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Masrouri S, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Tohidi M, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Linking extent of return to fasting state after oral glucose tolerance test to future risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: Insights from the TLGS. J Diabetes Investig 2024. [PMID: 39344286 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the risk of difference between 2 h post-load plasma glucose (2 h-PG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) on incident prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among normoglycemic individuals. METHODS Among 4,971 individuals aged ≥20 years, the associations of the difference between 2 h-PG and FPG with outcomes were examined using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analysis. Participants were categorized into three groups: a low post-load group (2 h-PG ≤ FPG, as the reference group); a high post-load group (2 h-PG > FPG and ≥75th percentile of the difference); and a medium post-load group (2 h-PG > FPG and <75th percentile of the difference), which was further categorized into three groups by equal ranges. RESULTS Over a median of 11.5 years of follow-up, 2,331 new cases of prediabetes/type 2 diabetes and 360 cases of type 2 diabetes occurred. Greater risks of incident prediabetes/type 2 diabetes in second (9-16 mg/dL) and third (17-24 mg/dL) medium post-load, as well as high post-load (≥25 mg/dL) categories, were found, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.26 (1.11-1.44), 1.32 (1.15-1.51), and 1.69 (1.51-1.90), respectively; the issue was more prominent among women (P for interaction = 0.005). The risk of incident type 2 diabetes was also higher for these categories. After further adjustment for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, result remained essentially unchanged. Even among individuals with low normal FPG (i.e., <90 mg/dL), ≥9 mg/dL difference between 2 h-PG and FPG increased the risk of composite prediabetes/ type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Greater levels of 2 h-PG as low as 9 mg/dL than FPG among normoglycemic individuals is a harbinger of prediabetes/type 2 diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Masrouri
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Tamehri Zadeh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xie C, Huang W, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Wu T. Letter to the Editor From Xie et al: "The 13C Glucose Breath Test Accurately Identifies Insulin Resistance in People With Type 1 Diabetes". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1964-e1965. [PMID: 38801675 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Shibib L, Al-Qaisi M, Guess N, Miras AD, Greenwald SE, Pelling M, Ahmed A. Manipulation of Post-Prandial Hyperglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Update for Practitioners. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:3111-3130. [PMID: 39206417 PMCID: PMC11350065 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s458894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review paper explores post-prandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Post-prandial glycemia is defined as the period of blood glucose excursion from immediately after the ingestion of food or drink to 4 to 6 hours after the end of the meal. Post-prandial hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease with glucose "excursions" being more strongly associated with markers of oxidative stress than the fasting or pre-prandial glucose level. High blood glucose is a major promoter of enhanced free radical production and is associated with the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress impairs insulin action creating a vicious cycle where repeated post-prandial glucose spikes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of type 2 diabetes, both microvascular and macrovascular. Some authors suggest post-prandial hyperglycemia is the major cause of death in type 2 diabetes. Proper management of post-prandial hyperglycemia could yield up to a 35% cut in overall cardiovascular events, and a 64% cut in myocardial infarction. The benefits of managing post-prandial hyperglycemia are similar in magnitude to those seen in type 2 diabetes patients receiving secondary prevention with statins - prevention which today is regarded as fundamental by all practitioners. Given all the evidence surrounding the impact of post-prandial glycemia on overall outcome, it is imperative that any considered strategy for the management of type 2 diabetes should include optimum dietary, pharma, and lifestyle interventions that address glucose excursion. Achieving a low post-prandial glucose response is key to prevention and progression of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. Further, such therapeutic interventions should be sustainable and must benefit patients in the short and long term with the minimum of intrusion and side effects. This paper reviews the current literature around dietary manipulation of post-prandial hyperglycemia, including novel approaches. A great deal of further work is required to optimize and standardize the dietary management of post-prandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes, including consideration of novel approaches that show great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shibib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mo Al-Qaisi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Guess
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Steve E Greenwald
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marc Pelling
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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Lee SM, Park SY, Kim JY. Comparative evaluation of the antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts of sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida): In vitro and in vivo studies. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114623. [PMID: 38945577 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Undaria pinnatifida (UP) contains multiple bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, which are associated with various biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts obtained from UP. UP was extracted under three different conditions: a low-temperature water extract at 50 °C (UPLW), a high-temperature water extract at 90 °C (UPHW), and a 70 % ethanol extract (UPE). Nontargeted chemical profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS) was conducted on the three UP extracts. Subsequently, α-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activity, glucose uptake, and the mRNA expression of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) were evaluated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, an oral carbohydrate tolerance test was performed on C57BL/6 mice. The mice were orally administered UP at 300 mg/kg body weight (B.W.), and the blood glucose level and area under the curve (AUC) were measured. Compared with glucose, UPLW, UPHW and UPE significantly inhibited both glucose uptake and the mRNA expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Caco-2 cell monolayers. After glucose, maltose, and sucrose loading, the blood glucose levels and AUC of the UPLW group were significantly lower than those of the control group. These findings suggest that UPLW has antihyperglycemic effects by regulating glucose uptake through glucose transporters and can be expected to alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia. Therefore, UPLW may have potential as a functional food ingredient for alleviating postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Xiang C, Sun Y, Luo Y, Xie C, Huang W, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Sun Z, Rayner CK, Ma J, Wu T. Gastric emptying is slower in women than men with type 2 diabetes and impacts on postprandial glycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3119-3127. [PMID: 38698649 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate sex differences in gastric emptying and the glycaemic response to a glucose drink and a high carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In cohort 1, 70 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve Chinese patients with T2D (44 men) recruited from a diabetes outpatient clinic ingested a 75-g glucose drink containing 150 mg 13C-acetate. In cohort 2, 101 Australian patients with T2D (67 male) recruited from the community, managed by diet and/or metformin monotherapy, ingested a semi-solid mashed potato meal, labelled with 100 μl 13C-octanoic acid. Breath samples were collected over 3 and 4 h, respectively, for assessment of gastric emptying, and venous blood was sampled for evaluation of glycaemia (with and without adjustment for each participant's estimated total blood volume). RESULTS Gastric emptying was slower in female than male subjects in both cohorts (both p < .01). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that gastric emptying was independently associated with sex (both p < .05). Without adjustment for blood volume, the glycaemic responses to oral glucose and the mixed meal were greater in female subjects (both p < .001). However, after adjustment for blood volume, the glycaemic responses were greater in men (both p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Gastric emptying is slower in women than men with T2D, associated with a reduced blood volume-adjusted glycaemic response to oral glucose and a mixed meal in women. These observations highlight the sex difference in postprandial glucose handling, which is relevant to the personalized management of postprandial glycaemia in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xiang
- Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yixuan Sun
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zilin Sun
- Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Ontawong A, Pengnet S, Thim-Uam A, Vaddhanaphuti CS, Munkong N, Phatsara M, Kuntakhut K, Inchai J, Amornlerdpison D, Rattanaphot T. Red rice bran aqueous extract ameliorate diabetic status by inhibiting intestinal glucose transport in high fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:391-402. [PMID: 39035687 PMCID: PMC11259718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) consumption has grown recently, partly due to its potential health benefits in several disease prevention. The impact of red rice bran aqueous extract (RRBE) on intestinal glucose uptake and diabetes mellitus (DM) progression has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RRBE on ex vivo intestinal glucose absorption and its potential as an antihyperglycemic compound using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. High-fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic rats were supplemented with either 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of RRBE, 70 mg/kg BW of metformin (Met), or a combination of RRBE and Met for 3 months. Plasma parameters, intestinal glucose transport, morphology, liver and soleus muscle glycogen accumulation were assessed. Treatment with RRBE, metformin, or combination markedly reversed hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and pancreatic morphology changes associated with T2DM. Correspondingly, all supplements effectively downregulated glucose transporters, resulting in a reduction of intestinal glucose transport-additionally, liver and soleus muscle glycogen accumulation was reduced in RRBE + Met treated group. Taken together, RRBE potentially suppressed intestinal glucose transporters' function and expression, reducing diabetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Sirinat Pengnet
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chutima S. Vaddhanaphuti
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Faculty of Medicine, CMU, Inthawarorot Rd., Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Mae-Ka District, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Manussaborn Phatsara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 52000, Thailand
| | - Kullanat Kuntakhut
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Jakkapong Inchai
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Faculty of Medicine, CMU, Inthawarorot Rd., Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpison
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Rattanaphot
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, 63, Sansai-Phrao Street, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
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Xu X, Wang D, Jaffar S, Alam U, Qiu S, Xie B, Zhou X, Sun Z, Garrib A. Can the postload-fasting glucose gap be used to determine risk of developing diabetes in chinese adults: A prospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 213:111761. [PMID: 38950783 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour postload plasma glucose (2hPG) measured during an oral glucose tolerance test, and the risk of developing diabetes in Chinese adults. METHODS We followed 3,094 participants without diabetes, categorizing them based on their oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results into low post load (2hPG ≤ FPG) and high post load (2hPG > FPG) at baseline. We monitored the incidence of diabetes, incidence of prediabetes, disease progression from prediabetes to diabetes and disease reversal from prediabetes to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) over an average of 3.2 years of follow-up. After the Schoenfeld residual test, Cox's time-varying covariate (Cox-TVC) models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare the different clinical events between low and high post load groups. RESULTS In the cohort study, of the 3,094 participants, 702 (22.7 %) had low post load (2hPG ≤ FPG, mean postload-fasting gap: -0.8 ± 0.7 mmol/L) and 2,392 (77.3 %) had high post load (2hPG > FPG, mean postload-fasting gap: 1.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L). Over 3.2 ± 0.2 years of follow-up, 282 (9.1 %) developed diabetes. In the low post load group, the incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were: diabetes was 7.9, prediabetes was 70.0, disease progression from prediabetes to diabetes was 23.4 and disease reversal to NGT was 327.2. For the high post load group, incidence rates for diabetes was 13.9, prediabetes was 124.3, disease progression was 59.5 and disease reversal was 238.6 per 1,000 person-years. Participants with high post load showed higher incidence rates of diabetes, prediabetes, and progression from prediabetes to diabetes compared to those with low post load. HRs were significantly higher for incident diabetes and prediabetes, and disease progression from prediabetes to diabetes, whereas disease reversal was lower. CONCLUSION The risk of developing prediabetes/diabetes after 3.2 years of follow-up was higher in the participants with high post load. It suggested that postload-fasting gap may be a simple tool to predict the risk of developing prediabetes, diabetes or reversal to NGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shabbar Jaffar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Uazman Alam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Medicine, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, UK
| | - Shanhu Qiu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of General Practice, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Anupam Garrib
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Bauer I, Rimbach G, Cordeiro S, Bosy-Westphal A, Weghuber J, Ipharraguerre IR, Lüersen K. A comprehensive in-vitro/ in-vivo screening toolbox for the elucidation of glucose homeostasis modulating properties of plant extracts (from roots) and its bioactives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1396292. [PMID: 38989154 PMCID: PMC11233739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1396292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are increasingly recognized for their potential in modulating (postprandial) blood glucose levels. In this context, root extracts are of particular interest due to their high concentrations and often unique spectrum of plant bioactives. To identify new plant species with potential glucose-lowering activity, simple and robust methodologies are often required. For this narrative review, literature was sourced from scientific databases (primarily PubMed) in the period from June 2022 to January 2024. The regulatory targets of glucose homeostasis that could be modulated by bioactive plant compounds were used as search terms, either alone or in combination with the keyword "root extract". As a result, we present a comprehensive methodological toolbox for studying the glucose homeostasis modulating properties of plant extracts and its constituents. The described assays encompass in-vitro investigations involving enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4), assessment of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 activity, and evaluation of glucose transporter 4 translocation. Furthermore, we describe a patch-clamp technique to assess the impact of extracts on KATP channels. While validating in-vitro findings in living organisms is imperative, we introduce two screenable in-vivo models (the hen's egg test and Drosophila melanogaster). Given that evaluation of the bioactivity of plant extracts in rodents and humans represents the current gold standard, we include approaches addressing this aspect. In summary, this review offers a systematic guide for screening plant extracts regarding their influence on key regulatory elements of glucose homeostasis, culminating in the assessment of their potential efficacy in-vivo. Moreover, application of the presented toolbox might contribute to further close the knowledge gap on the precise mechanisms of action of plant-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Bauer
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sönke Cordeiro
- Institute of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Division of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ignacio R. Ipharraguerre
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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9
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Peschard S, Raverdy V, Bauvin P, Goutchtat R, Touche V, Derudas B, Gheeraert C, Dubois-Chevalier J, Caiazzo R, Baud G, Marciniak C, Verkindt H, Oukhouya Daoud N, Le Roux CW, Lefebvre P, Staels B, Lestavel S, Pattou F. Genetic Evidence of Causal Relation Between Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Early Postprandial Glucose Response: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Diabetes 2024; 73:983-992. [PMID: 38498375 PMCID: PMC11109783 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The postprandial glucose response is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Observationally, early glucose response after an oral glucose challenge has been linked to intestinal glucose absorption, largely influenced by the expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). This study uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the causal effect of intestinal SGLT1 expression on early glucose response. Involving 1,547 subjects with class II/III obesity from the Atlas Biologique de l'Obésité Sévère cohort, the study uses SGLT1 genotyping, oral glucose tolerance tests, and jejunal biopsies to measure SGLT1 expression. A loss-of-function SGLT1 haplotype serves as the instrumental variable, with intestinal SGLT1 expression as the exposure and the change in 30-min postload glycemia from fasting glycemia (Δ30 glucose) as the outcome. Results show that 12.8% of the 1,342 genotyped patients carried the SGLT1 loss-of-function haplotype, associated with a mean Δ30 glucose reduction of -0.41 mmol/L and a significant decrease in intestinal SGLT1 expression. The observational study links a 1-SD decrease in SGLT1 expression to a Δ30 glucose reduction of -0.097 mmol/L. MR analysis parallels these findings, associating a statistically significant reduction in genetically instrumented intestinal SGLT1 expression with a Δ30 glucose decrease of -0.353. In conclusion, the MR analysis provides genetic evidence that reducing intestinal SGLT1 expression causally lowers early postload glucose response. This finding has a potential translational impact on managing early glucose response to prevent or treat type 2 diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peschard
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Violeta Raverdy
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Bauvin
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Goutchtat
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Veronique Touche
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Celine Gheeraert
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Dubois-Chevalier
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gregory Baud
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Marciniak
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Helene Verkindt
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Naima Oukhouya Daoud
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carel W. Le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1011 Nuclear Receptors, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University Lille, Lille, France
- U1190 Translational Research on Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, University Lille, Lille, France
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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10
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Mittendorfer B, Johnson JD, Solinas G, Jansson PA. Insulin Hypersecretion as Promoter of Body Fat Gain and Hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2024; 73:837-843. [PMID: 38768368 PMCID: PMC11109786 DOI: 10.2337/dbi23-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Mittendorfer
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Wang M, Mao H, Ke Z, Chen J, Qi L, Wang J. Chinese bayberry ( Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves proanthocyanidins inhibit intestinal glucose transport in human Caco-2 cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1284268. [PMID: 38529186 PMCID: PMC10961338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1284268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The hypoglycemic effects of Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidins (BLPs) have been demonstrated. It is unclear, nevertheless, whether BLPs reduced postprandial blood glucose levels by regulating glucose uptake and glucose transport. Method: This study investigated the effect of BLPs (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) on glucose uptake and glucose transport in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells). The uptake of 2-Deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) and disaccharidases activity in Caco-2 cells were measured. The glucose transport ability across the cell membrane was determined using the established Caco-2 monolayer model. The transcript and protein levels of key glucose transporters were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting, respectively. Results: The results showed that BLPs significantly decreased glucose uptake and disaccharidases activity (p < 0.05). Otherwise, BLPs treatment obviously inhibited glucose transport across the Caco-2 monolayer in both simulated-fast (5 mM glucose) and simulated-fed (25 mM glucose) conditions. It was attributed to the suppression of glucose transporter2 (GLUT2) and sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) by BLPs. BLPs were found to significantly downregulated the transcript level and protein expression of glucose transporters (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) involved in the signaling pathway associated with glucose transport were decreased by BLPs. Conclusion: These results suggested that BLPs inhibited intestinal glucose transport via inhibiting the expression of glucose transporters. It indicated that BLPs could be potentially used as a functional food in the diet to modulate postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haiguang Mao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhijian Ke
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Qi
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinbo Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
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12
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Shen Z, Hou Y, Zhao G, Tan L, Chen J, Dong Z, Ni C, Pei L. Physiological functions of glucose transporter-2: From cell physiology to links with diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25459. [PMID: 38333863 PMCID: PMC10850595 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a sugar crucial for human health since it participates in many biochemical reactions. It produces adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and nucleosides through glucose metabolic and pentose phosphate pathways. These processes require many transporter proteins to assist in transferring glucose across cells, and the most notable ones are glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Glucose enters small intestinal epithelial cells from the intestinal lumen by crossing the brush boundary membrane via the SGLT1 cotransporter. It exits the cells by traversing the basolateral membrane through the activity of the GLUT-2 transporter, supplying energy throughout the body. Dysregulation of these glucose transporters is involved in the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Natural loss of GLUT-2 or its downregulation causes abnormal blood glucose concentrations in the body, such as fasting hypoglycemia and glucose tolerance. Therefore, understanding GLUT-2 physiology is necessary for exploring the mechanisms of diabetes and targeted treatment development. This article reviews how the apical GLUT-2 transporter maintains normal physiological functions of the human body and the adaptive changes this transporter produces under pathological conditions such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhean Shen
- Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu, China
| | - Yingze Hou
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guo Zhao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Libi Tan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Jili Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Dong
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chunxiao Ni
- Hangzhou Lin ‘an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Tavakolizadeh M, Peyrovi S, Ghasemi-Moghaddam H, Bahadori A, Mohkami Z, Sotoudeh M, Ziaee M. Clinical efficacy and safety of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:1685-1695. [PMID: 37507536 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The recent trend toward the use of natural functional and medical supplements has motivated the focus on the search and revival of traditional medicinal plant applications for many years. As a valuable dietary crop, okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal food. This clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the okra pod capsule as an adjuvant treatment in controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus and provide clinical trial-based evidence about its anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS A total of 100 type II diabetic patients, aged between 40 and 60 years, were randomly assigned into two groups of okra and placebo. The first group was administered 1000 mg of powdered okra fruit three times a day for 3 months, while the other group received a placebo capsule with the same dosage. Both groups continued the standard antidiabetic therapy (consisting of metformin and gliclazide, as well as a nutritional regimen). At the start and three months later, various factors were measured, including FBG, insulin, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, CRP, liver and renal function tests, blood pressure, and BMI changes. RESULTS According to the results, patients who received okra treatment exhibited a significant decrease in FBG, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels when compared to both the baseline and the placebo group. Patients in the okra group have lower levels of hs-CRP compared with the placebo group after 3 months of treatment. No liver, kidney, and blood pressure or other side effects were observed in the groups associated with okra treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that adjunctive consumption of okra, in type 2 diabetic patients with 1000 mg three times a day for three months, improves lipid profile, glycemic control, and chronic inflammation without any tangible adverse effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY IRCT.Ir (IRCT20120112008712N2). https://www.irct.ir/trial/42042 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Tavakolizadeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeid Peyrovi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Ali Bahadori
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | - Zeynab Mohkami
- Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sotoudeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
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14
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Liu X, Khalil AEMM, Muthukumarasamy U, Onogi Y, Yan X, Singh I, Lopez-Gonzales E, Israel A, Serrano AC, Strowig T, Ussar S. Reduced intestinal lipid absorption improves glucose metabolism in aged G2-Terc knockout mice. BMC Biol 2023; 21:150. [PMID: 37403071 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological aging is an important factor leading to the development of pathologies associated with metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Telomere length, a central feature of aging, has additionally been identified as inversely associated with glucose tolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of shortened telomeres on body weight and metabolism remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied the metabolic consequences of moderate telomere shortening using second generation loss of telomerase activity in mice. RESULTS Aged male and female G2 Terc-/- mice and controls were characterized with respect to body weight and composition, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and metabolic activity. This was complemented with molecular and histological analysis of adipose tissue, liver and the intestine as well as microbiota analysis. We show that moderate telomere shortening leads to improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in aged male and female G2 Terc-/- mice. This is accompanied by reduced fat and lean mass in both sexes. Mechanistically, the metabolic improvement results from reduced dietary lipid uptake in the intestine, characterized by reduced gene expression of fatty acid transporters in enterocytes of the small intestine. Furthermore, G2-Terc-/- mice showed significant alterations in the composition of gut microbiota, potentially contributing to the improved glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that moderate telomere shortening reduces intestinal lipid absorption, resulting in reduced adiposity and improved glucose metabolism in aged mice. These findings will guide future murine and human aging studies and provide important insights into the age associated development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elagamy Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xiaocheng Yan
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inderjeet Singh
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Gonzales
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Israel
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Cebrian Serrano
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Xie C, Jalleh RJ, Watson LE, Huang W, Sun Y, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Determinants of blood glucose concentrations following a high carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes: A multiple linear regression analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 198:110606. [PMID: 36893852 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
This study showed that in relatively well-controlled type 2 diabetes blood glucose levels after a high carbohydrate meal were associated positively with fasting blood glucose, but also positively with gastric emptying in the first hour and negatively with the increments in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the later postprandial phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ryan J Jalleh
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Linda E Watson
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yixuan Sun
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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16
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Magkos F, Reeds DN, Mittendorfer B. Evolution of the diagnostic value of "the sugar of the blood": hitting the sweet spot to identify alterations in glucose dynamics. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:7-30. [PMID: 35635320 PMCID: PMC9576168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we provide an overview of the evolution of the definition of hyperglycemia during the past century and the alterations in glucose dynamics that cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. We discuss how extensive mechanistic, physiological research into the factors and pathways that regulate the appearance of glucose in the circulation and its uptake and metabolism by tissues and organs has contributed knowledge that has advanced our understanding of different types of hyperglycemia, namely prediabetes and diabetes and their subtypes (impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, combined impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus), their relationships with medical complications, and how to prevent and treat hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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17
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Zhu Y, Wen P, Wang P, Li Y, Tong Y, Ren F, Liu S. Influence of native cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and soluble cellodextrin on inhibition of starch digestibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:491-499. [PMID: 35932809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a major component of dietary fiber and it is proved to influence starch digestibility. The effects of native cellulose (NC), microcrystalline cellulose (MC), soluble cellodextrin (SC) on starch digestion have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, three types of cellulose with representative molecular weights (NC, 422500 Da; MC, 27750 Da; SC, 2202 Da) were prepared and their effects on starch digestion, glucose diffusion, α-amylase and amyloglucosidase activity were compared. The results suggested SC inhibited starch digestibility to a greater degree than those of NC and MC. When addition of SC reached 3 %, rapidly digestible starch proportion decreased from 31.2 % to 11.3 % and resistant starch proportion increased from 15.0 % to 58.0 %. Notably, hindrance effects of SC on glucose diffusion were higher than those of NC and MC. Moreover, SC reduced activity of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase to a larger extent than those of MC and NC. With the effect of starch digestion inhibition, NC, MC and SC could be utilized as functional food ingredients. Especially, the soluble property and the highest starch digestion inhibition ability of SC favors its application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengcheng Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Li
- Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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18
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Li Xu L, Wei Zhang H, Lin H, Mei Zhang X, Qi Wen Y, Long Zhao J, Xing Li Z, Gasset M. SWATH-MS-based proteomics reveals functional biomarkers of Th1/Th2 responses of tropomyosin allergy in mouse models. Food Chem 2022; 383:132474. [PMID: 35189446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type-I food allergies are hypersensitive reactions compromising the immune organs and epithelial barriers. To investigate the organ-specific proteomic alterations of the allergy responses, the spleen and intestine of mice sensitized with high (shrimp and clam) and weak (fish) allergenic tropomyosins were analyzed using sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS)-based proteomics. The results showed that Th1 and Th2 tropomyosin-induced responses in the spleen are characterized by the unique upregulation of innate (cochlin) and adaptive (Ig κ chain V-III region PC 7175) immune regulators, respectively. In the intestine, tropomyosin allergy concurred with the downregulation of 35 differentiating proteins featuring the overall impairment of metabolic pathways, absorption processes and ammonium ion responses. These data provide new functional biomarkers of tropomyosin-induced immune responses as well as candidate targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003 Shandong, China; Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hong Wei Zhang
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002 Shandong, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003 Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Mei Zhang
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002 Shandong, China
| | - Yun Qi Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003 Shandong, China
| | - Jin Long Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003 Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Xing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003 Shandong, China.
| | - María Gasset
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Editorial: Type 2 diabetes therapeutics: weight loss and other strategies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:256-259. [PMID: 35762161 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Zhang X, Cheng Z, Dong S, Rayner C, Wu T, Zhong M, Zhang G, Wang K, Hu S. Effects of ileal glucose infusion on enteropancreatic hormone secretion in humans: relationship to glucose absorption. Metabolism 2022; 131:155198. [PMID: 35395220 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The distal small intestine plays an important role in regulating the secretion of entero-pancreatic hormones that are critical to the control of glucose metabolism and appetite, but the quantitative contribution of a specific segment to these effects is unknown. PURPOSES To determine the effects of 30 cm of the ileum exposed to glucose on the secretion of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) insulin, C-peptide and glucagon, in relation to glucose absorption in non-diabetic subjects. BASIC PROCEDURES 10 non-diabetic subjects with a loop ileostomy after early-stage rectal cancer resection were studied on 2 days in a double-blind, randomized and crossover fashion, when a catheter was inserted retrogradely 30 cm from the ileostomy for infusion of a glucose solution containing 30 g glucose and 3 g 3-O-methylglucose (as a marker of active glucose absorption), or 0.9% saline, over 60 min. Ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and ileal glucose absorption (from concentrations of 3-O-methylglucose in serum and glucose in ileostomy effluent) were measured over 180 min. MAIN FINDINGS 12.0 ± 1.2 g glucose was absorbed over 180 min. Compared to saline, ileal glucose resulted in minimal increases in blood glucose and plasma insulin and C-peptide, but substantial increases in plasma GLP-1, without affecting ghrelin, GIP or glucagon. The magnitude of the GLP-1 response to glucose was strongly related to the increase in serum 3-O-methylglucose. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of the terminal ileum by glucose, even over a short length (30 cm), induces substantial GLP-1 release, coupled primarily to active glucose absorption. CLINICAL REGISTRATION NCT05030376 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuohui Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Christopher Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Shandong University, China.
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Zhang M, Yang H, Yang E, Li J, Dong L. Berberine Decreases Intestinal GLUT2 Translocation and Reduces Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:327. [PMID: 35008753 PMCID: PMC8745600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an important causative factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and permanent localization of intestinal GLUT2 in the brush border membrane is an important reason of postprandial hyperglycemia. Berberine, a small molecule derived from Coptidis rhizome, has been found to be potent at lowering blood glucose, but how berberine lowers postprandial blood glucose is still elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of berberine on intestinal glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) translocation and intestinal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes mouse model. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding of a high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin and diabetic mice were treated with berberine for 6 weeks. The effects of berberine on intestinal glucose transport and GLUT2 translocation were accessed in isolated intestines and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), respectively. We found that berberine treatment improved glucose tolerance and systemic insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Furthermore, berberine decreased intestinal glucose transport and inhibited GLUT2 translocation from cytoplasm to brush border membrane in intestinal epithelial cells. Mechanistically, berberine inhibited intestinal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R) phosphorylation and thus reduced localization of PLC-β2 in the membrane, leading to decreased GLUT2 translocation. These results suggest that berberine reduces intestinal glucose absorption through inhibiting IGF-1R-PLC-β2-GLUT2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (E.Y.); (J.L.)
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22
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Gázquez A, Rodríguez F, Sánchez-Campillo M, Martínez-Gascón LE, Arnao MB, Saura-Garre P, Albaladejo-Otón MD, Larqué E. Adiponectin agonist treatment in diabetic pregnant rats. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:1-13. [PMID: 34156347 PMCID: PMC8345900 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) reduces maternal adiponectin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) materno-fetal transfer, which may have negative consequences for the offspring. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the administration of a novel adiponectin agonist (AdipoRon) to GDM rats on the long-term consequences in glycaemia and fatty acids (FA) profile in the offspring. Pregnant rats were randomized to three groups: GDM rats (GDM, n = 8), GDM rats treated with AdipoRon (GDM + ADI, n = 9), and control rats (n = 10). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) on day 12 of gestation. GDM+ADI received 50 mg/kg/day AdipoRon from day 14 until delivery. Glycaemia and FA profile were determined in mothers and adult offspring (12 weeks old). AdipoRon tended to reduce fasting glucose in diabetic mothers. Diabetic rats presented the foetus with intrauterine growth restriction and higher adiposity, which tried to be counteracted by AdipoRon. In the adult offspring, both GDM + ADI and control animals showed better glucose recovery after oral glucose overload with respect to GDM. DHA in offspring plasma was significantly reduced in both GDM and GDM + ADI compared to controls (P = 0.043). Nevertheless, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) ratio improved in plasma of GDM + ADI adult offspring (GDM: 14.83 ± 0.85a%; GDM + ADI: 11.49 ± 0.58b%; control: 10.03 ± 1.22b%, P = 0.034). Inflammatory markers and oxidative stress were reduced in the adult offspring of AdipoRon-treated mothers. In conclusion, AdipoRon administration to pregnant diabetic rats improved glycaemia in the mothers and long-term glucose tolerance in the offspring. In addition, it tended to reduce excessive foetal fat accumulation and improved n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio significantly in offspring at the adult state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gázquez
- Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisca Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Campillo
- Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lidia E Martínez-Gascón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Saura-Garre
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María D Albaladejo-Otón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Larque:
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