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Chintapula U, Karim SU, Iyer PR, Asokan-Sheeja H, Neupane B, Nazneen F, Dong H, Bai F, Nguyen KT. A novel nanocomposite drug delivery system for SARS-CoV-2 infections. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3747-3758. [PMID: 39050946 PMCID: PMC11265598 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To develop an inhalable drug delivery system, we synthesized poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles with Remdesivir (RDV NPs) as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 replication and formulated Remdesivir-loaded nanocomposites (RDV NCs) via coating of RDV NPs with novel supramolecular cell-penetrating peptide nanofibers (NFs) to enhance cellular uptake and intracellular drug delivery. RDV NPs and RDV NCs were characterized using variou techniques, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and fluorescent microscopy. The cytotoxicity of RDV NCs was assessed in Vero E6 cells and primary human lung epithelial cells, with no significant cytotoxicity observed up to 1000 μg mL-1 and 48 h. RDV NCs were spherically shaped with a size range of 200-300 nm and a zeta potential of ∼+31 mV as well as indicating the presence of coated nanofibers. Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence and plaque assays of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 treated with RDV NCs showed significantly higher antiviral activities compared to those of free drug and uncoated RDV NPs. RDV NCs exhibited high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, and the nanocomposite platform has the potential to be developed into an inhalable drug delivery system for other viral infections in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Chintapula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Shazeed-Ul Karim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | | | - Haritha Asokan-Sheeja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Farzana Nazneen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - He Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
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Hanifehpour H, Ashrafi F, Siasi E, Fallahi S. Evaluation and comparison of one-step real-time PCR and one-step RT-LAMP methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:679. [PMID: 38982392 PMCID: PMC11232332 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing disease trend for SARS-COV-2, so need a quick and affordable diagnostic method. It should be highly accurate and save costs compared to other methods. The purpose of this research is to achieve these goals. METHODS This study analyzed 342 samples using TaqMan One-Step RT-qPCR and fast One-Step RT-LAMP (Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification). The One-Step LAMP assay was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS The research reported positive samples using two different methods. In the RT-LAMP method, saliva had 92 positive samples (26.9%) and 250 negative samples (73.09%) and nasopharynx had 94 positive samples (27.4%) and 248 negative samples (72.51%). In the RT-qPCR method, saliva had 86 positive samples (25.1%) and 256 negative samples (74.8%) and nasopharynx had 93 positive samples (27.1%) and 249 negative samples (72.8%). The agreement between the two tests in saliva and nasopharynx samples was 93% and 94% respectively, based on Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) (P < 0.001). The rate of sensitivity in this technique was reported at a dilution of 1 × 101 and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the study the One-Step LAMP assay has multiple advantages. These include simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and specificity. The One-Step LAMP assay shows promise as a diagnostic tool. It can help manage disease outbreaks, ensure prompt treatment, and safeguard public health by providing rapid, easy-to-use testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Hanifehpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Siasi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Kheur S, Ghosal S, Desai KM. Oral Microbial and Molecular Cross Talk between SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Mellitus - A Mini Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e260423216221. [PMID: 37170990 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230426152606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome has long been considered a measure of overall systemic health. It is often significantly altered in case of chronic inflammation or any other systemic infection. Therefore, a shift in oral microbiota and oral health is bound to be observed in diabetics infected with the coronavirus. The prognosis of COVID-19 in a diabetic individual is often worse than that in a healthy individual. The increased pathogenicity of coronavirus in diabetics is due to the peculiar ways in which it interacts with specific physiological mechanisms in a diabetic patient and vice versa. Diabetes Mellitus Type-II (DM -II) is one of the most frequently associated co-morbidities in a COVID-19 patient, and therefore it is even more pertinent that their interrelationship is understood. It is essential to recognize the above-mentioned interactions and consider their implications while treating susceptible patients. This article attempts to review and summarize the said vital interactions. Additionally, it attempts to guide and prepare oral health professionals on what to expect and how to treat diabetic patients in a future where coronavirus is, as unfortunate as it is, a regularity and not a rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Sushmita Ghosal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Karishma Madhusudan Desai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, India
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Boicean LC, Birlutiu RM, Birlutiu V. Correlations between serum leptin levels and classical biomarkers in SARS-CoV-2 infection, in critically ill patients. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106238. [PMID: 37419217 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered levels of some blood markers might be linked with the degree of severity and mortality of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to find out if there are correlations between serum leptin levels and classical biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a single-center observational cohort study on SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The study was conducted at Infectious Diseases Clinic of Academic Emergency Hospital Sibiu, from May through November 2020. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 54 patients, all with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Our results revealed that there is a negative correlation between serum leptin and Interleukin-6 levels and a positive correlation between serum leptin and blood glucose levels. A positive correlation between ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase levels was also observed. No correlation was found between leptin and other biomarkers such as ferritin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or D-dimer. CONCLUSIONS Further studies need to be conducted to investigate the role of leptin in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results of this research could contribute to the introduction of the determination of serum leptin levels in the routine evaluation of patients with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Camelia Boicean
- "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Faculty of Medicine, Sibiu, Romania; Academic Emergency Hospital Sibiu, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Sibiu, Romania.
| | | | - Victoria Birlutiu
- "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Faculty of Medicine, Sibiu, Romania; Academic Emergency Hospital Sibiu, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Sibiu, Romania
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Relation to T2DM from Endocrinology, Neurophysiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1708769. [PMID: 35983003 PMCID: PMC9381199 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1708769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe disease caused by metabolic disorders, particularly carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The disease is a fatal global trouble characterised by high prevalence rates, causing death, blindness, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, amputation of lower limps, and stroke. Biochemical metabolic pathways like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis are critical pathways that regulate blood glucose levels with the glucokinase (GK) enzyme playing a central role in glucose homeostasis. Any factor that perturbs the aforementioned biochemical pathways is detrimental. Endocrinological, neurophysiological, and molecular biological pathways that are linked to carbohydrate metabolism should be studied, grasped, and manipulated in order to alleviate T2DM global chaos. The challenge, howbeit, is that, since the body is an integration of systems that complement one another, studying one “isolated” system is not very useful. This paper serves to discuss endocrinology, neurophysiology, and molecular biology pathways that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism in relation to T2DM.
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Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 infection was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan City in China, it spread rapidly and a global pandemic of COVID-19 has occurred. According to several recent studies on SARS-CoV-2, the virus primarily infects the respiratory system but may cause damage to other systems. ACE-2, the main receptor for entry into the target cells by SARS-CoV-2, was reported to abundantly express in testes, including spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells. Nevertheless, there is no clinical evidence in the literature about whether SARS-CoV-2 infection has an impact on male reproductive health. Therefore, this review highlights the effect of SARA-CoV-2 infection on male reproductive health, including the reproductive system and its functioning, as well as gamete and male gonadal function that might be affected by the virus itself or secondary to immunological and inflammatory response, as well as drug treatments and the psychological stress related to panic during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * Correspondence: Mohammed Imad Malki, BSc, MD, PhD, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar (e-mail: )
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7
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B DJ. Historical aspects and current understanding of the connections and implications of viruses and diabetes: A narrative review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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8
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Lança A, Rodrigues C, Diamantino C, Fitas AL. COVID-19 in two children with new-onset diabetes: case reports. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/1/e247309. [PMID: 35042735 PMCID: PMC8768866 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed diagnosis, low socioeconomic status and infection have been associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at type 1 diabetes mellitus presentation. A teenager from a low socioeconomic status family, with longstanding weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria, vomiting and abdominal pain, attended the emergency department, also complaining of anosmia and odynophagia. He was diagnosed with COVID-19 and new-onset DKA. The second child had 2 weeks of diabetes symptoms and was admitted with new-onset mild DKA. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test was positive, although asymptomatic. Persistent hyperglycaemia with high insulin requirements was a common feature to both patients. Both cases support that SARS-CoV-2 may have an association with rapidly increasing insulin daily needs. In case one, not only fear of COVID-19 delayed hospital attendance but also the setting of a low socioeconomic status family appears to have enhanced the risk for late diagnosis and challenging disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lança
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Rodrigues
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital de Torres Novas, Centro Hospitalar do Médio Tejo EPE, Santarem, Portugal
| | - Catarina Diamantino
- Pediatrics Department, Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Laura Fitas
- Pediatrics Department, Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kaur R, Singh S, Singh TG, Sood P, Robert J. Covid-19: pharmacotherapeutic insights on various curative approaches in terms of vulnerability, comorbidities, and vaccination. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1-21. [PMID: 34981320 PMCID: PMC8722419 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and the world has suffered from a pandemic. As of 22nd March 2020, at least 185 countries worldwide had been affected by COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, leading to COVID-19 pneumonia, infects cells through ACE-2 receptors. The disease has different clinical signs and symptoms, including chills, high fever, dyspnea, and cough. Other symptoms including haemoptysis, myalgia, diarrhoea, expectoration, and fatigue may also occur. The rapid rise in confirmation cases is severe in preventing and controlling COVID-19. In this review, the article will explore and evaluate the insights into how COVID influences patients with other comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Parkinson's, and how conditions Urolithiasis, anosmia, and anuria may develop after infection. The virus mutates and the variants are now prevalent in the present scenario where the world stands in eradicating the pandemic by looking into the development of vaccines by several countries and how the vaccination can temporarily help prevent COVID spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | | | - Pragati Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Jiki Robert
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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Wan L, Gao Q, Deng Y, Ke Y, Ma E, Yang H, Lin H, Li H, Yang Y, Gong J, Li J, Xu Y, Liu J, Li J, Liu J, Zhang X, Huang L, Feng J, Zhang Y, Huang H, Wang H, Wang C, Chen Q, Huang X, Ye Q, Li D, Yan Q, Liu M, Wei M, Mo Y, Li D, Tang K, Lin C, Zheng F, Xu L, Cheng G, Wang P, Yang X, Wu F, Sun Z, Qin C, Wei C, Zhong H. GP73 is a glucogenic hormone contributing to SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperglycemia. Nat Metab 2022; 4:29-43. [PMID: 34992299 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe cases of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are associated with elevated blood glucose levels and metabolic complications. However, the molecular mechanisms for how SARS-CoV-2 infection alters glycometabolic control are incompletely understood. Here, we connect the circulating protein GP73 with enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We first demonstrate that GP73 secretion is induced in multiple tissues upon fasting and that GP73 stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. We further show that GP73 secretion is increased in cultured cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, after overexpression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins and in lungs and livers of mice infected with a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain. GP73 blockade with an antibody inhibits excessive glucogenesis stimulated by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and lowers elevated fasting blood glucose levels in infected mice. In patients with COVID-19, plasma GP73 levels are elevated and positively correlate with blood glucose levels. Our data suggest that GP73 is a glucogenic hormone that likely contributes to SARS-CoV-2-induced abnormalities in systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Wan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Ke
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Enhao Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Huilong Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yilong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jingfei Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Xuemiao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Linfei Huang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyue Feng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Hanqing Huang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Huapeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyao Huang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Qiulin Yan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yunhai Mo
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Dongrui Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Lin
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peihui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopan Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Feixang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.
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Naicker T, Padayachee S, Govender N. Gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia: An increased risk to COVID-19? ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/amhs.amhs_288_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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12
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Bajpeyi S, Mossayebi A, Kreit H, Cherukuri S, Mandania RA, Concha JB, Jung H, Wagler A, Gupte A, Deoker A. Unmanaged Diabetes and Elevated Blood Glucose Are Poor Prognostic Factors in the Severity and Recovery Time in Predominantly Hispanic Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861385. [PMID: 35898451 PMCID: PMC9309175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sudip Bajpeyi, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-8330
| | - Ali Mossayebi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Helen Kreit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sundar Cherukuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Roshni A. Mandania
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jeannie B. Concha
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Hyejin Jung
- Department of Social Work, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Amy Wagler
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Akshay Gupte
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Abhizith Deoker
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
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Singh PK, Kiran R, Bhatt RK, Tabash MI, Pandey AK, Chouhan A. COVID-19 pandemic and transmission factors: An empirical investigation of different countries. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 2021; 21:e2648. [PMID: 33786025 PMCID: PMC7995100 DOI: 10.1002/pa.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the impact of age, population density, total population, rural population, annual average temperature, basic sanitation facilities, and diabetes prevalence on the transmission of COVID-19. This research is an effort to identify the major predictors that have a significant impact on the number of COVID-19 cases per million population for 83 countries. The findings highlight that a population with a greater share of old people (aged above 65) shows a higher number of COVID-19 positive cases and a population with a lower median age has fewer cases. This can be explained in terms of higher co-morbidities and the lower general immunity in the older age group. The analysis restates the widely seen results that a higher median age and greater prevalence of co-morbidities leads to higher cases per million and lesser population density and interpersonal contact helps in containing the spread of the virus. The study finds foundation in the assertion that a higher temperature might lower the number of cases, or that temperature in general can affect the infectivity. The study suggests that better access to sanitation is a certain measure to contain the spread of the virus. The outcome of this study will be helpful in ascertaining the impact of these indicators in this pandemic, and help in policy formation and decision-making strategies to fight against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Singh
- School of Humanities and Social SciencesThapar Institute of Engineering and TechnologyPatialaIndia
| | - Ravi Kiran
- School of Humanities and Social SciencesThapar Institute of Engineering and TechnologyPatialaIndia
| | | | | | - Alok Kumar Pandey
- Centre for the Integrated Rural DevelopmentBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Anushka Chouhan
- Department of EconomicsBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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Katsiki N, Gómez‐Huelgas R, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez‐Martínez P. Narrative review on clinical considerations for patients with diabetes and COVID-19: More questions than answers. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14833. [PMID: 34510676 PMCID: PMC8646329 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND-AIM Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are common comorbidities associated with increased severity and mortality rates from Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-19. METHODS In this narrative review (using the PubMed database), we discuss epidemiological data and pathophysiological links between diabetes and COVID-19. The potential effects of glycaemic control and antidiabetic drugs on the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 are also reviewed, as well as the role of telemedicine and diabetes self-management in the post-COVID-19 era. RESULTS Diabetes has been linked to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, although further research is needed to elucidate this association. In the meantime, physicians should be aware of the potential rise in the prevalence of diabetes (due to unhealthy lifestyle changes during the pandemic), its severity and complications and focus on achieving optimal diabetes prevention and management. Telemedicine and diabetes self-management may help towards this direction. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may affect viral entry and infection, and thus COVID-19 outcomes, as shown in observational studies. CONCLUSION Diabetes has been associated with COVID-19 development and progression. Certain antidiabetic drugs may influence COVID-19 prevention and management. The results of ongoing randomized clinical trials will shed more light on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal MedicineDiabetes CenterDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismAHEPA University HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | - Ricardo Gómez‐Huelgas
- Internal Medicine DepartmentRegional University Hospital of MálagaInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)Universidad de MalagaMalagaSpain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryRoyal Free Hospital CampusUniversity College London Medical SchoolUniversity College London (UCL)LondonUK
| | - Pablo Pérez‐Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis UnitDepartment of MedicineIMIBIC/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de CordobaCordobaSpain
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15
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Belosludtseva NV, Starinets VS, Belosludtsev KN. Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Functioning of Rat Liver Mitochondria In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:601-605. [PMID: 34617185 PMCID: PMC8494602 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of a new hypoglycemic compound dapagliflozin on the functioning of rat liver mitochondria. Dapagliflozin in concentrations of 10-20 μM had no effect on the parameters of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. Increasing dapagliflozin concentration to 50 μM led to a significant inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in states 3 and 3UDNP. Dapagliflozin in this concentration significantly reduced calcium retention capacity of rat liver mitochondria. These findings indicate a decline in the resistance of rat liver mitochondria to induction of Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In a concentration of 10 μM, dapagliflozin significantly decreases the rate of H2O2 formation in rat liver mitochondria, which attested to an antioxidant effect of this compound. Possible mitochondrion-related mechanisms of the protective action of dapagliflozin on liver cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Belosludtseva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - V S Starinets
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - K N Belosludtsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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16
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Adil MS, Verma A, Rudraraju M, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Akt-independent effects of triciribine on ACE2 expression in human lung epithelial cells: Potential benefits in restricting SARS-CoV2 infection. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6597-6606. [PMID: 33624300 PMCID: PMC8014085 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain cellular entry. Akt inhibitor triciribine (TCBN) has demonstrated promising results in promoting recovery from advanced-stage acute lung injury in preclinical studies. In the current study, we tested the direct effect of TCBN on ACE2 expression in human bronchial (H441) and lung alveolar (A549) epithelial cells. Treatment with TCBN resulted in the downregulation of both messenger RNA and protein levels of ACE2 in A549 cells. Since HMGB1 plays a vital role in the inflammatory response in COVID-19, and because hyperglycemia has been linked to increased COVID-19 infections, we determined if HMGB1 and hyperglycemia have any effect on ACE2 expression in lung epithelial cells and whether TCBN has any effect on reversing HMGB1- and hyperglycemia-induced ACE2 expression. We observed increased ACE2 expression with both HMGB1 and hyperglycemia treatment in A549 as well as H441 cells, which were blunted by TCBN treatment. Our findings from this study, combined with our previous reports on the potential benefits of TCBN in the treatment of acute lung injury, generate reasonable optimism on the potential utility of TCBN in the therapeutic management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S. Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Arti Verma
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA,Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA,Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA,Department of MedicineAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
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17
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HIF-1α promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection and aggravates inflammatory responses to COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:308. [PMID: 34408131 PMCID: PMC8371950 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major pathological feature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a crucial determinant in COVID-19 prognosis. Understanding the mechanism underlying the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm is critical for COVID-19 control. Here, we identify that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and host hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) play key roles in the virus infection and pro-inflammatory responses. RNA sequencing shows that HIF-1α signaling, immune response, and metabolism pathways are dysregulated in COVID-19 patients. Clinical analyses indicate that HIF-1α production, inflammatory responses, and high mortalities occurr in elderly patients. HIF-1α and pro-inflammatory cytokines are elicited in patients and infected cells. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a induces mitochondrial damage and Mito-ROS production to promote HIF-1α expression, which subsequently facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokines production. Notably, HIF-1α also broadly promotes the infection of other viruses. Collectively, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ORF3a induces HIF-1α, which in turn aggravates viral infection and inflammatory responses. Therefore, HIF-1α plays an important role in promoting SARS-CoV-2 infection and inducing pro-inflammatory responses to COVID-19.
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18
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Kim SW, Jeon JH, Moon JS, Kim MK. High Fibrosis-4 Index Is Related with Worse Clinical Outcome in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Observational Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:800-809. [PMID: 34418914 PMCID: PMC8419603 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on recent evidence on the importance of the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality, we analyzed whether these factors could additively predict such mortality. METHODS This multicenter observational study included 1,019 adult inpatients admitted to university hospitals in Daegu. The demographic and laboratory findings, mortality, prevalence of severe disease, and duration of quarantine were compared between patients with and without DM and/or a high FIB-4 index. The mortality risk and corresponding hazard ratio (HR) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The patients with DM (n=217) exhibited significantly higher FIB-4 index and mortality compared to those without DM. Although DM (HR, 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63 to 4.33) and a high FIB-4 index (HR, 4.20; 95% CI, 2.21 to 7.99) were separately identified as risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, the patients with both DM and high FIB-4 index had a significantly higher mortality (HR, 9.54; 95% CI, 4.11 to 22.15). Higher FIB-4 indices were associated with higher mortality regardless of DM. A high FIB-4 index with DM was more significantly associated with a severe clinical course with mortality (odds ratio, 11.24; 95% CI, 5.90 to 21.41) than a low FIB-4 index without DM, followed by a high FIB-4 index alone and DM alone. The duration of quarantine and hospital stay also tended to be longer in those with both DM and high FIB-4 index. CONCLUSION Both DM and high FIB-4 index are independent and additive risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Jun Sung Moon, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea Tel: +82-53-620-3825, Fax: +82-53-654-3486, E-mail:
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Mi Kyung Kim, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea, Tel: +82-53-258-7730, Fax: +82-53-258-4990, E-mail:
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19
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Rahnama S, Azimzadeh Irani M, Amininasab M, Ejtehadi MR. S494 O-glycosylation site on the SARS-CoV-2 RBD affects the virus affinity to ACE2 and its infectivity; a molecular dynamics study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15162. [PMID: 34312429 PMCID: PMC8313699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a strain of Coronavirus family that caused the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19. Several studies showed that the glycosylation of virus spike (S) protein and the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the host cell is critical for the virus infectivity. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to explore the role of a novel mutated O-glycosylation site (D494S) on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of S protein. This site was suggested as a key mediator of virus-host interaction. By exploring the dynamics of three O-glycosylated models and the control systems of unglcosylated S4944 and S494D complexes, it was shown that the decoration of S494 with elongated O-glycans results in stabilized interactions on the direct RBD-ACE2. Calculation of the distances between RBD and two major H1, H2 helices of ACE2 and the interacting pairs of amino acids in the interface showed that the elongated O-glycan maintains these interactions by forming several polar contacts with the neighbouring residues while it would not interfere in the direct binding interface. Relative binding free energy of RBD-ACE2 is also more favorable in the O-glycosylated models with longer glycans. The increase of RBD binding affinity to ACE2 depends on the size of attached O-glycan. By increasing the size of O-glycan, the RBD-ACE2 binding affinity will increase. Hence, this crucial factor must be taken into account for any further inhibitory approaches towards RBD-ACE2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahnama
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 14588, Iran
| | | | - Mehriar Amininasab
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Lobiuc A, Dimian M, Gheorghita R, Sturdza OAC, Covasa M. Introduction and Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in North-East of Romania During the First COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654417. [PMID: 34305826 PMCID: PMC8292954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Romania officially declared its first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) case on February 26, 2020. The first and largest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Romania was recorded in Suceava, North-East region of the country, and originated at the Suceava regional county hospital. Following sheltering-in-place measures, infection rates decreased, only to rise again after relaxation of measures. This study describes the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava and other parts of Romania and analyses the mutations and their association with clinical manifestation of the disease during the period of COVID-19 outbreak. Sixty-two samples were sequenced via high-throughput platform and screened for variants. For selected mutations, putative biological significance was assessed, and their effects on disease severity. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on Romanian genomes (n = 112) and on sequences originating from Europe, United Kingdom, Africa, Asia, South, and North America (n = 876). The results indicated multiple introduction events for SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava, mainly from Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Russia although some sequences were also related to those from the Czechia, Belgium, and France. Most Suceava genomes contained mutations common to European lineages, such as A20268G, however, approximately 10% of samples were missing such mutations, indicating a possible different arrival route. While overall genome regions ORF1ab, S, and ORF7 were subject to most mutations, several recurring mutations such as A105V were identified, and these were mainly present in severe forms of the disease. Non-synonymous mutations, such as T987N (Thr987Asn in NSP3a domain), associated with changes in a protein responsible for decreasing viral tethering in human host were also present. Patients with diabetes and hypertension exhibited higher risk ratios (RR) of acquiring severe forms of the disease and these were mainly related to A105V mutation. This study identified the arrival routes of SARS-CoV-2 in Romania and revealed potential associations between the SARS-CoV-2 genomic organization circulating in the country and the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Roxana Gheorghita
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Olga Adriana Caliman Sturdza
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Human Health and Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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21
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Tong ZWM, Grant E, Gras S, Wu M, Smith C, Barrett HL, Gallo LA, Short KR. The role of T-cell immunity in COVID-19 severity amongst people living with type II diabetes. FEBS J 2021; 288:5042-5054. [PMID: 34216102 PMCID: PMC8420365 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) to respiratory viral infections. Despite the short history of COVID‐19, various studies have shown that patients with DM are more likely to have increased hospitalisation and mortality rates as compared to patients without. At present, the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are unclear. However, prior studies show that the course of COVID‐19 disease is linked to the efficacy of the host’s T‐cell responses. Healthy individuals who can elicit a robust T‐cell response are more likely to limit the severity of COVID‐19. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that an impaired T‐cell response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drives the severity of COVID‐19 in this patient population. While there is currently a limited amount of information that specifically addresses T‐cell responses in COVID‐19 patients with T2DM, there is a wealth of evidence from other infectious diseases that T‐cell immunity is impaired in patients with T2DM. The reasons for this are likely multifactorial, including the presence of hyperglycaemia, glycaemic variability and metformin use. This review emphasises the need for further research into T‐cell responses of COVID‐19 patients with T2DM in order to better inform our response to COVID‐19 and future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei Marcus Tong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma Grant
- La Trobe University - La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- La Trobe University - La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Melanie Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute - QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen L Barrett
- Department of Endocrinology, Mater Health, Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda A Gallo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Madeira MP, Freire EBL, Fernandes VO, Lima GEDCP, Melo IDP, Montenegro APDR, Freire JEDC, Moreira-Nunes CDFA, Montenegro RC, Colares JKB, Montenegro Junior RM. SARS-COV-2 infection outcomes in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34130736 PMCID: PMC8204124 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new strain of human coronavirus (HCoV) spread rapidly around the world. Diabetes and obesity are associated with a worse prognosis in these patients. Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) patients generally have poorly controlled diabetes and require extremely high doses of insulin. There is no documentation in the literature of cases of COVID in CGL patients. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CGL patients, and the association of their clinical and metabolic characteristics and outcomes. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study carried out between July and October 2020. Clinical data collected were respiratory or other flu-like symptoms, need of hospitalization in the last three months, CGL comorbidities, and medications in use. Cholesterol, triglycerides, glycohemoglobin A1c levels, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and nasopharyngeal swab for RT-qPCR were also obtained in all CGL patients. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the characteristics of the participants, verifying the non-adherence of the data to the Gaussian distribution. In investigating the association between categorical variables, we used Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. A significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS Twenty-two CGL patients were assessed. Eight subjects (36.4%) had reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Only one of these, also presented detectable RT-qPCR. Five individuals (62.5%) were women, median age of 13.5 years (1 to 37). Symptoms like fever, malaise, nausea, diarrhea and chest pain were present, and all asymptomatic patients were children. All subjects had inadequate metabolic control, with no difference between groups. Among positive individuals there was no difference between those with AGPAT2 (75%) and BSCL2 gene mutations (25%) (p > 0.05). No patient needed hospitalization or died. CONCLUSIONS We described a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CGL patients with a good outcome in all of them. These findings suggest that at least young CGL patients infected by SARS-COV-2 are not at higher risk of poor outcome, despite known severe metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ponte Madeira
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Erika Bastos Lima Freire
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Virginia Oliveira Fernandes
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
- Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Grayce Ellen da Cruz Paiva Lima
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Ivana da Ponte Melo
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dias Rangel Montenegro
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
| | - José Ednésio da Cruz Freire
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | | | - Renan Magalhães Montenegro Junior
- Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Bloco das Ilhas – 1º Andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270 Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
- Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
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23
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Mobini Kesheh M, Shavandi S, Hosseini P, Kakavand-Ghalehnoei R, Keyvani H. Bioinformatic HLA Studies in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Review on Association of HLA Alleles with Preexisting Medical Conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6693909. [PMID: 34136572 PMCID: PMC8162251 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6693909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After the announcement of a new coronavirus in China in December 2019, which was then called SARS-CoV-2, this virus changed to a global concern and it was then declared as a pandemic by WHO. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, which are one of the most polymorphic genes, play a pivotal role in both resistance and vulnerability of the body against viruses and other infections as well as chronic diseases. The association between HLA alleles and preexisting medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus is reported in various studies. In this review, we focused on the bioinformatic HLA studies to summarize the HLA alleles which responded to SARS-CoV-2 peptides and have been used to design vaccines. We also reviewed HLA alleles that are associated with comorbidities and might be related to the high mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. Since both genes and patients' medical conditions play a key role in both severity of the disease and the mortality rate in COVID-19 patients, a better understanding of the connection between HLA alleles and SARS-CoV-2 can provide a wider perspective on the behavior of the virus. Such understanding can help scientists, especially in terms of protecting healthcare workers and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mobini Kesheh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Shavandi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Mohandas P, Periasamy S, Marappan M, Sampath A, Garfin Sundaram VK, Cherian VK. Clinical review of COVID-19 patients presenting to a quaternary care private hospital in South India: A retrospective study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 11:100751. [PMID: 33937584 PMCID: PMC8074520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global public-health crisis due to its impact on health, economy, and mental well-being. Here, we evaluated the clinical and epidemiological parameters associated with COVID-19 in South India. Methods A retrospective, quaternary care hospital-based study that included COVID-19 positive patients admitted to MIOT International Hospital, Chennai between 8 April–7 August 2020. Cases were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological findings were recorded and analyzed. The primary endpoint was stable discharge from hospital/patient recovery or death. Associations between risk factors and comorbidities were analyzed using Chi-Square/Fisher's exact test. Results Of the 5264 cases reviewed, 3345 cases were included. The mean (standard deviation, SD) age of the patients was 47.58 (16.69) years with a median and range hospital stay of 5 (2–41) days. 69.20% of patients were male. The most frequent comorbidities were diabetes (37.10%) and hypertension (29.10%). Contact history was available for 58% of patients. The most common symptoms were cough (36.60%), fever (28.30%), and myalgia (15.40%). Abnormal chest radiography was reported in 16.9% of patients. Phase of admission, age ≥50 years, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease was significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.05). There were 142 (4.2%) deaths in this study. Conclusion In this single centre hospital-based study, late presentation and more severe form of COVID pneumonia lead to higher mortality although it had lower mortality rate for COVID-19 in comparison. Late phase of the pandemic showed better outcomes vs. the early group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arun Sampath
- MIOT International Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600089, India
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Baseline Glycemic Status and Outcome of Persons with Type 2 Diabetes with COVID-19 Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2021; 36:45-49. [PMID: 34177087 PMCID: PMC8214355 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.036.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coexistence of two global pandemics, COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been implicated with worse prognosis. The association of diabetes and worse outcome in viral infections stems from the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia to the control of viremia and different components of the host response. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 patients and establish the association of baseline glycemic status and COVID-19 outcomes among persons with type 2 diabetes. Methodology A single center, retrospective study among adult persons with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with COVID-19 in Makati Medical Center from March 1 to August 31, 2020. A total of 156 medical records (26%) out of 584 confirmed cases were reviewed. Data were collected on diabetes status, comorbid conditions and laboratory findings. Both Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression models were fitted. To assess the factors associated with mortality as a dichotomous endpoint (died/survived), binary logistic regression was performed. On the other hand, a time-to-mortality analysis was performed using Cox regression. For the effect estimate, we refer to hazard ratios in the Cox proportional hazards model and odds ratios in the logistic regression models. All analyses were adjusted for age and sex and two models were additionally adjusted for any presence of comorbidity. Results A total of 156 COVID-19 patients with diabetes were analyzed. Upon admission, 13% were in diabetic ketosis, 4% were in a state of DKA, and 2% had hypoglycemia. About 5%, 33%, 26%, and 36% of patients had mild, moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19, respectively. Between non-survivors and survivors, the latter group were significantly younger in age (p< .003) and had less ICU admissions (p< .001). Although DKA status upon admission seemed to result in increased odds of non-survival (cOR 5.8 [95% CI 1.1-30.7]), no other feature in the glycemic history was significantly associated with mortality outcome after having adjusted for age and sex. Death in this study was limited to patients with severe or critical disease. Conclusion The risk of mortality is five times greater among patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. The incidence of complications were also significantly greater and mortality was limited to patients with severe or critical disease.
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From the Role of Microbiota in Gut-Lung Axis to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6611222. [PMID: 33953641 PMCID: PMC8059477 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the outbreak of a new viral respiratory infection. It has been demonstrated that the microbiota has a crucial role in establishing immune responses against respiratory infections, which are controlled by a bidirectional cross-talk, known as the “gut-lung axis.” The effects of microbiota on antiviral immune responses, including dendritic cell (DC) function and lymphocyte homing in the gut-lung axis, have been reported in the recent literature. Additionally, the gut microbiota composition affects (and is affected by) the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which is the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and contributes to regulate inflammation. Several studies demonstrated an altered microbiota composition in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, it has been shown that vaccine efficacy against viral respiratory infection is influenced by probiotics pretreatment. Therefore, the importance of the gut microbiota composition in the lung immune system and ACE2 expression could be valuable to provide optimal therapeutic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 and to preserve the symbiotic relationship of the microbiota with the host.
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Bumiller-Bini V, de Freitas Oliveira-Toré C, Carvalho TM, Kretzschmar GC, Gonçalves LB, Alencar NDM, Gasparetto MA, Beltrame MH, Winter Boldt AB. MASPs at the crossroad between the complement and the coagulation cascades - the case for COVID-19. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200199. [PMID: 33729332 PMCID: PMC7982787 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Components of the complement system and atypical parameters of coagulation were reported in COVID-19 patients, as well as the exacerbation of the inflammation and coagulation activity. Mannose binding lectin (MBL)- associated serine proteases (MASPs) play an important role in viral recognition and subsequent activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system and blood coagulation, connecting both processes. Genetic variants of MASP1 and MASP2 genes are further associated with different levels and functional efficiency of their encoded proteins, modulating susceptibility and severity to diseases. Our review highlights the possible role of MASPs in SARS-COV-2 binding and activation of the lectin pathway and blood coagulation cascades, as well as their associations with comorbidities of COVID-19. MASP-1 and/or MASP-2 present an increased expression in patients with COVID-19 risk factors: diabetes, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Based also on the positive results of COVID-19 patients with anti-MASP-2 antibody, we propose the use of MASPs as a possible biomarker of the progression of COVID-19 and the investigation of new treatment strategies taking into consideration the dual role of MASPs, including MASP inhibitors as promising therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila de Freitas Oliveira-Toré
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna e Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tamyres Mingorance Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Citogenética Humana e Oncogenética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Canalli Kretzschmar
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Letícia Boslooper Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade (LIGH), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nina de Moura Alencar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Carlos Chagas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angelo Gasparetto
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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COVID-19 and Vulnerable Populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33656721 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The novel corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak which started in Hubei province in China has now spread to every corner of the earth. While the pandemic started later in Africa, it is now found in all African countries to varying degrees. It is thought that the prevalence and severity of disease is influenced by a number of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are all becoming increasingly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In addition, SSA bears the major burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections. While data from Europe and the United States show that children are spared severe disease, it is uncertain if the same holds true in SSA where children suffer from sickle cell disease and malnutrition in addition to other infectious diseases. There is limited data from Africa on the effects of these conditions on COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of some of these conditions in Africa and the possible pathogenesis for the interactions of these with COVID-19.
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Baptista MC, Burton WN, Pawlecki B, Pransky G. A Physician's Guide for Workers' Return to Work During COVID-19 Pandemic. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:199-220. [PMID: 33350662 PMCID: PMC7934326 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher probability of developing severe COVID-19 has been associated with health risk factors and medical conditions which are common among workers globally. For at risk workers, return to work may require additional protective policies and procedures. METHODS A review of the medical literature was conducted on health risk factors and medical conditions associated with increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, standardized measures for community COVID transmission, and occupation-specific risk. RESULTS The relative risk of acquiring and the severity of COVID-19 for workers is associated with three pillars: individual risk, workplace risk, and community risk. Matrices were developed to determine a worker's individual risk based on these three pillars. CONCLUSIONS A practical decision tool is proposed for physicians evaluating and managing individual worker COVID-19 risk in the context of returning to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Baptista
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Baptista); Environmental and Occupational Sciences, University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL (Dr Burton); The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, OH (Dr Pawlecki); Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA (Dr Pransky)
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Marić I, Oskotsky T, Kosti I, Le B, Wong RJ, Shaw GM, Sirota M, Stevenson DK. Decreased Mortality Rate Among COVID-19 Patients Prescribed Statins: Data From Electronic Health Records in the US. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:639804. [PMID: 33614688 PMCID: PMC7887302 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.639804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe respiratory illness due to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is triggered by an intense pro-inflammatory host response. Statins, prescribed primarily for lipid reduction, are known to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and have been associated with a reduced mortality rate among COVID-19 patients taking statins as reported in two recent retrospective studies. However, a meta-analysis that included nine studies showed that statin use did not improve in-hospital outcomes of those with COVID-19. In addition, concerns regarding the use of statins and an increase in COVID-19 infections have been raised, as statins may increase the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our goal was to investigate the effect of statins in COVID-19 patients in a large, diverse patient population across the United States containing nearly 120,000 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We used propensity score matching of demographics, comorbidities, and medication indication to compare statin-treated patients (N = 2,297) with matched controls (N = 4,594). We observed a small, but statistically significant, decrease in mortality among patients prescribed statins (16.1%) when compared with matched COVID-19-positive controls (18.0 to 20.6%). These results support previous evidence that statins do not increase COVID-19-related mortality and may, in fact, have a mitigating effect on severity of the disease reflected in a slight reduction in mortality. Mixed findings on effects of statins in COVID-19 patients reported in the literature should prompt prospective randomized controlled trials in order to define better who might be advantaged with respect to clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Marić
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tomiko Oskotsky
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Idit Kosti
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brian Le
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David K Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Park SC, Won SY, Kim NH, Choi H, Youk TM, Lee HJ, Jeon HH. Risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections: a nationwide population-based study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:211. [PMID: 33708838 PMCID: PMC7940880 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly turned into a public health emergency worldwide; however, the risk factors for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been well-described. We aimed to identify the clinical risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infections in Korea, where social distancing and face masks have been strongly recommended. Methods The data of individuals who underwent the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 between January 3 and May 31, 2020 were retrieved from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service dataset. We used multivariable logistic regression models to identify the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population. Results We retrieved the results of 219,729 SARS-CoV-2 tests, of which 7,333 were positive results. In the multivariable analysis, female sex was associated with a higher risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 [odds ratio (OR) =1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.37, P<0.0001]. Additionally, populations living in areas that had large outbreaks of COVID-19 were at an increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR =6.87, 95% CI: 6.55–7.21, P<0.0001). The odds of a positive test were greater for the Medical Aid beneficiaries (OR =1.99, 95% CI: 1.82–2.18, P<0.0001) than for the National Health Insurance beneficiaries. Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) were more likely to test positive (OR =1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24, P=0.0002). Conclusions Women, individuals living in areas with large outbreaks of COVID-19, Medical Aid beneficiaries, and individuals with DM might have greater risks of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infections despite practicing social distancing and using face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Cheol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Heun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Mi Youk
- Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic Korea
| | - Han Ho Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Elemam NM, Hannawi H, Salmi IA, Naeem KB, Alokaily F, Hannawi S. Diabetes mellitus as a comorbidity in COVID-19 infection in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:170-180. [PMID: 33563736 PMCID: PMC7989288 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.2.25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare risk factors and clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients with or without diabetes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS Data of 350 COVID-19 positive patients, admitted to Al Kuwait Hospital in Dubai, UAE, from February to May 2020 was collected retrospectively, including demographic data, clinical symptoms, blood tests, as well as radiographical assessments, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The design of the study is a retrospective cohort study. RESULTS COVID-19 patients with diabetes belong to an older age group, had a higher percentage of male patients, exhibited more lymphopenia and neutrophilia, and higher ferritin levels. Additionally, patients with diabetes presented fever and shortness of breath (SOB), displayed more bilateral airspace consolidation and opacities in their chest x-ray and CT scans, compared to non-diabetics. A higher percentage of critical, ICU-admitted, and death of COVID-19 cases in the diabetic group was also reported. This was along with a concomitant increase in C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is considered a comorbidity as diabetic patients showed more severe COVID-19 symptoms that led to critical clinical outcomes such as ICU admission and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haifa Hannawi
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Issa Al Salmi
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kashif Bin Naeem
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahdah Alokaily
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suad Hannawi
- From the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine (Elemam), University of Sharjah, Sharjah; from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Medicine (Hannawi H, Bin Naeem, Hannawi S); from Mohammed bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (Hannawi H), Dubai, United Arab Emirates; from Oman Medical Specialty Board (Issa Al Salmi); from The Royal Hospital (Issa Al Salmi), Muscat, Oman; and from Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Alokaily), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Kothandaraman N, Rengaraj A, Xue B, Yew WS, Velan SS, Karnani N, Leow MKS. COVID-19 endocrinopathy with hindsight from SARS. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E139-E150. [PMID: 33236920 PMCID: PMC7816429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00480.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is probably the worst the world has ever faced since the start of the new millennium. Although the respiratory system is the most prominent target of SARS-CoV-2 (the contagion of COVID-19), extrapulmonary involvement are emerging as important contributors of its morbidity and lethality. This article summarizes the impact of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 on the endocrine system to facilitate our understanding of the nature of coronavirus-associated endocrinopathy. Although new data are rapidly accumulating on this novel infection, many of the endocrine manifestations of COVID-19 remain incompletely elucidated. We, hereby, summarize various endocrine dysfunctions including coronavirus-induced new onset diabetes mellitus, hypocortisolism, thyroid hormone, and reproductive system aberrations so that clinicians armed with such insights can potentially benefit patients with COVID-19 at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Kothandaraman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Anantharaj Rengaraj
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Bo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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Crook RL, Williams H, Green M, Brown S, Morris R, Fletcher H, Walters S, Walsh C, Price A, King S, McAloon CJ. Prospective multicentre cohort study of transthoracic echocardiography provision in the South West of the UK during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Open Heart 2021; 8:e001409. [PMID: 33504630 PMCID: PMC7843208 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS It was predicted internationally that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) would be vital during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We therefore, designed a study to report the demand for TTE in two large District General Hospitals during the rise in the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK. A primary clinical outcome of 30-day mortality was also assessed. METHODS The TTE service across two hospitals was reconfigured to maximise access to inpatient scanning. All TTEs of suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients over a 3-week period were included in the study. All patients were followed up until at least day 30 after their scan at which point the primary clinical outcome of mortality was recorded. Comparative analysis based on mortality was conducted for all TTE results, biochemical markers and demographics. RESULTS 27 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 had a TTE within the inclusion window. Mortality comparative analysis showed the deceased group were significantly older (mean 68.4, SD 11.9 vs 60.5, SD 13.0, p=0.03) and more commonly reported fatigue in their presenting symptoms (29.6% vs 71.4%, p=0.01). No other differences were identified in the demographic or biochemical data. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was noted in 7.4% of patients and right ventricular impairment or dilation was seen in 18.5% patients. TTE results were not significantly different in mortality comparative analysis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates an achievable approach to TTE services when under increased pressure. Data analysis supports the limited available data suggesting right ventricular abnormalities are the most commonly identified echocardiographic change in SARS-CoV-2 patients. No association can be demonstrated between mortality and TTE results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lucy Crook
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Howell Williams
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Mary Green
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Stewart Brown
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Richard Morris
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Hannah Fletcher
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Sarah Walters
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Catherine Walsh
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Anna Price
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Samantha King
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Christopher James McAloon
- Cardiology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
- Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Tsatsakis A, Calina D, Falzone L, Petrakis D, Mitrut R, Siokas V, Pennisi M, Lanza G, Libra M, Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Kavali L, Bukhari A, Gadiparthi C, Vageli DP, Kofteridis DP, Spandidos DA, Paoliello MMB, Aschner M, Docea AO. SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its clinical implications: An integrative overview of the pharmacotherapeutic management of COVID-19. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111769. [PMID: 32979398 PMCID: PMC7833750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory and can extend from mild symptoms to severe acute respiratory distress. The severity of the illness can also extend from mild disease to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infection can also affect the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreatic functions, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 can cause central and peripheral neurological manifestations, affect the cardiovascular system and promote renal dysfunction. Epidemiological data have indicated that cancer patients are at a higher risk of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Considering the multitude of clinical symptoms of COVID-19, the objective of the present review was to summarize their pathophysiology in previously healthy patients, as well as in those with comorbidities. The present review summarizes the current, though admittedly fluid knowledge on the pathophysiology and symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Although unclear issues still remain, the present study contributes to a more complete understanding of the disease, and may drive the direction of new research. The recognition of the severity of the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 is crucial for the specific therapeutic management of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Dimitrios Petrakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Radu Mitrut
- Department of Cardiology, University and Emergency Hospital, 050098, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41221, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy; Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018, Troina, Italy.
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy; Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital, 254 Easton Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- University of Pavol Josef Safarik University, Faculty of Medicine, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Leena Kavali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital, 254 Easton Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Amar Bukhari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care 240 Easton Ave, Adult Ambulatory at Cares Building 4th Floor, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Chiranjeevi Gadiparthi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Diamantis P Kofteridis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Michael Aschner
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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Johansen MD, Irving A, Montagutelli X, Tate MD, Rudloff I, Nold MF, Hansbro NG, Kim RY, Donovan C, Liu G, Faiz A, Short KR, Lyons JG, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Cole A, Moreno C, Couteur D, Hesselson D, Triccas J, Neely GG, Gamble JR, Simpson SJ, Saunders BM, Oliver BG, Britton WJ, Wark PA, Nold-Petry CA, Hansbro PM. Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:877-891. [PMID: 32820248 PMCID: PMC7439637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Irving
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ZJU International Campus, Haining, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Montagutelli
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - I Rudloff
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - N G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R Y Kim
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Donovan
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A Faiz
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - K R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J G Lyons
- Centenary Institute and Dermatology, The University of Sydney and Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Moreno
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - G G Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Gamble
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - B M Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B G Oliver
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - W J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C A Nold-Petry
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Suganya S, Divya S, Parani M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2: Current advances in therapeutic targets and drug development. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2174. [PMID: 32965078 PMCID: PMC7537282 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has quickly emerged as a global health concern with government bodies worldwide taking drastic control measures. Understanding the virology of SARS‐CoV‐2, its molecular mechanisms, and its pathogenesis are required for a targeted therapeutic approach. In this review, we highlight the current molecular and drug advances that target SARS‐CoV‐2 at the genome level. We also summarize studies that therapeutically target the host angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and proteases. Finally, we summarize antibody‐mediated therapeutic approaches, as well as recent trends in vaccine development. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate different molecular targets in SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis and their usefulness in developing strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Suganya
- Department of Psychology, TMC Academy, Singapore.,Genome Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Suresh Divya
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Genetic Engineering, Genomics Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Genomics Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Belosludtsev KN, Belosludtseva NV, Dubinin MV. Diabetes Mellitus, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ca 2+-Dependent Permeability Transition Pore. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186559. [PMID: 32911736 PMCID: PMC7555889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases in the developed world, and is associated either with the impaired secretion of insulin or with the resistance of cells to the actions of this hormone (type I and type II diabetes, respectively). In both cases, a common pathological change is an increase in blood glucose—hyperglycemia, which eventually can lead to serious damage to the organs and tissues of the organism. Mitochondria are one of the main targets of diabetes at the intracellular level. This review is dedicated to the analysis of recent data regarding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of diabetes mellitus. Specific areas of focus include the involvement of mitochondrial calcium transport systems and a pathophysiological phenomenon called the permeability transition pore in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The important contribution of these systems and their potential relevance as therapeutic targets in the pathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia; (N.V.B.); (M.V.D.)
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-929-913-8910
| | - Natalia V. Belosludtseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia; (N.V.B.); (M.V.D.)
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Dubinin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia; (N.V.B.); (M.V.D.)
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Kim MK, Jeon JH, Kim SW, Moon JS, Cho NH, Han E, You JH, Lee JY, Hyun M, Park JS, Kwon YS, Choi YK, Kwon KT, Lee SY, Jeon EJ, Kim JW, Hong HL, Kwon HH, Jung CY, Lee YY, Ha E, Chung SM, Hur J, Ahn JH, Kim NY, Kim SW, Chang HH, Lee YH, Lee J, Park KG, Kim HA, Lee JH. The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:602-613. [PMID: 32794386 PMCID: PMC7453989 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that had affected more than eight million people worldwide by June 2020. Given the importance of the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) for host immunity, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. METHODS We conducted a multi-center observational study of 1,082 adult inpatients (aged ≥18 years) who were admitted to one of five university hospitals in Daegu because of the severity of their COVID-19-related disease. The demographic, laboratory, and radiologic findings, and the mortality, prevalence of severe disease, and duration of quarantine were compared between patients with and without DM. In addition, 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matching was conducted with the DM group. RESULTS Compared with the non-DM group (n=847), patients with DM (n=235) were older, exhibited higher mortality, and required more intensive care. Even after PS-matching, patients with DM exhibited more severe disease, and DM remained a prognostic factor for higher mortality (hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 4.15). Subgroup analysis revealed that the presence of DM was associated with higher mortality, especially in older people (≥70 years old). Prior use of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor or a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor did not affect mortality or the clinical severity of the disease. CONCLUSION DM is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Our findings imply that COVID-19 patients with DM, especially if elderly, require special attention and prompt intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eugene Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Hong You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Miri Hyun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Seok Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Shik Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eon Ju Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo Lim Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chi Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yin Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunyeoung Ha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Min Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jian Hur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - June Hong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Ha Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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40
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Raony Í, Saggioro de Figueiredo C. Retinal outcomes of COVID-19: Possible role of CD147 and cytokine storm in infected patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165:108280. [PMID: 32592839 PMCID: PMC7314672 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ícaro Raony
- School of Medicine, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
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Novaes Matias J, Sorrentino dos Santos Campanari G, Achete de Souza G, Marinho Lima V, José Tofano R, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, M. Barbalho S. Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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