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Siddiqui MU, Sibtain M, Ahmad F, Zushi Y, Nabi D. Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:554-574. [PMID: 38804286 PMCID: PMC11130967 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts-with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks-significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Siddiqui
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Ahmad
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Cypress, CA 90630, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Liu Y, Lv W, Li H, Xie P, Liu S, Chen J, Yuan Z. 2,2-Dichloroacetamide exposure induces behavior and memory disorders in mice: Detrimental effects of long-term dietary restriction on neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114477. [PMID: 38296181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
2, 2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a nitrogen-containing disinfection byproduct (DBPs), is commonly found in potable water. This study aimed to compare the neurotoxicity of DCAcAm in C57/BL6 mice at both environmentally relevant and higher doses through oral exposure over a 28-day period. Furthermore, the potential effects of dietary restriction (DR) on the cerebral toxicity induced by 20 ppb DCAcAm were examined. The findings indicated that DCAcAm exposure and DR treatment resulted in reduced memory retention and cognitive adaptability in mice. Additionally, higher doses of DCAcAm exposure induced severe brain inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic profiling revealed disruptions in fatty acid, energy, and amino acid metabolism in the brain. Remarkably, the negative impacts of 20 ppb DCAcAm on the mice brain were worsened by DR treatment. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed notable changes in the composition and structure of intestinal microorganisms after exposure to DCAcAm. This study discovered that DCAcAm has both direct effects on the brain and indirect effects through the microbial-brain-intestinal axis, which collectively result in neurotoxicity and dietary restriction exacerbates these effects. This study provides emerging views on the assessment of the toxicity of nitrogen containing DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wang Lv
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Zhenwei Yuan
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Ye J, Ni J, Tian F, Ji X, Hou M, Li Y, Yang L, Wang R, Xu W, Meng L. Toxicity effects of disinfection byproduct chloroacetic acid to Microcystis aeruginosa: Cytotoxicity and mechanisms. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 129:229-239. [PMID: 36804238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfectants are widely used for disinfection in wastewater treatment. The mechanism of the effects of chlorinated disinfection by-products on cyanobacteria was unclear. Herein, the physiological effects of chloroacetic acid (CAA) on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), including acute toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and the microcystin transportation-related gene mcyH transcript abundance have been investigated. CAA exposure resulted in a significant change in the cell ultrastructure, including thylakoid damage, disappearance of nucleoid, production of gas vacuoles, increase in starch granule, accumulation of lipid droplets, and disruption of cytoplasm membranes. Meanwhile, the apoptosis rate of M. aeruginosa increased with CAA concentration. The production of MC-LR was affected by CAA, and the transcript abundance of mcyH decreased. Our results suggested that CAA poses acute toxicity to M. aeruginosa, and it could cause oxidative damage, stimulate MC-LR production, and damage cell ultrastructure. This study may provide information about the minimum concentration of CAA in the water environment, which is safe for aquatic organisms, especially during the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Jiawei Ni
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Fuxiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiyan Ji
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yuanting Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Runxiang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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Li D, Cheng W, Ren J, Qin L, Zheng X, Wan T, Wang M. In vitro toxicity assessment of haloacetamides via a toxicogenomics assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104026. [PMID: 36455839 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is important to study the stress effects and mechanisms of haloacetamide (HAcAm) disinfection byproducts to reveal their health hazards. In this context, toxicological g was applied to evaluate the effects of four HAcAms, revealing the status of gene expression on Escherichia coli in different stress response types (oxidative, protein, membrane, general, DNA). This study revealed that the main toxic action modes of these HAcAms were general and membrane stresses by high-resolution, real-time gene expression profiling combined with clustering analysis. The results of time-gene evaluation showed that the presence of chloroacetamide (CAcAm) and bromoacetamide (BAcAm) generated more reactive oxygen species, thus activating oxidative stress. Trichloroacetamide (tCAcAm) induced altered expression of glutathione marker genes and membrane stress-related genes, and iodoacetamide (IAcAm) caused severe DNA damage by damaging DNA strands and individual nucleotides mainly through damage to nucleic acids and bases. Furthermore, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modelling results indicated that the biological activities of HAcAms were related to their quantum chemical and topological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Jiehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Lu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Tian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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Sui S, Liu H, Yang X. Research Progress of the Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Disinfection Byproducts. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:145-157. [PMID: 35893263 PMCID: PMC9326600 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1974, more than 800 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified from disinfected drinking water, swimming pool water, wastewaters, etc. Some DBPs are recognized as contaminants of high environmental concern because they may induce many detrimental health (e.g., cancer, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity) and/or ecological (e.g., acute toxicity and development toxicity on alga, crustacean, and fish) effects. However, the information on whether DBPs may elicit potential endocrine-disrupting effects in human and wildlife is scarce. It is the major objective of this paper to summarize the reported potential endocrine-disrupting effects of the identified DBPs in the view of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). In this regard, we introduce the potential molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcomes (AOs) associated with exposure to specific DBPs. The present evidence indicates that the endocrine system of organism can be perturbed by certain DBPs through some MIEs, including hormone receptor-mediated mechanisms and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms (e.g., hormone transport protein). Lastly, the gaps in our knowledge of the endocrine-disrupting effects of DBPs are highlighted, and critical directions for future studies are proposed.
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Pandian AMK, Rajamehala M, Singh MVP, Sarojini G, Rajamohan N. Potential risks and approaches to reduce the toxicity of disinfection by-product - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153323. [PMID: 35066044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination through anthropogenic and industrial activities has led to the emergence and necessity of disinfection methods. Chlorine and bromine gases, often used to disinfect water, resulted in the by-product formation by reacting with organic matter. The Disinfectant by-products (DBP) led to the formation of Trihaloaceticacid (TAA), Trihalomethane (THM), and other minor components. The release of chemicals has also led to the outbreak of diseases like infertility, asthma, stillbirth, and types of cancer. There are new approaches that are found to be useful to compensate for the generation of toxic by-products and involve membrane technologies, namely reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. This review mainly focuses on the toxicology effects of DBPs and various approaches to mitigate the same. The health hazards caused by different DBPs and the various treatment techniques available for the removal are discussed. In addition, a critical comparison of the different removal techniques was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthu Kumara Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India.
| | - M Rajamehala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India
| | - M Vijay Pradhap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India
| | - G Sarojini
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
| | - N Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Sohar University, Sohar, Oman
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Chen L, Su B, Yu J, Wang J, Hu H, Ren HQ, Wu B. Combined effects of arsenic and 2,2-dichloroacetamide on different cell populations of zebrafish liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:152961. [PMID: 35031379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and disinfection by-products are important health risk factors in the water environment. However, their combined effects on different cell populations in the liver are not well known. Here, zebrafish were exposed to 100 μg/L As, 300 μg/L 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), and their combination for 23 days. Then transcriptome profiles of cell populations in zebrafish liver were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A total of 13,563 cells were obtained, which were identified as hepatocytes, hepatic duct cells, endothelial cells and macrophages. Hepatocytes were the main target cell subtype of As and DCAcAm exposures. DCAcAm exposure induced higher toxicity in male hepatocytes, which specifically changed amino acid metabolism, response to hormone and cofactor metabolism. However, As exposure caused higher toxicity in female hepatocytes, which altered lipid metabolism, carbon metabolism, and peroxisome. Combined exposure to As and DCAcAm decreased toxicities in hepatocytes compared to each one alone. Female hepatocytes had higher tolerance to co-exposure of As and DCAcAm than male hepatocytes. Further, combined exposure to As and DCAcAm induced functional changes in macrophages similar to As alone groups, which mainly altered the transfer of sterol and cholesterol. Hepatic duct cells and endothelial cells were not influenced by exposures to As and DCAcAm. This study for the first time highlights the cell-specific combined responses of As and DCAcAm in zebrafish liver, which provide useful information for their health risk assessment in a co-exposure environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Haidong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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8
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yang X, Wang L. Aquatic toxicity and aquatic ecological risk assessment of wastewater-derived halogenated phenolic disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151089. [PMID: 34688747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing number of wastewater-derived aliphatic and phenolic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were discharged into aquatic environment with the discharge of disinfected wastewater. However, the currently available aquatic toxicity data and the aquatic ecological risk information of them are limited, especially for wastewater-derived phenolic DBPs. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of 7 phenolic DBPs that selected from the typical five groups of phenolic DBPs (2,4,6-trihalo-phenols, 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols, 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes, 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids and halo-salicylic acids) and 4 aliphatic DBPs to Gobiocypris rarus and also assessed their potential aquatic ecological risk. Experimental results indicated that the half lethal concentration (LC50) values of 2,4,6-trihalo-phenols and 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols ranged from 1 to 10 mg/L; While that of 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes was between 10 and 100 mg/L, and 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids and halo-salicylic acids was >100 mg/L. The toxicity mode of action (MOA) identification results from three methods suggested that no clear and consistent MOA were obtained for those 11 DBPs currently. The species-specific aquatic toxicity analysis results highlighted that no aquatic species would be considered as the most sensitive species for all 11 DBPs. However, crustacean and fish were more sensitive than that of algae for most of tested compounds. Lastly, the aquatic ecological risk assessment results of those 11 DBPs revealed that all 7 phenolic and 2 aliphatic DBPs (2-bromoacetamide and bromodichloromethane) had low aquatic ecological risk, while dichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetonitrile had high aquatic ecological risk. The low environmental concentration was the main reason why high toxic phenolic DBPs (2,4,6-trihalo-phenols and 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols) exhibited low ecological risk. Their ecological risk may increase with the increases of corresponding environmental concentration. Thus, more efforts should be made to determine other potential harmful effects of those high toxic phenolic DBPs and to minimize their potential ecological risk by taking appropriate measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Popov M, Kragulj Isakovski M, Molnar Jazić J, Tubić A, Watson M, Šćiban M, Agbaba J. Fate of natural organic matter and oxidation/disinfection by-products formation at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3475-3486. [PMID: 32075547 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1732474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the fate of natural organic matter (NOM) during the full-scale drinking water treatment plant supplied by Danube river bank filtration. After the recent reconstruction of the plant, special attention was devoted to the effects of ozone dose and granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration on the formation and behaviour of oxidation by-products (carbonyl compounds and bromate), as well as carbonaceous and nitrogenous chlorination by-products. For the oxidation of aromatic NOM moieties that absorb light at UV254, a lower ozone dose (1.0 g O3/m3) is sufficient, whereas to achieve a measurable reduction (about 20%) of total organic carbon, an ozone dose of 1.5 g O3/m3 is required. The content of carbonyl compounds in the water after ozonation increases relative to the content before oxidation treatment, and is up to 12 times higher in the case of aldehydes and up to 2 times higher in the case of carboxylic acids. Seasonal variations, including changes in temperature and the amount of precipitation, were also shown to affect the content of organic matter in the raw water, with slight effects on the quality of the treated water. In the winter, the organic matter content is slightly higher, meaning their transformation products aldehydes and carboxylic acids, are also higher during the winter than the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Popov
- PUC Water and Sewerage Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marijana Kragulj Isakovski
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Molnar Jazić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Tubić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Malcolm Watson
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marina Šćiban
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jasmina Agbaba
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
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Noh JH, Park JW, Choi S, Kim S, Maeng SK. Effects of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124530. [PMID: 33243649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. Two hybrid membrane bioreactors were configured with the addition of powdered activated carbon or calcium to reduce the trihalomethane formation potential. Trihalomethane formation decreased by approximately 37.2% and 30.3% in membrane bioreactor-powdered activated carbon and membrane bioreactor-calcium, respectively. Additionally, the toxic effect of trihalomethane formation was examined on zebrafish embryos and larvae. About 35% of the embryos exposed to trihalomethanes (800 ppb) showed signs of deformation, with the majority displaying coagulation within 24 h after exposure. Color preference tests, which were conducted to identify any abnormal activities of the embryos, showed an increase in preference from short to longer wavelengths upon exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes. This may indicate damage to the optical organs in zebrafish when exposed to trihalomethanes. Behavioral analysis showed reduced mobility of zebrafish larvae under different trihalomethane concentrations, indicating a decrease in the average activity time with an increasing trihalomethane concentration. The membrane bioreactor effluents were toxic to zebrafish embryos and larvae in the presence of high trihalomethane concentrations. To understand the mechanism behind trihalomethane toxicity, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyung Noh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohoon Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Oloye FF, Femi-Oloye OP, Challis JK, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Dissipation, Fate, and Toxicity of Crop Protection Chemical Safeners in Aquatic Environments. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:27-53. [PMID: 34529146 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Safeners are a group of chemicals applied with herbicides to protect crop plants from potential adverse effects of agricultural products used to kill weeds in monocotyledonous crops. Various routes of dissipation of safeners from their point of applications were evaluated. Despite the large numbers of safeners (over 18) commercially available and the relatively large quantities (~2 × 106 kg/year) used, there is little information on their mobility and fate in the environment and occurrence in various environmental matrices. The only class of safeners for which a significant amount of information is available is dichloroacetamide safeners, which have been observed in some rivers in the USA at concentrations ranging from 42 to 190 ng/L. Given this gap in the literature, there is a clear need to determine the occurrence, fate, and bioavailability of other classes of safeners. Furthermore, since safeners are typically used in commercial formulations, it is useful to study them in relation to their corresponding herbicides. Common routes of dissipation for herbicides and applied safeners are surface run off (erosion), hydrolysis, photolysis, sorption, leaching, volatilization, and microbial degradation. Toxic potencies of safeners vary among organisms and safener compounds, ranging from as low as the LC50 for fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for isoxadifen-ethyl, which was 0.34 mg/L, to as high as the LC50 for Daphnia magna from dichlormid, which was 161 mg/L. Solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients seem to be the principal driving force in understanding safener mobilities. This paper provides an up-to-date literature review regarding the occurrence, behaviour, and toxic potency of herbicide safeners and identifies important knowledge gaps in our understanding of these compounds and the potential risks posed to potentially impacted ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi F Oloye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwabunmi P Femi-Oloye
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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Zhang S, Lin T, Chen H, Xu H, Chen W, Tao H. Precursors of typical nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Characteristics, removal, and toxicity formation potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140566. [PMID: 32721729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) in drinking water has become a widespread concern. In this study, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were chosen as representatives to clarify the characteristics of N-DBP precursors in the raw waters of Taihu Lake, the Yangtze River, and Gaoyou Lake. Removal of DCAN and DCAcAm precursors must focus on nonpolar and positively charged organics, but more attention should be paid to micromolecular, polar and non-positively charged organics as TCNM precursors. Compared to molecular weight (MW) and hydrophilicity fractionation, polarity and electrical classification have higher selectivity to intercept N-DBP precursors. The properties of N-DBP precursors are relatively fixed and traceable in water systems, which could contribute to their targeted removal. Based on investigation of their characteristics, the removal efficiency and preferences of organic precursors under different processes were studied in three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The TCNM precursors produced in preozonation can be effectively removed during coagulation. The cumulative removal efficiency of conventional processes on N-DBP precursors was approximately 20-30%, but O3/BAC process improved removal by about 40%. The key to improving the removal efficiency of N-DBP precursors by O3/BAC is that it can significantly remove low-MW, nonpolar, positively charged, hydrophilic and transphilic organics. In combined toxicity trials, both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity showed a synergistic effect when DCAN, DCAcAm, and TCNM coexisted, which means that low-level toxicity enhancement in the actual water merits attention. DCAN precursors dominated in the toxicity formation potential (TFP), followed by TCNM precursors. In addition, the removal rate of total N-DBP precursors may be higher than that of TFP, leading to overly optimistic evaluation of precursor removal in water treatment practice. Therefore, the removal effect on TFP must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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13
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Chlorine and sulfur determination in water using indirect laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta 2020; 214:120849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Lin Q, Dong F, Miao Y, Li C, Fei W. Removal of disinfection by-products and their precursors during drinking water treatment processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:698-705. [PMID: 31643120 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the control efficiency of a wide variety of disinfection by-products (DBPs) (including trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], haloacetonitiles [HANs], haloketones [HKs], haloaldehydes [Has], and trihalonitromethanes [THNMs]) with different drinking water treatment processes including pre-ozonation, coagulation-sedimentation, sand filtration, and ozone combined with biological activated carbon (O3 -BAC) advanced treatment processes. The assessment of the treatment efficiency regarding the removal of organic matter was measured by the excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectra. There was a superior efficiency in reducing the formation of DBPs and their precursors by different drinking water treatment processes. Though some DBPs such as THMs could be promoted by ozonation, these by-products from ozonation could be degraded by the following BAC filtration process. In addition, the organic matter from the aromaticity, fulvic acid-like, protein, and soluble microbial by-products-like regions could be further degraded by the O3 -BAC treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A wide variety of DBPs in different drinking water treatment processes was investigated. The treatment efficiency regarding the removal of organic matter was measured. Some DBPs such as THMs and HAAs could be increased by ozonation. The removal percentage of nitrogen precursors and organic carbon would be increased by BAC filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Lin
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Miao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Fei
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Guo Q, Zhan Y, Li Y, Hong N, Guan Y, Zhang Z, Yang B, Meng F, Yang M, Liu A. Investigating toxicity of urban road deposited sediments using Chinese hamster ovary cells and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125634. [PMID: 31864047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Road deposited sediments (RDS) is the key carrier of pollutants in the urban road stormwater processes and hence has been seen as an important pollutant source of urban road stormwater. Although many research studies have focused on RDS and pollutants attached to RDS, the investigation on RDS toxicity is very limited. Toxicity test can permit an overall assessment on whether the RDS polluted stormwater can be safely reused. This paper used two living organisms, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, (mammalian cells to indicate human health related toxicity) and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa (algae to indicate ecological health related toxicity) to test RDS toxicity by using an innovative "equivalent toxicity area (ETA)" approach. The outcomes showed that mammalian cells are more sensitive than algae in terms of RDS toxicity. Pb, Cd and Cr primarily contributed to mammalian cell-based toxicity while Zn, Ni, Cu and TOC are primarily toxic to algae. It is also found that road site characteristics such as land uses exerted an important influence on RDS toxicity. Commercial areas tended to generate RDS with higher human health risk related toxicity while industrial areas had a potential to produce RDS with high ecological health risk related toxicity. The research outcomes also showed that solely focusing on pollutant themselves on RDS can not accurately indicate RDS pollution. An approach to considering both pollutant loads and toxicity is preferred. These results were expected to provide a useful insight to enhancing effectiveness of RDS polluted urban road stormwater management and ensuring their reuse safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuting Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenxuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Shenzhen Hydrology and Water Quality Center, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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16
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Zhan Y, Yang B, Hong N, Guan Y, Liu A, Du Y, Wu Q, Guan Y. Developing an equivalent toxicity area approach to comparing toxicity of urban road deposited sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113588. [PMID: 31744684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban road stormwater has been seen as an alternative water resource for mitigating water scarcity. Road deposited sediments (RDS) is the primary source of road stormwater pollution since many toxic pollutants are attached to RDS and eventually enter stormwater runoff when rainfall events occur. This could threaten road stormwater reuse safety. This study developed an innovative equivalent toxicity area (ETA) approach to comparing overall toxicity of RDS among different road sites. In the ETA approach, the road surface area was used to represent how toxic the RDS generated from the area was. This ETA approach overcomes the difficulty to compare RDS toxicity among road sites due to variability of sampling volumes, which constrains the effective application of conventional toxicity comparison method of using pollutant amounts (loads/concentrations). Twelve road sites in Shenzhen, China were selected as a case study, where the ETA approach developed was used to compare their RDS toxicity using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Additionally, the key factors influencing RDS toxicity were identified by using a forward stepwise regression method. These outcomes provide a useful approach to comparing overall toxicity where various pollutant types with different amounts (loads/concentrations) and toxicity levels are present. Additionally, the results can also contribute to ensuring safety of RDS polluted stormwater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ye Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Ding X, Zhu J, Zhang J, Dong T, Xia Y, Jiao J, Wang X, Zhou W. Developmental toxicity of disinfection by-product monohaloacetamides in embryo-larval stage of zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110037. [PMID: 31812018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs), haloacetamides (HAcAms) have been widely detected in drinking water. Limited toxicity studies have shown an inconsistent toxicity of monoHAcAms, including CAcAm, BAcAm and IAcAm. In this study, the developmental toxicity of monoHAcAms was evaluated in embryo-larval stage of zebrafish. Embryos were exposed to one concentration of 2.50, 5.00, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0 and 80.0 mg/L monoHAcAms from 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf. Multiple endpoints, including hatching rate, morphological abnormalities, mortality as well as locomotor behavior were assessed at specified stages (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hpf). Results showed that 80 mg/L CAcAm and 40 mg/L BAcAm significantly decreased the hatching rate, IAcAm decreased the hatching rate and delayed the hatching process in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 16.37 mg/L at 72 hpf. The frequency and severity order of morphological abnormalities increased with the raised exposure concentrations and prolonged exposure time, and the corresponding EC50 at 96 hpf were 21.10, 9.77 and 16.60 mg/L for CAcAm, BAcAm and IAcAm, respectively. MonoHAcAms exposure resulted in a time- and dose-dependent response in mortality and the calculated LC50 at 72 hpf were 38.44, 17.74 and 28.82 mg/L for CAcAm, BAcAm and IAcAm, respectively. Based on EC50 for morphological abnormalities and LC50, a toxicity rank order of BAcAm > IAcAm > CAcAm was observed. Different degrees of hyperactivity and hypoactivity were observed from locomotor behavior analysis in larvae from ≤10.0 mg/L monoHAcAms exposure groups. The light-dark periodic change was disappeared in larvae of 10.0 mg/L BAcAm exposure group. In summary, our study showed that monoHAcAms were developmentally toxic to zebrafish even at very low concentrations and BAcAm exerted higher toxicity than IAcAm and CAcAm. These results will further our understanding of the toxicity of HAcAms and its potential toxicological impact on human and ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Ding
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jiandong Jiao
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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18
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Xue B, Li C, Wang S, Zhao C, Dai K, Li W, Xi Z, Wang J, Qiu Z, Shen Z. Effects of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), an emerging disinfection by-product in drinking water, on the intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:683-690. [PMID: 31638020 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) increases the mutagenicity of water and may pose adverse health effects. Gut microbiota exerts a fundamental role on host physiology, and how extrinsic perturbations influence its composition has been increasingly examined. However, the effect of DBPs on gut microbiota is still poorly understood. In the present study, adult zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm, an emerging nitrogenous DBP) for 30 days. Sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons revealed a significant change in the richness and diversity of microbiota in the gut of DCAcAm-exposed zebrafish. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased and the abundance of Fusobacteria and Firmicutes increased significantly in the gut after exposure to 100 and 500 μg/L DCAcAm. At the genus level, the abundances of several bacteria which are considered pathogens or opportunistic pathogens in fish and closely related to fish metabolism, disease and inflammation (Aeromonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bacteroides and Ralstonia) increased in the DCAcAm-treated groups. Our results reveal that DBPs in drinking water potentially affect gut microbiota composition, which may contribute to the toxicity assessment of DBPs in future and provide new insight into the complex interactions between the DBPs in drinking water and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Chenyu Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Shang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Chen Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Kun Dai
- Tianjin Rehabilitation Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China E-mail:
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19
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Chen H, Lin T, Chen W, Xu H, Tao H. Different removal efficiency of disinfection-byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) by up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25874-25882. [PMID: 31273652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) filter has been widely used in waterworks due to its less hydraulic loss, stronger biodegradation ability, and the prevention of excessive biomass growth relative to down-flow BAC treatment. In this study, the different removal efficiency (DRE) of disinfection byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) was evaluated when UBAC filter was used as advanced treatment process. Results showed that the UBAC filter with approximately 36 months of usage time had a poor performance in the removal of DCAcAm formation potential (FP) (i.e. 9.3-19.1%) compared to DCAN FP (i.e., 22.5-34.1%). After chlorination of UBAC effluent, the hydrolysis of DCAN to form DCAcAm only partly contributed to the DRE variations of both DCAN FP and DCAcAm FP. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology and the redundancy analysis (RDA), the second dominant genus Bacillus in UBAC filter, which may transform precursors of DCAN into inorganic matters, could be another reason that led to the DRE in DCAN and DCAcAm FP. The formation and leakage of soluble microbial products (SMPs) was identified by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) peak intensities as well as variation of biological index (BIX). The SMPs released into UBAC effluent, favoring the formation of DCAcAm, also contributed to the precursors of both DCAN and DCAcAm, causing a poor removal performance in DCAcAm FP by UBAC filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhang Y, Sun HJ, Zhang JY, Ndayambaje E, Lin H, Chen J, Hong H. Chronic exposure to dichloroacetamide induces biochemical and histopathological changes in the gills of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:781-787. [PMID: 30884105 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of DCAcAm on zebrafish gill, we measure the responses of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), ATPase (Na+ /K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ /Mg2+ -ATP) and histopathological changes of gill in adult zebrafish, after exposed to different concentrations of DCAcAm (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg L-1 ) for 30 days. Results indicated that DCAcAm first increased and then decreased SOD activity, and DCAcAm also lowered the activities of Na+ /K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ /Mg2+ -ATPase. These results indicated that high affinity of DCAcAm probably be a main factor, which can damage the structures of enzymes, thereby inhibiting the SOD and ATPase activities. Besides, histopathological investigation results also manifested that chronic exposure to DCAcAm can damage the gill tissues, disrupting the normal function of gills. We conclude that chronic exposure to DCAcAm was harmful to organisms, not only influence gill function, but also further cause damage on the gill tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Jie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Emmanuel Ndayambaje
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Gonsior M, Powers LC, Williams E, Place A, Chen F, Ruf A, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P. The chemodiversity of algal dissolved organic matter from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells and its ability to form disinfection by-products during chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:300-309. [PMID: 30852317 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Algal-derived dissolved organic matter (ADOM) originating from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells was investigated as precursor material to form disinfection by-products upon disinfection with free chlorine. Non-targeted ultrahigh resolution 12 T negative mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed high molecular diversity in solid-phase extracted and ionizable components of Microcystis aeruginosa ADOM. The toxin microcystin LR was effectively degraded by free chlorine, which was expected. However, we found a high diversity of disinfection by-products associated with the addition of free chlorine to the water-soluble and solid-phase extractable fraction of ADOM and of double-bond moieties in abundant and known unsaturated fatty acids. Aromatic DOM precursors were absent from known metabolites of Microcystis aeruginosa and no evidence for aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) was found, despite N-containing compounds. A large diversification of N-containing molecular formulas was observed after chlorination, which seems indicative for the breakdown and oxidation of larger peptides. Additionally, a diverse group of N-compounds with presumed chloramine functional groups was observed. This study highlights the importance to evaluate ADOM and its ability to form different DBPs when compared to allochthonous or terrestrially-derived DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA.
| | - Leanne C Powers
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA
| | - Ernest Williams
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Allen Place
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), UMR CNRS 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Chen Y, Lin T, Chen W. Enhanced removal of organic matter and typical disinfection byproduct precursors in combined iron-carbon micro electrolysis-UBAF process for drinking water pre-treatment. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:315-327. [PMID: 30665651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The organic matter and two types of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in micro-polluted source water were removed using an iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (ICME) combined with up-flow biological aerated filter (UBAF) process. Two pilot-scale experiments (ICME-UBAF and UBAF alone) were used to investigate the effect of the ICME system on the removal of organic matter and DBP precursors. The results showed that ICME pretreatment removed 15.6% of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and significantly improved the removal rate in the subsequent UBAF process. The ICME system removed 31% of trichloromethane (TCM) precursors and 20% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursors. The results of measurements of the molecular weight distribution and hydrophilic fractions of DOM and DBP precursors showed that ICME pretreatment played a key role in breaking large-molecular-weight organic matter into low-molecular-weight components, and the hydrophobic fraction into hydrophilic compounds, which was favorable for subsequent biodegradation by UBAF. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) further indicated that the ICME system improved the removal of TCM and DCAN precursors. The biomass analysis indicated the presence of a larger and more diverse microbial community in the ICME-UBAF system than for the UBAF alone. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that domination of the genera Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas and Sphingorhabdus contributed to the better removal of organic matter and two types of DBP precursors. Also, Nitrosomonas and Pseudomonas were beneficial for ammonia removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Lu G, Qin D, Wang Y, Liu J, Chen W. Single and combined effects of selected haloacetonitriles in a human-derived hepatoma line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:417-426. [PMID: 30071462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) detected in drinking water that have high toxicity and are a high risk to human health. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as well as the oxidative stress of five HANs, namely chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) on a hepatoma cell line (HepG2) were determined by single, binary or ternary exposure. The median effective concentrations, based on cell viability, ranged from 0.8360 mg/L for BAN to 256.9 mg/L for DCAN, with a cytotoxicity order of BAN > DBAN > CAN > TCAN > DCAN. The lowest observed effective concentrations regarding DNA damage were 0.01 mg/L for CAN and DCAN, 0.1 mg/L for DBAN and TCAN, and 1 mg/L for BAN. The DNA damage induced by CAN, DCAN and TCAN was repaired to about 80% in 30 min, and when induced by BAN and DBAN, it was repaired completely in 60 min. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased by the five HANs, and bromo-acetonitrile produced a stronger oxidative stress than chloro-acetonitrile. Co-exposure of DCAN, TCAN and DBAN significantly inhibited cell viability, induced DNA damage and facilitated ROS generation in HepG2 cells. However, the interactive effects were inconsistent for the different endpoints, which seemed to be antagonism for cell viability but synergy for ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Lu
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China; Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Donghong Qin
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Zheng J, Lin T, Chen W, Tao H, Tan Y, Ma B. Removal of precursors of typical nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon (O 3/BAC). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:68-77. [PMID: 29913401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The O3/BAC process has been widely used in drinking water treatment to improve the removal of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), including the precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs). In this study, the removal of N-DBP precursors by biological activated carbon (BAC) filters with different usage time of granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated. Results showed that the BAC filter with 6 years of usage time of GAC (old BAC filter) had a poor performance in the removal of precursors of N-DBPs such as dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN; an average of only 4.7%), dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) when compared with the BAC filter with 1 year of usage time of GAC (new BAC filter). Particularly, the organic fraction >10 kDa and the percentage of autochthonous substances were increased in the effluent of the old BAC filter. The red shift of the fluorescence peaks was evident in the excitation-emission matrix spectrum of the effluent from the old BAC filter. The abiotic adsorption of precursors by the old BAC filter was less. In addition, less amino acids and polysaccharides were removed, but more amino sugars and proteins were produced because of microbial metabolism. The metabolism strength of the attached biofilm decreased with increased operation time of the BAC filter. The relative abundance of Sphingomonas significantly decreased in the biofilm of the old BAC filter. The diversity of microbial community in the old BAC filter was higher, but the equitability was lower than those of the new BAC filter. The less removal of N-DBP precursors by the old BAC filter was attributed to the changes in abiotic adsorption capacity and microbial metabolism properties, in which soluble microbial products played an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yiwen Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Baiwen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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25
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Wang C, Yang X, Zheng Q, Moe B, Li XF. Halobenzoquinone-Induced Developmental Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10590-10598. [PMID: 30125093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of water disinfection byproducts remains unclear. Here we report the study of halobenzoquinone (HBQ)-induced in vivo developmental toxicity and oxidative stress using zebrafish embryos as a model. Embryos were exposed to 0.5-10 μM of individual HBQs and 0.5-5 mM haloacetic acids for up to 120 h postfertilization (hpf). LC50 values of the HBQs at 24 hpf were 4.6-9.8 μM, while those of three haloacetic acids were up to 200 times higher at 1900-2600 μM. HBQ exposure resulted in significant developmental malformations in larvae, including failed inflation of the gas bladder, heart malformations, and curved spines. An increase in reactive oxygen species was observed, together with a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content. Additionally, the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly mitigated all HBQ-induced effects, supporting that oxidative stress contributes to HBQ toxicity. Further experiments examined HBQ-induced effects on DNA and genes. HBQ exposure increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis in larvae, with apoptosis induction related to changes in the gene expression of p53 and mdm2. These results suggest that HBQs are acutely toxic, causing oxidative damage and developmental toxicity to zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Xue Yang
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering , Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430025 , China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G3
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G3
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Wang J, Hao Z, Shi F, Yin Y, Cao D, Yao Z, Liu J. Characterization of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts Formed During the Chlorination of Aquaculture Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5662-5670. [PMID: 29701972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) have been reported to form from reactions between bromide, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and disinfectants, their formation during the disinfection of aquaculture seawater via chlorination has been rarely studied. Herein, after 5 days of disinfection of raw aquaculture seawater samples with sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDDC), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2), 181, 179, and 37 Br-DBPs were characterized by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Sunlight irradiation of the chlorinated aquaculture seawater with TCCA and NaDDC was found to reduce the formation of Br-DBPs, possibly due to the photodegradation of the important HBrO/HClO intermediate and the degradation of formed Br-DBPs. The formation of Br-DBPs chlorinated by ClO2 increased under sunlight irradiation. The number of Br-DBPs formed during chlorination processes agreed well with the total organic bromine (TOBr) content measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most of the Br-DBPs were highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds, which were primarily generated through electrophilic substitution by bromine coupled with other reactions. In addition, some emerging aromatic Br-DBPs with high relative intensities were also assigned, and these compounds might be highly lipophilic and could potentially accumulate in marine organisms. Our findings call for further focus on and investigation of the Br-DBPs produced in chlorinated aquaculture seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, 42 Linghe Street, Shahekou District , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Kosaka K, Iwatani A, Takeichi Y, Yoshikawa Y, Ohkubo K, Akiba M. Removal of haloacetamides and their precursors at water purification plants applying ozone/biological activated carbon treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:68-74. [PMID: 29421762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAcAms) are nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water. The profiles of six HAcAms and their formation potentials (FPs) upon chlorination at water purification plant 1 (WPP-1) in September 2016 and at WPP-2 in September 2016 and January 2017 were investigated. HAcAms were removed effectively when they were formed via intermediate chlorination during water purification processes. Removal of total HAcAm-FPs ranged from 50% to 75%. Coagulation/flocculation/sand filtration showed the highest removal of total HAcAm-FPs. As for individual HAcAms, while chlorinated acetamide-FPs were removed, brominated acetamide-FPs, particularly 2,2-dibromoacetamide, remained. The bromine incorporation factors increased during all water purification processes except ozonation and the ozone/hydrogen peroxide process for diHAcAms (2,2-dichloroacetamide, 2-bromo-2-chloroacetamide, and 2,2-dibromoacetamide). The trends in relationships between DOM indices (fractions of dissolved organic matter, ultraviolet absorbance at 260 nm, and fluorescence intensities representing humic-like and tryptophan-like compounds) and total HAcAm-FPs during ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide process were different from those during other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kosaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-1 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Azusa Iwatani
- Kanagawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau, 1 Nihon-Odori, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-8588, Japan
| | - Yuuki Takeichi
- Aichi Public Enterprise Bureau, 3-1-2 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 460-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Waterworks Bureau, City of Kawasaki, 1 Miyamoto-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8577, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohkubo
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Michihiro Akiba
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
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Zheng J, Lin T, Chen W. Removal of the precursors of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), an emerging disinfection byproduct, in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:1028-1037. [PMID: 29145131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is one of the emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with probable cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. Its potential toxicological effects have received extensive attention but remain to be poorly understood. In this study, changes in NDEA precursors in drinking water treatment process were studied using the trial of its formation potential (FP), and the toxicity induced by NDEA to adult zebrafish was investigated. NDEA FP in the raw water of Taihu Lake ranged from 46.9 to 68.3 ng/L. The NDEA precursors were removed effectively by O3/BAC process. Hydrophilic fraction and low-molecular-weight fraction (<1 kDa) had the highest NDEA FP. The toxicity results demonstrated that the acute lethal concentration of NDEA causing 50% mortality in 96 h (96-h LC50) was 210.4 mg/L, and NDEA was more likely to be accumulated in kidney, followed by liver and gill. NDEA induced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense to zebrafish metabolism system at concentrations over 5 μg/L. After a 42-day exposure, a significant DNA damage was observed in zebrafish liver cells at NDEA concentrations beyond 500 μg/L. This study investigated NDEA properties in both engineering prospective and toxicity evaluation, thus providing comprehensive information on its control in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity effect on zebrafish as a model animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Hanigan D, Truong L, Simonich M, Tanguay R, Westerhoff P. Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15 chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated disinfection by-products. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:302-310. [PMID: 28774621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection to protect human health occurs at drinking water and wastewater facilities through application of non-selective oxidants including chlorine. Oxidants also transform organic material and form disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which are halogenated and cyto- and genotoxic. Only a handful of assays have been used to compare DBP toxicity, and researchers are unsure which DBP(s) drive the increased cancer risk associated with drinking chlorinated water. The most extensive data set employs an in vitro model cell, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traditionally, most DBP research focuses on the threat to human health, but the effects on aquatic species exposed to DBPs in wastewater effluents remain ill defined. We present the developmental toxicity for 15 DBPs and a chlorinated wastewater to a model aquatic vertebrate, zebrafish. Mono-halogenated DBPs followed the in vivo toxicity rank order: acetamides>acetic acids>acetonitriles~nitrosamines, which agrees well with previously published mammalian in vitro data. Di- and tri-halogenated acetonitriles were more toxic than their mono-halogenated analogues, and bromine- and iodine-substituted DBPs tended to be more toxic than chlorinated analogues. No zebrafish development effects were observed after exposure to undiluted or non-concentrated, chlorinated wastewater. We find zebrafish development to be a viable in vivo alternative or confirmatory assay to mammalian in vitro cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States.
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, United States
| | - Michael Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, United States
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
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Zhang Y, Chu W, Yao D, Yin D. Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: Formation potential and integrated toxicity. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:322-330. [PMID: 28774623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials (FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) (including carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment (coagulation-sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated. The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide, and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON. After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles (HANs)≫haloacetamides (HAMs)>haloacetic acids (HAAs)>trihalomethanes (THMs)>halonitromethanes (HNMs)≫I-DBPs (I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Dechang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Chu W, Li X, Bond T, Gao N, Bin X, Wang Q, Ding S. Copper increases reductive dehalogenation of haloacetamides by zero-valent iron in drinking water: Reduction efficiency and integrated toxicity risk. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 107:141-150. [PMID: 27837731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The haloacetamides (HAcAms), an emerging class of nitrogen-containing disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), are highly cytotoxic and genotoxic, and typically occur in treated drinking waters at low μg/L concentrations. Since many drinking distribution and storage systems contain unlined cast iron and copper pipes, reactions of HAcAms with zero-valent iron (ZVI) and metallic copper (Cu) may play a role in determining their fate. Moreover, ZVI and/or Cu are potentially effective HAcAm treatment technologies in drinking water supply and storage systems. This study reports that ZVI alone reduces trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) to sequentially form dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and then monochloroacetamide (MCAcAm), whereas Cu alone does not impact HAcAm concentrations. The addition of Cu to ZVI significantly improved the removal of HAcAms, relative to ZVI alone. TCAcAm and their reduction products (DCAcAm and MCAcAm) were all decreased to below detection limits at a molar ratio of ZVI/Cu of 1:1 after 24 h reaction (ZVI/TCAcAm = 0.18 M/5.30 μM). TCAcAm reduction increased with the decreasing pH from 8.0 to 5.0, but values from an integrated toxic risk assessment were minimised at pH 7.0, due to limited removal MCAcAm under weak acid conditions (pH = 5.0 and 6.0). Higher temperatures (40 °C) promoted the reductive dehalogenation of HAcAms. Bromine was preferentially removed over chlorine, thus brominated HAcAms were more easily reduced than chlorinated HAcAms by ZVI/Cu. Although tribromoacetamide was more easily reduced than TCAcAm during ZVI/Cu reduction, treatment of tribromoacetamide resulted in a higher integrated toxicity risk than TCAcAm, due to the formation of monobromoacetamide (MBAcAm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xu Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Kosaka K, Ohkubo K, Akiba M. Occurrence and formation of haloacetamides from chlorination at water purification plants across Japan. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:470-476. [PMID: 27770723 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of six haloacetamides (HAcAms), which are a group of emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts, was investigated in drinking water across Japan in September 2015 and February 2016. At least one of the six HAcAms were found in all of the drinking water samples and their total concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 μg/L. The detection frequencies and concentrations of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and 2-bromo-2-chloroacetamide (BCAcAm) were the largest among the targeted HAcAm species. The total HAcAm concentrations in the raw water after chlorination ranged from 0.8 to 11 μg/L. The bromine incorporation factors (BIFs) of the targeted dihalogenated HAcAms (di-HAcAms) (DCAcAm, BCAcAm, and 2,2-dibromoacetamide) in the drinking water samples correlated well with those in the raw water after chlorination. The total HAcAm concentrations and the BIF of the di-HAcAms in the raw water after chlorination correlated with trihalomethane concentrations. HAcAm concentrations after chlorination increased with chlorination time. While the formation of di-HAcAms after chlorination was higher at higher pH, that of 2,2,2-trichloroacetamide remained unaffected by pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Keiko Ohkubo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Michihiro Akiba
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
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Lin T, Zhou D, Dong J, Jiang F, Chen W. Acute toxicity of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), a typical nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP), on zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:97-104. [PMID: 27428706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) is a typical nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP) and its toxicity on aquatic animals is investigated for the first time. The present study was designed to investigate the potential adverse effects of DCAN on zebrafish. DCAN could induce developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos. A significant decrease in hatchability and an increase in malformation and mortality occurred when DCAN concentration was above 100µg/L. Heart function alteration and neuronal function disturbance occurred at concentration higher than 500 and 100µg/L, respectively. Further, DCAN was easily accumulated in adult zebrafish. The rank order of declining bioconcentration factor (BCF) was liver (1240-1670)> gill (1210-1430)> muscle (644-877). DCAN caused acute metabolism damage to adult zebrafish especially at 8 days exposure, at which time the "Integrated Biomarker Response" (IBR) index value reached 798 at 1mg/L DCAN dose. Acute DNA damage was induced to adult zebrafish by DCAN even at 10µg/L dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Dongju Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Jian Dong
- Suzhou City Water Company Limited, China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Chu W, Ding S, Bond T, Gao N, Yin D, Xu B, Cao Z. Zero valent iron produces dichloroacetamide from chloramphenicol antibiotics in the absence of chlorine and chloramines. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:254-261. [PMID: 27543909 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) is an important type of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct. This study is the first to report that DCAcAm can be formed in the absence of chlorinated disinfectants (chlorine and chloramines). This can occur through reduction of three chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotics by zero valent iron (ZVI). The effects of key experimental parameters, including reaction time, ZVI dose, pH, temperature, water type, and the presence of humic acid (HA) on the formation of DCAcAm were ascertained. The DCAcAm yields from three CAPs all presented the trend of increasing first and then decreasing with time and also increased with increasing ZVI dosage. DCAcAm yields from the ZVI reduction route were higher than those resulting from the chlorination of some previously identified DCAcAm precursors. Acidic conditions favored the formation of DCAcAm by the ZVI route. In addition, lower temperatures increased DCAcAm yields at extended contact times (>12 h). DCAcAm formed from the three CAPs in the presence of HA was lower than in the absence of HA. The formation potential of DCAcAm from the reduction of authentic waters spiked with CAPs by ZVI showed good linear correlations with initial concentrations of the three CAPs. This allows the formation of DCAcAm from the reduction of CAPs by ZVI to be predicted. Given that many wastewater and drinking water distribution networks contain unlined cast iron pipes, reactions between CAPs and ZVI may contribute to the formation of DCAcAm in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Lin T, Zhou D, Yu S, Chen W. The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product, in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity on zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:403-411. [PMID: 27337431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product (DBP) in conventional drinking water treatment plant (C-DWTP) and advanced DWTP (ADWTP) was studied with newly maximum formation potential (MFP) process. It was demonstrated that the advanced treatment displayed greater removal efficiency towards DCAcAm formation potential (MFP) than the conventional treatment. The hydrophilic natural organic matter and natural organic matter with molecular weight <1 kDa or >10 kDa leaded to more DCAcAm formation, and the aromatic protein was inferred as one part of DCAcAm precursor. DCAcAm was found to cause delayed development and malformation to zebrafish embryos at embryonic growth stage. Compared with heart toxicity, it caused a significant neuron toxicity. It also could cause the acute DNA damage to adult zebrafish, which should be extremely cautioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Dongju Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Shilin Yu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Yu H, Cao W. Assessment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) of Dalong Lake in Xuzhou by concentration monitoring and bio-effects monitoring process. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 43:209-215. [PMID: 27017382 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of six selected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were investigated in dalong lake in Xuzhou. Five sampling sites were selected around the dalong lake. In the six selected PPCPs, caffeine demonstrated highest concentration level at each sampling sites according to concentration monitoring, with highest concentration of 71ng/L. The site E near newly built hospital demonstrated highest PPCP concentration level. The bio-effects monitoring was also performed in this study. The metabolic and genomic damage could be caused to the healthy crucian carps. The damage was acute but not long term. The ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment confirmed that PPCPs detected in each sampling sites posed no potential toxicity. Two PPCPs (17α-ethinylestradiol and sulfamethoxazole) should be seriously considered as candidates for regulatory monitoring in this lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan 467036, PR China
| | - Wenping Cao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Jiangsu 221000, PR China.
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Chu W, Krasner SW, Gao N, Templeton MR, Yin D. Contribution of the Antibiotic Chloramphenicol and Its Analogues as Precursors of Dichloroacetamide and Other Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:388-396. [PMID: 26636179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a disinfection byproduct, has been detected in drinking water. Previous research showed that amino acids may be DCAcAm precursors. However, other precursors may be present. This study explored the contribution of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) and two of its analogues (thiamphenicol, TAP; florfenicol, FF) (referred to collectively as CAPs), which occur in wastewater-impacted source waters, to the formation of DCAcAm. Their formation yields were compared to free and combined amino acids, and they were investigated in filtered waters from drinking-water-treatment plants, heavily wastewater-impacted natural waters, and secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants. CAPs had greater DCAcAm formation potential than two representative amino acid precursors. However, in drinking waters with ng/L levels of CAPs, they will not contribute as much to DCAcAm formation as the μg/L levels of amino acids. Also, the effect of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on DCAcAm formation from CAPs in real water samples during subsequent chlorination was evaluated. Preoxidation of CAPs with AOPs reduced the formation of DCAcAm during postchlorination. The results of this study suggest that CAPs should be considered as possible precursors of DCAcAm, especially in heavily wastewater-impacted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Michael R Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
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Hou B, Lin T, Chen W. Evaluation of a drinking water treatment process involving directly recycling filter backwash water using physico-chemical analysis and toxicity assay. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14912j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling the filter backwash water of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) was considered as a feasible method to enhance the efficiencies of pollutant removal and water conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- PR China
- College of Environment
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- PR China
- College of Environment
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- PR China
- College of Environment
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