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Blattert C, Eyvindson K, Mönkkönen M, Raatikainen KJ, Triviño M, Duflot R. Enhancing multifunctionality in European boreal forests: The potential role of Triad landscape functional zoning. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119250. [PMID: 37864945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Land-use policies aim at enhancing the sustainable use of natural resources. The Triad approach has been suggested to balance the social, ecological, and economic demands of forested landscapes. The core idea is to enhance multifunctionality at the landscape level by allocating landscape zones with specific management priorities, i.e., production (intensive management), multiple use (extensive management), and conservation (forest reserves). We tested the efficiency of the Triad approach and identified the respective proportion of above-mentioned zones needed to enhance multifunctionality in Finnish forest landscapes. Through a simulation and optimization framework, we explored a range of scenarios of the three zones and evaluated how changing their relative proportion (each ranging from 0 to 100%) impacted landscape multifunctionality, measured by various biodiversity and ecosystem service indicators. The results show that maximizing multifunctionality required around 20% forest area managed intensively, 50% extensively, and 30% allocated to forest reserves. In our case studies, such landscape zoning represented a good compromise between the studied multifunctionality components and maintained 61% of the maximum achievable net present value (i.e., total timber economic value). Allocating specific proportion of the landscape to a management zone had distinctive effects on the optimized economic or multifunctionality values. Net present value was only moderately impacted by shifting from intensive to extensive management, while multifunctionality benefited from less intensive and more diverse management regimes. This is the first study to apply Triad in a European boreal forest landscape, highlighting the usefulness of this approach. Our results show the potential of the Triad approach in promoting forest multifunctionality, as well as a strong trade-off between net present value and multifunctionality. We conclude that simply applying the Triad approach does not implicitly contribute to an overall increase in forest multifunctionality, as careful forest management planning still requires clear landscape objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Blattert
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kyle Eyvindson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433, Ås, Norway; Natural Resource Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikko Mönkkönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kaisa J Raatikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9A, 40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - María Triviño
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Rémi Duflot
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Mäkelä A, Minunno F, Kujala H, Kosenius AK, Heikkinen RK, Junttila V, Peltoniemi M, Forsius M. Effect of forest management choices on carbon sequestration and biodiversity at national scale. AMBIO 2023; 52:1737-1756. [PMID: 37535310 PMCID: PMC10562327 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest management methods and harvest intensities influence wood production, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. We devised different management scenarios by means of stakeholder analysis and incorporated them in the forest growth simulator PREBAS. To analyse impacts of harvest intensity, we used constraints on total harvest: business as usual, low harvest, intensive harvest and no harvest. We carried out simulations on a wall-to-wall grid in Finland until 2050. Our objectives were to (1) test how the management scenarios differed in their projections, (2) analyse the potential wood production, carbon sequestration and biodiversity under the different harvest levels, and (3) compare different options of allocating the scenarios and protected areas. Harvest level was key to carbon stocks and fluxes regardless of management actions and moderate changes in proportion of strictly protected forest. In contrast, biodiversity was more dependent on other management variables than harvesting levels, and relatively independent of carbon stocks and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) & Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) & Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heini Kujala
- Finnish Natural History Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Kosenius
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Junttila V, Minunno F, Peltoniemi M, Forsius M, Akujärvi A, Ojanen P, Mäkelä A. Quantification of forest carbon flux and stock uncertainties under climate change and their use in regionally explicit decision making: Case study in Finland. AMBIO 2023; 52:1716-1733. [PMID: 37572230 PMCID: PMC10562356 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainties are essential, yet often neglected, information for evaluating the reliability in forest carbon balance projections used in national and regional policy planning. We analysed uncertainties in the forest net biome exchange (NBE) and carbon stocks under multiple management and climate scenarios with a process-based ecosystem model. Sampled forest initial state values, model parameters, harvest levels and global climate models (GCMs) served as inputs in Monte Carlo simulations, which covered forests of the 18 regions of mainland Finland over the period 2015-2050. Under individual scenarios, the results revealed time- and region-dependent variability in the magnitude of uncertainty and mean values of the NBE projections. The main sources of uncertainty varied with time, by region and by the amount of harvested wood. Combinations of uncertainties in the representative concentration pathways scenarios, GCMs, forest initial values and model parameters were the main sources of uncertainty at the beginning, while the harvest scenarios dominated by the end of the simulation period, combined with GCMs and climate scenarios especially in the north. Our regionally explicit uncertainty analysis was found a useful approach to reveal the variability in the regional potentials to reach a policy related, future target level of NBE, which is important information when planning realistic and regionally fair national policy actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Junttila
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Akujärvi
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Ojanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Holmberg M, Junttila V, Schulz T, Grönroos J, Paunu VV, Savolahti M, Minunno F, Ojanen P, Akujärvi A, Karvosenoja N, Kortelainen P, Mäkelä A, Peltoniemi M, Petäjä J, Vanhala P, Forsius M. Role of land cover in Finland's greenhouse gas emissions. AMBIO 2023; 52:1697-1715. [PMID: 37679659 PMCID: PMC10562319 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We present regionally aggregated emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from five land cover categories in Finland: artificial surfaces, arable land, forest, waterbodies, and wetlands. Carbon (C) sequestration to managed forests and unmanaged wetlands was also assessed. Models FRES and ALas were applied for emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) from artificial surfaces and agriculture, and PREBAS for forest growth and C balance. Empirical emission coefficients were used to estimate emissions from drained forested peatland (CH4, N2O), cropland (CO2), waterbodies (CH4, CO2), peat production sites and undrained mires (CH4, CO2, N2O). We calculated gross emissions of 147.2 ± 6.8 TgCO2eq yr-1 for 18 administrative units covering mainland Finland, using data representative of the period 2017-2025. Emissions from energy production, industrial processes, road traffic and other sources in artificial surfaces amounted to 45.7 ± 2.0 TgCO2eq yr-1. The loss of C in forest harvesting was the largest emission source in the LULUCF sector, in total 59.8 ± 3.3 TgCO2eq yr-1. Emissions from domestic livestock production, field cultivation and organic soils added up to 12.2 ± 3.5 TgCO2eq yr-1 from arable land. Rivers and lakes (13.4 ± 1.9 TgCO2eq yr-1) as well as undrained mires and peat production sites (14.7 ± 1.8 TgCO2eq yr-1) increased the total GHG fluxes. The C sequestration from the atmosphere was 93.2 ± 13.7 TgCO2eq yr-1. with the main sink in forest on mineral soil (79.9 ± 12.2 TgCO2eq yr-1). All sinks compensated 63% of total emissions and thus the net emissions were 53.9 ± 15.3 TgCO2eq yr-1, or a net GHG flux per capita of 9.8 MgCO2eq yr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Holmberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Junttila
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torsti Schulz
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Grönroos
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville-Veikko Paunu
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Savolahti
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) & Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Ojanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) & Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Akujärvi
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niko Karvosenoja
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Kortelainen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) & Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Petäjä
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Vanhala
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Raza T, Qadir MF, Khan KS, Eash NS, Yousuf M, Chatterjee S, Manzoor R, Rehman SU, Oetting JN. Unrevealing the potential of microbes in decomposition of organic matter and release of carbon in the ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118529. [PMID: 37418912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter decomposition is a biochemical process with consequences affecting climate change and ecosystem productivity. Once decomposition begins, C is lost as CO2 or sequestered into more recalcitrant carbon difficult to further degradation. As microbial respiration releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, microbes act as gatekeepers in the whole process. Microbial activities were found to be the second largest CO2 emission source in the environment after human activities (industrialization), and research investigations suggest that this may have affected climate change over the past few decades. It is crucial to note that microbes are major contributors in the whole C cycle (decomposition, transformation, and stabilization). Therefore, imbalances in the C cycle might be causing changes in the entire carbon content of the ecosystem. The significance of microbes, especially soil bacteria in the terrestrial carbon cycle requires more attention. This review focuses on the factors that affect microorganism behavior during the breakdown of organic materials. The key factors affecting the microbial degradation processes are the quality of the input material, nitrogen, temperature, and moisture content. In this review, we suggest that to address global climate change and its effects on agricultural systems and vice versa, there is a need to double-up on efforts and conduct new research studies to further evaluate the potential of microbial communities to reduce their contribution to terrestrial carbon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taqi Raza
- The Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
| | - Muhammad Farhan Qadir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shehzad Khan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Neal S Eash
- The Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Muhammad Yousuf
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sumanta Chatterjee
- USDA ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Rabia Manzoor
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ur Rehman
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Wanlong S, Yowhan S, Baishuo H, Xuehua L. An individual tree-based model for estimating regional and temporal carbon storage of Abies chensiensis forest ecosystem in the Qinling Mountains, China. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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7
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Triviño M, Morán-Ordoñez A, Eyvindson K, Blattert C, Burgas D, Repo A, Pohjanmies T, Brotons L, Snäll T, Mönkkönen M. Future supply of boreal forest ecosystem services is driven by management rather than by climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1484-1500. [PMID: 36534408 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services (ES) to society. The boreal biome is experiencing the highest rates of warming on the planet and increasing demand for forest products. To foresee how to maximize the adaptation of boreal forests to future warmer conditions and growing demands of forest products, we need a better understanding of the relative importance of forest management and climate change on the supply of ecosystem services. Here, using Finland as a boreal forest case study, we assessed the potential supply of a wide range of ES (timber, bilberry, cowberry, mushrooms, carbon storage, scenic beauty, species habitat availability and deadwood) given seven management regimes and four climate change scenarios. We used the forest simulator SIMO to project forest dynamics for 100 years into the future (2016-2116) and estimate the potential supply of each service using published models. Then, we tested the relative importance of management and climate change as drivers of the future supply of these services using generalized linear mixed models. Our results show that the effects of management on the future supply of these ES were, on average, 11 times higher than the effects of climate change across all services, but greatly differed among them (from 0.53 to 24 times higher for timber and cowberry, respectively). Notably, the importance of these drivers substantially differed among biogeographical zones within the boreal biome. The effects of climate change were 1.6 times higher in northern Finland than in southern Finland, whereas the effects of management were the opposite-they were three times higher in the south compared to the north. We conclude that new guidelines for adapting forests to global change should account for regional differences and the variation in the effects of climate change and management on different forest ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Triviño
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Alejandra Morán-Ordoñez
- Forest Science and Technology Center of Catalonia CTCF, Solsona, Spain
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Kyle Eyvindson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Clemens Blattert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Burgas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anna Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lluís Brotons
- Forest Science and Technology Center of Catalonia CTCF, Solsona, Spain
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Tord Snäll
- SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikko Mönkkönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Mayer M, Rusch S, Didion M, Baltensweiler A, Walthert L, Ranft F, Rigling A, Zimmermann S, Hagedorn F. Elevation dependent response of soil organic carbon stocks to forest windthrow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159694. [PMID: 36302424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Storms represent a major disturbance factor in forest ecosystems, but the effects of windthrows on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are poorly quantified. Here, we assessed the SOC stocks of windthrown forests at 19 sites across Switzerland spanning an elevation gradient from 420 to 1550 m, encompassing a strong climatic gradient. Results show that the effect size of disturbance on SOC stocks increases with the size of the initial SOC stocks. The largest windthrow-induced SOC losses of up to 29 t C ha-1 occurred in high-elevation forests with a harsh climate developing thick organic layers. In contrast, SOC stocks of low-elevation forests with thin organic layers were hardly affected. A mineralization study further revealed high elevation forests to store higher amounts of easily mineralizable C in thick organic layers that got lost following windthrow. These findings are supported by a meta-analysis of available windthrow studies, showing an increase of storm-induced SOC losses with the size of the initial SOC stocks. Modelling simulations further indicate longer-lasting SOC losses and a slower recovery of SOC stocks after windthrow at high compared to low elevations, due to a slower regeneration of mountain forests and associated lower C inputs into soils in a harsh climate. Upscaling the experimental findings/observed patterns by linking them to a data base of Swiss forest soils shows a total SOC loss of ∼0.4 Mt. C for the whole forested area of Switzerland after two major storm events, counteracting the forest net carbon sink of decades. Our study provides strong evidence that the vulnerability of SOC stocks to windthrow is particularly high in forests featuring thick and slowly forming organic layers, such as mountain soils. Thus, the risk of losing SOC to more frequent windthrows in mountain forests strongly limits their potential to mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mayer
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Silvan Rusch
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Didion
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Ranft
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Zimmermann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Rusch GM, Bartlett J, Kyrkjeeide MO, Lein U, Nordén J, Sandvik H, Stokland H. A joint climate and nature cure: A transformative change perspective. AMBIO 2022; 51:1459-1473. [PMID: 35076881 PMCID: PMC9005584 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has considerably dominated science-policy dialogue, public debate, and subsequently environmental policies since the three "Rio Conventions" were born. This has led to practically independent courses of action of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation actions, neglecting potential conflicts among outcomes and with missed opportunities for synergistic measures. Transformative governance principles have been proposed to overcome these limitations. Using a transformative governance lens, we use the case of the Norwegian "Climate Cure 2030" for the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector to, first, illustrate the mechanisms that have led to the choice of climate mitigation measures; second, to analyze the potential consequences of these measures on biodiversity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; and, third, to evaluate alternative measures with potential positive outcomes for biodiversity and GHG emissions/removals. We point to some mechanisms that could support the implementation of these positive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela M. Rusch
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, P.O. 5685, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jesamine Bartlett
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, P.O. 5685, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Ulrika Lein
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, P.O. 5685, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenni Nordén
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien 68, 0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanno Sandvik
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, P.O. 5685, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håkon Stokland
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, P.O. 5685, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Mycelium chemistry differs markedly between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Commun Biol 2022; 5:398. [PMID: 35484190 PMCID: PMC9050698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical quality of soil carbon (C) inputs is a major factor controlling litter decomposition and soil C dynamics. Mycorrhizal fungi constitute one of the dominant pools of soil microbial C, while their litter quality (chemical proxies of litter decomposability) is understood poorly, leading to major uncertainties in estimating soil C dynamics. We examined litter decomposability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species using samples obtained from in vitro cultivation. We showed that the chemical composition of AM and EM fungal mycelium differs significantly: EM fungi have higher concentrations of labile (water-soluble, ethanol-soluble) and recalcitrant (non-extractable) chemical components, while AM fungi have higher concentrations of acid-hydrolysable components. Our results imply that differences in decomposability traits among mycorrhizal fungal guilds represent a critically important driver of the soil C cycle, which could be as vital as is recognized for differences among aboveground plant litter.
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11
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Merits and Limitations of Element Balances as a Forest Planning Tool for Harvest Intensities and Sustainable Nutrient Management—A Case Study from Germany. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Climate change and rising energy costs have led to increasing interest in the use of tree harvest residues as feedstock for bioenergy in recent years. With an increasing use of wood biomass and harvest residues, essential nutrient elements are removed from the forest ecosystems. Hence, nutrient sustainable management is mandatory for planning of intensive forest use. We used soil nutrient balances to identify regions in Germany where the output of base cations by leaching and biomass utilization was not balanced by the input via weathering and atmospheric deposition. The effects of conventional stem harvesting, stem harvesting without bark, and whole-tree harvesting on Ca, Mg and K balances were studied. The nutrient balances were calculated using regular forest monitoring data supplemented by additional data from scientific projects. Effective mitigation management strategies and options are discussed and calculations for the compensation of the potential depletion of nutrients in the soil are presented.
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12
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Effects of Silvicultural Adaptation Measures on Carbon Stock of Austrian Forests. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of a simulation experiment that evaluated three scenarios of forest management in the context of climate change mitigation. Two scenarios refer to climate change adaptation measures. The third scenario was a business-as-usual scenario representing the continuation of current forest management. We wanted to know whether a change in tree species composition or the implementation of shorter rotation cycles is in accordance with the objectives of climate change mitigation. Our simulation experiment was based on data of the Austrian National Forest Inventory. A forest sector simulation model was used to derive timber demand and potential harvesting rates. Forest dynamics were simulated with an individual-tree growth model. We compared carbon stocks, harvesting rates, current annual increment, salvage logging, and forest structure. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario, a change in tree species composition and shorter rotation cycles reduce salvage logging by 14% and 32%, respectively. However, shorter rotation cycles reduce the carbon stock by 27%, but increase the harvesting rate by 4.8% within the simulation period of 140 years. For changes in the tree species composition, the results were the opposite. Here, the carbon stock is increased by 47%, but the harvesting rate is reduced by 15%. Thus, there are clear tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services depending on the climate change adaptation scenario. We also show that a fundamental change in forest management must be accompanied by a transformation in wood processing technology and innovation in wood utilization.
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13
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Ostertag R, Restrepo C, Dalling JW, Martin PH, Abiem I, Aiba S, Alvarez‐Dávila E, Aragón R, Ataroff M, Chapman H, Cueva‐Agila AY, Fadrique B, Fernández RD, González G, Gotsch SG, Häger A, Homeier J, Iñiguez‐Armijos C, Llambí LD, Moore GW, Næsborg RR, Poma López LN, Pompeu PV, Powell JR, Ramírez Correa JA, Scharnagl K, Tobón C, Williams CB. Litter decomposition rates across tropical montane and lowland forests are controlled foremost by climate. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James W. Dalling
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá
| | | | | | | | | | - Roxana Aragón
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman‐CONICET) Tucuman Argentina
| | | | | | - Augusta Y. Cueva‐Agila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra Imbabura Ecuador
| | | | - Romina D. Fernández
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman‐CONICET) Tucuman Argentina
| | - Grizelle González
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | | | - Achim Häger
- Leiden University College The Hague Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Carlos Iñiguez‐Armijos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
| | | | | | - Rikke Reese Næsborg
- Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster Pennsylvania USA
- Conservation and Research Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Patrícia Vieira Pompeu
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul Aquidauana Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brasil
| | | | | | - Klara Scharnagl
- University & Jepson Herbaria University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Cameron B. Williams
- Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster Pennsylvania USA
- Conservation and Research Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara California USA
- Channel Islands National Park Ventura California USA
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14
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Menichetti L, Mäkinen H, Stendahl J, Ågren GI, Hyvönen R. Modeling persistence of coarse woody debris residuals in boreal forests as an ecological property. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Menichetti
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Ulls Väg 16 Uppsala 75007 Sweden
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland Tietotie 2 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Lennart Hjelms Väg 9 Uppsala 75007 Sweden
| | - Göran I. Ågren
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Ulls Väg 16 Uppsala 75007 Sweden
| | - Riitta Hyvönen
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Ulls Väg 16 Uppsala 75007 Sweden
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15
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Evaluation of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Biome-BGCMuSo for Modelling Soil Organic Carbon under Different Land Uses. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a mandatory pool in national inventory reports on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals to the UNFCCC. Hence, its accurate assessment is important. Modelling SOC changes for national GHG reports is encouraged, but the uncertainty related to this pool still presents a significant challenge; thus, verifying modelling results with field observations is essential. We used the process-based model Biome-BGCMuSo and assessed its suitability for use in Croatia’s GHG reporting. We modelled SOC stocks in the top 30 cm of the mineral soil layer (SOC30) for four different land-use (LU) categories (Deciduous/Coniferous Forest, Grassland and Annual Cropland) distributed in three biogeographical regions (Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean) and compared them with results of a national soil survey. A total of 573 plot level simulations were undertaken and results were evaluated at three stratification levels (LU, LU × biogeographical region, and plot). The model reproduced the overall country mean of SOC30 with no overall bias, and showed good performance at the LU level with no significant (p < 0.05) difference for all LUs except Deciduous Forest (11% overestimation). At finer stratifications, the model performance considerably worsened. Further model calibration, improvement and testing, as well as repeated soil survey are needed in order to assess the changes in SOC30 and to evaluate the potential of the Biome-BGCMuSo model for use in GHG reporting.
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16
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Blujdea VNB, Sikkema R, Dutca I, Nabuurs GJ. Two large-scale forest scenario modelling approaches for reporting CO 2 removal: a comparison for the Romanian forests. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 16:25. [PMID: 34417647 PMCID: PMC8379742 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forest carbon models are recognized as suitable tools for the reporting and verification of forest carbon stock and stock change, as well as for evaluating the forest management options to enhance the carbon sink provided by sustainable forestry. However, given their increased complexity and data availability, different models may simulate different estimates. Here, we compare carbon estimates for Romanian forests as simulated by two models (CBM and EFISCEN) that are often used for evaluating the mitigation options given the forest-management choices. RESULTS The models, calibrated and parameterized with identical or harmonized data, derived from two successive national forest inventories, produced similar estimates of carbon accumulation in tree biomass. According to CBM simulations of carbon stocks in Romanian forests, by 2060, the merchantable standing stock volume will reach an average of 377 m3 ha-1, while the carbon stock in tree biomass will reach 76.5 tC ha-1. The EFISCEN simulations produced estimates that are about 5% and 10%, respectively, lower. In addition, 10% stronger biomass sink was simulated by CBM, whereby the difference reduced over time, amounting to only 3% toward 2060. CONCLUSIONS This model comparison provided valuable insights on both the conceptual and modelling algorithms, as well as how the quality of the input data may affect calibration and projections of the stock and stock change in the living biomass pool. In our judgement, both models performed well, providing internally consistent results. Therefore, we underline the importance of the input data quality and the need for further data sampling and model improvements, while the preference for one model or the other should be based on the availability and suitability of the required data, on preferred output variables and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorel N B Blujdea
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Șirul Ludwig van Beethoven 1, 500123, Brașov, Romania.
| | - Richard Sikkema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group (FEM), Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ioan Dutca
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Șirul Ludwig van Beethoven 1, 500123, Brașov, Romania
- Department of Sustainability, Buckinghamshire New University, Queen Alexandra Road, High, Wycombe, HP11 2JZ, UK
| | - Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group (FEM), Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dai Z, Trettin CC, Burton AJ, Jurgensen MF, Page-Dumroese DS, Forschler BT, Schilling JS, Lindner DL. Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool: Model validation and application. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254408. [PMID: 34242323 PMCID: PMC8270427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a significant component of the forest biomass pool; hence a model is warranted to predict CWD decomposition and its role in forest carbon (C) and nutrient cycling under varying management and climatic conditions. A process-based model, CWDDAT (Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool) was calibrated and validated using data from the FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Wood Decomposition Experiment utilizing pine (Pinus taeda), aspen (Populous tremuloides) and birch (Betula papyrifera) on nine Experimental Forests (EF) covering a range of climate, hydrology, and soil conditions across the continental USA. The model predictions were evaluated against measured FACE log mass loss over 6 years. Four widely applied metrics of model performance demonstrated that the CWDDAT model can accurately predict CWD decomposition. The R2 (squared Pearson's correlation coefficient) between the simulation and measurement was 0.80 for the model calibration and 0.82 for the model validation (P<0.01). The predicted mean mass loss from all logs was 5.4% lower than the measured mass loss and 1.4% lower than the calculated loss. The model was also used to assess the decomposition of mixed pine-hardwood CWD produced by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 on the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA. The simulation reflected rapid CWD decomposition of the forest in this subtropical setting. The predicted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from the CWD decomposition and incorporated into the mineral soil averaged 1.01 g C m-2 y-1 over the 30 years. The main agents for CWD mass loss were fungi (72.0%) and termites (24.5%), the remainder was attributed to a mix of other wood decomposers. These findings demonstrate the applicability of CWDDAT for large-scale assessments of CWD dynamics, and fine-scale considerations regarding the fate of CWD carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Dai
- Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC, United States of America
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Carl C. Trettin
- Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Burton
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Martin F. Jurgensen
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | | | - Brian T. Forschler
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Schilling
- Plant & Microbial Biology, Itasca Biological Station & Laboratories, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Lindner
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, United States of America
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18
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Dai Z, Trettin CC, Burton AJ, Jurgensen MF, Page-Dumroese DS, Forschler BT, Schilling JS, Lindner DL. Coarse woody debris decomposition assessment tool: Model development and sensitivity analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251893. [PMID: 34086700 PMCID: PMC8177548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component in forests, hosting a variety of organisms that have critical roles in nutrient cycling and carbon (C) storage. We developed a process-based model using literature, field observations, and expert knowledge to assess woody debris decomposition in forests and the movement of wood C into the soil and atmosphere. The sensitivity analysis was conducted against the primary ecological drivers (wood properties and ambient conditions) used as model inputs. The analysis used eighty-nine climate datasets from North America, from tropical (14.2° N) to boreal (65.0° N) zones, with large ranges in annual mean temperature (26.5°C in tropical to -11.8°C in boreal), annual precipitation (6,143 to 181 mm), annual snowfall (0 to 612 kg m-2), and altitude (3 to 2,824 m above mean see level). The sensitivity analysis showed that CWD decomposition was strongly affected by climate, geographical location and altitude, which together regulate the activity of both microbial and invertebrate wood-decomposers. CWD decomposition rate increased with increments in temperature and precipitation, but decreased with increases in latitude and altitude. CWD decomposition was also sensitive to wood size, density, position (standing vs downed), and tree species. The sensitivity analysis showed that fungi are the most important decomposers of woody debris, accounting for over 50% mass loss in nearly all climatic zones in North America. The model includes invertebrate decomposers, focusing mostly on termites, which can have an important role in CWD decomposition in tropical and some subtropical regions. The role of termites in woody debris decomposition varied widely, between 0 and 40%, from temperate areas to tropical regions. Woody debris decomposition rates simulated for eighty-nine locations in North America were within the published range of woody debris decomposition rates for regions in northern hemisphere from 1.6° N to 68.3° N and in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Dai
- Center for Forested Watershed Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, South Carolina, United States of America
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carl C. Trettin
- Center for Forested Watershed Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Burton
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Martin F. Jurgensen
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Brian T. Forschler
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Schilling
- Plant & Microbial Biology, Itasca Biological Station & Laboratories, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Lindner
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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de Vrese P, Brovkin V. Timescales of the permafrost carbon cycle and legacy effects of temperature overshoot scenarios. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2688. [PMID: 33976172 PMCID: PMC8113593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing the risks and impacts of climate change requires limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels, while the difficulty of reducing carbon emissions at the necessary rate increases the likelihood of temporarily overshooting this climate target. Using simulations with the land surface model JSBACH, we show that it takes high-latitude ecosystems and the state of permafrost-affected soils several centuries to adjust to the atmospheric conditions that arise at the 1.5 °C-target. Here, a temporary warming of the Arctic entails important legacy effects and we show that feedbacks between water-, energy- and carbon cycles allow for multiple steady-states in permafrost regions, which differ with respect to the physical state of the soil, the soil carbon concentrations and the terrestrial carbon uptake and -release. The steady-states depend on the soil organic matter content at the point of climate stabilization, which is significantly affected by an overshoot-induced soil carbon loss. In this study, the authors investigate a scenario where global temperature increase is limited to 1.5 °C. They find that Arctic ecosystems will need centuries to adapt to such an increase and that the ensuing steady-state depends on the preceding climate trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp de Vrese
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, The Land in the Earth System, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Victor Brovkin
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, The Land in the Earth System, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Smith GR, Peay KG. Multiple distinct, scale-dependent links between fungi and decomposition. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1352-1362. [PMID: 33894029 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition has historically been considered a function of climate and substrate but new research highlights the significant role of specific micro-organisms and their interactions. In particular, wood decay is better predicted by variation in fungal communities than in climate. Multiple links exist: interspecific competition slows decomposition in more diverse fungal communities, whereas trait variation between different communities also affects process rates. Here, we paired field and laboratory experiments using a dispersal gradient at a forest-shrubland ecotone to examine how fungi affect wood decomposition across scales. We observed that while fungal communities closer to forests were capable of faster decomposition, wood containing diverse fungal communities decomposed more slowly, independent of location. Dispersal-driven stochasticity in small-scale community assembly was nested within large-scale turnover in the regional species pool, decoupling the two patterns. We thus find multiple distinct links between microbes and ecosystem function that manifest across different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Reuben Smith
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Global Ecosystem Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Diversity of Carbon Storage Economics in Fertile Boreal Spruce (Picea Abies) Estates. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A “normal forest”, an idealized estate with a uniform distribution of stand ages, can be used in the study of sustainable management practices. As the normal forest contains a variety of stand ages, the characteristics of the stands can be represented in terms of a “normal stand”, with properties known as a function of age. This paper takes seven never-thinned stands as seven “normal stands”, which describe seven estates of normal forest. The intention is to study the robustness of carbon storage microeconomics to varying estate characteristics. It was found that the economically optimal rotation ages vary. The state sums of volume and capitalization, corresponding to any optimal rotation, also vary significantly. Growth rates vary more than the optimal expected stand volumes. Consequently, any excess volume related to carbon storage adds on to an almost unified basic volume. For all seven normal estates, the most economical way of increasing carbon storage is to increase the size of trees retained in thinning from above.
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22
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Abstract
An empirical model for log yield from trees is established and applied in microeconomics of carbon storage in a boreal spruce estate. The transition from pulpwood to sawlogs is a smoother function of stem diameter in the empirical data, in comparison to literature values. Correspondingly, the value transition of trees along with increasing size is gentler. Due to price premiums of sawlogs from clearcuttings, all economically feasible treatment schedules terminate in clearcutting. Best capital return rates are gained with two heavy thinnings from above before clearcutting. Present carbon emission prices allow moderate carbon storage increment if the increment is compensated by proportional carbon rent. Doubling the present carbon prices would allow strong carbon storage increments if compensated by carbon rent. Application of nonproportional carbon rent is proposed.
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23
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Deckmyn G, Flores O, Mayer M, Domene X, Schnepf A, Kuka K, Van Looy K, Rasse DP, Briones MJ, Barot S, Berg M, Vanguelova E, Ostonen I, Vereecken H, Suz LM, Frey B, Frossard A, Tiunov A, Frouz J, Grebenc T, Öpik M, Javaux M, Uvarov A, Vindušková O, Henning Krogh P, Franklin O, Jiménez J, Curiel Yuste J. KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models. I. review and model concept. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9750. [PMID: 32974092 PMCID: PMC7486829 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively poor simulation of the below-ground processes is a severe drawback for many ecosystem models, especially when predicting responses to climate change and management. For a meaningful estimation of ecosystem production and the cycling of water, energy, nutrients and carbon, the integration of soil processes and the exchanges at the surface is crucial. It is increasingly recognized that soil biota play an important role in soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling, shaping soil structure and hydrological properties through their activity, and in water and nutrient uptake by plants through mycorrhizal processes. In this article, we review the main soil biological actors (microbiota, fauna and roots) and their effects on soil functioning. We review to what extent they have been included in soil models and propose which of them could be included in ecosystem models. We show that the model representation of the soil food web, the impact of soil ecosystem engineers on soil structure and the related effects on hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization are key issues in improving ecosystem-scale soil representation in models. Finally, we describe a new core model concept (KEYLINK) that integrates insights from SOM models, structural models and food web models to simulate the living soil at an ecosystem scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Deckmyn
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Omar Flores
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Mayer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- Biogeochemistry Group, Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Domene
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Andrea Schnepf
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Kuka
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Braunschwei, Germany
| | - Kris Van Looy
- OVAM, Flemish Institute for Materials and Soils, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Daniel P. Rasse
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Quality, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Aas, Norway
| | - Maria J.I. Briones
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRD, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura M. Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Aline Frossard
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexei Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Frouz
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexei Uvarov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Vindušková
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Oskar Franklin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Juan Jiménez
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, ARAID/IPE-CSIC, Jaca, Spain
| | - Jorge Curiel Yuste
- BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Breidenbach J, Granhus A, Hylen G, Eriksen R, Astrup R. A century of National Forest Inventory in Norway - informing past, present, and future decisions. FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2020; 7:46. [PMID: 32834905 PMCID: PMC7366156 DOI: 10.1186/s40663-020-00261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PAST In the early twentieth century, forestry was one of the most important sectors in Norway and an agitated discussion about the perceived decline of forest resources due to over-exploitation was ongoing. To base the discussion on facts, the young state of Norway established Landsskogtakseringen - the world's first National Forest Inventory (NFI). Field work started in 1919 and was carried out by county. Trees were recorded on 10 m wide strips with 1-5 km interspaces. Site quality and land cover categories were recorded along each strip. Results for the first county were published in 1920, and by 1930 most forests below the coniferous tree line were inventoried. The 2nd to 5th inventories followed in the years 1937-1986. As of 1954, temporary sample plot clusters on a 3 km × 3 km grid were used as sampling units. PRESENT The current NFI grid was implemented in the 6th NFI from 1986 to 1993, when permanent plots on a 3 km × 3 km grid were established below the coniferous tree line. As of the 7th inventory in 1994, the NFI is continuous, and 1/5 of the plots are measured annually. All trees with a diameter ≥ 5 cm are recorded on circular, 250 m2 plots. The NFI grid was expanded in 2005 to cover alpine regions with 3 km × 9 km and 9 km × 9 km grids. In 2012, the NFI grid within forest reserves was doubled along the cardinal directions. Clustered temporary plots are used periodically to facilitate county-level estimates. As of today, more than 120 variables are recorded in the NFI including bilberry cover, drainage status, deadwood, and forest health. Land-use changes are monitored and trees outside forests are recorded. FUTURE Considerable research efforts towards the integration of remote sensing technologies enable the publication of the Norwegian Forest Resource Map since 2015, which is also used for small area estimation at the municipality level. On the analysis side, capacity and software for long term growth and yield prognosis are being developed. Furthermore, we foresee the inclusion of further variables for monitoring ecosystem services, and an increasing demand for mapped information. The relatively simple NFI design has proven to be a robust choice for satisfying steadily increasing information needs and concurrently providing consistent time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Breidenbach
- National Forest Inventory, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Aksel Granhus
- National Forest Inventory, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Gro Hylen
- National Forest Inventory, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Rune Eriksen
- National Forest Inventory, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Rasmus Astrup
- National Forest Inventory, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Abstract
The expense of carbon sequestration in terms of capital return deficiency is investigated at estate level, in the case of a fertile boreal estate dominated by spruce forest. Thinnings from below result as a high expense of increased rotation age, thinnings from above as a small expense. The expense of increased timber stock is greater than any proportional carbon rent based on present carbon prices. Application of nonproportional carbon rent is proposed.
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Production, decomposition and nutrient contents of litter in subtropical broadleaved forest surpass those in coniferous forest, Meghalaya. Trop Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-020-00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mukherjee J, Bhowmick AR, Ghosh PB, Ray S. Impact of environmental factors on the dependency of litter biomass in carbon cycling of Hooghly estuary, India. ECOL INFORM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dead Wood Necromass in a Moist Tropical Forest: Stocks, Fluxes, and Spatiotemporal Variability. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ziche D, Grüneberg E, Hilbrig L, Höhle J, Kompa T, Liski J, Repo A, Wellbrock N. Comparing soil inventory with modelling: Carbon balance in central European forest soils varies among forest types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1573-1585. [PMID: 30180361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest soils represent a large carbon pool and already small changes in this pool may have an important effect on the global carbon cycle. To predict the future development of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, well-validated models are needed. We applied the litter and soil carbon model Yasso15 to 1838 plots of the German national forest soil inventory (NFSI) for the period between 1985 and 2014 to enables a direct comparison to the NFSI measurements. In addition, to provide data for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory, we simulated the development of SOC with Yasso15 applying a climate projection based on the RCP8.5 scenario. The initial model-calculated SOC stocks were adjusted to the measured ones in the NFSI. On average, there were no significant differences between the simulated SOC changes (0.25 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1) and the NFSI data (0.39 ± 0.11 Mg C ha-1 a-1). Comparing regional soil-unit-specific aggregates of the SOC changes, the correlation between both methods was significant (r2 = 0.49) although the NFSI values had a wider range and more negative values. In the majority of forest types, representing 75% of plots, both methods produced similar estimates of the SOC balance. Opposite trends were found in mountainous coniferous forests on acidic soils. These soils had lost carbon according to the NFSI (-0.89 ± 0.30 Mg C ha-1 a-1) whereas they had gained it according to Yasso15 (0.21 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1). In oligotrophic pine forests, the NFSI indicated high SOC gains (1.36 ± 0.17 Mg C ha-1 a-1) and Yasso15 much smaller (0.29 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1). According to our results, German forest soils are a large carbon sink. The application of the Yasso15 model supports the results of the NFSI. The sink strength differs between forest types possibly because of differences in organic matter stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziche
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany.
| | - Erik Grüneberg
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Lutz Hilbrig
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Juliane Höhle
- Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst, Bonnewitzer Str. 34, 01796 Pirna, Germany
| | - Thomas Kompa
- Vegetationskundliche Gutachten, Breite Str. 26, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - Jari Liski
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Repo
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Mechelininkatu 34 a, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Nicole Wellbrock
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
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Olsson BA, Guedes BS, Dahlin AS, Hyvönen R. Predicted long-term effects of decomposition of leaf litter from Pinus taeda, Eucalyptus cloeziana and deciduous miombo trees on soil carbon stocks. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Neumann M, Smith P. Carbon uptake by European agricultural land is variable, and in many regions could be increased: Evidence from remote sensing, yield statistics and models of potential productivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:902-911. [PMID: 29960227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural plants, covering large parts of the global land surface and important for the livelihoods of people worldwide, fix carbon dioxide seasonally via photosynthesis. The carbon allocation of crops, however, remains relatively understudied compared to, for example, forests. For comprehensive consistent resource assessments or climate change impact studies large-scale reliable vegetation information is needed. Here, we demonstrate how robust data on carbon uptake in croplands can be obtained by combining multiple sources to enhance the reliability of estimates. Using yield statistics, a remote-sensing based productivity algorithm and climate-sensitive potential productivity, we mapped the potential to increase crop productivity and compared consistent carbon uptake information of agricultural land with forests. The productivity gap in Europe is higher in Eastern and Southern than in Central-Western countries. At continental scale, European agriculture shows a greater carbon uptake in harvestable compartments than forests (agriculture 1.96 vs. forests 1.76 t C ha-1 year-1). Mapping productivity gaps allows efforts to enhance crop production to be prioritized by, for example, improved crop cultivars, nutrient management or pest control. The concepts and methods for quantifying carbon uptake used in this study are applicable worldwide and allow forests and agriculture to be included in future carbon uptake assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Neumann
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Room G45, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
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Graham EB, Crump AR, Kennedy DW, Arntzen E, Fansler S, Purvine SO, Nicora CD, Nelson W, Tfaily MM, Stegen JC. Multi 'omics comparison reveals metabolome biochemistry, not microbiome composition or gene expression, corresponds to elevated biogeochemical function in the hyporheic zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:742-753. [PMID: 29920461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biogeochemical hotspots are pervasive at terrestrial-aquatic interfaces, particularly within groundwater-surface water mixing zones (hyporheic zones), and they are critical to understanding spatiotemporal variation in biogeochemical cycling. Here, we use multi 'omic comparisons of hotspots to low-activity sediments to gain mechanistic insight into hyporheic zone organic matter processing. We hypothesized that microbiome structure and function, as described by metagenomics and metaproteomics, would distinguish hotspots from low-activity sediments by shifting metabolism towards carbohydrate-utilizing pathways and elucidate discrete mechanisms governing organic matter processing in each location. We also expected these differences to be reflected in the metabolome, whereby hotspot carbon (C) pools and metabolite transformations therein would be enriched in sugar-associated compounds. In contrast to expectations, we found pronounced phenotypic plasticity in the hyporheic zone microbiome that was denoted by similar microbiome structure, functional potential, and expression across sediments with dissimilar metabolic rates. Instead, diverse nitrogenous metabolites and biochemical transformations characterized hotspots. Metabolomes also corresponded more strongly to aerobic metabolism than bulk C or N content only (explaining 67% vs. 42% and 37% of variation respectively), and bulk C and N did not improve statistical models based on metabolome composition alone. These results point to organic nitrogen as a significant regulatory factor influencing hyporheic zone organic matter processing. Based on our findings, we propose incorporating knowledge of metabolic pathways associated with different chemical fractions of C pools into ecosystem models will enhance prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | | | - Evan Arntzen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Fansler
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Carrie D Nicora
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - William Nelson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - James C Stegen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Lee J, Makineci E, Tolunay D, Son Y. Estimating the effect of abandoning coppice management on carbon sequestration by oak forests in Turkey with a modeling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:400-405. [PMID: 29864656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant area of the oak forests in Turkey has been historically managed by short-rotation coppicing for wood production. Coppice management was almost abandoned in Turkey in 2006 and so investigating its impact on forest carbon (C) sequestration has become an important issue. Therefore, we investigated the net effect of this change in management on C sequestration by oak forests in Turkey using field measurement data and a forest C model (Forest Biomass and Dead organic matter Carbon (FBDC) model). The FBDC model estimated the annual forest C dynamics and considered the effect of the substitution of wood for fossil fuels under two management scenarios over a 100-year period: (1) abandoning coppice (no management) and (2) continuing coppice (20-year-interval harvest). The field measurement data were used to parameterize the FBDC model to the study sites and to verify the simulated C stocks. Continuing coppice management constrained an increase in the C stocks (116.0-140.3 Mg C ha-1) and showed a mean annual C sequestration of 0.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 if wood was substituted for fossil fuels. In contrast, abandoning coppicing practices increased the level of forest C stocks (128.1-236.2 Mg C ha-1), enhancing the mean annual C sequestration to 1.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Accordingly, the abandonment of coppice management increased the mean annual C sequestration by 0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the long-term. However, sensitivity analysis showed a possibility of a larger difference in C sequestration between the two scenarios due to a decrease in the stand productivity by repeated coppices and a high likelihood of a lower substitution effect. The verification supported the scientific reliability of the simulation results. Our study can provide a scientific basis for enhancing C sequestration in coppice forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyeol Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ender Makineci
- Department of Soil Science and Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy 34473, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Doğanay Tolunay
- Department of Soil Science and Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy 34473, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yowhan Son
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
We simulated Austrian forests under different sustainable management scenarios. A reference scenario was compared to scenarios focusing on the provision of bioenergy, enhancing the delivery of wood products, and reduced harvesting rates. The standing stock of the stem biomass, carbon in stems, and the soil carbon pool were calculated for the period 2010–2100. We used the forest growth model Câldis and the soil carbon model Yasso07. The wood demand of all scenarios could be satisfied within the simulation period. The reference scenario led to a small decrease of the stem biomass. Scenarios aiming at a supply of more timber decreased the standing stock to a greater extent. Emphasizing the production of bioenergy was successful for several decades but ultimately exhausted the available resources for fuel wood. Lower harvesting rates reduced the standing stock of coniferous and increased the standing stock of deciduous forests. The soil carbon pool was marginally changed by different management strategies. We conclude that the production of long-living wood products is the preferred implementation of climate-smart forestry. The accumulation of carbon in the standing biomass is risky in the case of disturbances. The production of bioenergy is suitable as a byproduct of high value forest products.
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Carbon Debt Payback Time for a Biomass Fired CHP Plant—A Case Study from Northern Europe. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Vries W, Posch M, Simpson D, Reinds GJ. Modelling long-term impacts of changes in climate, nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on carbon sequestration of European forest ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1097-1116. [PMID: 28738517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We modelled the effects of past and expected future changes in climate (temperature, precipitation), CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition (N) and ozone (O3) exposure (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD) on carbon (C) sequestration by European forest ecosystems for the period 1900-2050. Tree C sequestration was assessed by using empirical response functions, while soil C sequestration was simulated with the process-based model VSD, combined with the RothC model. We evaluated two empirical growth responses to N deposition (linear and non-linear) and two O3 exposure relationships (linear function with total biomass or net annual increment). We further investigated an 'interactive model' with interactions between drivers and a 'multiplicative model', in which the combined effect is the product of individual drivers. A single deposition and climate scenario was used for the period 1900-2050. Contrary to expectations, growth observations at European level for the period 1950-2010 compared better with predictions by the multiplicative model than with the interactive model. This coincides with the fact that carbon responses in kgCha-1yr-1 per unit change in drivers, i.e. per °C, ppm CO2, kgNha-1yr-1 and mmolm-2yr-1 POD, are more in line with literature data when using the multiplicative model. Compared to 1900, the estimated European average total C sequestration in both forests and forest soils between 1950 and 2000 increased by 21% in the interactive model and by 41% in the multiplicative model, but observed changes were even higher. This growth increase is expected to decline between 2000 and 2050. The simulated changes between 1950 and 2000 were mainly due to the increase in both N deposition and CO2, while the predicted increases between 2000 and 2050 were mainly caused by the increase in CO2 and temperature, and to lesser extent a decrease in POD, counteracted by reduced N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), RIVM, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David Simpson
- EMEP/MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, PO Box 43-Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway; Dept. Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gert Jan Reinds
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hernández L, Jandl R, Blujdea VNB, Lehtonen A, Kriiska K, Alberdi I, Adermann V, Cañellas I, Marin G, Moreno-Fernández D, Ostonen I, Varik M, Didion M. Towards complete and harmonized assessment of soil carbon stocks and balance in forests: The ability of the Yasso07 model across a wide gradient of climatic and forest conditions in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1171-1180. [PMID: 28511362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate carbon-balance accounting in forest soils is necessary for the development of climate change policy. However, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) occur slowly and these changes may not be captured through repeated soil inventories. Simulation models may be used as alternatives to SOC measurement. The Yasso07 model presents a suitable alternative because most of the data required for the application are readily available in countries with common forest surveys. In this study, we test the suitability of Yasso07 for simulating SOC stocks and stock changes in a variety of European forests affected by different climatic, land use and forest management conditions and we address country-specific cases with differing resources and data availability. The simulated SOC stocks differed only slightly from measured data, providing realistic, reasonable mean SOC estimations per region or forest type. The change in the soil carbon pool over time, which is the target parameter for SOC reporting, was generally found to be plausible although not in the case of Mediterranean forest soils. As expected under stable forest management conditions, both land cover and climate play major roles in determining the SOC stock in forest soils. Greater mean SOC stocks were observed in northern latitudes (or at higher altitude) than in southern latitudes (or plains) and conifer forests were found to store a notably higher amount of SOC than broadleaf forests. Furthermore, as regards change in SOC, an inter-annual sink effect was identified for most of the European forest types studied. Our findings corroborate the suitability of Yasso07 to assess the impact of forest management and land use change on the SOC balance of forests soils, as well as to accurately simulate SOC in dead organic matter (DOM) and mineral soil pools separately. The obstacles encountered when applying the Yasso07 model reflect a lack of available input data. Future research should focus on improving our knowledge of C inputs from compartments such as shrubs, herbs, coarse woody debris and fine roots. This should include turnover rates and quality of the litter in all forest compartments from a wider variety of tree species and sites. Despite the limitations identified, the SOC balance estimations provided by the Yasso07 model are sufficiently complete, accurate and transparent to make it suitable for reporting purposes such as those required under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and KP (Kyoto Protocol) for a wide range of forest conditions in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernández
- INIA-CIFOR, Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Robert Jandl
- Austrian Forest Research Center (BFW), Seckendorff GudentWeg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Viorel N B Blujdea
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania.
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaie Kriiska
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 46 Vanemuise St, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Iciar Alberdi
- INIA-CIFOR, Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Veiko Adermann
- Estonian Environment Agency, Mustamäe tee 33, 10616 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Isabel Cañellas
- INIA-CIFOR, Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Madrid, Spain; Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Universidad de Valladolid & INIA, Palencia, Spain.
| | - Gheorghe Marin
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) "Marin Drăcea", National Forest Inventory, Bd Eroilor 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Daniel Moreno-Fernández
- INIA-CIFOR, Silviculture and Forest Management Department, Madrid, Spain; Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Universidad de Valladolid & INIA, Palencia, Spain.
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 46 Vanemuise St, 51014, Estonia
| | - Mats Varik
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus Didion
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Estimating Carbon Dynamics in an Intact Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest Using a Forest Carbon Model. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Romul_Hum model of soil organic matter formation coupled with soil biota activity. I. Problem formulation, model description, and testing. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hanajík P, Zvarík M, Fritze H, Šimkovic I, Kanka R. Composition of microbial PLFAs and correlations with topsoil characteristics in the rare active travertine spring-fed fen. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/eko-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We studied soil PLFAs composition and specific soil properties among transect of small-scale fen in Stankovany, Slovakia. The aim of this study was to determine potential differences in the microbial community structure of the fen transect and reveal correlations among PLFAs and specific soil characteristics. PCA analyses of 43 PLFAs showed a separation of the samples along the axis largely influenced by i14:0, 16:1ω5, br17:0, 10Me16:0, cy17:0, cy17:1, br18:0 and 10Me17:0. We measured a high correlation of sample scores and distance from fen edge (Kendall’s test τ = 0.857, P < 0.01). Kendall’s test showed a negative correlation of PLFAs content (mol%) and distance from the fen border for Gram (+) bacteria, Actinomycetes, mid-chain branched saturated PLFAs and total PLFAs. The redundancy analysis of the PLFA data set for the eight samples using PLFAs as species and 21 environmental variables identified soil properties significantly associated with the PLFA variables, as tested by Monte Carlo permutation showing most significant environmental variables including dichlormethan extractables, water extractables, Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, holocellulose, total extractables, organic matter content, total PLFA amount, bacterial PLFA and total nitrogen negatively correlated to axis 1 and dry weight and carbonate carbon positively correlated to axis 1. The amounts of Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, holocellulose total extractables, total PLFA, bacterial PLFA and total nitrogen were significantly correlated positively to the distance from fen border while moisture and total carbonate carbon were correlated negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hanajík
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 845 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Zvarík
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokiniemenkuja 1, BOX 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Ivan Šimkovic
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 845 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Kanka
- Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS, Štefánikova 3, P.O.Box 254, 814 99, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Gizachew B, Duguma LA. Forest Carbon Monitoring and Reporting for REDD+: What Future for Africa? ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 58:922-930. [PMID: 27605226 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A climate change mitigation mechanism for emissions reduction from reduced deforestation and forest degradation, plus forest conservation, sustainable management of forest, and enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+), has received an international political support in the climate change negotiations. The mechanism will require, among others, an unprecedented technical capacity for monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon emissions from the forest sector. A functional monitoring, reporting and verification requires inventories of forest area, carbon stock and changes, both for the construction of forest reference emissions level and compiling the report on the actual emissions, which are essentially lacking in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The purpose of this essay is to contribute to a better understanding of the state and prospects of forest monitoring and reporting in the context of REDD+ in Africa. We argue that monitoring and reporting capacities in Africa fall short of the stringent requirements of the methodological guidance for monitoring, reporting and verification for REDD+, and this may weaken the prospects for successfully implementing REDD+ in the continent. We presented the challenges and prospects in the national forest inventory, remote sensing and reporting infrastructures. A North-South, South-South collaboration as well as governments own investments in monitoring, reporting and verification system could help Africa leapfrog in monitoring and reporting. These could be delivered through negotiations for the transfer of technology, technical capacities, and experiences that exist among developed countries that traditionally compile forest carbon reports in the context of the Kyoto protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belachew Gizachew
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, Høgskoleveien 7, 1431, Ås, Norway.
| | - Lalisa A Duguma
- World Agroforestry Center and ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, UN Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Towards Harmonizing Leaf Litter Decomposition Studies Using Standard Tea Bags—A Field Study and Model Application. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7080167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quinkenstein A, Jochheim H. Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of poplar and black locust short rotation coppices on mine reclamation sites in Eastern Germany - Model development and application. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 168:53-66. [PMID: 26696606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the temperate zone short rotation coppice systems for the production of woody biomass (SRC) have gained great interest as they offer a pathway to both sustainable bioenergy production and the potential sequestration of CO2 within the biomass and the soil. This study used the carbon model SHORTCAR to assess the carbon cycle of a poplar (Populus suaveolens Fisch. x Populus trichocarpa Torr. et Gray cv. Androscoggin) and a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) SRC. The model was calibrated using data from established SRC plantations on reclaimed mine sites in northeast Germany and validated through the determination of uncertainty ranges of selected model parameters and a sensitivity analysis. In addition to a 'reference scenario', representing the actual site conditions, 7 hypothetical scenarios, which varied in climate conditions, rotation intervals, runtimes, and initial soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, were defined for each species. Estimates of carbon accumulation within the biomass, the litter layer, and the soil were compared to field data and previously published results. The model was sensitive to annual stem growth and initial soil organic carbon stocks. In the reference scenario net biome production for SRC on reclaimed sites in Lusatia, Germany amounted to 64.5 Mg C ha(-1) for R. pseudoacacia and 8.9 Mg C ha(-1) for poplar, over a period of 36 years. These results suggest a considerable potential of SRC for carbon sequestration at least on marginal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quinkenstein
- Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, D-03046, Cottbus, Germany.
| | - H Jochheim
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis, Eberswalder Straße 84, D-15374, Müncheberg, Germany
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Dalsgaard L, Astrup R, Antón-Fernández C, Borgen SK, Breidenbach J, Lange H, Lehtonen A, Liski J. Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics in Northern Forests: Effects of Spatial and Temporal Aggregation of Climatic Input Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149902. [PMID: 26901763 PMCID: PMC4762889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Boreal forests contain 30% of the global forest carbon with the majority residing in soils. While challenging to quantify, soil carbon changes comprise a significant, and potentially increasing, part of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Thus, their estimation is important when designing forest-based climate change mitigation strategies and soil carbon change estimates are required for the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. Organic matter decomposition varies with climate in complex nonlinear ways, rendering data aggregation nontrivial. Here, we explored the effects of temporal and spatial aggregation of climatic and litter input data on regional estimates of soil organic carbon stocks and changes for upland forests. We used the soil carbon and decomposition model Yasso07 with input from the Norwegian National Forest Inventory (11275 plots, 1960–2012). Estimates were produced at three spatial and three temporal scales. Results showed that a national level average soil carbon stock estimate varied by 10% depending on the applied spatial and temporal scale of aggregation. Higher stocks were found when applying plot-level input compared to country-level input and when long-term climate was used as compared to annual or 5-year mean values. A national level estimate for soil carbon change was similar across spatial scales, but was considerably (60–70%) lower when applying annual or 5-year mean climate compared to long-term mean climate reflecting the recent climatic changes in Norway. This was particularly evident for the forest-dominated districts in the southeastern and central parts of Norway and in the far north. We concluded that the sensitivity of model estimates to spatial aggregation will depend on the region of interest. Further, that using long-term climate averages during periods with strong climatic trends results in large differences in soil carbon estimates. The largest differences in this study were observed in central and northern regions with strongly increasing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dalsgaard
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Rasmus Astrup
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Holger Lange
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Liski
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
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Solberg S, Gizachew B, Næsset E, Gobakken T, Bollandsås OM, Mauya EW, Olsson H, Malimbwi R, Zahabu E. Monitoring forest carbon in a Tanzanian woodland using interferometric SAR: a novel methodology for REDD. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 10:14. [PMID: 26097502 PMCID: PMC4469770 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REDD+ implementation requires establishment of a system for measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of forest carbon changes. A challenge for MRV is the lack of satellite based methods that can track not only deforestation, but also degradation and forest growth, as well as a lack of historical data that can serve as a basis for a reference emission level. Working in a miombo woodland in Tanzania, we here aim at demonstrating a novel 3D satellite approach based on interferometric processing of radar imagery (InSAR). RESULTS Forest carbon changes are derived from changes in the forest canopy height obtained from InSAR, i.e. decreases represent carbon loss from logging and increases represent carbon sequestration through forest growth. We fitted a model of above-ground biomass (AGB) against InSAR height, and used this to convert height changes to biomass and carbon changes. The relationship between AGB and InSAR height was weak, as the individual plots were widely scattered around the model fit. However, we consider the approach to be unique and feasible for large-scale MRV efforts in REDD+ because the low accuracy was attributable partly to small plots and other limitations in the data set, and partly to a random pixel-to-pixel variation in trunk forms. Further processing of the InSAR data provides data on the categories of forest change. The combination of InSAR data from the Shuttle RADAR Topography Mission (SRTM) and the TanDEM-X satellite mission provided both historic baseline of change for the period 2000-2011, as well as annual change 2011-2012. CONCLUSIONS A 3D data set from InSAR is a promising tool for MRV in REDD+. The temporal changes seen by InSAR data corresponded well with, but largely supplemented, the changes derived from Landsat data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Solberg
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, P.O.Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Belachew Gizachew
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, P.O.Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Næsset
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Terje Gobakken
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Martin Bollandsås
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ernest William Mauya
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rogers Malimbwi
- Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Eliakimu Zahabu
- Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro United Republic of Tanzania
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Soudzilovskaia NA, van der Heijden MGA, Cornelissen JHC, Makarov MI, Onipchenko VG, Maslov MN, Akhmetzhanova AA, van Bodegom PM. Quantitative assessment of the differential impacts of arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza on soil carbon cycling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:280-293. [PMID: 26011828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of carbon stored in the Earth's soil moves through arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EM). The impacts of AM and EM on the soil carbon budget are poorly understood. We propose a method to quantify the mycorrhizal contribution to carbon cycling, explicitly accounting for the abundance of plant-associated and extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium. We discuss the need to acquire additional data to use our method, and present our new global database holding information on plant species-by-site intensity of root colonization by mycorrhizas. We demonstrate that the degree of mycorrhizal fungal colonization has globally consistent patterns across plant species. This suggests that the level of plant species-specific root colonization can be used as a plant trait. To exemplify our method, we assessed the differential impacts of AM : EM ratio and EM shrub encroachment on carbon stocks in sub-arctic tundra. AM and EM affect tundra carbon stocks at different magnitudes, and via partly distinct dominant pathways: via extraradical mycelium (both EM and AM) and via mycorrhizal impacts on above- and belowground biomass carbon (mostly AM). Our method provides a powerful tool for the quantitative assessment of mycorrhizal impact on local and global carbon cycling processes, paving the way towards an improved understanding of the role of mycorrhizas in the Earth's carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Louis Bolk Instituut, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972, LA Driebergen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mikhail I Makarov
- Soil Science Department, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail N Maslov
- Soil Science Department, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Solberg S, Næsset E, Gobakken T, Bollandsås OM. Forest biomass change estimated from height change in interferometric SAR height models. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 9:5. [PMID: 25221618 PMCID: PMC4159577 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-014-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for new satellite remote sensing methods for monitoring tropical forest carbon stocks. Advanced RADAR instruments on board satellites can contribute with novel methods. RADARs can see through clouds, and furthermore, by applying stereo RADAR imaging we can measure forest height and its changes. Such height changes are related to carbon stock changes in the biomass. We here apply data from the current Tandem-X satellite mission, where two RADAR equipped satellites go in close formation providing stereo imaging. We combine that with similar data acquired with one of the space shuttles in the year 2000, i.e. the so-called SRTM mission. We derive height information from a RADAR image pair using a method called interferometry. RESULTS We demonstrate an approach for REDD based on interferometry data from a boreal forest in Norway. We fitted a model to the data where above-ground biomass in the forest increases with 15 t/ha for every m increase of the height of the RADAR echo. When the RADAR echo is at the ground the estimated biomass is zero, and when it is 20 m above the ground the estimated above-ground biomass is 300 t/ha. Using this model we obtained fairly accurate estimates of biomass changes from 2000 to 2011. For 200 m2 plots we obtained an accuracy of 65 t/ha, which corresponds to 50% of the mean above-ground biomass value. We also demonstrate that this method can be applied without having accurate terrain heights and without having former in-situ biomass data, both of which are generally lacking in tropical countries. The gain in accuracy was marginal when we included such data in the estimation. Finally, we demonstrate that logging and other biomass changes can be accurately mapped. A biomass change map based on interferometry corresponded well to a very accurate map derived from repeated scanning with airborne laser. CONCLUSIONS Satellite based, stereo imaging with advanced RADAR instruments appears to be a promising method for REDD. Interferometric processing of the RADAR data provides maps of forest height changes from which we can estimate temporal changes in biomass and carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Solberg
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Ås 1431 Norway
| | - Erik Næsset
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432 Norway
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Zhang H, Yuan W, Dong W, Liu S. Seasonal patterns of litterfall in forest ecosystem worldwide. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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