subsets are present in autoimmune and WT mice. In SLC-/- mice, these MBC subsets are clonally related to each other and to GC B cells. Our results also indicate that different MBC subsets can seed the GC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Aranburu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Engström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalija Gerasimcik
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Alsén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Inga-Lill Mårtensson,
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20
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Kardava L, Buckner CM, Moir S. B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:93-119. [PMID: 36655200 PMCID: PMC9836209 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i2.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter with the pathogen or its variants. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid deployment of effective vaccines have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the immune response to a new yet rapidly evolving pathogen. Here we review the scientific literature and our efforts to understand antibody and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the effect of SARSCoV-2 infection on both primary and secondary immune responses, and how repeated exposures may impact outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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21
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Bianchi A, Scherer M, Zaurin R, Quililan K, Velten L, Beekman R. scTAM-seq enables targeted high-confidence analysis of DNA methylation in single cells. Genome Biol 2022; 23:229. [PMID: 36307828 PMCID: PMC9615163 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell DNA methylation profiling currently suffers from excessive noise and/or limited cellular throughput. We developed scTAM-seq, a targeted bisulfite-free method for profiling up to 650 CpGs in up to 10,000 cells per experiment, with a dropout rate as low as 7%. We demonstrate that scTAM-seq can resolve DNA methylation dynamics across B-cell differentiation in blood and bone marrow, identifying intermediate differentiation states that were previously masked. scTAM-seq additionally queries surface-protein expression, thus enabling integration of single-cell DNA methylation information with cell atlas data. In summary, scTAM-seq is a high-throughput, high-confidence method for analyzing DNA methylation at single-CpG resolution across thousands of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Bianchi
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Scherer
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Zaurin
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kimberly Quililan
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lars Velten
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renée Beekman
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452341.50000 0004 8340 2354Centre Nacional d’Anàlisi Genòmica (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Mikelov AI, Alekseeva EI, Komech EA, Staroverov DB, Turchaninova MA, Shugay M, Chudakov DM, Bazykin GA, Zvyagin IV. Memory persistence and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells accompanied by positive selection in longitudinal BCR repertoires. eLife 2022; 11:79254. [PMID: 36107479 PMCID: PMC9525062 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and plasticity of B cell-mediated immune memory ensures the ability to respond to the repeated challenges. We have analyzed the longitudinal dynamics of immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoires from memory B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells from the peripheral blood of generally healthy volunteers. We reveal a high degree of clonal persistence in individual memory B cell subsets, with inter-individual convergence in memory and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). ASC clonotypes demonstrate clonal relatedness to memory B cells, and are transient in peripheral blood. We identify two clusters of expanded clonal lineages with differing prevalence of memory B cells, isotypes, and persistence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed signs of reactivation of persisting memory B cell-enriched clonal lineages, accompanied by new rounds of affinity maturation during proliferation and differentiation into ASCs. Negative selection contributes to both persisting and reactivated lineages, preserving the functionality and specificity of B cell receptors (BCRs) to protect against current and future pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georgii A Bazykin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
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23
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Agrati C, Carsetti R, Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Quintarelli C, Locatelli F, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR. The immune response as a double-edged sword: the lesson learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunology 2022; 167:287-302. [PMID: 35971810 PMCID: PMC9538066 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for the humanity, and scientists around the world provided a huge effort to elucidate critical aspects in the fight against the pathogen, useful in designing public health strategies, vaccines and therapeutic approaches. One of the first pieces of evidence characterizing the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection has been its breadth of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to severe/deadly disease, and the indication of the key role played by the immune response in influencing disease severity. This review is aimed at summarizing what the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection taught us about the immune response, highlighting its features of a double‐edged sword mediating both protective and pathogenic processes. We will discuss the protective role of soluble and cellular innate immunity and the detrimental power of a hyper‐inflammation‐shaped immune response, resulting in tissue injury and immunothrombotic events. We will review the importance of B‐ and T‐cell immunity in reducing the clinical severity and their ability to cross‐recognize viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, INMI L. Spallanzani, IRCCS
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell laboratory, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Molecular Virology and antimicrobial immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS.,Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- General Directorate for Research and Health Innovation, Italian Ministry of Health
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital IRCCS, Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona).,Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome
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24
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Di Sante G, Buonsenso D, De Rose C, Tredicine M, Palucci I, De Maio F, Camponeschi C, Bonadia N, Biasucci D, Pata D, Chiaretti A, Valentini P, Ria F, Sanguinetti M, Sali M. Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Focus on T Regulatory and B Cell Responses in Children Compared with Adults. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9050681. [PMID: 35626859 PMCID: PMC9139466 DOI: 10.3390/children9050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the clinical impact of COVID-19 on adults has been massive, the majority of children develop pauci-symptomatic or even asymptomatic infection and only a minority of the latter develop a fatal outcome. The reasons of such differences are not yet established. We examined cytokines in sera and Th and B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 40 children (<18 years old), evaluating the impact of COVID-19 infection during the pandemic’s first waves. We correlated our results with clinical symptoms and compared them to samples obtained from 16 infected adults and 7 healthy controls. While IL6 levels were lower in SARS-CoV-2+ children as compared to adult patients, the expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα directly correlated with early age infection and symptoms. Th and B cell subsets were modified during pediatric infection differently with respect to adult patients and controls and within the pediatric group based on age. Low levels of IgD− CD27+ memory B cells correlated with absent/mild symptoms. On the contrary, high levels of FoxP3+/CD25high T-Regs associated with a moderate−severe clinical course in the childhood. These T and B cells subsets did not associate with severity in infected adults, with children showing a predominant expansion of immature B lymphocytes and natural regulatory T cells. This study shows differences in immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children compared with adults. Moreover, these data could provide information that can drive vaccination endpoints for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Sante
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (F.R.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Clinica e Forense, Università degli studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (P.V.)
- Global Health Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-063-015-4390
| | - Cristina De Rose
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie—Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie—Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Camponeschi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Nicola Bonadia
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Emergenza, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniele Biasucci
- Dipartimento di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Pata
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Piero Valentini
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Francesco Ria
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (F.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie—Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.P.); (F.D.M.); (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie—Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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25
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Kibler A, Budeus B, Küppers R, Seifert M. The Splenic Marginal Zone in Children Is Characterized by a Subpopulation of CD27-Negative, Lowly IGHV-Mutated B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825619. [PMID: 35154145 PMCID: PMC8828478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Young children and older adults suffer from enhanced susceptibility to infections with blood-borne pathogens. An essential step towards immunity is the establishment of a splenic marginal zone (sMZ), which is immature at below 2 years of age. At approximately 5 years of age, an adult level of protection is reached but wanes again in older adults. Although the infant sMZ is thought to contain mostly naïve B cells, memory B cells are recruited to and recirculate from the sMZ throughout life, and class-switched sMZ B cells dominate in older adults. For a better resolution of naïve versus memory B-cell subset accumulation in the sMZ, we performed a single cell-based gene expression analysis of (CD21highIgMhigh) sMZ B cells among five healthy donors (age 3 to 48 years) and validated the sMZ B-cell subset composition by flow cytometry of 147 spleen biopsies (age 0 to 82 years). We identified a major sMZ B-cell subpopulation, which is abundant at birth but decreases with age. These cells lack CD27 expression but carry a weak-to-intermediate memory B-cell signature. These CD27neg sMZ B cells are either IGHV-unmutated or carry only a few IGHV mutations early in life but show average memory B-cell IGHV mutation frequencies (>3%) in adults. The activation and proliferation potential of CD27neg sMZ B cells is significantly above that of non-sMZ B cells already in children. Our study suggests that the human sMZ B-cell pool changes with age, encompassing a major population of lowly Ig-mutated CD27neg but antigen-experienced B cells early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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26
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Terreri S, Piano Mortari E, Vinci MR, Russo C, Alteri C, Albano C, Colavita F, Gramigna G, Agrati C, Linardos G, Coltella L, Colagrossi L, Deriu G, Ciofi Degli Atti M, Rizzo C, Scarsella M, Brugaletta R, Camisa V, Santoro A, Roscilli G, Pavoni E, Muzi A, Magnavita N, Scutari R, Villani A, Raponi M, Locatelli F, Perno CF, Zaffina S, Carsetti R. Persistent B cell memory after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is functional during breakthrough infections. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:400-408.e4. [PMID: 35134333 PMCID: PMC8820949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals are considered a consequence of waning immunity. Serum antibodies represent the most measurable outcome of vaccine-induced B cell memory. When antibodies decline, memory B cells are expected to persist and perform their function, preventing clinical disease. We investigated whether BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces durable and functional B cell memory in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 9 months after the second dose in a cohort of health care workers (HCWs). While we observed physiological decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, memory B cells persist and increase until 9 months after immunization. HCWs with breakthrough infections had no signs of waning immunity. In 3-4 days, memory B cells responded to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing high levels of specific antibodies in the serum and anti-Spike IgA in the saliva. Antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein were produced with the slow kinetics typical of the response to a novel antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Albano
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Gramigna
- Laboratory of virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Linardos
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Coltella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Luna Colagrossi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Deriu
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Ciofi Degli Atti
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Function Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Function Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Centre, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Brugaletta
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Annapaola Santoro
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Muzi
- Takis s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Section of Occupational Medicine and Labor Law, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Scutari
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Raponi
- Medical Direction, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Sapienza, University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 37, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Farroni C, Picchianti-Diamanti A, Aiello A, Nicastri E, Laganà B, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Meschi S, Colavita F, Cuzzi G, Casetti R, Grassi G, Petrone L, Vanini V, Salmi A, Repele F, Altera AMG, Maffongelli G, Corpolongo A, Salemi S, Di Rosa R, Nalli G, Sesti G, Vaia F, Puro V, Goletti D. Kinetics of the B- and T-Cell Immune Responses After 6 Months From SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846753. [PMID: 35309297 PMCID: PMC8924958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo assess the kinetics of the humoral and cell-mediated responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with different immunosuppressive therapies.MethodsFollowing vaccine completed schedule, health care workers (HCWs, n = 49) and RA patients (n = 35) were enrolled at 5 weeks (T1) and 6 months (T6) after the first dose of BNT162b2-mRNA vaccination. Serological response was assessed by quantifying anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, while cell-mediated response was assessed by a whole-blood test quantifying the interferon (IFN)-γ response to spike peptides. B-cell phenotype and IFN-γ-specific T-cell responses were evaluated by flow cytometry.ResultsAfter 6 months, anti-RBD antibodies were still detectable in 91.4% of RA patients, although we observed a significant reduction of the titer in patients under Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4)-Ig [median: 16.4 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml, interquartile range (IQR): 11.3–44.3, p < 0.0001] or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors (median: 26.5 BAU/ml, IQR: 14.9–108.8, p = 0.0034) compared to controls (median: 152.7 BAU/ml, IQR: 89.3–260.3). All peripheral memory B-cell (MBC) subpopulations, in particular, the switched IgG+ MBCs (CD19+CD27+IgD-IgM-IgG+), were significantly reduced in RA subjects under CTLA-4-Ig compared to those in HCWs (p = 0.0012). In RA patients, a significantly reduced anti-RBD IgG titer was observed at T6 vs. T1, mainly in those treated with CTLA-4-Ig (p = 0.002), interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors (p = 0.015), and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) ± corticosteroids (CCSs) (p = 0.015). In contrast, a weak nonsignificant reduction of the T-cell response was reported at T6 vs. T1. T-cell response was found in 65.7% of the RA patients at T6, with lower significant magnitude in patients under CTLA-4-Ig compared to HCWs (p < 0.0001). The SARS-CoV-2 IFN-γ-S-specific T-cell response was mainly detected in the CD4+ T-cell compartment.ConclusionsIn this study, in RA patients after 6 months from COVID-19 vaccination, we show the kinetics, waning, and impairment of the humoral and, to a less extent, of the T-cell response. Similarly, a reduction of the specific response was also observed in the controls. Therefore, based on these results, a booster dose of the vaccine is crucial to increase the specific immune response regardless of the immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Farroni
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Picchianti-Diamanti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Aiello
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Laganà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Unità Operativa Semplice (UOS) Professioni Sanitarie Tecniche, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Salmi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Repele
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gerarda Altera
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Maffongelli
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Corpolongo
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Salemi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Nalli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Direzione Sanitaria, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Emerging Infections and Centro di Riferimento AIDS (CRAIDS), National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Delia Goletti,
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28
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Weisel NM, Joachim SM, Smita S, Callahan D, Elsner RA, Conter LJ, Chikina M, Farber DL, Weisel FJ, Shlomchik MJ. Surface phenotypes of naive and memory B cells in mouse and human tissues. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:135-145. [PMID: 34937918 PMCID: PMC8712407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) protect the body from recurring infections. MBCs differ from their naive counterparts (NBCs) in many ways, but functional and surface marker differences are poorly characterized. In addition, although mice are the prevalent model for human immunology, information is limited concerning the nature of homology in B cell compartments. To address this, we undertook an unbiased, large-scale screening of both human and mouse MBCs for their differential expression of surface markers. By correlating the expression of such markers with extensive panels of known markers in high-dimensional flow cytometry, we comprehensively identified numerous surface proteins that are differentially expressed between MBCs and NBCs. The combination of these markers allows for the identification of MBCs in humans and mice and provides insight into their functional differences. These results will greatly enhance understanding of humoral immunity and can be used to improve immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Stephen M. Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Derrick Callahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura J. Conter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work,Correspondence to:
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29
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Shokati Eshkiki Z, Shahriari A, Seyedtabib M, Torabizadeh M, Assarehzadegan MA, Nashibi R, Khosravi M, Neisi N, Mard SA, Shayesteh AA. Innate and Adaptive Immunity Imbalance With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children and Adults. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:736013. [PMID: 34976886 PMCID: PMC8714948 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.736013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Little is known about the laboratory and radiological characteristics and clinical significance of peripheral immune alterations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to clarify these aspects in children and adults with COVID-19. Methods: In this consecutive pilot study, COVID-19 patients with the confirmed pneumonia and real-time RT-PCR were recruited prospectively in June 2020. The clinical, chest CT, and laboratory features, such as lymphocyte subpopulations, were analyzed for each individual. Results: Forty confirmed COVID-19 patients, 11 severe children, 12 severe adults, and 17 critical adult patients, besides 20 healthy pediatrics and 14 healthy adults as controls, were enrolled prospectively. Adult patients, especially critical ones, had a much higher prevalence of laboratory and chest CT abnormalities. Data regarding immune cell subsets in children patients, compared with matched controls, had higher CD3+ CD8+ T cells (p = 0.004) and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p = 0.042), while adult patients, compared with matched controls, had lower CD14+ monocytes (p = 0.032). Adult patients were also categorized as experiencing critical or severe illness on admission and, compared with severe patients, had lower total lymphocytes (p < 0.047), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (p < 0.002), and CD3+ CD8+ T cells (p = 0.001) and, on the other hand, had higher CD3+ CD4+ T cells (p = 0.012) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p = 0.003). Non survived adults, compared with survived patients, had significantly lower CD3+ T-lymphocyte (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Unlike adult patients, who compared with matched controls and had more comorbidities, higher frequency of severe clinical symptoms, laboratory abnormalities, and immune cells alteration, clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children (compared with matched controls) were relatively mild, and fewer clinical complications were seen either, perhaps because of a milder inflammatory response following their peripheral innate and adaptive immune cell alteration pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shokati Eshkiki
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arman Shahriari
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Seyedtabib
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Torabizadeh
- Golestan Hospital, Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Assarehzadegan
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roohangize Nashibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mard
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shayesteh
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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30
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Carsetti R, Corrente F, Capponi C, Mirabella M, Cascioli S, Palomba P, Bertaina V, Pagliara D, Colucci M, Piano Mortari E. Comprehensive phenotyping of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in pathological conditions. Cytometry A 2021; 101:140-149. [PMID: 34851033 PMCID: PMC9299869 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with alterations of the B-cell compartment. Knowing how to correctly identify by flow cytometry the distribution of B-cell populations in the peripheral blood is important to help in the early diagnosis. In the accompanying article we describe how to identify the different B-cell subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Here we show a few examples of diseases that cause dysregulation of the B-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaina
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Pagliara
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Colucci
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetic and Rare Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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31
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Gu X, Sha L, Zhang S, Shen D, Zhao W, Yi Y. Neutrophils and Lymphocytes Can Help Distinguish Asymptomatic COVID-19 From Moderate COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:654272. [PMID: 34722325 PMCID: PMC8554189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.654272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and moderate COVID-19 may be the most common COVID-19 cases. This study was designed to develop a diagnostic model for patients with asymptomatic and moderate COVID-19 based on demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. Methods This retrospective study divided the subjects into 2 groups: asymptomatic COVID-19 (without symptoms, n = 15) and moderate COVID-19 (with symptoms, n = 57). Demographic characteristics, clinical data, routine blood tests, other laboratory tests, and inpatient data were collected and analyzed to compare patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 and moderate COVID-19. Results Comparison of the asymptomatic COVID-19 group with the moderate COVID-19 group yielded the following results: the patients were younger (P = 0.045); the cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ (cytotoxic) T cell level was higher (P = 0.017); the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was lower (P = 0.001); the white blood cell (WBC, P < 0.001), neutrophil (NEU, P = 0.036), lymphocyte (LYM, P = 0.009), and eosinophil (EOS, P = 0.036) counts were higher; and the serum iron level (P = 0.049) was higher in the asymptomatic COVID-19 group. The multivariate analysis showed that the NEU count (odds ratio [OR] = 2.007, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.162 - 3.715, P = 0.014) and LYM count (OR = 9.380, 95% CI: 2.382 - 36.934, P = 0.001) were independent factors for the presence of clinical symptoms after COVID-19 infection. The NEU count and LYM count were diagnostic predictors of asymptomatic COVID-19. This diagnostic prediction model showed high discriminatory power, consistency, and net clinical benefits. Conclusions The proposed model can distinguish asymptomatic COVID-19 from moderate COVID-19, thereby helping clinicians identify and distinguish patients with potential asymptomatic COVID-19 from those with moderate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Sha
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Duo Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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32
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Simper G, Schleumann P, Seidel S, Ho GGT, Placzko S, Bade-Döding C. Der selektive Nachweis von HLA-spezifischen B-Gedächtniszellen. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1521-8034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungIn der Transplantationsdiagnostik werden die Seren der Patienten auf der Warteliste jedes Quartal auf präexistierende Anti-HLA-Antikörper untersucht. Jedoch kann die Existenz von zirkulierenden peripheren Antikörpern, die von knochenmarkresidierenden Plasmazellen sezerniert wurden, keine zuverlässige Information über das Zellkompartment von B-Gedächtniszellen geben. Die Exposition mit einem inkompatiblen HLA-Antigen kann immer die Aktivierung vorhandener B-Gedächtniszellen auslösen. Die Analyse von B-Gedächtniszellen ermöglicht die Erhebung von belastbaren Daten über den individuellen Immunstatus eines Patienten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolin Simper
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Schleumann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Sarah Seidel
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Gia-Gia Toni Ho
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Susann Placzko
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Christina Bade-Döding
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Transplantat Engineering, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
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33
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Carsetti R, Terreri S, Conti MG, Fernandez Salinas A, Corrente F, Capponi C, Albano C, Piano Mortari E. Comprehensive phenotyping of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in healthy conditions. Cytometry A 2021; 101:131-139. [PMID: 34664397 PMCID: PMC9546334 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The B cell compartment provides innate and adaptive immune defenses against pathogens. Different B cell subsets, reflecting the maturation stages of B cells, have noninterchangeable functions and roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview of the B cell subsets present in peripheral blood of healthy individuals. A specific gating strategy is also described to clearly and univocally identify B cell subsets based on the their phenotypic traits by flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Conti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Albano
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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34
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Yan Z, Yang M, Lai CL. COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Comprehensive Review of Their Safety and Efficacy in Special Populations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1097. [PMID: 34696205 PMCID: PMC8539110 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been spreading worldwide since late 2019. There is no definitive cure to date. Global vaccination programs are urgently required to confer herd immunity, reducing the incidence of COVID-19 infections and associated morbidity and mortality. However, a significant proportion of special populations are hesitant to receive vaccination due to their special conditions, namely, age (pediatrics and geriatrics), immunocompromised state, autoimmune diseases, chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, active or treated cancers, and pregnancy. This review aims to evaluate the existing evidence of COVID-19 vaccinations on these special populations and to provide clues to guide vaccination decision making to balance the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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35
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Piano Mortari E, Russo C, Vinci MR, Terreri S, Fernandez Salinas A, Piccioni L, Alteri C, Colagrossi L, Coltella L, Ranno S, Linardos G, Agosta M, Albano C, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Meschi S, Romania P, Roscilli G, Pavoni E, Camisa V, Santoro A, Brugaletta R, Magnavita N, Ruggiero A, Cotugno N, Amodio D, Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Giorgio D, Russo N, Salvatori G, Corsetti T, Locatelli F, Perno CF, Zaffina S, Carsetti R. Highly Specific Memory B Cells Generation after the 2nd Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine Compensate for the Decline of Serum Antibodies and Absence of Mucosal IgA. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102541. [PMID: 34685521 PMCID: PMC8533837 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific memory B cells and antibodies are a reliable read-out of vaccine efficacy. We analysed these biomarkers after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The second dose significantly increases the level of highly specific memory B cells and antibodies. Two months after the second dose, specific antibody levels decline, but highly specific memory B cells continue to increase, thus predicting a sustained protection from COVID-19. We show that although mucosal IgA is not induced by the vaccination, memory B cells migrate in response to inflammation and secrete IgA at mucosal sites. We show that the first vaccine dose may lead to an insufficient number of highly specific memory B cells and low concentration of serum antibodies, thus leaving vaccinees without the immune robustness needed to ensure viral elimination and herd immunity. We also clarify that the reduction of serum antibodies does not diminish the force and duration of the immune protection induced by vaccination. The vaccine does not induce sterilizing immunity. Infection after vaccination may be caused by the lack of local preventive immunity because of the absence of mucosal IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Cristina Russo
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.R.V.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (S.Z.)
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 37, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Piccioni
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luna Colagrossi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Luana Coltella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Stefania Ranno
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Giulia Linardos
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Marilena Agosta
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Christian Albano
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 2, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 2, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 2, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Paolo Romania
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 37, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Roscilli
- Takis s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Emiliano Pavoni
- Takis s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.R.V.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (S.Z.)
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Annapaola Santoro
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.R.V.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (S.Z.)
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Brugaletta
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.R.V.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (S.Z.)
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Section of Occupational Medicine and Labor Law, Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Woman, Child & Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Via della Pineta Sacchetti, 217, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (N.C.); (D.A.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via San Francesco, 22, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (N.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (N.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Giorgio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (D.G.); (N.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Nicoletta Russo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (D.G.); (N.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (D.G.); (N.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Tiziana Corsetti
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 37, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.R.V.); (V.C.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (S.Z.)
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo,15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.P.M.); (S.T.); (A.F.S.); (C.A.); (C.A.); (P.R.); (C.F.P.)
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.); (L.C.); (L.C.); (S.R.); (G.L.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Ciocca M, Zaffina S, Fernandez Salinas A, Bocci C, Palomba P, Conti MG, Terreri S, Frisullo G, Giorda E, Scarsella M, Brugaletta R, Vinci MR, Magnavita N, Carsetti R, Piano Mortari E. Evolution of Human Memory B Cells From Childhood to Old Age. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690534. [PMID: 34367150 PMCID: PMC8343175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High quality medical assistance and preventive strategies, including pursuing a healthy lifestyle, result in a progressively growing percentage of older people. The population and workforce is aging in all countries of the world. It is widely recognized that older individuals show an increased susceptibility to infections and a reduced response to vaccination suggesting that the aged immune system is less able to react and consequently protect the organism. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is dramatically showing us that the organism reacts to novel pathogens in an age-dependent manner. The decline of the immune system observed in aging remains unclear. We aimed to understand the role of B cells. We analyzed peripheral blood from children (4-18 years); young people (23-60 years) and elderly people (65-91 years) by flow cytometry. We also measured antibody secretion by ELISA following a T-independent stimulation. Here we show that the elderly have a significant reduction of CD27dull memory B cells, a population that bridges innate and adaptive immune functions. In older people, memory B cells are mostly high specialized antigen-selected CD27bright. Moreover, after in vitro stimulation with CpG, B cells from older individuals produced significantly fewer IgM and IgA antibodies compared to younger individuals. Aging is a complex process characterized by a functional decline in multiple physiological systems. The immune system of older people is well equipped to react to often encountered antigens but has a low ability to respond to new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ciocca
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bocci
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Diagnostic Immunology Clinical Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frisullo
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Brugaletta
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Section of Occupational Medicine and Labor Law, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman, Child & Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Immunology Clinical Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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37
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Isolation of primary human B lymphocytes from tonsils compared to blood as alternative source for ex vivo application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122853. [PMID: 34325309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes ('B cells') are components of the human immune system with obvious potential for medical and biotechnological applications. Here, we discuss the isolation of primary human B cells from both juvenile and adult tonsillar material using a two-step procedure based on gradient centrifugation followed by separation on a nylon wool column as alternative to the current gold standard, i.e., negative immunosorting from buffy coats by antibody-coated magnetic beads. We show that the nylon wool separation is a low-cost method well suited to the isolation of large amounts of primary B cells reaching purities ≥ 80%. More importantly, this method allows the preservation of all B cell subsets, while MACS sorting seems to be biased against a certain B cell subtype, namely the CD27+ B cells. Importantly, compared to blood, the excellent recovery yield during purification of tonsillar B cells provides high number of cells, hence increases the number of subsequent experiments feasible with identical cell material, consequently improving comparability of results. The cultivability of the isolated B cells was demonstrated using pokeweed mitogen (PWM) as a stimulatory substance. Our results showed for the first time that the proliferative response of tonsillar B cells to mitogens declines with the age of the donor. Furthermore, we observed that PWM treatment stimulates the proliferation of a dedicated subpopulation and induces some terminal differentiation with ASCs signatures. Taken together this indicates that the proposed isolation procedure preserves the proliferative capability as well as the differentiation capacity of the B cells.
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38
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Zaffina S, Alteri C, Ruggiero A, Cotugno N, Vinci MR, Camisa V, Santoro AP, Brugaletta R, Deriu G, Piano Mortari E, Fernandez Salinas A, Russo C, Ranno S, Coltella L, Colagrossi L, Porzio O, Onetti Muda A, Raponi M, Ciofi Degli Atti M, Rizzo C, Villani A, Rossi P, Palma P, Carsetti R, Perno CF. Induction of immune response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination in healthcare workers. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100046. [PMID: 34026245 PMCID: PMC8131184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Santoro
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Brugaletta
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Deriu
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Ranno
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Coltella
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luna Colagrossi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Porzio
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onetti Muda
- Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ciofi Degli Atti
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit - Medical Direction, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit - Medical Direction, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Emergency and General Pediatrics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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39
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Toptan T, Ciesek S, Hoehl S. Pediatrics and COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:197-208. [PMID: 33973180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are prevalent in children. They have substantial effects on childhood morbidity throughout the world, especially in developing countries. In this chapter, we describe the preliminary characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 and discover that severe and critical disease in children is rare. Many children remain asymptomatic. The reason why severity increases with progressing age and largely spares children is not yet known. In the search for possible explanations, we explore key differences between the pediatric and adult immune responses to new pathogens, and in host factors, such as ACE2 abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuna Toptan
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoehl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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40
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Rioux M, Francis ME, Swan CL, Ge A, Kroeker A, Kelvin AA. The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 33920917 PMCID: PMC8071347 DOI: 10.3390/v13040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors impact the host response to influenza virus infection and vaccination. Ferrets have been an indispensable reagent for influenza virus research for almost one hundred years. One of the most significant and well-known factors affecting human disease after infection is host age. Another significant factor is the virus, as strain-specific disease severity is well known. Studying age-related impacts on viral infection and vaccination outcomes requires an animal model that reflects both the physiological and immunological changes that occur with human aging, and sensitivity to differentially virulent influenza viruses. The ferret is uniquely susceptible to a plethora of influenza viruses impacting humans and has proven extremely useful in studying the clinical and immunological pictures of influenza virus infection. Moreover, ferrets developmentally have several of the age-related physiological changes that occur in humans throughout infancy, adulthood, old age, and pregnancy. In this review, we discuss ferret susceptibility to influenza viruses, summarize previous influenza studies using ferrets as models of age, and finally, highlight the application of ferret age models in the pursuit of prophylactic and therapeutic agents to address age-related influenza disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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41
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Lauro R, Irrera N, Eid AH, Bitto A. Could Antigen Presenting Cells Represent a Protective Element during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children? Pathogens 2021; 10:476. [PMID: 33920011 PMCID: PMC8071032 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are immune cells that recognize, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes. APCs are among the earliest immune responders against an antigen. Thus, in patients with COVID-19, a disease caused by the newly reported SARS-CoV-2 virus, the role of APCs becomes increasingly important. In this paper, we dissect the role of these cells in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, this virus appears to cause a higher mortality among adults than children. This may suggest that the immune system, particularly APCs, of children may be different from that of adults, which may then explain differences in immune responses between these two populations, evident as different pathological outcome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that differentiate juvenile from other APCs are not well understood. Whether juvenile APCs are one reason why children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 requires much attention. The goal of this review is to examine the role of APCs, both in adults and children. The molecular mechanisms governing APCs, especially against SARS-CoV-2, may explain the differential immune responsiveness in the two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Lauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (N.I.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (N.I.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (N.I.)
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Carsetti R, Quinti I, Locatelli F. COVID-19 - pathogenesis and immunological findings across the clinical manifestation spectrum. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27:193-198. [PMID: 33629970 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The wide spectrum of COVID-19 clinical manifestations demonstrates the determinant role played by the individual immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the course of the disease. Thanks to the large number of published data, we are beginning to understand the logic of the human response to a virus adapted to bat immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Impairment of types I and III interferon responses may facilitate the occurrence of severe COVID-19 with reduced antiviral activity associated to potent inflammation. The human T and B-cell germline repertoire contain the specificities able to react against SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Although inflammation disrupts the structure of germinal centers, memory T and B cells can be found in the blood of patients after mild and severe COVID 19. SUMMARY Further studies are indispensable to better understand the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2. The diversity of the individual reaction may contribute to explain the clinical manifestation spectrum. Immunological memory can be demonstrated in patients, convalescent from mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19, but we do not know whether asymptomatic individuals have memory of the virus. Tailored vaccination protocols may be needed for individuals with previous SAS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Clinical Unit, Department of Laboratories and Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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43
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Quinti I, Mortari EP, Fernandez Salinas A, Milito C, Carsetti R. IgA Antibodies and IgA Deficiency in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655896. [PMID: 33889552 PMCID: PMC8057809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large repertoire of IgA is produced by B lymphocytes with T-independent and T-dependent mechanisms useful in defense against pathogenic microorganisms and to reduce immune activation. IgA is active against several pathogens, including rotavirus, poliovirus, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2. It protects the epithelial barriers from pathogens and modulates excessive immune responses in inflammatory diseases. An early SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral response is dominated by IgA antibodies responses greatly contributing to virus neutralization. The lack of anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgA and secretory IgA (sIgA) might represent a possible cause of COVID-19 severity, vaccine failure, and possible cause of prolonged viral shedding in patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies, including patients with Selective IgA Deficiency. Differently from other primary antibody deficiency entities, Selective IgA Deficiency occurs in the vast majority of patients as an asymptomatic condition, and it is often an unrecognized, Studies are needed to clarify the open questions raised by possible consequences of a lack of an IgA response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Area Multimodal Medicine, Diagnostic Immunology and Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Area Multimodal Medicine, Diagnostic Immunology and Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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44
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viruses are positive single-stranded RNA viruses, whose infection can be asymptomatic or lead to the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Covid-19 is a respiratory infection with a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis leading to several cardiovascular complications. Hematologic consequences of this new infection allowed medical community to start new treatment approaches concerning infection going from targeted anti-inflammatory drugs to anticoagulation or stem cell therapies. A better understanding of Covid-19 pathophysiology, in particular hematological disorders, will help to choose appropriate treatment strategies.
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45
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Izraelson M, Metsger M, Davydov AN, Shagina IA, Dronina MA, Obraztsova AS, Miskevich DA, Mamedov IZ, Volchkova LN, Nakonechnaya TO, Shugay M, Bolotin DA, Staroverov DB, Sharonov GV, Kondratyuk EY, Zagaynova EV, Lukyanov S, Shams I, Britanova OV, Chudakov DM. Distinct organization of adaptive immunity in the long-lived rodent Spalax galili. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:179-189. [PMID: 37118630 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A balanced immune response is a cornerstone of healthy aging. Here, we uncover distinctive features of the long-lived blind mole-rat (Spalax spp.) adaptive immune system, relative to humans and mice. The T-cell repertoire remains diverse throughout the Spalax lifespan, suggesting a paucity of large long-lived clones of effector-memory T cells. Expression of master transcription factors of T-cell differentiation, as well as checkpoint and cytotoxicity genes, remains low as Spalax ages. The thymus shrinks as in mice and humans, while interleukin-7 and interleukin-7 receptor expression remains high, potentially reflecting the sustained homeostasis of naive T cells. With aging, immunoglobulin hypermutation level does not increase and the immunoglobulin-M repertoire remains diverse, suggesting shorter B-cell memory and sustained homeostasis of innate-like B cells. The Spalax adaptive immune system thus appears biased towards sustained functional and receptor diversity over specialized, long-lived effector-memory clones-a unique organizational strategy that potentially underlies this animal's extraordinary longevity and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Izraelson
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Metsger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A N Davydov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I A Shagina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Dronina
- Institute of Evolution & Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - A S Obraztsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Miskevich
- Institute of Evolution & Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Z Mamedov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L N Volchkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - T O Nakonechnaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Shugay
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Bolotin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D B Staroverov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Sharonov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Y Kondratyuk
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E V Zagaynova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S Lukyanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Shams
- Institute of Evolution & Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - O V Britanova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D M Chudakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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46
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Semmes EC, Chen JL, Goswami R, Burt TD, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Understanding Early-Life Adaptive Immunity to Guide Interventions for Pediatric Health. Front Immunol 2021; 11:595297. [PMID: 33552052 PMCID: PMC7858666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are capable of mounting adaptive immune responses, but their ability to develop long-lasting immunity is limited. Understanding the particularities of the neonatal adaptive immune system is therefore critical to guide the design of immune-based interventions, including vaccines, in early life. In this review, we present a thorough summary of T cell, B cell, and humoral immunity in early life and discuss infant adaptive immune responses to pathogens and vaccines. We focus on the differences between T and B cell responses in early life and adulthood, which hinder the generation of long-lasting adaptive immune responses in infancy. We discuss how knowledge of early life adaptive immunity can be applied when developing vaccine strategies for this unique period of immune development. In particular, we emphasize the use of novel vaccine adjuvants and optimization of infant vaccine schedules. We also propose integrating maternal and infant immunization strategies to ensure optimal neonatal protection through passive maternal antibody transfer while avoiding hindering infant vaccine responses. Our review highlights that the infant adaptive immune system is functionally distinct and uniquely regulated compared to later life and that these particularities should be considered when designing interventions to promote pediatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C. Semmes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jui-Lin Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Trevor D. Burt
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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47
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Carsetti R, Zaffina S, Piano Mortari E, Terreri S, Corrente F, Capponi C, Palomba P, Mirabella M, Cascioli S, Palange P, Cuccaro I, Milito C, Zumla A, Maeurer M, Camisa V, Vinci MR, Santoro A, Cimini E, Marchioni L, Nicastri E, Palmieri F, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Porzio O, Concato C, Onetti Muda A, Raponi M, Quintarelli C, Quinti I, Locatelli F. Different Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Asymptomatic, Mild, and Severe Cases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610300. [PMID: 33391280 PMCID: PMC7772470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuccaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Immunotherapy Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
- Med Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Annapaola Santoro
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ottavia Porzio
- Medical Laboratory Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onetti Muda
- Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Raponi
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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48
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Weisel NM, Weisel FJ, Farber DL, Borghesi LA, Shen Y, Ma W, Luning Prak ET, Shlomchik MJ. Comprehensive analyses of B-cell compartments across the human body reveal novel subsets and a gut-resident memory phenotype. Blood 2020; 136:2774-2785. [PMID: 32750113 PMCID: PMC7731793 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human B cells have been extensively studied, most reports have used peripheral blood as a source. Here, we used a unique tissue resource derived from healthy organ donors to deeply characterize human B-cell compartments across multiple tissues and donors. These datasets revealed that B cells in the blood are not in homeostasis with compartments in other tissues. We found striking donor-to-donor variability in the frequencies and isotype of CD27+ memory B cells (MBCs). A comprehensive antibody-based screen revealed markers of MBC and allowed identification of novel MBC subsets with distinct functions defined according to surface expression of CD69 and CD45RB. We defined a tissue-resident MBC phenotype that was predominant in the gut but absent in blood. RNA-sequencing of MBC subsets from multiple tissues revealed a tissue-resident MBC gene signature as well as gut- and spleen-specific signatures. Overall, these studies provide novel insights into the nature and function of human B-cell compartments across multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Florian J Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Surgery, and
| | - Lisa A Borghesi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Wenji Ma
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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49
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Kasatskaya SA, Ladell K, Egorov ES, Miners KL, Davydov AN, Metsger M, Staroverov DB, Matveyshina EK, Shagina IA, Mamedov IZ, Izraelson M, Shelyakin PV, Britanova OV, Price DA, Chudakov DM. Functionally specialized human CD4 + T-cell subsets express physicochemically distinct TCRs. eLife 2020; 9:57063. [PMID: 33289628 PMCID: PMC7773335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The organizational integrity of the adaptive immune system is determined by functionally discrete subsets of CD4+ T cells, but it has remained unclear to what extent lineage choice is influenced by clonotypically expressed T-cell receptors (TCRs). To address this issue, we used a high-throughput approach to profile the αβ TCR repertoires of human naive and effector/memory CD4+ T-cell subsets, irrespective of antigen specificity. Highly conserved physicochemical and recombinatorial features were encoded on a subset-specific basis in the effector/memory compartment. Clonal tracking further identified forbidden and permitted transition pathways, mapping effector/memory subsets related by interconversion or ontogeny. Public sequences were largely confined to particular effector/memory subsets, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), which also displayed hardwired repertoire features in the naive compartment. Accordingly, these cumulative repertoire portraits establish a link between clonotype fate decisions in the complex world of CD4+ T cells and the intrinsic properties of somatically rearranged TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Kasatskaya
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeniy S Egorov
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey N Davydov
- Adaptive Immunity Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Metsger
- Adaptive Immunity Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry B Staroverov
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena K Matveyshina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A Shagina
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilgar Z Mamedov
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mark Izraelson
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Shelyakin
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Britanova
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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50
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Nielsen SCA, Yang F, Jackson KJL, Hoh RA, Röltgen K, Jean GH, Stevens BA, Lee JY, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Powell AE, Hunter M, Najeeb J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Yost KE, Daniel B, Nadeau KC, Chang HY, Satpathy AT, Jardetzky TS, Kim PS, Wang TT, Pinsky BA, Blish CA, Boyd SD. Human B Cell Clonal Expansion and Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:516-525.e5. [PMID: 32941787 PMCID: PMC7470783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical for the production of antibodies and protective immunity to viruses. Here we show that patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) display early recruitment of B cells expressing a limited subset of IGHV genes, progressing to a highly polyclonal response of B cells with broader IGHV gene usage and extensive class switching to IgG and IgA subclasses with limited somatic hypermutation in the initial weeks of infection. We identify convergence of antibody sequences across SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, highlighting stereotyped naive responses to this virus. Notably, sequence-based detection in COVID-19 patients of convergent B cell clonotypes previously reported in SARS-CoV infection predicts the presence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibody titers specific for the receptor-binding domain. These findings offer molecular insights into shared features of human B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grace H Jean
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan A Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail E Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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