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Kakavandi E, Sadeghi K, Shayestehpour M, Mirhendi H, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei Jandaghi NZ, Yavarian J. Evaluation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin II (Ang II), miR-141-3p, and miR-421 levels in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:429. [PMID: 38649818 PMCID: PMC11036566 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a pivotal member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as its cell-entry receptor. Another member of the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II), is the major biologically active component in this system. There is growing evidence suggesting that serum miRNAs could serve as prognostic biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infection and regulate ACE2 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II, as well as the expression level of miR-141-3p and miR-421 in SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative subjects. METHODS In the present study, the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II were measured in 94 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and 94 SARS-CoV-2 negative subjects with some symptoms similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients using the ELISA method. In addition, the expression level of miR-141-3p and miR-421 as ACE2 regulators and biomarkers was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. RESULTS The mean serum sACE2 concentration in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group was 3.268 ± 0.410 ng/ml, whereas in the SARS-CoV-2 negative group, it was 3.564 ± 0.437 ng/ml. Additionally, the mean serum Ang II level in the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups were 60.67 ± 6.192 ng/L and 67.97 ± 6.837 ng/L, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the serum levels of sACE2 (P value: 0.516) and Ang II (P value: 0.134) between the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups. Meanwhile, our findings indicated that the expression levels of miR-141-3p and miR-421 in SARS-CoV-2 positive group were significantly lower and higher than SARS-CoV-2 negative group, respectively (P value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of this study showed that the serum levels of sACE2 and Ang II in SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative subjects were not significantly different, but the expression levels of miR-141-3p and miR-421 were altered in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients which need more investigation to be used as biomarkers for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kakavandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Silva AR, de Souza e Souza KFC, Souza TBD, Younes-Ibrahim M, Burth P, de Castro Faria Neto HC, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. The Na/K-ATPase role as a signal transducer in lung inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287512. [PMID: 38299144 PMCID: PMC10827986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is marked by damage to the capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium following edema formation and cell infiltration. Currently, there are no effective treatments for severe ARDS. Pathologies such as sepsis, pneumonia, fat embolism, and severe trauma may cause ARDS with respiratory failure. The primary mechanism of edema clearance is the epithelial cells' Na/K-ATPase (NKA) activity. NKA is an enzyme that maintains the electrochemical gradient and cell homeostasis by transporting Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane. Direct injury on alveolar cells or changes in ion transport caused by infections decreases the NKA activity, loosening tight junctions in epithelial cells and causing edema formation. In addition, NKA acts as a receptor triggering signal transduction in response to the binding of cardiac glycosides. The ouabain (a cardiac glycoside) and oleic acid induce lung injury by targeting NKA. Besides enzymatic inhibition, the NKA triggers intracellular signal transduction, fostering proinflammatory cytokines production and contributing to lung injury. Herein, we reviewed and discussed the crucial role of NKA in edema clearance, lung injury, and intracellular signaling pathway activation leading to lung inflammation, thus putting the NKA as a protagonist in lung injury pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thamires Bandeira De Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Younes-Ibrahim
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Burth
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Motes A, Singh T, Vinan Vega N, Nugent K. A Focused Review of the Initial Management of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4650. [PMID: 37510765 PMCID: PMC10380732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) largely focuses on ventilator settings to limit intrathoracic pressures by using low tidal volumes and on FiO2/PEEP relationships to maintain optimal gas exchange. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a complex medical disorder that can develop in several primary acute disorders, has a rapid time course, and has several classifications that can reflect either the degree of hypoxemia, the extent of radiographic involvement, or the underlying pathogenesis. The identification of subtypes of patients with ARDS would potentially make precision medicine possible in these patients. This is a very difficult challenge given the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment responses in these patients. The analysis of large databases of patients with acute respiratory failure using statistical methods such as cluster analysis could identify phenotypes that have different outcomes or treatment strategies. However, clinical information available on presentation is unlikely to separate patients into groups that allow for secure treatment decisions or outcome predictions. In some patients, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation provides adequate support through episodes of acute respiratory failure, and the development of specialized units to manage patients with this support might lead to the better use of hospital resources. Patients with ARDS have capillary leak, which results in interstitial and alveolar edema. Early attention to fluid balance in these patients might improve gas exchange and alter the pathophysiology underlying the development of severe ARDS. Finally, more attention to the interaction of patients with ventilators through complex monitoring systems has the potential to identify ventilator dyssynchrony, leading to ventilator adjustments and potentially better outcomes. Recent studies with COVID-19 patients provide tentative answers to some of these questions. In addition, expert clinical investigators have analyzed the promise and difficulties associated with the development of precision medicine in patients with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Motes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Tushi Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Noella Vinan Vega
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Self WH, Shotwell MS, Gibbs KW, de Wit M, Files DC, Harkins M, Hudock KM, Merck LH, Moskowitz A, Apodaca KD, Barksdale A, Safdar B, Javaheri A, Sturek JM, Schrager H, Iovine N, Tiffany B, Douglas IS, Levitt J, Busse LW, Ginde AA, Brown SM, Hager DN, Boyle K, Duggal A, Khan A, Lanspa M, Chen P, Puskarich M, Vonderhaar D, Venkateshaiah L, Gentile N, Rosenberg Y, Troendle J, Bistran-Hall AJ, DeClercq J, Lavieri R, Joly MM, Orr M, Pulley J, Rice TW, Schildcrout JS, Semler MW, Wang L, Bernard GR, Collins SP. Renin-Angiotensin System Modulation With Synthetic Angiotensin (1-7) and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Biased Ligand in Adults With COVID-19: Two Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 2023; 329:1170-1182. [PMID: 37039791 PMCID: PMC10091180 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Importance Preclinical models suggest dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the relative activity of angiotensin II compared with angiotensin (1-7) and may be an important contributor to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of RAS modulation using 2 investigational RAS agents, TXA-127 (synthetic angiotensin [1-7]) and TRV-027 (an angiotensin II type 1 receptor-biased ligand), that are hypothesized to potentiate the action of angiotensin (1-7) and mitigate the action of the angiotensin II. Design, Setting, and Participants Two randomized clinical trials including adults hospitalized with acute COVID-19 and new-onset hypoxemia were conducted at 35 sites in the US between July 22, 2021, and April 20, 2022; last follow-up visit: July 26, 2022. Interventions A 0.5-mg/kg intravenous infusion of TXA-127 once daily for 5 days or placebo. A 12-mg/h continuous intravenous infusion of TRV-027 for 5 days or placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was oxygen-free days, an ordinal outcome that classifies a patient's status at day 28 based on mortality and duration of supplemental oxygen use; an adjusted odds ratio (OR) greater than 1.0 indicated superiority of the RAS agent vs placebo. A key secondary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. Safety outcomes included allergic reaction, new kidney replacement therapy, and hypotension. Results Both trials met prespecified early stopping criteria for a low probability of efficacy. Of 343 patients in the TXA-127 trial (226 [65.9%] aged 31-64 years, 200 [58.3%] men, 225 [65.6%] White, and 274 [79.9%] not Hispanic), 170 received TXA-127 and 173 received placebo. Of 290 patients in the TRV-027 trial (199 [68.6%] aged 31-64 years, 168 [57.9%] men, 195 [67.2%] White, and 225 [77.6%] not Hispanic), 145 received TRV-027 and 145 received placebo. Compared with placebo, both TXA-127 (unadjusted mean difference, -2.3 [95% CrI, -4.8 to 0.2]; adjusted OR, 0.88 [95% CrI, 0.59 to 1.30]) and TRV-027 (unadjusted mean difference, -2.4 [95% CrI, -5.1 to 0.3]; adjusted OR, 0.74 [95% CrI, 0.48 to 1.13]) resulted in no difference in oxygen-free days. In the TXA-127 trial, 28-day all-cause mortality occurred in 22 of 163 patients (13.5%) in the TXA-127 group vs 22 of 166 patients (13.3%) in the placebo group (adjusted OR, 0.83 [95% CrI, 0.41 to 1.66]). In the TRV-027 trial, 28-day all-cause mortality occurred in 29 of 141 patients (20.6%) in the TRV-027 group vs 18 of 140 patients (12.9%) in the placebo group (adjusted OR, 1.52 [95% CrI, 0.75 to 3.08]). The frequency of the safety outcomes was similar with either TXA-127 or TRV-027 vs placebo. Conclusions and Relevance In adults with severe COVID-19, RAS modulation (TXA-127 or TRV-027) did not improve oxygen-free days vs placebo. These results do not support the hypotheses that pharmacological interventions that selectively block the angiotensin II type 1 receptor or increase angiotensin (1-7) improve outcomes for patients with severe COVID-19. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04924660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H. Self
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew S. Shotwell
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin W. Gibbs
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Marjolein de Wit
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - D. Clark Files
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michelle Harkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | | | - Lisa H. Merck
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond
| | - Ari Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Aaron Barksdale
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Basmah Safdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Harry Schrager
- Department of Medicine, Tufts School of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Iovine
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | | | - Ivor S. Douglas
- Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Joseph Levitt
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Adit A. Ginde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Samuel M. Brown
- Department of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
| | - David N. Hager
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katherine Boyle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Akram Khan
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Michael Lanspa
- Department of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Puskarich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Derek Vonderhaar
- Department of Medicine, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Nina Gentile
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yves Rosenberg
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Troendle
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amanda J. Bistran-Hall
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Josh DeClercq
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert Lavieri
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meghan Morrison Joly
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Orr
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jill Pulley
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Todd W. Rice
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Matthew W. Semler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gordon R. Bernard
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean P. Collins
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville
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Decreased serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 and enhanced cytokine levels with severity of COVID-19: normalisation upon disease recovery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08957. [PMID: 35187271 PMCID: PMC8847112 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Circulating soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE2)2, the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2, together with components of the renin-angiotensin system promote infection and disease severity. Objective This pilot study followed the time-course of sACE2 levels in relation to systemic cytokines in severe and moderate COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir/dexamethasone in combination. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained upon admission from 30 patients (12 with moderate disease and 18 with severe disease) and 14 patients with PCR-confirmed mild COVID-19. Severe and moderate patients were treated with remdesivir (200mg/first day and 100mg/day for the remaining days) and dexamethasone (100mg/day). 6 healthy control subjects (HC) were also enrolled. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and sACE2 levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and during treatment in severe and moderate patients and at baseline in mild and HCs. Results Baseline sACE2 levels were lower in severe (p = 0.0005) and moderate (p = 0.0022) patients than in patients with mild COVID-19 and in HC (p = 0.0023 and p = 0.0012 respectively). Treatment significantly increased sACE2 levels in patients with moderate disease (p = 0.0156) but only 50% of patients with severe disease showed enhanced levels compared to baseline. Systemic IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in all patient groups compared with HC and were not significantly affected over time or by remdesivir/dexamethasone treatment for 5 days. Conclusion Serum sACE2 levels increase in severe COVID-19 patients as they recover over time whilst circulating cytokines are unaffected. Future studies should link these results to clinical outcomes.
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Li S, Yang S, Zhou Y, Disoma C, Dong Z, Du A, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Huang W, Chen J, Song D, Chen Z, Liu P, Li S, Zheng R, Liu S, Razzaq A, Chen X, Tao S, Yu C, Feng T, Liao W, Peng Y, Jiang T, Huang J, Wu W, Hu L, Wang L, Li S, Xia Z. Microbiome Profiling Using Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Identified Unique Microorganisms in COVID-19 Patients With Altered Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712081. [PMID: 34707577 PMCID: PMC8542975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is mainly associated with respiratory distress syndrome, but a subset of patients often present gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Imbalances of gut microbiota have been previously linked to respiratory virus infection. Understanding how the gut–lung axis affects the progression of COVID-19 can provide a novel framework for therapies and management. In this study, we examined the gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 (n = 47) and compared it to healthy controls (n = 19). Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we have identified four microorganisms unique in COVID-19 patients, namely Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacteroides oleiciplenus, Fusobacterium ulcerans, and Prevotella bivia. The abundances of Bacteroides stercoris, B. vulgatus, B. massiliensis, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 5163FAA, Prevotella bivia, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 6145, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 2244A were enriched in COVID-19 patients, whereas the abundances of Clostridium nexile, Streptococcus salivarius, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hallii, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Adlercreutzia equolifaciens were decreased (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of butyrate-producing Roseburia inulinivorans is evidently depleted in COVID-19 patients, while the relative abundances of Paraprevotella sp. and the probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus were increased. We further identified 30 KEGG orthology (KO) modules overrepresented, with 7 increasing and 23 decreasing modules. Notably, 15 optimal microbial markers were identified using the random forest model to have strong diagnostic potential in distinguishing COVID-19. Based on Spearman’s correlation, eight species were associated with eight clinical indices. Moreover, the increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased abundance of Firmicutes were also found across clinical types of COVID-19. Our findings suggest that the alterations of gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 may influence disease severity. Our COVID-19 classifier, which was cross-regionally verified, provides a proof of concept that a set of microbial species markers can distinguish the presence of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cyrollah Disoma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijun Dong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ashuai Du
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongxing Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | | | - Junru Chen
- Suzhou Geneworks Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Deqiang Song
- Suzhou Geneworks Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zongpeng Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pinjia Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiqin Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sixu Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyi Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengping Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianxu Feng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Linghang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanni Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lami F, Elfadul M, Rashak HA, Al Nsour M, Akhtar H, Khader YS, Hussein AM, Naciri M, Samy S, Ghaleb Y, Taha HA, Aljanabe AH, Ali NA, Zayer RH, Ikram A, Rahman FU, Khan MM, Adam R, Ahmed AY, Afifi S. Risk Factors of COVID-19 Critical Outcomes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Multicountry Retrospective Study . JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 8:e32831. [PMID: 34736222 PMCID: PMC8929409 DOI: 10.2196/32831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of empirical evidence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) necessitates the implementation of wide-scale studies to describe the demographic, clinical features, and severity profile of COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the patterns of COVID-19 severity and mortality in seven countries and to determine the risk factors of COVID-19 severity and mortality. METHODS This multi-country study was based on a retrospective review of medical records of hospitalized patients confirmed to have COVID-19. This study included data from Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Egypt, and Yemen. All demographic and clinical data were extracted from hospital records (paper files) by trained data collectors. RESULTS A total of 4141 patients were included in this study from seven countries. Comorbidities were reported by nearly half of the patients, with hypertension (HT) (24.7%) and diabetes (22.7%) being the most common. Older age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart diseases were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Ever smoking and renal diseases were significantly associated with severity but not mortality, while male gender, respiratory diseases, and malignancy were significantly associated with mortality but not severity. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the role of comorbidities and demographic features on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Understanding the contributing factors ensures attentive care and informs clinical management of patients with poorer prognoses in the early stages of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Lami
- University of Baghdad, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Baghdad, IQ
| | - Maisa Elfadul
- University of Medical Sciences amd Technology ,Sudan, Federal Minstry of Health, Airport avenue,, Khartoum, SD
| | | | - Mohannad Al Nsour
- Global Health Development (GHD), The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, JO
| | - Hashaam Akhtar
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yusra Medical and Dental Collage, Islamabad, PK
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine/ Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Amman, JO
| | | | - Mariam Naciri
- Research Center Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment (BIOBIO), Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, MA
| | - Sahar Samy
- Communicable disease control department - Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, EG
| | - Yasser Ghaleb
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, YE
| | - Hana Ahmad Taha
- Global Health Development (GHD)
- Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Health Protection and Promotion, Amman, JO
| | | | | | - Raheem Hussein Zayer
- Al-Rusafa Health Directorate, Public Health Department, Ministry of Health, Baghdad, IQ
| | | | - Fazal Ur Rahman
- Medical Unit 1 Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PK
| | | | - Reema Adam
- Federal Ministry of Health, Directorate of Emergency and Humantarian actions, Khartoum, SD
| | | | - Salma Afifi
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, EG
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8
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Lami F, Elfadul M, Rashak H, Al Nsour M, Akhtar H, Khader Y, Hussein AM, Naciri M, Samy S, Ghaleb Y, Taha H, Hussein A, Ali NA, Hussein R, Ikram A, Rahman FU, Khan MM, Adam R, Ahmed AY, Afifi S. Risk Factors of COVID-19 Critical Outcomes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Multicountry Retrospective Study (Preprint).. [DOI: 10.2196/preprints.32831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The establishment of empirical evidence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region necessitates the implementation of wide-scale studies to describe the demographic, clinical features, and severity profile of patients with COVID-19.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to assess the patterns of COVID-19 severity and mortality in seven countries, and to determine the risk factors of COVID-19 severity and mortality.
METHODS
This multicountry study was based on a retrospective review of medical records of hospitalized patients confirmed to have COVID-19. This study includes data from Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Egypt, and Yemen. All demographic and clinical data were extracted from hospital records (paper files) by trained data collectors.
RESULTS
A total of 4141 patients were included in this study from seven countries. Comorbidities were reported by nearly half of the patients, with hypertension (n=1021, 24.7%) and diabetes (n=939, 22.7%) being the most common. Older age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart diseases were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Ever smoking and renal diseases were significantly associated with severity but not mortality, while male gender, respiratory diseases, and malignancy were significantly associated with mortality but not severity.
CONCLUSIONS
The study confirms the role of comorbidities and demographic features on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Understanding the contributing factors ensures attentive care and informs clinical management of patients with poorer prognoses in the early stages of diseases.
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9
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Mali SN, Thorat BR, Chopade AR. A Viewpoint on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Anti-Hypertensives and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:311-313. [PMID: 32389117 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200511005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj N Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai- 400019, India
| | - Bapu R Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Government of Maharashtra's Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai 60, India
| | - Atul R Chopade
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Turek M, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Koprowski M, Marciniak B, Bałczewski P. Role of Hydrogen Bonds in Formation of Co-amorphous Valsartan/Nicotinamide Compositions of High Solubility and Durability with Anti-hypertension and Anti-COVID-19 Potential. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1970-1984. [PMID: 33792313 PMCID: PMC8029446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties, in particular solubility and the associated bioavailability, are key factors in determining efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs, which constitute 40% of new drugs in the market, and improving them is an important challenge for modern pharmacy. A recent strategy to achieve this goal is formation of stable co-amorphous solid dispersions with co-formers of low molecular weight. Here, the amorphization strategy was applied for low-soluble anti-hypertensive valsartan (VAL), an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and nicotinamide, which exhibits lung- and cardio-protective effects. Through interactions with the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system, VAL may be used to treat both hypertension and the current pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using mechanochemical and liquid- and solid-state approaches, solvated co-amorphous solid dispersions of VAL with nicotinamide were obtained. They were characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and X-ray analyses. The density functional theory, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and non-covalent interaction index calculations revealed the presence of two types of hydrogen bonds between VAL and NIC (i.e., N-H···O and O-H···O). One of them had a partially covalent character, which caused conformational changes in the flexible VAL molecule, restricting contribution of the tetrazolyl N-H donor and thus limiting the possibility of co-crystal formation. The recognized VAL/NIC1- and VAL/NIC2-type heterodimeric interactions were responsible for the excellent durability of the solid compositions and up to 24-fold better solubility than VAL alone. The synthesized dispersions constitute a new class of dually acting drugs, containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (VAL) and supporting nutraceutical (nicotinamide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Turek
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź 90-363, Poland
| | - Bernard Marciniak
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź 90-363, Poland
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11
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 51:281-296. [PMID: 33688448 PMCID: PMC7933375 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the end of 2019, the new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strain causing severe acute respiratory syndrome swept the world. From November 2019 till February 2021, this virus infected nearly 104 million, with more than two million deaths and about 25 million active cases. This has prompted scientists to discover effective drugs to combat this pandemic. AREA COVERED Drug repurposing is the magic bullet for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Therefore, several drugs have been investigated in silico, in vitro, as well as through human trials such as anti-SARS-CoV2 agents, or to prevent the complications resulting from the virus. In this review, the mechanisms of action of different therapeutic strategies are summarized. According to the WHO, different classes of drugs can be used, including anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant drugs, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, vitamins, zinc, neutralizing antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. Recently, there are some vaccines which are approved against SARS-CoV2. EXPERT OPINION A complete understanding of the structure and function of all viral proteins that play a fundamental role in viral infection, which contribute to the therapeutic intervention and the development of vaccine in order to reduce the mortality rate. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Samar R. Saleh
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Nofal
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Y. Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Salma. F. Hassan
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Inas K. Seif
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sally A. El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Khedr
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Kenawy
- Fabrication Technology Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Aliaa A. Masoud
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma A. Soudi
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Sobhy
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jaillan G. Sery
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Miral G. Abd El-Wahab
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Alshimaa A. Abd Elmoneam
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A. El-Demellawy
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Medical Biotechnology Department, GEBRI, SRTA-City, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria Egypt
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13
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Gadanec LK, McSweeney KR, Qaradakhi T, Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:992. [PMID: 33498183 PMCID: PMC7863934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to global health. Protruding from the viral surface is a densely glycosylated spike (S) protein, which engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate host cell entry. However, studies have reported viral susceptibility in intra- and extrapulmonary immune and non-immune cells lacking ACE2, suggesting that the S protein may exploit additional receptors for infection. Studies have demonstrated interactions between S protein and innate immune system, including C-lectin type receptors (CLR), toll-like receptors (TLR) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Recognition of carbohydrate moieties clustered on the surface of the S protein may drive receptor-dependent internalization, accentuate severe immunopathological inflammation, and allow for systemic spread of infection, independent of ACE2. Furthermore, targeting TLRs, CLRs, and other receptors (Ezrin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4) that do not directly engage SARS-CoV-2 S protein, but may contribute to augmented anti-viral immunity and viral clearance, may represent therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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14
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Xu F, Gao J, Munkhsaikhan U, Li N, Gu Q, Pierre JF, Starlard-Davenport A, Towbin JA, Cui Y, Purevjav E, Lu L. The Genetic Dissection of Ace2 Expression Variation in the Heart of Murine Genetic Reference Population. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:582949. [PMID: 33330645 PMCID: PMC7714829 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.582949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A high inflammatory and cytokine burden that induces vascular inflammation, myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial injury is associated with a lethal outcome in COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for cell entry in a similar way to SARS-CoV. This study investigates the regulation, gene network, and associated pathways of ACE2 that may be involved in inflammatory and cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. Methods: Cardiovascular traits were determined in the one of the largest mouse genetic reference populations: BXD recombinant inbred strains using blood pressure, electrocardiography, and echocardiography measurements. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, genetic correlation, and functional enrichment analysis were used to identify Ace2 regulation, gene pathway, and co-expression networks. Results: A wide range of variation was found in expression of Ace2 among the BXD strains. Levels of Ace2 expression are negatively correlated with cardiovascular traits, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure and P wave duration and amplitude. Ace2 co-expressed genes are significantly involved in cardiac- and inflammatory-related pathways. The eQTL mapping revealed that Cyld is a candidate upstream regulator for Ace2. Moreover, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis inferred several potential key regulators (Cul3, Atf2, Vcp, Jun, Ppp1cc, Npm1, Mapk8, Set, Dlg1, Mapk14, and Hspa1b) for Ace2 co-expressed genes in the heart. Conclusions:Ace2 is associated with blood pressure, atrial morphology, and sinoatrial conduction in BXD mice. Ace2 co-varies with Atf2, Cyld, Jun, Mapk8, and Mapk14 and is enriched in the RAS, TGFβ, TNFα, and p38α signaling pathways, involved in inflammation and cardiac damage. We suggest that all these novel Ace2-associated genes and pathways may be targeted for preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes in cardiovascular damage in patients with systemic inflammation, including COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Undral Munkhsaikhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Athena Starlard-Davenport
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Pediatric Cardiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Enkhsaikhan Purevjav
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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15
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Nejat R, Sadr AS. Are losartan and imatinib effective against SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis? A pathophysiologic-based in silico study. In Silico Pharmacol 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33294307 PMCID: PMC7716628 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-020-00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proposing a theory about the pathophysiology of cytokine storm in COVID19, we were to find the potential drugs to treat this disease and to find any effect of these drugs on the virus infectivity through an in silico study. COVID-19-induced ARDS is linked to a cytokine storm phenomenon not explainable solely by the virus infectivity. Knowing that ACE2, the hydrolyzing enzyme of AngII and SARS-CoV2 receptor, downregulates when the virus enters the host cells, we hypothesize that hyperacute AngII upregulation is the eliciting factor of this ARDS. We were to validate this theory through reviewing previous studies to figure out the role of overzealous activation of AT1R in ARDS. According to this theory losartan may attenuate ARDS in this disease. Imatinib, has previously been elucidated to be promising in modulating lung inflammatory reactions and virus infectivity in SARS and MERS. We did an in silico study to uncover any probable other unconsidered inhibitory effects of losartan and imatinib against SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis. Reviewing the literature, we could find that over-activation of AT1R could explain precisely the mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID19. Our in silico study revealed that losartan and imatinib could probably: (1) decline SARS-CoV2 affinity to ACE2. (2) inhibit the main protease and furin, (3) disturb papain-like protease and p38MAPK functions. Our reviewing on renin-angiotensin system showed that overzealous activation of AT1R by hyper-acute excess of AngII due to acute downregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV2 explains precisely the mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Besides, based on our in silico study we concluded that losartan and imatinib are promising in COVID19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nejat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shahir Sadr
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Cheragh Medical Institute and Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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16
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Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, Gao G. The potential role of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in coronavirus disease 2019. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:883. [PMID: 33238910 PMCID: PMC7686943 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the clinical significance of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS In this retrospective study, a total of 136 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The serum ACE activity was measured at baseline and during the recovery phase, and its relationship with clinical condition was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 136 patients with confirmed COVID-19, the 16 severe patients were older and had a higher body mass index (BMI) and proportion of hypertension than the 120 nonsevere patients. In comparison to those of normal controls, the baseline serum ACE activities of subjects in the severe group and nonsevere group were decreased, with the lowest level in the severe group. However, the serum ACE activity increased in the recovery phase, and there were no significant differences among the severe group, nonsevere group and normal control group. CONCLUSION Serum ACE activity could be used as a marker to reflect the clinical condition of COVID-19 since low activity was associated with the severity of COVID-19 at baseline, and the activity increased with the remission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Ting Cai
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Fan
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Kehong Lou
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Zuoan Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China.
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17
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Khatri R, Gupta RK, Vats P, Bansal V, Yadav AK, Reddy PK, Bharadwaj A, Chaudhary P, Sharma S, Bajaj AC, Deskit P, Dass D, Baburaj TP, Singh SB, Kumar B. Subclinical elevated B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) indicates endothelial dysfunction contributing to hypoxia susceptibility in healthy individuals. Life Sci 2020; 260:118408. [PMID: 32926931 PMCID: PMC7486215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims Baseline elevated B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) has been found in high altitude pulmonary edema susceptible population. Exaggerated pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia may be related to endothelial dysfunction in hypoxia susceptible. We hypothesize that baseline BNP levels can predict hypoxia susceptibility in healthy individuals. Main methods The pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was compared in 35 male healthy individuals divided into two groups based on BNP levels (Group 1 ≤ 15 and Group 2 > 15 pg/ml). Acute normobaric hypoxia was administered to both the groups, to confirm hypoxia susceptibility in Group 2. Key findings Unlike Group 1, Group 2 had elevated post hypoxia BNP levels (26 vs 33.5 pg/ml, p = 0.002) while pulmonary artery pressure was comparable. A negative correlation with tissue oxygen consumption (delta pO2) and compartmental fluid shift was seen in Group 1 only. Endothelial dysfunction in Group 2 resulted in reduced vascular compliance leading to elevation of mean blood pressure on acute hypoxia exposure. BNP showed a positive correlation with endothelial dysfunction in Group 2 and has been linked to pre-diabetic disorder (HbA1c 6 ± 0.44%) and may additionally represent a lower cross-sectional area of vascular bed related to vascular remodeling mediated by chronic hypoxia. Significance Hypoxia susceptibility in healthy individuals may be related to endothelial dysfunction that limits vascular compliance during hypoxic stress. BNP level showed positive correlation with HbA1c (r = 0.49, p = 0.04) and negative correlation with delta pO2 (r = −0.52, p = 0.04) can predict reduced microvascular compliance due to endothelial dysfunction contributing to hypoxia susceptibility in healthy individuals. BNP levels≤15 pg/ml at sea level is indicative of hypoxia resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Khatri
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Rajinder K Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
| | - Praveen Vats
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Vishal Bansal
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute (VPCI), Delhi University, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anand Kumar Yadav
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute (VPCI), Delhi University, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Prasanna K Reddy
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Abhishek Bharadwaj
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Pooja Chaudhary
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Amir Chand Bajaj
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Padma Deskit
- Sonam Norboo Memorial (S.N.M.) Hospital, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir 194101, India
| | - Deepak Dass
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Thiruthara P Baburaj
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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Khan N. Possible protective role of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 1:38-48. [PMID: 33196058 PMCID: PMC7665224 DOI: 10.46439/allergy.1.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a worldwide pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding and priming its viral-spike proteins with membrane-associated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Through the coordinated actions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins fuse with plasma membranes and ultimately the virus enters cells. ACE2 is integral to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and SARS-CoV-2 down-regulates protein expression levels of ACE2. Once infected, patients typically develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a number of other severe complications that result in a high rate of fatality, especially in older (>60 years) adults and in people with pre-existing medical conditions. Data now indicate clearly that among people of all age groups, COVID-19 fatalities are higher in men than women. Here, attention is focused on these sex differences and posit a role of estrogen in these differences as well as possible therapeutic and protective actions of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
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19
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Application of System Biology to Explore the Association of Neprilysin, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) in Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:11. [PMID: 32572334 PMCID: PMC7302923 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appears with common symptoms including fever, dry cough, and fatigue, as well as some less common sysmptoms such as loss of taste and smell, diarrhea, skin rashes and discoloration of fingers. COVID-19 patients may also suffer from serious symptoms including shortness of breathing, chest pressure and pain, as well as loss of daily routine habits, pointing out to a sever reduction in the quality of life. COVID-19 has afftected almost all countries, however, the United States contains the highest number of infection (> 1,595,000 cases) and deaths cases (> 95,000 deaths) in the world until May 21, 2020. Finding an influential treatment strategy against COVID-19 can be facilitated through better understanding of the virus pathogenesis and consequently interrupting the biochemical pathways that the virus may play role in human body as the current reservoir of the virus. Results In this study, we combined system biology and bioinformatic approaches to define the role of coexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neprilysin or membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and their association in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that ACE2 as the cellular attachment site of SARS-CoV-2, neprilysin, and CAs have a great contribution together in the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and consequently in pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in the vital organs such as respiratory, renal, and blood circulation systems. Any disorder in neprilysin, ACE2, and CAs can lead to increase of CO2 concentration in blood and respiratory acidosis, induction of pulmonary edema and heart and renal failures. Conclusions Due to the presence of ACE2-Neprilysin-CA complex in most of vital organs and as a receptor of COVID-19, it is expected that most organs are affected by SARS-CoV-2 such as inflammation and fibrosis of lungs, which may conversely affect their vital functions, temporary or permanently, sometimes leading to death. Therefore, ACE2-Neprilysin-CA complex could be the key factor of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and may provide us useful information to find better provocative and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Manglik
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care (A.M.), University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.M.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Department of Medicine (L.M.W., H.A.R., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine (L.M.W., H.A.R., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Cell Biology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine (L.M.W., H.A.R., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Biochemistry (R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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21
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Iskandar AR, Martinez Y, Martin F, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Sewer A, Torres LO, Majeed S, Merg C, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Frentzel S, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparative effects of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product Aerosol and cigarette smoke on human organotypic small airway cultures: a systems toxicology approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:930-946. [PMID: 30090554 PMCID: PMC6062162 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro human small airway epithelium model, we assessed the biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, to investigate the potential reduced risk of THS2.2 aerosol exposure compared with cigarette smoke. Following the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the Tobacco Product Assessment Consortium, in which modified-risk tobacco products assessment should be performed in comparison with standard conventional products, the effects of the THS2.2 aerosol exposure on the small airway cultures were compared with those of 3R4F cigarette smoke. We used a systems toxicology approach whereby elucidation of toxic effects is derived not only from functional assay readouts but also from omics technologies. Cytotoxicity, ciliary beating function, secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and histological assessment represented functional assays. The omics data included transcriptomic and miRNA profiles. Exposure-induced perturbations of causal biological networks were computed from the transcriptomic data. The results showed that THS2.2 aerosol exposure at the tested doses elicited lower cytotoxicity levels and lower changes in the secreted pro-inflammatory mediators than 3R4F smoke. Although THS2.2 exposure elicited alterations in the gene expression, a higher transcriptome-induced biological impact was observed following 3R4F smoke: The effects of THS2.2 aerosol exposure, if observed, were mostly transient and diminished more rapidly after exposure than those of 3R4F smoke. The study demonstrated that the systems toxicology approach can reveal changes at the cellular level that would be otherwise not detected from functional assays, thus increasing the sensitivity to detect potential toxicity of a treatment/exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Yannick Martinez
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21 , 51429 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
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Zhang X, Gao F, Yan Y, Ruan Z, Liu Z. Combination therapy with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is superior for the treatment of acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:113-20. [PMID: 25756848 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (ALIRI) is a serious disease that seriously affects human's life. In this study, we aimed to explore a more effective treatment method by combining human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for ALIRI. Fifty rats were firstly divided into five groups, namely sham surgery group (sham) and four model groups (model, ACE2, HUMSCs and HUMSCs + ACE2) that were reperfused with 0.1 ml physiological saline (PS), 0.1 ml PS containing 1 × 10(6) lentiviral-ACE2/HUMSCs/ACE2 + UMSCs, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot assays were then conducted to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines [intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and angiotensin II (Ang II)], antioxidant proteins [NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)], DNA damage and apoptotic indicators [BCL2-associated X (Bax), cleaved caspase-3 (C-Csp 3), cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (C-PARP), Y-H2AX], anti-apoptotic indicator (Bcl-2) and smooth muscle cell proliferation indicator [connexin 43 (Cx43)]. According to the qRT-PCR and western results, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α, NF-κB, PDGF, Bax, C-Csp 3, C-PARP and Y-H2AX were significantly higher in model group than those in sham group and they were significantly reduced by HUMSCs or ACE2 treatment (P < 0.05). On the contrary, Bcl-2 showed an opposite expression trend with the previous proteins. The mRNA and protein levels of NQO1 and HO-1 were sequentially increased in sham, model, ACE2, HUMSCs and HUMSCs + ACE2 groups. Besides, HUMSCs combined with ACE2 exhibited a better inhibition effect on ALIRI than HUMSCs or ACE2 alone (P < 0.05). In summary, HUMSCs combined with ACE2 was demonstrated to have the best therapeutic effect on ALIRI through anti-inflammation, oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomiao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emphysema is characterized by an abnormal and permanent enlargement of airspaces accompanied by destruction of their walls. Up to now, there is no cure for emphysema, and animal models may be important for new drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review animal models of emphysema since the protease-antiprotease hypothesis as well as the results obtained with compounds tested in these models. Of particular importance are animal models of cigarette smoke exposure since it is the most important risk factor of emphysema. The authors also analyze two approaches to drug testing, that is, the approach aimed at preventing emphysema and the one aimed at reversing it. EXPERT OPINION It has been suggested that early and late interventions do not have the same protective effect and that late interventions are much more likely to reveal treatments beneficial in humans. However, this is not always the case, and a compound that prevents emphysema when administered as an early intervention can also have the same protective effect when given as a late intervention. Furthermore, the fact that a compound detected by means of early intervention is now in clinical practice shows that early intervention studies can be predictive for efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Gardi
- University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , Via Aldo Moro 2 - Siena , Italy +39 0 577 234002 ;
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24
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Liu F, Gao F, Li Q, Liu Z. The functional study of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells harbouring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:580-9. [PMID: 25230251 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; First People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fengying Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Shanghai Jian Gong Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pediatrics; First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University; Kunshan China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; First People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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25
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Chen Q, Yang Y, Huang Y, Pan C, Liu L, Qiu H. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates lung fibrosis by way of Mas receptor in acute lung injury. J Surg Res 2013; 185:740-7. [PMID: 23890397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in approximately 60% of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and has been significantly correlated with a poor outcome. The overexpression of angiotensin (Ang) II can induce lung inflammation and fibrosis. This observation, coupled with the knowledge that Ang-(1-7) is considered to be an endogenous antagonist of Ang II, led us to hypothesize that Ang-(1-7) would prevent lung remodeling in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protocol involved five groups: (1) control, (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), (3) losartan as a positive control group, (4) Ang-(1-7), and (5) [D-Ala7]-Ang-(1-7) (A779), an antagonist of the Ang-(1-7) receptor. Acute lung injury was induced by an intratracheal injection of LPS 5 mg/kg in C57BL/6 mice. Losartan (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage daily, starting from 1 d before LPS stimulation. Ang-(1-7) or A779 in saline (100 ng/kg/min) was infused subcutaneously 1 h before acute lung injury induction for 3 or 7 d. The lung tissues were harvested for analysis at day 3 or 7 after injection of LPS. RESULTS LPS stimulation resulted in significantly increased inflammation, edema, and lung collagen production. With Ang-(1-7) treatment, the lung fibrosis score and hydroxyproline level were significantly reduced, and the expression of transforming growth factor-β and Smad2/3 were decreased on days 3 and 7. Losartan attenuated lung fibrosis similarly to Ang-(1-7) after LPS exposure. In the A779 group, a tendency was seen to aggravate collagen deposition and lung remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an antiremodeling role for Ang-(1-7) in acute lung injury, similar to the blocker of Ang II receptor, that might be at least partially mediated through an Ang-(1-7) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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